12/7/2015

How To Serve Django Applications with uWSGI and Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 | DigitalOcean

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How To Serve Django Applications with uWSGI and Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 | DigitalOcean

HowToServeDjangoApplicationswithuWSGIand
NginxonUbuntu14.04
Mar11,2015

Nginx,Deployment,Django,Python,PythonFrameworksUbuntu

Introduction
DjangoisapowerfulwebframeworkthatcanhelpyougetyourPythonapplicationorwebsiteofftheground.Djangoincludesa
simplifieddevelopmentserverfortestingyourcodelocally,butforanythingevenslightlyproductionrelated,amoresecureand
powerfulwebserverisrequired.

Inthisguide,wewilldemonstratehowtoinstallandconfiguresomecomponentsonUbuntu14.04tosupportandserveDjango
applications.WewillconfiguretheuWSGIapplicationcontainerservertointerfacewithourapplications.WewillthensetupNginxto
reverseproxytouWSGI,givingusaccesstoitssecurityandperformancefeaturestoserveourapps.

PrerequisitesandGoals
Inordertocompletethisguide,youshouldhaveafreshUbuntu14.04serverinstancewithanon-rootuserwith

sudoprivileges

configured.Youcanlearnhowtosetthisupbyrunningthroughourinitialserversetupguide.

WewillbeinstallingDjangowithintwodifferentvirtualenvironments.Thiswillallowyourprojectsandtheirrequirementstobe
handledseparately.Wewillbecreatingtwosampleprojectssothatwecanrunthroughthestepsinamulti-projectenvironment.

Oncewehaveourapplications,wewillinstallandconfiguretheuWSGIapplicationserver.Thiswillserveasaninterfacetoour
applicationswhichwilltranslateclientrequestsusingHTTPtoPythoncallsthatourapplicationcanprocess.WewillthensetupNginx

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infrontofuWSGItotakeadvantageofitshighperformanceconnectionhandlingmechanismsanditseasy-to-implementsecurity
features.

Let'sgetstarted.

InstallandConfigureVirtualEnvandVirtualEnvWrapper
WewillbeinstallingourDjangoprojectsintheirownvirtualenvironmentstoisolatetherequirementsforeach.Todothis,wewillbe
installing

virtualenv,whichcancreatePythonvirtualenvironments,and virtualenvwrapper,whichaddssomeusability

improvementstothe

virtualenvworkflow.

Wewillbeinstallingbothofthesecomponentsusing

pip,thePythonpackagemanager.ThiscanbeacquiredfromtheUbuntu

repositories:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install python-pip

Inthisguide,weareusingPythonversion2.IfyourcodeusesPython3,youcaninstallthe
havetosubstitutethe

Nowthatyouhave

python3-pippackage.Youwillthen

pipcommandsinthisguidewiththe pip3commandwhenoperatingoutsideofavirtualenvironment.

pipinstalled,wecaninstall virtualenvand virtualenvwrappergloballybytyping:

sudo pip install virtualenv virtualenvwrapper

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Withthesecomponentsinstalled,wecannowconfigureourshellwiththeinformationitneedstoworkwiththe
script.Ourvirtualenvironmentswillallbeplacedwithinadirectoryinourhomefoldercalled
throughanenvironmentalvariablecalled

virtualenvwrapper

Envforeasyaccess.Thisisconfigured

WORKON_HOME.Wecanaddthistoourshellinitializationscriptandcansourcethevirtual

environmentwrapperscript.

IfyouareusingPython3andthe

pip3command,youwillhavetoaddanadditionallinetoyourshellinitializationscriptaswell:

echo "export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3" >> ~/.bashrc

RegardlessofwhichversionofPythonyouareusing,youneedtorunthefollowingcommands:

echo "export WORKON_HOME=~/Env" >> ~/.bashrc

echo "source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc

Now,sourceyourshellinitializationscriptsothatyoucanusethisfunctionalityinyourcurrentsession:

source ~/.bashrc

Youshouldnowhavedirectorycalled

Envinyourhomefolderwhichwillholdvirtualenvironmentinformation.

CreateDjangoProjects
Nowthatwehaveourvirtualenvironmenttools,wewillcreatetwovirtualenvironments,installDjangoineach,andstarttwoprojects.

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CreatetheFirstProject
Wecancreateavirtualenvironmenteasilybyusingsomecommandsthatthe

virtualenvwrapperscriptmakesavailabletous.

Createyourfirstvirtualenvironmentwiththenameofyourfirstsiteorprojectbytyping:

mkvirtualenv firstsite

Thiswillcreateavirtualenvironment,installPythonand

pipwithinit,andactivatetheenvironment.Yourpromptwillchangeto

indicatethatyouarenowoperatingwithinyournewvirtualenvironment.Itwilllooksomethinglikethis:

(firstsite)user@hostname:~$.Thevalueintheparenthesesisthenameofyourvirtualenvironment.Anysoftwareinstalled
through

pipwillnowbeinstalledintothevirtualenvironmentinsteadofontheglobalsystem.Thisallowsustoisolateourpackages

onaper-projectbasis.

