132 Norwegian Oil and Gas

Recommended guidelines for

handling mercury
Translated version

Norwegian Oil and Gas, Recommended guidelines for handling mercury

No.: 132

Established: 10.09.2012

Page: 2

PREFACE
These guidelines were prepared as part of the chemical working environment
industry project in the oil and gas industry and are recommended by Norwegian Oil
and Gas expert network for occupational hygiene, the expert network for health and
working environment, Norwegian Oil and Gas HSE Managers Forum and Norwegian
Oil and Gas operations committee. Furthermore, it has been approved by the director
general.
The work group has been composed of the following members:
Ron Bmer, Exxon Mobil
Trond Magne Schei, ConocoPhillips
Heidi Lovisa Forssell, Statoil
Steffen Skogland, Statoil
Eric Sanderson, A/S Norske Shell
Andrea L. Mahugh, Marathon
Eivind Nilsen, BP/Talisman
Jakob Nrheim, Norwegian Oil and Gas
Hege M. Hgan / Elise N. Eriksen / Petter Hven (PortSide, hired facilitator)
The responsible manager in Norwegian Oil and Gas is the HSE manager who can be
contacted via Norwegian Oil and Gas switchboard at +47 51 84 65 00.
These guidelines have been prepared with broad-based participation from
stakeholders in the Norwegian petroleum industry, and are owned by the Norwegian
petroleum industry, represented by Norwegian Oil and Gas. Norwegian Oil and Gas is
responsible for administration.
Norwegian Oil and Gas
Vassbotnen 1, 4313 Sandnes
P.O. Box 8065
4068 Stavanger
Telephone: + 47 51 84 65 00
Fax: + 47 51 84 65 01
Website: www.norskoljeoggass.no
E-mail: firmapost@norog.no

Norwegian Oil and Gas, Recommended guidelines for handling mercury

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CONTENTS
PREFACE................................................................................................................................. 2
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 3
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Regulations and limit values ............................................................................................. 4
1.3 Terminology ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 References ................................................................................................................................ 5

2 MERCURY IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ...................................................... 6

2.1 Physical properties ............................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Exposure and health risk .................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Occurrence in the petroleum industry .......................................................................... 7

3 RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................ 8

3.1 Categorisation of installations.......................................................................................... 8
3.2 Categorising equipment ...................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Categorisation of equipment upstream.............................................................. 10
3.2.2 Categorisation of equipment downstream ....................................................... 10
3.2.3 Work tasks with risk of mercury exposure .......................................................... 11
3.3 Groups exposed to risk ..................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Occupational hygiene measurements ........................................................................ 11
3.4.1 Measurement strategy.................................................................................................. 12
3.4.2 Direct-reading instruments ........................................................................................ 12
3.4.3 Personal air sampling ................................................................................................... 12
3.4.4 Biological exposure measurements ........................................................................ 13
3.4.5 External environment measurements ................................................................... 13

4 RISK MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................14

4.1 Design ..................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Procedures/safety instructions .................................................................................... 14
4.3 Planned shutdowns and disassembly activities ..................................................... 15
4.4 Information and training ................................................................................................. 15
4.5 Personal protective equipment .................................................................................... 15
4.6 Exposure surveillance ...................................................................................................... 16
4.7 Health surveillance ............................................................................................................ 16
4.8 Disposal and waste management ................................................................................. 16

Norwegian Oil and Gas, Recommended guidelines for handling mercury

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
These guidelines were prepared to support the enterprises in the work to reduce the
risk of mercury exposure in the petroleum industry. The guideline recommends
measures to avoid exposure when handling and processing crude oil and natural gas,
as well as handling equipment that has been contaminated with mercury.
As regards waste management, reference is made to Norwegian Oil and Gas
recommended guidelines for waste management in the offshore activities, no. 093.
All enterprises must identify where mercury exposure may occur. The risk must be
assessed by competent personnel and measures (barriers) must be implemented to
reduce and control the risk. The quality of these barriers must be regularly verified.
Necessary information and training must be provided.

