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Apparatus Required:
S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apparatus
Rheostats
Type
Wire wound
Range
700/1A
Quantity
1
400/1A
1
1
1
Voltmeters
MI
52/5A
0-500V
Ammeters
MI
MI
0-250V
0-10A
1
1
MI
0-1A
MC
Digital
Digital/Analog
0-1A
1
1
1
Multimeter
Tachometer
0-10000RPM
Theory: For a power system during unbalanced operation, unsymmetrical faults such as single phase
to ground fault, phase to phase fault, double phase to ground fault, simple phase
representations leads to complicated calculations. The method of symmetrical components is
used for the analysis of unbalanced system.
The principle of symmetrical components is as follows. A set of n unbalanced phasors are
resolved into n sets of balanced phasors, each of which consists of n balanced vectors. These
balanced vectors are called symmetrical components of the original system phasors.
Symmetrical components of 3-phase system:An unbalanced systems of three vectors ( Va,Vb, Vc or Ia, Ib, Ic) can be resolved into
three balanced systems of vectors , the vectors of the resolved system are :
1. Positive sequence components:- [Va1, Vb1, Vc1 or Ia1,Ib1,Ic1] comprising three balanced
systems of vectors of the displaced mutually by 1200 and having the same phase sequence as
that of a original system.
-------
------
------
------
Significance of the operator a:Letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a counter-clockwise
rotation of 1200. It has unit magnitude and an angle of 1200. The vector operator a is defined
as
a =1ej2/3 =Cos(2/3)+jSin(2/3) = -0.5 + j0.866 ;
a2=1ej4/3 =Cos(4/3)+jSin(4/3) = -0.5 - j0.866 ;
a3=1ej2= 1+j0; and 1+a+a2 = 0.
The original unbalanced system of vectors can be resolved into their symmetrical components
or the respective symmetrical components can be added to get the original system of vectors.
Thus
and
Va= Va0+Va1+Va2
-------
[1]
Vb= Vb0+Vb1+Vb2
-------
[2]
Vc = Vc0+Vc1+Vc2
-------
[3]
--------
[4]
Ia= Ia0+Ia1+Ia2
Ib=Ib0+Ib1+Ib2
-------
[5]
Ic =Ic0+Ic1+Ic2
-------
[6]
From the equations, we can get symmetrical components of unbalanced systems of vectors.
Summarizing
Va0
1 1
Va 1 1 a
1 3
Va2
1 a 2
1 Va
a 2 Vb
a Vc
Va
1 1
Vb 1 a 2
Vc
1 a
Va 0
Vb
0
Vc0
a 2
In similar way,
Ia0
1 1
Ia 1 1 a
1
3
Ia2
1 a 2
1 Ia
a 2 Ib
a Ic
Ia
1 1
Ib 1 a 2
Ic
1 a
1
a
a 2
Ia0
Ib
0
Ic0
Zero sequence currents:In the three phase systems, when there is a neutral path for currents , then
IN=Ia+Ib+Ic
We get
Therefore
Ia+Ib+Ic =3*Iao
Iao=IN/3;
Therefore in the delta connected load, the line currents do not find return path. Hence line
currents do not have zero sequence components.
From balanced vector to symmetrical components:Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
Va1
Va2
Va0
Vb1=a2 Va1
Vb2=a Va1
Vb0=Va0
Vc1=a Va1
Vc2=a2 Va2
Vc0=Va0
Sequence Impedances and networks of the alternator:The positive sequence network of 3-phase alternator consists of an e.m.f source Ea in series
with positive sequence impedance(Z1). Ea is the induced e.m.f of one phase, Z 1 is positive
sequence impedance Va1=Ea-Ia1Z1. The negative sequence network of a generator consists of
simply negative sequence impedance Z2 as there are no negative sequence e.m.fs induced by
alternator. Only negative sequence currents flows through negative sequence impedance and
the voltage drop in the negative sequence network is given by Va2= - Ia2 Z2
Zero sequence network of an alternator consists of the zero sequence
alternator per phase
impedance of
Va1= Ea-Ia1*Z1;
Va2= -Ia2*Z2;
Va0= - Ia0*Z0;
Z0= Zgo+3*Zn;
Procedure:Measurement of Positive Sequence Impedance:1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram1.
2. Switch on the supply circuit after checking connections.
3. Bring the motor to rated speed by using motor field regulator.
4. By varying the field regulator of the alternator the open circuit voltage varies.
5. Vary the open circuit voltage until the rated voltage of the alternator is reached.
6. Tabulate the values.
7. Reduce the field current to a minimum value.
8. Now close the TPST switch, to make the armature terminals short circuited.
9. Vary the short circuit current until the rated current alternator current is reached.
10. Tabulate the values and Draw the open circuit and short circuit characteristics.
11. At any field current, measure open circuit voltage and short circuit current from
graph.
12. The ratio of open circuit voltage to short-circuit current gives the value of the
positive impedance of the alternator.
13. Positive sequence impedance
Measurement of Negative Sequence Impedance:1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram2.
2. Switch on the DC supply to circuit after checking connections.
3. Bring the motor to the speed by using field regulator of motor.
4. Apply voltage to the alternator by using 1- variac till the ammeter reads the
rated current.
5. Note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
6. Negative sequence impedance is given by Z2=V/(3I) ;
Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance:1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram3.
Field
current
If Amps
Terminal
voltage
V volts
S. no
Field current
If Amps
Short circuit
current Isc in
Amps
S.no
Voltage V in
Volts
Current I in
Amps
Z2 = V
----3 I
S.no
Voltage V in
Volts
Current I in
Amps
Z0 = V
----3I
Average Z0= ___
Result:Positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of alternator are measured. Z 1=____,
_____pu; Z2=____, _____pu; Z0=____, _____pu;
Discussions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
network.
7. Draw zero sequence network of Y-G/ transformer.
8. What is the order of sequence impedances of (a) Turbo alternator (b) Hydro alternator.
9. What is short circuit MVA?