LEARNING ENGLISH

ENGLISH LESSONS: FUNDAMENTALS

Luana Batista Magalhes Corra

Aluno:

BELO HORIZONTE
2016

1- NAMES AND OCCUPATIONS

A) Saying hello
Here's a typical conversation structure
A: Hi Suzie. How are you?
B: Fine thanks. And you?
A. Yeah, fine thanks.
Answers:
Fine" = Fine thanks" = Im good (all mean the same)
"Im Ok" = "Im OK thanks",Not bad thanks", "Can't complain" are less positive
"I'm very well, thanks" is more formal.
Greetings:
Hi = Hello
Good morning" = for the morning up to lunch.
"Good afternoon" = for the afternoon until early evening (i.e. around 6pm)
"Good evening" = for the rest of the evening
"Good night" = when you leave a person at the end of the evening, or when you go to
bed.

B) Introducing yourself
Heres a typical conversation:
A: Hi, I'm Clare. Whats your name?
B: I'm Dave. Nice to meet you!
A: Nice to meet you, too!

Say and you? to show more

interest in a person
Use Excuse me to initiate a
conversation or Excuse me?
to indicate you havent heard
or didnt understand

A: Good morning. I'm David Green.

B: Pleased to meet you. I'm John Harris.
A. Good to meet you, too.
Here are some simple phrases you can use.
"I'm + your first name (informal) or first name + surname (formal)
"My name is + your first name (informal) or first name + surname (formal)
The other person says:
"Pleased to meet you.", or "Nice to meet you.", or "Good to meet you."

EXERCISES
1) Fill in the blank using words from the following list:
Im fine, Nice to meet, Im, Hello, Good morning
Abdullah: ____________! My names Abdullah.
Maria: Hi, _________ Maria. Nice to meet you.
Abdullah: ______________ you too.
Cheng: Good morning!
Abdullah: ______________ Cheng! How are you?
Cheng: ___________, thanks. How are you?
Abdullah: Im good.
2) Order the sentences.
____ Nice to meet you, too!
____Hi! Whats your name?
____Hello! My name is Annie.
____Nice to meet you, Annie. Im Conor.

C) GIVING MORE INFORMATION

Age
Question: How old are you?
I am 26 years old.
I am 26.
Work
Question: What do you do? Or What do you do for living?
I am a copywriter.
I work in an ad agency.
I work in Intecon Ads.
I work as an architect.
Place
Question: Where are you from? Or Whats your nationality ?
I am from Michigan.
I come from New York.
I am Brazilian
I am French

EXERCISES
1) Two people start talking, Lucy and Michael. Write a possible
conversation between them. Give more information!
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Match the sentences.

1.

Whats your name ?

a.

Hello

2.

How old are you ?

b.

I am English

3.

Whats your nationality ?

c.

I am twelve years old

4.

Hello

d.

I am from England

5.

Where are you from ?

e.

I am fine

6.

How are you ?

f.

My name is Tom

3) Reorganize the sentences.

1. name What's ? your

3. What's nationality your ?

2. I John am.

4. live ? do Where you

5. from? are Where you

8. from I China am

6. am 23 I old years.

9. How you? are

7. you to Nice meet

10. John is name My

D) Introducing other people

Heres a typical conversation
A: "John, this is Paul. He's a friend of mine."
B: "Hi Paul. Nice to meet you."
Paul: "Good to meet you John."
Deborah: "This is Sally. She's my cousin."
B: "Hi Sally. Pleased to meet you."
Sally: "Pleased to meet you too."
Structure
Singular: "This is (name of your friend)." Plural: These are (more
information and names)
Now give more information about the person.
"He's a friend of mine."
"He's a friend of my brother."
"He's a colleague."
"She's my cousin."
Shes my mother.
They are my friends from work
Here are other expressions to introduce others:

Jack, please meet Nicolas.

I would like you to meet Liza.

I would like to introduce you to Betty.

EXERCISES

1) Fill in the blank using words from the following list:

How are you?, Hi, thanks, Im, This is, Nice to meet you
too.
Sumi: Hi, Pablo. _________________
Pablo: ____, Sumi. I'm fine, _________.
Sumi: Pablo, ________ Greta.
Pablo: Hi, Greta. ____ Pablo.
Greta: Hi, nice to meet you! How are you?.
Pablo: I'm fine, thanks. _____________________!