1.2 Regulations and limit values

According to the Working Environment Act, the employer is required to ensure a fully
prudent working environment. Sections 3-1 and 3-8 of the Regulations of work
performance require employers to prevent exposure of employees to hazardous
substances. When prevention of exposure is not practicable, the employer must
reduce the exposure as much as reasonably practicable (ALARP).
Measures that eliminate the exposure must be chosen ahead of technical measures
that reduce the likelihood of exposure and measures that reduce exposure, and ahead
of operational measures that reduce the exposure. Use of suitable personal protective
equipment should be considered a temporary measure.
Metallic mercury has an occupational exposure limit of 0.02 mg/m3. For a 12-hour
shift, the limit is 0.014 mg/m3 (ref. Norwegian Oil and Gas no. 130). Due to mercurys
bio-accumulative properties, a short-term norm is not recommended.
The biological limit value in urine is 30 g Hg/g creatinine.

1.3 Terminology
The ALARP principle is stipulated in the petroleum regulations and states that risk
should be reduced as low as reasonably practicable.

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1.4 References

Regulations of work performance (Norwegian only)

http://www.arbeidstilsynet.no/forskrift.html?tid=236081

Regulations of action limits and limits (Norwegian only)

http://www.arbeidstilsynet.no/forskrift.html?tid=236084

Norsok S-002 Working Environment

https://www.standard.no/en/sectors/energi-og-klima/petroleum/norsokstandard-categories/s-safety-she/s-0021/

Mercury measurements in employees associated with the oil industry, STAMI

report 2009 (Norwegian only)
http://www.stami.no/kvikksoelvmaalinger-hos-ansatte-med-tilknytning-tiloljebransjen1

Norwegian Oil and Gas Recommended guidelines for waste management in the
offshore activities, no. 093
http://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/Publica/Guidelines/Enviornment/093Recommended-guidelines-for-Waste-Management-in-the-offshore-industryNEW-REVISION-PR-21022013-/

Norwegian oil and gas recommended guidelines for fit testing of respiratory
protective equipment, no. 133
http://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/Publica/Guidelines/Health-workingenvironment-safety/Working-enviornment/133-Recommended-guidelinesfor-fit-testing-of-respiratory-protective-equipment/

Norwegian oil and Gas recommended guidelines for health monitoring of

employees exposed to chemicals, no. 130
http://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/Publica/Guidelines/Health-workingenvironment-safety/Working-enviornment/130-Recommended-guidelinesfor-health-monitoring-of-employees-exposed-to-chemicals/

NORSAS guidelines for delivery and declaration of hazardous waste

http://www.norsas.no/Farlig-avfall/Farlig-avfallsveileder-2009

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2 MERCURY IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Mercury occurs in three primary forms: metallic mercury, inorganic mercury and
organic mercury. Metallic mercury is considered to constitute the greatest health risk
in the petroleum industry. Inorganic and organic mercury have only sporadically
been identified in the oil and gas industry.

2.1 Physical properties

At room temperature, mercury is a silvery-white, thick liquid which quickly forms
droplets. The droplets can move freely. Mercury will normally concentrate at low
points in a process area due to its high density. Mercury can easily be detected against
a dark surface, and a flashlight can be used to detect mercury droplets. These droplets
can spread over large areas, and easily become attached to clothing and textiles.
Mercury is the only metal which is a liquid and is volatile at room temperature.
Mercury vapour is colourless and odourless. The vapour pressure for mercury at
20 C is 0.002 mbar, which corresponds to approx. 15 mg/m3 (in closed
spaces/tanks, etc.). This is 750 times higher than the occupational exposure limit.
Physical data:

Melting point: -39 C

Boiling point: 357 C
Vapour pressure: 0.002 mbar at 20 C
Solubility in water: Negligible
Density: 13.5 g/cm3

Metallic mercury reacts with a number of metals, and particularly easily with
aluminium. Mercury accumulates in carbon steel, but not stainless steel. Metallic
mercury also reacts with strong acids.