OurfirststepwillbetoinstallDjangoitself.Wecanuse

pipforthiswithout sudosinceweareinstallingthislocallyinourvirtual

environment:

pip install django

WithDjangoinstalled,wecancreateourfirstsampleprojectbytyping:

cd ~
django-admin.py startproject firstsite

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Thiswillcreateadirectorycalled

How To Serve Django Applications with uWSGI and Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 | DigitalOcean

firstsitewithinyourhomedirectory.Withinthisisamanagementscriptusedtohandlevarious

aspectsoftheprojectandanotherdirectoryofthesamenameusedtohousetheactualprojectcode.

Moveintothefirstleveldirectorysothatwecanbeginsettinguptheminimumrequirementsforoursampleproject.

cd ~/firstsite

BeginbymigratingthedatabasetoinitializetheSQLitedatabasethatourprojectwilluse.Youcansetupanalternativedatabasefor
yourapplicationifyouwish,butthisisoutsideofthescopeofthisguide:

./manage.py migrate

Youshouldnowhaveadatabasefilecalled

db.sqlite3inyourprojectdirectory.Now,wecancreateanadministrativeuserby

typing:

./manage.py createsuperuser

Youwillhavetoselectausername,giveacontactemailaddress,andthenselectandconfirmapassword.

Next,openthesettingsfilefortheprojectwithyourtexteditor:

nano firstsite/settings.py
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SincewewillbesettingupNginxtoserveoursite,weneedtoconfigureadirectorywhichwillholdoursite'sstaticassets.Thiswill
allowNginxtoservethesedirectly,whichwillhaveapositiveimpactonperformance.WewilltellDjangotoplacetheseintoa
directorycalled

staticinourproject'sbasedirectory.Addthislinetothebottomofthefiletoconfigurethisbehavior:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

Saveandclosethefilewhenyouarefinished.Now,collectoursite'sstaticelementsandplacethemwithinthatdirectorybytyping:

./manage.py collectstatic

Youcantype"yes"toconfirmtheactionandcollectthestaticcontent.Therewillbeanewdirectorycalled

staticinyourproject

directory.

Withallofthatoutoftheway,wecantestourprojectbytemporarilystartingthedevelopmentserver.Type:

./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080

Thiswillstartupthedevelopmentserveronport

8080.Visityourserver'sdomainnameorIPaddressfollowedby 8080inyour

browser:

http://server_domain_or_IP:8080

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Youshouldseeapagethatlookslikethis:

Add

/admintotheendoftheURLinyourbrowser'saddressbarandyouwillbetakentotheadminloginpage:

Usingtheadministrativelogincredentialsyouselectedwiththe

createsuperusercommand,logintotheserver.Youwillthenhave

accesstotheadministrationinterface:

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Aftertestingthisfunctionalityout,stopthedevelopmentserverbytypingCTRL-Cinyourterminal.Wecannowmoveontooursecond
project.

CreatetheSecondProject
Thesecondprojectwillbecreatedinexactlythesamewayasthefirst.Wewillabridgetheexplanationinthissection,seeingashow
youhavealreadycompletedthisonce.

Movebacktoyourhomedirectoryandcreateasecondvirtualenvironmentforyournewproject.InstallDjangoinsideofthisnew
environmentonceitisactivated:

cd ~
mkvirtualenv secondsite
pip install django

Thenewenvironmentwillbecreatedandchangedto,leavingyourpreviousvirtualenvironment.ThisDjangoinstanceisentirely
separatefromtheotheroneyouconfigured.Thisallowsyoutomanagethemindependentlyandcustomizeasnecessary.

Createthesecondprojectandmoveintotheprojectdirectory:

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django-admin.py startproject secondsite

cd ~/secondsite

Initializethedatabaseandcreateanadministrativeuser:

./manage.py migrate
./manage.py createsuperuser

Openthesettingsfile:

nano secondsite/settings.py

Addthelocationforthestaticfiles,justasyoudidinthepreviousproject:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

Saveandclosethefile.Now,collectthestaticelementsintothatdirectorybytyping:

./manage.py collectstatic

Finally,fireupthedevelopmentservertotestoutthesite:

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./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080

Youshouldchecktheregularsiteat:

http://server_domain_or_IP:8080

Alsologintotheadminsite:

http://server_domain_or_IP:8080/admin

Whenyou'veconfirmedthateverythingisworkingasexpected,typeCTRL-Cinyourterminaltostopthedevelopmentserver.