LISTENING 1
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening-skills-

practice/introducing-friend

E) VOCABULARY

THE ALPHABET
Listen and repeat. Write the sound in your own way.
http://www.esolcourses.com/uk-english/beginners-course/unit-1/the-alphabet/thealphabet-vocabulary.html

A ___________________

P___________________

B___________________

Q___________________

C___________________

R___________________

D___________________

S___________________

E___________________
F___________________

T___________________

G ___________________
H___________________

U___________________

I___________________

V___________________

J___________________
K___________________

X___________________

L___________________

W___________________

M___________________

Y___________________

N___________________

Z___________________

O___________________
How do you spell that? Or Can you spell that?
LISTENING 2
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening-skills-practice/spelling-colours
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening-skills-practice/spelling-names

F) GRAMMAR

Verb to be (Simple present)

Sentence structure:

Subject + verb to be + . (adjective, place, noun)

-

Used to identify and describe people and objects

Ex.: Richard is my friend.

I am Italian.
It is a computer.
-

Used in expressions of weather, age, and places.

Ex.: t was raining this morning.

It is sunny today.
I am twenty years old.

The verb to be:

-

Singular: is (contraction s)

Plural: are (contracition re)

Pronouns
Singular

Plural

We

You

You

He/She/It

They

Pronouns + verbs to be
Pronouns

Verb to be

Contraction

am

Im

You

are

You____

He/She/It

_________

He___ /She ___ /It___

We

_________

We_____

You

_________

You______

They

_________

They_____

EXERCISES

1) Using the verb to be, fill in the blanks. Use the positive form. Do
not use contractions.
Example: I _am__ Maria.
1. You _____ Cheng.
2. He _____ Abdullah.
3. We _____ students.
4. You (plural) ______ students.
5. They _____ teachers.
2) Using to be, fill in the blanks. Use contractions.
Example: Im Maria.
1. My name is Cheng. ______ a student.
2. Her name is Maria. _______ a student, too.
3. Maria and I are students. ___________ students.
4. You and Abdullah are students. __________ students.
5. Theyre not teachers, ______ students.
6. You arent a teacher, _______ a student.

3) Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.

1. It _______ cold today.
2. I ______ at home now.
3. They _______ Korean.
4. Lucy ________ a student.

9. Clara and Steve ________

married.
10. He _________ an English
teacher.

5. My name ________ Nikita.

6. We _______ from Ukraine.
7. Tom ________ a driver.
8. I ________ OK, thanks.
Negative form

The verb to be has the same meaning, you just need to add the word not to
make a negative sentence.
Sentence Structure:
Subject + verb to be + not + . (adjective, place, noun)
Ex.: Mary is not happy.
It is not correct.

Verb to be Negative form

Pronoun + verb to be
I ______
You ______
He/She/It _______
We _______
You ________
They ________

Contraction
---You arent
He/She/It isnt
We arent
You arent
They arent

Interrogative form
The verb to be has the same meaning, you just need to put it at the beginning of
the sentence and never forget the question mark (?).
Sentence Structure:
Verb to be + Subject +. (Adjective, place, noun) + ?
Ex.: Is she a journalist?
Are you happy?
Are they students?
Is he a doctor?

There arent contractions in this case!!!

And about he answers?
Short answers structure:
Yes, subject + verb to be or No, subject + verb to be + not
Or Complete answer:
Ex.: Is she French? No, she is Australian.

EXERCISES

Fill in the blanks with the right form of to be ( am, are or is),
and answer the question in a correct way:
1. ______ you the new
student?
2.
Yes, I______ .
3. _____ Leila and Nancy
students?
4.
No, they _____.
5. Is Nancy Australian?
6.
Yes, ___________.

7. Is the boy a football

player?
8.
No, _______. He ____
a basketball player.
9. ______ the girls tired?
10. Yes, __________.
11.
_______ the
tea delicious?

12. Yes, ____________.

13.
Are Jorge e Matheus
good singers?
14. ____________________
_.
15.
_______ your mother
a good cook?

16. ____________________
_.
17.
________ your family
big?
18.
____________________
___.
19. ________ your gym nice?
20.
____________________
___.

21.
2) Rewrite the sentences below in the negative form.
22.

1. It is cold today.

23.
2. I am at home
now.

27.
6. We are from
Ukraine.
28.

7. Tom is a driver.
8. I am OK.

24.

3. They are Korean.

29.

25.

4. Lucy is a student.

30.
9. Clara and
Steve are married.

26.
5. My name is
Nikita.

31.
10. He is an English
teacher.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
3) Complete the text using verb to be.
38.
Peter Baker ____from Manchester, but Paul and
John____from London. Manchester and London____ cities in
England. Hamburg ____ a city in Germany. Sandra ____at School
today. Jack and Peter____ her friends. They ____ in the same
class. Mr and Mrs Baker ____on a trip to the USA to visit their
cousin Anne. She____a nice girl. Peter says: "My
grandfather ____in hospital. I ____at home with my
grandmother." What time____ it? It ____8 o'clock. ____ you tired?
No, I ____not
39.