2.2 Exposure and health risk

Mercury is classified as:

Toxic by inhalation.

Can accumulate in the body with repeated use

Very toxic for aquatic organisms, may cause unwanted long-term

effects in the aquatic environment (Mercury is toxic as it
accumulates in the food chain).
Metallic mercury is absorbed in the body through inhalation, skin contact and
through ingestion. The primary absorption is through inhalation (75-80%). The rate
of absorption through skin is limited, and absorption is very low via the digestion
system (0.01%).
Acute exposure to mercury vapour can lead to poisoning similar to metal fume fever.
This causes symptoms such as chills, nausea, feeling generally unwell, chest pain,
shortness of breath, coughing, stomatitis, inflammation of the gums, drooling and
diarrhoea. Skin or eye contact, as well as ingestion, can cause irritation and allergic
reactions.

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Chronic exposure to mercury can cause permanent brain and kidney damage, and can
be fatal. Damage to the nervous system can affect mobility and cognitive abilities.
Mercury can accumulate in the body. Chronic exposure to mercury can result in
weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss and disturbances in the stomach and
intestines. Tremors can also occur. It often starts with fingers, eyelids and lips, and
then progresses to general tremors throughout the body, as well as severe chronic
spasms in the extremities. At the same time as the tremors are developing,
behavioural and personality changes may occur, which could result in increased
anxiety, memory loss, insomnia and depression. Abnormal blushing, exaggerated
perspiration and rashes may occur. Severe drooling and inflammation of the gums are
also characteristic of chronic mercury exposure. Irritation of the airways and eczema
are some of the milder symptoms.
Foetuses are very sensitive to the effects of mercury and it cannot be excluded that
mercury may have a negative effect on fertility.

2.3 Occurrence in the petroleum industry

Mercury can be found in the bedrock in most formations on the Norwegian
continental shelf, and accompanies the production flow in various chemical forms.
Reservoirs with low H2S/CO2 content and high temperature/pressure appear to have
the highest mercury content. Mercury reacts with several metals and can accumulate
in equipment over long periods. Mercury does not accumulate in stainless steel.
Metallic mercury can occur, particularly in the light hydrocarbon part (C3-C5) and in
mud. Exposure to mercury is possible in multiple work operations.

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3 RISK ASSESSMENT
We recommend that installations and equipment be categorised according to the
probable occurrence of mercury.
It is difficult to imagine a safe level for mercury exposure, and risk assessment and
measures should therefore be based on the ALARP principle.

3.1 Categorisation of installations

Offshore and onshore production and processing installations shall be categorised as
red, yellow or green installations based on the concentration of mercury in the
production flow or raw materials.
The criteria in Table 1 can be used to classify installations.
Table 1: Categorisation of installations based on mercury content

Red *
Yellow
> 100 ppb mercury
concentration (per. batch
raw material or well)
> 10 ppb mercury
5-10 ppb mercury
concentration (calendar
concentration (calendar
month average per
month average per
raw material/well)
raw material/well)
Processing of every crude
oil and gas delivery that is
processed for mercury by
the upstream producer
Accumulated
mercury/deposits found
in equipment over the last
five years, or since the
last planned shutdown
and last time equipment
was cleaned
*Only one of the criteria has to be fulfilled

Green

< 5 ppb mercury

concentration (calendar
month average per
raw material/well

The colour classification reflects the magnitude of risk management necessary for a
specific installation. For example, a red installation will require more mercury
management than a green installation. Green installations generally do not need a
mercury programme, but we recommend carrying out inspections on any equipment
labelled red to verify this. All installations with adequate mercury management have
a low risk of mercury-related incidents.
The Essay for crude oil and natural gas condensate provides information on potential
mercury content, but the essays are not necessarily exhaustive for mercury.