BackingOutoftheVirtualEnvironment
SincewearenowdonewiththeDjangoportionoftheguide,wecandeactivateoursecondvirtualenvironment:

deactivate

IfyouneedtoworkoneitherofyourDjangositesagain,youshouldreactivatetheirrespectiveenvironments.Youcandothatbyusing
the

workoncommand:

workon firstsite
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Or:

workon secondsite

Again,deactivatewhenyouarefinishedworkingonyoursites:

deactivate

SettinguptheuWSGIApplicationServer
NowthatwehavetwoDjangoprojectssetupandreadytogo,wecanconfigureuWSGI.uWSGIisanapplicationserverthatcan
communicatewithapplicationsoverastandardinterfacecalledWSGI.Tolearnmoreaboutthis,readthissectionofourguideon
settingupuWSGIandNginxonUbuntu14.04.

InstallinguWSGI
Unliketheguidelinkedabove,inthistutorial,we'llbeinstallinguWSGIglobally.ThiswillcreatelessfrictioninhandlingmultipleDjango
projects.BeforewecaninstalluWSGI,weneedthePythondevelopmentfilesthatthesoftwarerelieson.Wecaninstallthisdirectly
fromUbuntu'srepositories:

sudo apt-get install python-dev

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Nowthatthedevelopmentfilesareavailable,wecaninstalluWSGIgloballythrough

pipbytyping:

sudo pip install uwsgi

Wecanquicklytestthisapplicationserverbypassingittheinformationforoneofoursites.Forinstance,wecantellittoserveourfirst
projectbytyping:

uwsgi --http :8080 --home /home/user/Env/firstsite --chdir /home/user/firstsite -w firstsite.wsgi

Here,we'vetolduWSGItouseourvirtualenvironmentlocatedinour
the

~/Envdirectory,tochangetoourproject'sdirectory,andtouse

wsgi.pyfilestoredwithinourinner firstsitedirectorytoservethefile.Forourdemonstration,wetoldittoserveHTTPon

port

8080.Ifyougotoserver'sdomainnameorIPaddressinyourbrowser,followedby :8080,youwillseeyoursiteagain(thestatic

elementsinthe

/admininterfacewon'tworkyet).Whenyouarefinishedtestingoutthisfunctionality,typeCTRL-Cintheterminal.

CreatingConfigurationFiles
RunninguWSGIfromthecommandlineisusefulfortesting,butisn'tparticularlyhelpfulforanactualdeployment.Instead,wewillrun
uWSGIin"Emperormode",whichallowsamasterprocesstomanageseparateapplicationsautomaticallygivenasetofconfiguration
files.

Createadirectorythatwillholdyourconfigurationfiles.Sincethisisaglobalprocess,wewillcreateadirectorycalled

/etc/uwsgi/sitestostoreourconfigurationfiles.Moveintothedirectoryafteryoucreateit:

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sudo mkdir -p /etc/uwsgi/sites

cd /etc/uwsgi/sites

Inthisdirectory,wewillplaceourconfigurationfiles.Weneedaconfigurationfileforeachoftheprojectsweareserving.TheuWSGI
processcantakeconfigurationfilesinavarietyofformats,butwewilluse

.inifilesduetotheirsimplicity.

Createafileforyourfirstprojectandopenitinyourtexteditor:

sudo nano firstsite.ini

Inside,wemustbeginwiththe

[uwsgi]sectionheader.Allofourinformationwillgobeneaththisheader.Wearealsogoingtouse

variablestomakeourconfigurationfilemorereusable.Aftertheheader,setavariablecalled
project.Addavariablecalled

projectwiththenameofyourfirst

basewiththepathtoyouruser'shomedirectory:

[uwsgi]
project = firstsite
base = /home/user

Next,weneedtoconfigureuWSGIsothatithandlesourprojectcorrectly.Weneedtochangeintotherootprojectdirectorybysetting
the

chdiroption.Wecancombinethehomedirectoryandprojectnamesettingthatwesetearlierbyusingthe %(variable_name)

syntax.Thiswillbereplacedbythevalueofthevariablewhentheconfigisread.

Inasimilarway,wewillindicatethevirtualenvironmentforourproject.Bysettingthemodule,wecanindicateexactlyhowtointerface

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withourproject(byimportingthe"application"callablefromthe

wsgi.pyfilewithinourprojectdirectory).Theconfigurationofthese

itemswilllooklikethis:

[uwsgi]
project = firstsite
base = /home/user
chdir = %(base)/%(project)
home = %(base)/Env/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application

Wewanttocreateamasterprocesswith5workers.Wecandothisbyaddingthis:

[uwsgi]
project = firstsite
base = /home/user
chdir = %(base)/%(project)
home = %(base)/Env/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5

NextweneedtospecifyhowuWSGIshouldlistenforconnections.InourtestofuWSGI,weusedHTTPandanetworkport.However,
sincewearegoingtobeusingNginxasareverseproxy,wehavebetteroptions.