G) GRAMMAR 2
40.
41. Articles

42. There are 3 different articles: a, an and The.

43. They are divided in two groups: Definite and Indefinite.
44. Definite:
45. The
46.
47. Indefinite:
48. a before words that begin with a consonant
49. an before words that begin with a vowel
50.
51.

There is NO difference for gender, as in Portuguese!!

52.

Do NOT use indefinite article with plurals!!

53.
54.

EXERCISES

55.

1. Choose A, AN or (/) for "no article" for each blank below.

1. ____ bed
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

____ shirt
____ hour
____ tables
____ computer
____ windows
____ artist
____ monkey
____ apple
____ bear
____ notebook
____ pencil

13.
____
14.
____
15.
____
16.
____
girl
17.
____
teacher
18.
____
19.
____
20.
____
21.

ear
umbrella
friend
important
nice
American
dogs
old woman

22.
23.
2. Choose A, AN or (/) for "no article" for each
blank below, then click the "Check" button to check
your answers.
25.
1. I have______ two sisters and______ brother.
My brother has______ son. That makes
me ______uncle.
2. Would you like ______orange? Or would you
prefer ______banana? We also have
______ strawberries.

3. Does anyone have______ cell phone? I need to

make______ emergency phone call.
4. Larry doesn't own ______car. He
rides ______motorcycle to work.
5. Today, you ate ______ice cream cone, ______piece
of pizza, ______burrito and______ doughnuts. That's
not exactly______ healthy diet.
6. Let's go see ______movie. There's______ adventure
film that I have really been wanting to see.
7. Is there ______Internet cafe around here? I need
to send______ important email.
8. Instead of making______ traditional turkey for
Thanksgiving dinner, she baked ______enormous
chicken.
9. It looks like it is going to be ______rainy day. You
should take ______umbrella.
10. Phil and Debbie took______ amazing vacation to
Switzerland last year. They even
climbed ______mountain near Lucerne
26.
27. Plural
28. There are some rules when writing the plural:
29.
30. REGULAR NOUNS
-

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

31.
32. EXAMPLES
33.
Si

34.

35.
bo

36.

33.
Si

34.

37.
ho

38.

39.
ca

40.

41.
riv

42.

43.
-

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

44. EXAMPLES
45. Singular

46. Plural

47. bus

48. buses

49. wish

50. wishes

51. pitch

52. pitches

53. box

54. boxes

55.
-

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by

dropping the y and adding-ies.
56. EXAMPLES

57. Singula
r

58. Plur
al

59. penny

60. penni
es

61. spy

62. spies

63. baby

64. babie
s

65. city

66. cities

67. daisy

68. daisi
es

69.
70. IRREGULAR NOUNS
71. There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common
ones are listed below.
72. EXAMPLES
73. Singular

74. Plural

75. woman

76. women

77. man

78. men

79. child

80. children

81. tooth

82. teeth

83. foot

84. feet

85. person

86. people

87. leaf

88. leaves

89. mouse

90. mice

91. goose

92. geese

93. half

94. halves

73. Singular

74. Plural

95. knife

96. knives

97. wife

98. wives

99. life

100.

lives

101.

elf

102.

elves

103.

loaf

104.

loaves

105.
ato

pot

106.

potatoes

107.
ato

tom

108.

tomatoes

109.
us

cact

110.

cacti

111.
us

foc

112.

foci

113.
gus

fun

114.

fungi

115.
eus

nucl

116.

nuclei

117.
syll
abus

118.
syllabi/syllab
uses

119.
ana
lysis

120.

analyses

121.
dia
gnosis

122.

diagnoses

123.
s

oasi

124.

oases

125.

the

126.

theses

73. Singular

74. Plural

sis
127.
s

crisi

128.

crises

129.
phe
nomenon

130.

phenomena

131.
crit
erion

132.

criteria

133.
um

134.

data

dat

135.
-

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
136.

EXAMPLES

137.

Singular

138.

Plural

139.

sheep

140.

sheep

141.

fish

142.

fish

143.

deer

144.

deer

145.

species

146.
es

speci

147.

aircraft

148.
t

aircraf

149.

150.
151.
152.
153.
154.

EXERCISES

1. Put in the correct form of the plural.

155.
156.

EXAMPLE:
school schools

1. life
2. family
3. boy
4. house
5. city
6. sandwich
7. nurse
8. shelf
9. tiger
10. lion
11. mango
12. Fish
13. Hen
14. Banana
15. Glass
16. Bus
17. Box
18. Dress
19. Bench
20. Horse
21. Dog
22. Book
23. Fox
24. Foot

25. Tooth
26. dish
27. Car
28. Man
29. Woman
30. kinfe