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All installations should be characterised as red until data indicates a lower

classification.
Installations should be re-assessed every two years, or in the event of changes in raw
materials/wellstream. As a general rule, the older the installation, the more mercury.
Installations should have a measurement programme for monitoring the wellstream.

3.2 Categorising equipment

On each installation, equipment should be categorised as red, yellow or green based
on the likelihood of mercury accumulation in the equipment. The criteria listed in
Table 2 should be used. The equipment assessment should be carried out by
operations and maintenance technicians. The equipment can also be categorised
based on experience from other installations.
Table 2: Categorisation of equipment based on mercury risk

Red
Equipment suspected of
being polluted with
mercury

Yellow
Possibility of finding
mercury, but not very
probable

Green
Not probable to find
mercury in this equipment

Metallic mercury most often occurs in the light part of the hydrocarbons (C3-C5) and
in mud. All surfaces on the inside of process equipment containing liquid are
considered to be polluted with mercury. The absence of visible mercury does not
mean that there is no mercury in systems contaminated with mercury. Mercury can
accumulate on steel surfaces and partially diffuse into the steel. When there is contact
between hydrocarbons and water, mercury can also be found in the water phase.
Mercury is typically associated with:
Process equipment with C3 C5 flows
Flows that are chilled (e.g. in heat exchangers)
Equipment made of carbon steel or aluminium
Equipment coated with a protective material or cement (e.g. drums)
In order to divide the equipment into the three categories, the following criteria can
be used as keywords:
Hydrocarbons C3-C5
Heat exchangers - Coolers
Knock out effect pressure loss
Centrifugal force, hydrocyclones
Filter effect
Absolute temperature
Distribution in water phase, produced water

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3.2.1 Categorisation of equipment upstream

The system and equipment list below can be used as a basis for offshore installationspecific equipment assessment. This equipment is known to have a major potential
for mercury accumulation:
Gas systems (tanks, gas dehydrators, scrubbers, heat exchangers, demisters,
condensate)
Pig launcher (receiving)
Separators
Mercury traps
Drain system/mud/waste
Produced water system (incl. jetting system inlet and test separator)
Associated piping/pipes could also be contaminated with mercury, normally mercury
salts.
An overview of possible systems contaminated with mercury is shown in Appendix 2.

3.2.2 Categorisation of equipment downstream

The system and equipment list below can be used as a basis for installation-specific
equipment assessment, particularly for refineries. This equipment is known to have a
major potential for mercury accumulation:

Sludge catchers

Desalters

Pipe still (incl. boilers, air coolers, containers)

Propane/butane tanks

Power Former (PF)

Visbreaker (VB) (if slop is used before shutdown/last maintenance

shutdown)

Slop tanks/mud basin

Mercury traps
Associated piping/pipes could also be contaminated with mercury, normally mercury
salts.
An overview of possible systems contaminated with mercury is shown in Appendix 3.

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3.2.3 Work tasks with risk of mercury exposure

Work tasks mentioned in Table 3 are expected to result in the highest mercury
exposure. The personnel executing these work tasks can vary from installation to
installation.
Table 3: Work tasks with mercury exposure potential

Work tasks
Disassembly of flanges, blind flanges, nozzles, baffles
Cutting, welding and other mechanical work
Flow line inspections
Replacing glycol filters
Depressurisation
Installation and removal of blinds
Steaming/cleaning
Opening manholes
Sampling
Draining
Waste handling
Cleaning tanks/entry
Removing gas filters
Inspections in tanks, derricks, etc.

3.3 Groups exposed to risk

High exposure risk is often related to opening equipment. The greatest risk related to
mercury exposure is expected for maintenance workers, process operators and
inspectors.
Hot work on equipment contaminated with mercury also constitutes a high risk.
Contractors often perform the same type of maintenance activities for different
installations. As a result of this, this group may be more frequently exposed to
mercury.
Pregnant women shall not perform work tasks where they could be exposed to
mercury. This also includes laboratory work. Foetuses are very sensitive to the effects
of mercury exposure.