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Insteadofusinganetworkport,sinceallofthecomponentsareoperatingonasingleserver,wecanuseaUnixsocket.Thisismore
secureandoffersbetterperformance.ThissocketwillnotuseHTTP,butinsteadwillimplementuWSGI's

uwsgiprotocol,whichisa

fastbinaryprotocolfordesignedforcommunicatingwithotherservers.Nginxcannativelyproxyusingthe

uwsgiprotocol,sothisis

ourbestchoice.

Wewillalsomodifythepermissionsofthesocketbecausewewillbegivingthewebserverwriteaccess.We'llsetthe

vacuumoption

sothatthesocketfilewillbeautomaticallycleanedupwhentheserviceisstopped:

[uwsgi]
project = firstsite
base = /home/user
chdir = %(base)/%(project)
home = %(base)/Env/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5
socket = %(base)/%(project)/%(project).sock
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true

Withthis,ourfirstproject'suWSGIconfigurationiscomplete.Saveandclosethefile.

Theadvantageofsettingupthefileusingvariablesisthatitmakesitincrediblysimpletoreuse.Copyyourfirstproject'sconfiguration

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filetouseasabaseforyoursecondconfigurationfile:

sudo cp /etc/uwsgi/sites/firstsite.ini /etc/uwsgi/sites/secondsite.ini

Openthesecondconfigurationfilewithyourtexteditor:

sudo nano /etc/uwsgi/sites/secondsite.ini

Weonlyneedtochangeasinglevalueinthisfileinordertomakeitworkforoursecondproject.Modifythe

projectvariablewith

thenameyou'veusedforyoursecondproject:

[uwsgi]
project = secondsite
base = /home/user
chdir = %(base)/%(project)
home = %(base)/Env/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5
socket = %(base)/%(project)/%(project).sock
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true
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Saveandclosethefilewhenyouarefinished.Yoursecondprojectshouldbereadytogonow.

CreateanUpstartScriptforuWSGI
WenowhavetheconfigurationfilesweneedtoserveourDjangoprojects,butwestillhaven'tautomatedtheprocess.Next,we'll
createanUpstartscripttoautomaticallystartuWSGIatboot.

WewillcreateanUpstartscriptinthe

/etc/initdirectory,wherethesefilesarechecked:

sudo nano /etc/init/uwsgi.conf

StartbysettingadescriptionforyouruWSGIserviceandindicatingtherunlevelswhereitshouldautomaticallyrun.Wewillsetoursto
runonrunlevels2,3,4,and5,whicharetheconventionalmulti-userrunlevels:

description "uWSGI application server in Emperor mode"

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]

Next,weneedtosettheusernameandgroupthattheprocesswillberunas.Wewillruntheprocessunderourownusernamesince
weownallofthefiles.Forthegroup,weneedtosetittothe

www-datagroupthatNginxwillrununder.Oursocketsettingsfromthe

uWSGIconfigurationfileshouldthenallowthewebservertowritetothesocket.Changetheusernamebelowtomatchyourusername
ontheserver:

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description "uWSGI application server in Emperor mode"

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
setuid user
setgid www-data

Finally,weneedtospecifytheactualcommandtoexecute.WeneedtostartuWSGIinEmperormodeandpassinthedirectorywhere
westoredourconfigurationfiles.uWSGIwillreadthefilesandserveeachofourprojects:

description "uWSGI application server in Emperor mode"

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
setuid user
setgid www-data
exec /usr/local/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/sites

Whenyouarefinished,saveandclosethefile.Wewon'tstartuWSGIyetsincewewillnothavethe

www-datagroupavailableuntil

afterweinstallNginx.

InstallandConfigureNginxasaReverseProxy
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WithuWSGIconfiguredandreadytogo,wecannowinstallandconfigureNginxasourreverseproxy.Thiscanbedownloadedfrom
Ubuntu'sdefaultrepositories:

sudo apt-get install nginx

OnceNginxisinstalled,wecangoaheadandcreateaserverblockconfigurationfileforeachofourprojects.Startwiththefirst
projectbycreatingaserverblockconfigurationfile:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/firstsite

Inside,wecanstartourserverblockbyindicatingtheportnumberanddomainnamewhereourfirstprojectshouldbeaccessible.
We'llassumethatyouhaveadomainnameforeach:

server {
listen 80;
server_name firstsite.com www.firstsite.com;
}

Next,wecantellNginxnottoworryifitcan'tfindafavicon.Wewillalsopointittothelocationofourstaticfilesdirectorywherewe
collectedoursite'sstaticelements:

server {
listen 80;
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server_name firstsite.com www.firstsite.com;

location = /favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location /static/ {
root /home/user/firstsite;
}
}

Afterthat,wecanusethe

uwsgi_passdirectivetopassthetraffictooursocketfile.Thesocketfilethatweconfiguredwascalled

firstproject.sockanditwaslocatedinourprojectdirectory.Wewillusethe includedirectivetoincludethenecessary uwsgi

parameterstohandletheconnection:

server {
listen 80;
server_name firstsite.com www.firstsite.com;
location = /favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location /static/ {
root /home/user/firstsite;
}
location / {
include

uwsgi_params;

uwsgi_pass

unix:/home/user/firstsite/firstsite.sock;

}
}

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Thatisactuallyalltheconfigurationweneed.Saveandclosethefilewhenyouarefinished.

Wewillusethisasabasisforoursecondproject'sNginxconfigurationfile.Copyitovernow:

sudo cp /etc/nginx/sites-available/firstsite /etc/nginx/sites-available/secondsite

Openthenewfileinyourtexteditor:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/secondsite

Here,you'llhavetochangeanyreferenceto

firstsitewithareferenceto secondsite.You'llalsohavetomodifythe

server_namesothatyoursecondprojectrespondstoadifferentdomainname.Whenyouarefinished,itwilllooksomethinglike
this:

server {
listen 80;
server_name secondsite.com www.secondsite.com;
location = /favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location /static/ {
root /home/user/secondsite;
}
location / {
include

uwsgi_params;

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uwsgi_pass

unix:/home/user/secondsite/secondsite.sock;

}
}

Saveandclosethefilewhenyouarefinished.

Next,linkbothofyournewconfigurationfilestoNginx's

sites-enableddirectorytoenablethem:

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/firstsite /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/secondsite /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

Checktheconfigurationsyntaxbytyping:

sudo service nginx configtest

Ifnosyntaxerrorsaredetected,youcanrestartyourNginxservicetoloadthenewconfiguration:

sudo service nginx restart

Ifyourememberfromearlier,weneveractuallystartedtheuWSGIserver.Dothatnowbytyping:

sudo service uwsgi start

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Youshouldnowbeabletoreachyourtwoprojectsbygoingtotheirrespectivedomainnames.Boththepublicandadministrative
interfacesshouldworkasexpected.

Conclusion
Inthisguide,we'vesetuptwoDjangoprojects,eachintheirownvirtualenvironments.We'veconfigureduWSGItoserveeachproject
independentlyusingthevirtualenvironmentconfiguredforeach.Afterwards,wesetupNginxtoactasareverseproxytohandle
clientconnectionsandservethecorrectprojectdependingontheclientrequest.

Djangomakescreatingprojectsandapplicationssimplebyprovidingmanyofthecommonpieces,allowingyoutofocusontheunique
elements.Byleveragingthegeneraltoolchaindescribedinthisarticle,youcaneasilyservetheapplicationsyoucreatefromasingle
server.

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23Comments

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rjuppa March17,2015

Works!Greattutorial!
Haveonequestion:Iuseenv.variableinmysettings.pylikeos.environ.get('DB_NAME'),
buttheyarenotworking.Anyideawhytheydontwork?

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jellingwood March17,2015

@rjuppa:YoushouldbeabletopassinenvironmentalvariablesbysettingtheminyouruWSGIconfigurationfile.Djangowon't
beabletogetthemfromtheenvironmentitself.

Inyour

.inifileforyourapplications,tryaddingsomelineswiththeenvironmentalvariablesyouneed,likethis:

[uwsgi]
...
env=DB_NAME=your_name_here

Ihaven'ttestedtheabove,butIbelievethatshouldmakethatinformationavailabletoyourDjangoproject.

asb March17,2015

Environmentalvariablesfromyourloginshellarenotavailablefrominsidethe

virtualenvCheckoutthisgreatanswerover

onStackOverflowforinfoonhowyoucansetupahooktoexporttheneededvariables.

rjuppa March17,2015

[deleted]

tbrightbill June2,2015

Hithere,

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FollowedthistutorialtotheT(greatjobbytheway!).However,Iamgettinga502badgatewayerror.IgottothepartwiththeDjango
server,anditworkedcorrectly,itstheUWSGIconfigthatmust'vecausedthe502.Anyideas?

tbrightbill June3,2015

Followedupabitmore.Frommyerror.logfile,Iamgettingapermissionserrorwithregardtotheproject.sock-permission
denied.Havechangedthesettingsinthe.inifileto777withnoluck.Anyadvicehelps!

jellingwood June3,2015

@tbrightbill:Ijustranthroughthisguideagainfromstarttofinishandwasn'tabletoreproducetheproblemyou'reseeing.If
youcanpostyour

firstsite.ini, secondsite.ini,and uwsgi.conffiles,ItakealookandseeifIcanfind

anything.

juani.navarrog July19,2015

socket = %(base)/%(project)/%(project).sockto socket = /tmp/%

(project).sockon site.ini
Isolveditbychanging

juani.navarrog July18,2015

Like@tbrightbill,igeta502error.Seemslikeitcan'tcreatethesocket.https://gist.github.com/anonymous/40284b9c84bea2df6fca

anujacharya1 August13,2015

Iwasabletomaketheuwsgistartusinguwsgi--http:8080--home/home/user/Env/firstsite--chdir/home/user/firstsite-wfirstsite.wsgi

Iwasnotabletostartusinguwsgiconfigurationfile,thereisnoportmentionintheuwsgiconfigfile.