3.4 Occupational hygiene measurements

Occupational hygiene measurement of mercury should be performed to document the
exposure level for different work tasks. This requires special equipment.
Measurements should also be carried out to verify the effect of measures and barriers
against mercury exposure.

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3.4.1 Measurement strategy

Qualified occupational hygienists should be responsible for establishing a
measurement strategy.
Measurements should be carried out;

during disassembly of flanges and connections

before entering equipment and during work inside equipment

during heat test (heating of metal) before steaming, welding, cutting and
other hot work

during other heating of equipment, e.g. in the event of direct sunlight on

equipment

during steaming, cleaning and maintenance

The choice of respiratory protective equipment and other personal protective
equipment should be based on the results from the occupational hygiene
measurements.
We recommend introducing a programme for biological exposure monitoring on
installations that are categorised as red and yellow. This is particularly relevant in
connection with planned shutdowns and for incidents that entail possible exposure to
mercury.
Biological exposure monitoring is also recommended in the event of disassembly
activity where work is carried out on equipment that previously contained
hydrocarbons.
Experience from all mercury findings and how this is handled and followed up should
be made available to the industry.

3.4.2 Direct-reading instruments

There are good direct-reading instrument used to measure the concentration of
mercury in air. A good instrument must be easy to use, have a low weight, high
availability, low cross-sensitivity and sufficient detection area and should preferably
be EX-approved.
Instruments with atom absorption (e.g. Mercury tracker 3000IP, RA-915 light
Zeeman, NIC-EMP-1A) are recommended over instruments with a gold film sensor
(e.g. Jerome) due to cross-sensitivity (e.g. welding fumes, CO, SO2).

3.4.3 Personal air sampling

Personal air sampling can be performed using a specific absorbent for mercury which
is submitted for analysis. The equipment can be attached to the jacket/coveralls near
the inhalation zone.

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3.4.4 Biological exposure measurements

Biological exposure measurement can be carried out by analysing mercury in urine.

3.4.5 External environment measurements

Handheld XRF technology can be used to determine the surface concentration of
mercury in connection with waste management.

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4 RISK MANAGEMENT
We recommend a system for approval of crude oil and gas condensate prior to
introduction in the process trains.
The most important control measure is to design the facility so that exposure to
people is minimal. Risk can otherwise be controlled using technical measures (e.g.
mercury traps, closed cleaning system), administrative measures (e.g. safety
instructions, work procedures) and personal protective equipment. For the
downstream industry we recommend a procedure/system for approval of crude oil
and gas condensate to ensure risk management. A sound system is crucial if an
installation must use crude oil or natural gas condensate with high mercury content.

4.1 Design
When designing and engineering new installations, or when modifying existing
installations, consideration must be given to the mercury content in the production
stream/flow. This is particularly important when ordering long-lead-items
(separator, scrubber, etc.).
The choice of materials and technical solutions such as mercury traps, closed system
for steaming/cleaning, etc. affect the exposure risk for personnel.
Mercury traps should be used up front in the process facility to protect against
mercury exposure and for better control of mercury later in the process train. This
also affects the product quality and protects materials. Mercury traps should be
considered for all installations classified as red or yellow.
Equipment should be designed so that cleaning can be carried out without personnel
being exposed to mercury. Closed systems are recommended.