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Whereistheuseofsetgidwww-data?

HowtomentionservernameinnginxifIhaveIPaddress?

kimstacks August25,2015

Hithere,

Ihavefollowedyoursetup.

TheissueIcontinuetohaveisthatonlythefirstsite.sock(inmycase,it'scalleddjangoonpy2.sock)isshowingup.The
secondsite.sockisNOT.

Thesearemyfollowingfiles:

/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/djangoonpy2.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name djangoonpy2.app;
location = favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location /static/ {
root /src/Apps/djangoonpy2;
}
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass unix:/run/uwsgi/djangoonpy2.sock;
}
}
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/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/djangoonpy3.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name djangoonpy3.app;
location = favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location /static/ {
root /src/Apps/djangoonpy3;
}
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass unix:/run/uwsgi/djangoonpy3.sock;
}
}

/etc/init/uwsgi.conf
description "uWSGI application server in Emperor mode"
start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
respawn
pre-start script
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mkdir -p /run/uwsgi
chown vagrant:www-data /run/uwsgi
end script
exec /usr/local/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/sites

/etc/uwsgi/sites/djangoonpy2.ini
[uwsgi]
project = djangoonpy2
username = vagrant
projectbase = /src/Apps
userbase = /home/%(username)
chdir = %(projectbase)/%(project)
home = %(userbase)/.virtualenvs/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5
uid = %(username)
socket = /run/uwsgi/%(project).sock
chown-socket = %(username):www-data
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true

/etc/uwsgi/sites/djangoonpy3.ini
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[uwsgi]
project = djangoonpy3
username = vagrant
projectbase = /src/Apps
userbase = /home/%(username)
chdir = %(projectbase)/%(project)
home = %(userbase)/.virtualenvs/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5
uid = %(username)
socket = /run/uwsgi/%(project).sock
chown-socket = %(username):www-data
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true

Ihavealsodone:

sudo usermod -a -G vagrant www-data

Ihavealsochmod

WhydidIuse

/src/Appsas755

/run/uwsgi?

Becauseforsomereasonusing

/home/usernamejustdoesn'twork.

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kimstacks August25,2015

@jellingwood

UPDATE

uwsgi --http :8080 --home ~/.virtualenvs/djangoonpy2 --chdir /src/Apps/djangoonpy2 -w

djangoonpy2.wsgi
Itried

whichworks

uwsgi --http :8080 --home ~/.virtualenvs/djangoonpy3 --chdir /src/Apps/djangoonpy3 -w

djangoonpy3.wsgi
Itried

whichfailedbecauseIgeta

ImportError no module named site

Isurmisedthishastodowiththefactthattheglobaluwsgiisforpython2.

djangoonpy3.inifrom /etc/uwsgi/sitesandthenproceededtocreateanothervirtualenv,anotherproject,
etcnamed s
econddjangoonpy2
SoIremoved

thistimeitworked.

Myquestionis,howdoIrunmultipledjangoappsusinguwsgiandnginxonubuntu14.04whereoneofthemisonpython3and
therestareonpython2?

jellingwood August25,2015

@kimstacks:Youwillprobablyhavetohavemultipleemperorprocessesinthiscase.Usually,uWSGIisbuiltagainsta
particularversionofPython.However,itisapparentlypossibleto"stack"emperorssothatamasteremperorprocesscancall
individualPythonversion-specificemperorprocesses,whichcanthenspawnyourDjangoprojects.Iseethatyou'vealready

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foundthisStackOverflowthreadonthesubject.

Ijusttriedthisforthefirsttimepersonallyandwasabletogetittowork.Theprocessisstillverynewtome,butI'lltryto
explain.

Startoffbygoingthroughthetutorialasusual.ForyourPython3site,you'llwanttocreatethevirtualenvironmentlikethis:

$ mkvirtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 python3projectname

Ifyourunthroughtheguide,youwillhaveuWSGIbuiltagainstPython2installed,andwillbeabletoserveyourPython2
sites.TogetthePython3versionworking,you'llhavetofirstinstallthedevelopmentfilesthrough

apt:

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get install python3-dev

MakeanewvirtualenvironmentforthePython3versionofuWSGI(youcouldjustinstallthisinyourPython3virtual
environment,butthisallowsforamoreexplicitseparationsothatit'sobviousthatitcouldrunanynumberofPython3sites):

$ mkvirtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 python3uwsgi

Withinthisnewvirtualenvironment,installuWSGI.ThiswillbebuiltagainstPython3:

$ pip install uwsgi

Deactivatethevirtualenvironmentwhenyouarefinished:

$ deactivate
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ThenextchangewillbeintheuWSGIstructure.Sincethesystem'suWSGIisbuiltagainstPython2,youcankeepthePython
2sitesinthe

/etc/uwsgi/sitesdirectoryasnormal.MakeanewdirectorythatwillholdalloftheuWSGIconfigsforyour

Python3sites:

$ sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi/sites_python3

MovetheuWSGIconfigurationsforthePython3site(s)intothisnewdirectory:

$ sudo mv /etc/uwsgi/sites/python3projectname.ini /etc/uwsgi/sites_python3

WethenneedtoaddanadditionaluWSGIconfigurationfiletothe

/etc/uwsgi/sitesdirectory.

$ sudo nano /etc/uwsgi/sites/spawn_python3.ini

This

.inifilewillspawnanotheruWSGIemperorprocess,thistimeusingthePython3versionofuWSGIthatweinstalledin

thevirtualenvironment.ThisemperorprocesswillreadtheuWSGIconfigurationfileswithinthe

/etc/uwsgi/sites_python3directory:
/etc/uwsgi/sites/spawn_python3.ini

[uwsgi]
project = python3uwsgi
base = /home/user
privileged-binary-patch-arg = %(base)/Env/%(project)/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/sites_python3

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Now,whenyoustartthePython2versionofuWSGI(usingtheupstartfilefromthisguide),itwill,inturn,spawnanadditional
Python3emperortohandleyourPython3sites.

$ sudo start uwsgi

Ifiguredthisoutonceandvalidateditasecondtime,butit'sstillacompletelynewprocessforme,sotaketheaboveasa
startingpoint.Hopefullythathelpsthough!

kimstacks August28,2015

@jellingwood

Yourcodeworksbeautifully.

Recommendyouwritethisasaseparatearticleforubuntu14.04andcentos7.

Whatimpressesmethemostisthat:

youfoundthesameStackOverflowthreadifound.Yetyouwereabletocomeupwithasolutionthatiscompletelydifferent
fromanyoftheanswersthereorfromthedocumentationtheycited.

Q1)Howdidyoureverseengineerfromtheiranswertotheoneyouwrotehere?

Letmetrytounderstandyoursolution.

Youbasicallyusethesystemuwsgiinemperormodetorunallthe.inifilesinside/etc/uwsgi/siteswhichusuallycontainallthe
inifilesassociatedwithdjangoappsrunninginpython2.

Thisincludesthespawn_python3.ini

spawnpython3.iniineffectcallstheuwsgiinsidethepython3uwsgivirtualenvtoruninemperormodeaswellbutonly

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affectingtheiniinside/etc/uwsgi/sitespython3

Q2)AmIcorrect?WheredidIunderstandwrongly?

SupposeIhavemultiplepython2djangoapps.Justthatsomeneedtobeonpython2.7andsomeneedtobeonpython2.8.

Q3)WillthismeanthatIneedtohaveaseparatevirtualenvforpython28uwsgi?

jellingwood August28,2015

@kimstacks:Thanksforthekindwords.

Asforyourquestions:

Q1)IbasicallylookedattheuWSGIdocumentationtotrytoseeifIcouldfigureouthowtoimplementthenestedEmperorcalls
thattheStackOverflowansweralludedto.Idon'tthinkIwouldhaverealizedthatwaspossibleonmyown.TheuWSGI
documentationitselfcontainedmostofthepiecesneeded(itdiscussedstartingdifferentbinariesasvassals.AuWSGIprocess
runninginemperormodehappenstofallintothiscategory).IwasluckyinthatmyfirstattemptatcallingtheseparatePython
3uWSGIprocesswassuccessful.I'mnotsurehowwellIwouldhavebeenabletotroubleshoototherwise.

Q2)Yourunderstandingofthesolutionisexactlycorrect.Basically,thePython2versionofuWSGItreatsthe

spawn_python3.inifileasjustanotherprocesstomanage.WebasicallyuseittochainloadthePython3filesbykicking
offthePython3specificuWSGIversion.ThePython3versionseemstorunjustasifitwerestartedonitsown,which
definitelyhelpsinminimizingthecomplexityofthesolution.

Q3)I'mnotsureifyou'dneedaseparateuWSGIinstancefor2.7vs2.8.I'ddefinitelytrytoseeifitjustworksas-isfirst.Letme
knowifyoufigurethatout.

Anyways,I'mgladthesolutionIpostedworkedforyou.IfyouenduphavingmaintainmanydifferentversionsofuWSGI,the
chainloadingmaybecomelessappealing.Inthatcase,youmightwanttothinkaboutmigratingtousingasingleuWSGI
binaryw/pluginsper-version,asdescribedhere.