4.2 Procedures/safety instructions

The enterprise should have clear guidelines for classification of installations and
equipment, as well as implementation of occupational hygiene measurements, risk
assessment and selection and use of personal protective equipment. The enterprise
should have a procedure for waste management which addresses mercury.
Safety instructions should be prepared for work operations that are particularly
exposed, cf. Appendix 1. This should be linked to the work permit system.
The following aspects should be included in the procedure/safety instructions:

Categorisation of facility and equipment (green/yellow/red)

Identified work tasks with risk of mercury exposure

Technical and operational measures to reduce and control exposure

Occupational hygiene measurement results from the facility in question

and experience from work within and outside the enterprise

Plan for occupational hygiene measurements of mercury exposure,

including a plan for biological exposure monitoring

Training and information

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4.3 Planned shutdowns and disassembly activities

Planned shutdowns and disassembly activities represent situations with several
possibilities for mercury exposure. It is therefore important that the work is planned
to prevent mercury exposure. All work operations should be reviewed with regard to
exposure and protection. The plan should be completed well-before the planned
shutdown or disassembly work starts, so measures and necessary training can be
implemented. An occupational hygienist should be involved in the planning.
The existing procedure/maintenance instructions should be expanded for the work
during the planned shutdown or disassembly activity.

4.4 Information and training

Necessary information and training must be provided, based on identified risk and
the measures implemented to reduce risk. When personal protective equipment is
used to prevent exposure, users must have undergone adequate training in use of this
equipment.
Prior to starting work with a risk of mercury exposure, information must be provided
as regards this risk and what measures have been implemented to control the risk.
Training must be provided at the same level to all involved personnel, including
contractor personnel.
The training should be documented.

4.5 Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment must be used when necessary based on the risk
assessment and when the risk is not adequately managed in another manner. Tables
4 and 5 list suggested protective equipment. Consideration must be given to other
simultaneous exposure when selecting protective equipment.
Table 4 Respiratory protective equipment

Mercury
concentration

Respiratory protective equipment

Mercury exposure is
possible or proven
below the occupational
exposure limit

Gas mask with mercury filter only recommended for brief

operations < 1hr.
Longer operations and with simultaneous exposure to
welding fumes:
Full face mask with pressurised air or airstream with a
mercury filter.
Full face mask with pressurised air, pressure cap or
airstream helmet. A mask with a mercury filter can be
used for brief operations < 1 hr. The mask must be
adapted and tested for each user.

Mercury concentration
above occupational
exposure limit

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Table 5 Personal protective equipment

Clothing
Gloves
Footwear

Viton or PVC-PP-PE disposable clothing. In the event of risk of other

chemical spills, suits that protect against this must be used.
PVC or neoprene. Nitrile is used when hydrocarbons are also present. Use
gloves that cover the forearms
Neoprene boots

4.6 Exposure surveillance

In the event of insufficient knowledge regarding mercury exposure or where previous
measurements have identified mercury, a measurement programme should be
prepared to determine the scope of the exposure.
The enterprise should have a measurement programme for monitoring the
wellstream.
If the risk assessment indicates that the working environment should be monitored
for mercury, a programme should be established for periodic occupational hygiene
measurements, including biological exposure measurements. Suppliers must have
access to carry out the necessary mapping at the work site.
The measurement programme should be prepared by qualified occupational
hygienists.

4.7 Health surveillance

The employer must ensure that all employees who are exposed to mercury undergo a
special health examination. This also applies to contractor employers.
Biological exposure measurements can be used to determine who is exposed to
mercury.
The health examination shall be carried out by qualified medical personnel. Reference
is made to Norwegian Oil and Gas recommended guidelines for health monitoring,
no. 130.

4.8 Disposal and waste management

Waste polluted with mercury should be collected for correct handling. Waste polluted
with mercury includes mud, scaling, metal, equipment, etc. Cleaning must be carried
out by a company that has been certified for this task. In the upstream activities, it is
important that waste polluted with mercury is not put back into the process. Waste
polluted with mercury must be disposed of and not recycled.
Equipment polluted with mercury should be cleaned before it is sent back for
maintenance. The cleaning will normally take place on shore. The recipient of the
equipment must be informed of the risk, and the equipment must be marked
Contains mercury.

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Reference is otherwise made to Norwegian Oil and Gas recommended guidelines for
waste management in the offshore activities, no. 093.