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kimstacks September1,2015

@jellingwood

Ireadthedocumentationandalsosawthepartaboutvassals.

Totallydidn'tunderstandasinglebitatall.Stillcannotfindtheexactpartinthedocsthatgaveyouthea-hamomentonthis.

Ihaveyettotrydifferentversionsofpython2.

Notreallyneededatthemoment,butIaskedincaseforfutureIdoneedsuchasituation.

Seriously,dowritethisupasaseparatearticle.Ithinkthereisaneedforthis.Yourwriteupisfarmorereadablethanthe
officialuwsgidocumentation.

rijojohn85 August27,2015

Hi,
Thanksfortutorial.Ifollowedallthesteps,butwhenirun

sudo service uwsgi start

Igotthefollowingerror:

Failed to start uwsgi.service: Unit uwsgi.service failed to load: No such file or directory.

IamrunningUbuntu15.04.Isthattheproblem?

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myuswgi.conffileis:

description "uWSGI application server in Emperor mode"

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
setuid rijo
setgid www-data
exec /usr/local/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/sites/ --logto /var/log/uwsgi.log

myinifileis:

[uwsgi]
project = mysterybox
base = /home/rijo
chdir = %(base)/%(project)
home = %(base)/Env/%(project)
module = %(project).wsgi:application
master = true
processes = 5
socket = %(base)/%(project)/%(project).sock
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true
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Thanks:)

jellingwood August27,2015

@rijojohn85:Yes,runningthisguideonUbuntu15.04wouldbetheproblem.Ubuntu6.10throughUbuntu14.10allusedthe
"Upstart"initdaemon.Inthisguide,the

uwsgi.conffileisanUpstartinitscript.Ubuntuchangedinitdaemonsto"systemd"

startingwith15.04.Thescripttypesarenotcompatiblewithoneanother.

Soinordertogetthisguidetowork,youwilleitherhavetostartoverusingUbuntu14.04,orwillhavetowriteyourown
systemdservicefile.ThereisasystemdservicefileincludedintheCentOS7versionofthistutorial,butitmayhavetobe
modifiedtoruncorrectlyonanUbuntusystem.

Hosni October20,2015

Itseemsthatit'salsothecasefordebian8.1

sergeypisarevsk September20,2015

sudoserviceuwsgistart-->start:Jobfailedtostart(((

kedr September23,2015

Isthisbecauseuwsgiwasinstalledwithpipandnotapt-get?Ifyoulookinyour/etc/init.ddirectory,therewillprobablynotbe
auwsgifileintherecorrect?

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kedr September23,2015

Whereisthesockfilesupposedtocomefrom?Isitautomaticallygenerated?

krishnaburaka October14,2015

Ifollowedthetutorial,andforthefirstsiteitworkedoncebutnowiamgettingforthefirstsite"Couldnotconnecttotherequested
serverhost."
Howcanifigureoutwheretheerroroccured?Pleasehelpstucksinceaday!!

a1exus October19,2015

I'mtryingtofollowthistutorial,yetsomethingisamiss:

root@alexus:~# pip install virtualenv virtualenvwrapper

Downloading/unpacking virtualenv
Downloading virtualenv-13.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.7MB): 1.7MB downloaded
Downloading/unpacking virtualenvwrapper
Downloading virtualenvwrapper-4.7.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Downloading/unpacking stevedore (from virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading stevedore-1.9.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Downloading/unpacking virtualenv-clone (from virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading virtualenv-clone-0.2.6.tar.gz

Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/virtualenv-clone/setup.py) egg_info for package virtualenv-clone

Downloading/unpacking six>=1.9.0 (from stevedore->virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading six-1.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Downloading/unpacking pbr>=1.6 (from stevedore->virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading pbr-1.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (89kB): 89kB downloaded
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Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): argparse in /usr/lib/python2.7 (from stevedore->vir
Installing collected packages: virtualenv, virtualenvwrapper, stevedore, virtualenv-clone, six, pbr
Running setup.py install for virtualenv-clone
Installing virtualenv-clone script to /usr/local/bin
Found existing installation: six 1.5.2
Not uninstalling six at /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, owned by OS
Successfully installed virtualenv virtualenvwrapper stevedore virtualenv-clone six pbr
Cleaning up...
root@alexus:~# echo "export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3" >> ~/.bashrc
root@alexus:~# echo "export WORKON_HOME=~/Env" >> ~/.bashrc
root@alexus:~# echo "source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc
root@alexus:~# source ~/.bashrc

/usr/bin/python3: Error while finding spec for 'virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader' (<class 'ImportError'>: No mod
virtualenvwrapper.sh: There was a problem running the initialization hooks.
If Python could not import the module virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader,
check that virtualenvwrapper has been installed for
VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3 and that PATH is
set properly.
root@alexus:~#

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