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Instructor:
V. L. Pisacane
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Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
VLPisacane,2012
TOPICS
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Introduction
Earth Atmosphere
Atmospheric Models
Planetary Atmospheres
Propagation
Atomic Oxygen
Aerodynamic Forces
Effusion
72
VLPisacane,2012
INTRODUCTION 1/2
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) the thermal
velocities of the atmosphere due to the solar wind was greater than the escape
velocity of the gravitational field so the lighter constituents were loss
Mercury has essentially no atmosphere while the other terrestrial planets have
retained the heavier molecular constituents such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
oxygen, ozone, and argon
The
73
VLPisacane,2012
INTRODUCTION 2/2
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
As
In the case of the Earth, 50% of the mass of the atmosphere is below 5 km
altitude and 75% is below 11 km
74
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Lower Atmosphere 1/2
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Stratosphere
Extends from tropopause to ~ 50 km
Temp increases by UV absorption in Ozone layer
99% of total mass in Stratosphere and
Troposphere
Upper boundary is stratopause
Mesosphere
75
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Lower Atmosphere 2/2
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Thermosphere
Extends from mesopause to 200-300 km
Temperature increases to 1800 K
Small change in solar activity can cause large
change in temperature
Upper boundary is thermopause or exobase
Exosphere
Extends from thermopause/exobase upwards
Sometimes considered outer layer of
thermosphere
Temperature is essentially constant
Density so low particles travel ballistic paths
and may escape
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
76
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Upper Atmosphere
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Exosphere
outer space
Thermopause
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosph
ere/thermosphere_temperature.html&edu=high
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
77
VLPisacane,2012
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Homosphere and Heterosphere
It
is possible to stratified
atmosphere by composition into
regions: the homosphere and
heterosphere separated by
turbopause or homopause
the
two
the
the
Turbopause/homeopause ~80-100 km
Homosphere is the well-mixed region
Hydrogen
78
Source unknown
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Composition Homosphere
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Lower atmosphere (< 80 km) constituents are constant due to turbulent mixing
Region from 0-~80 km is known as the homosphere
Gas
Volume
Molecular Mass
Nitrogen (N2)
780,840 ppmv (78.084%)
0.78084x2x14.007 = 21.8745
Oxygen (O2)
209,460 ppmv (20.946%)
0.20946x2x15.999 = 6.7023
Argon (Ar)
9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)
0.009340x39.948 = 0.3734
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
390 ppmv (0.039%)
Total = 28.9502 29 kg kmol-1
Neon (Ne)
18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)
Helium (He)
5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)
Methane (CH4)
1.79 ppmv (0.000179%)
Krypton (Kr)
1.14 ppmv (0.000114%)
Hydrogen (H2)
0.55 ppmv (0.000055%)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
0.3 ppmv (0.00003%)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
0.1 ppmv (0.00001%)
Xenon (Xe)
0.09 ppmv (9106%) (0.000009%)
Ozone (O3)
0.0 to 0.07 ppmv (0 to 7106%)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
0.02 ppmv (2106%) (0.000002%)
Iodine (I2)
0.01 ppmv (1106%) (0.000001%)
Ammonia (NH3)
Trace
Not included in above dry atmosphere:
Water vapor (H2O)
~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1%-4% at surface
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
79
VLPisacane,2012
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Composition of Heterosphere
Maximum solar
activity
Note: Different
scale length for
each species
Minimum solar
activity
Turbopause
From Pisacane Ed
Fundamental of space
systems, Oxford Press,
2005
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
Source unknown
7 10
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Pressure and Density Equations
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
dp rg dh
Mg
RT
dp
p
dh
pr
RT
M
Integration with H defined as the scale height
Mg
h h0 p0 exp h h0
p p0 exp
H
RT
RT
Mg
Density follows as
r
where
`
pM p0M
Mg
h h0 r0 exp h h0
exp
RT
RT
H
RT
7 11
VLPisacane,2012
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Earth Scale Height
Problem:
RT
Mg
Consequently
H
8314.472 273.15
8.0 km
29 9.80665
Since
7 12
Source unknown
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Pressure and Density with Lapse Rate
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
L
p p0 1 h h0
T0
Mg
RL
L
r r0 1 h h0
T0
where
p0eh / H L0
Mg
1
RL
r0eh / H L0
7 13
VLPisacane,2012
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
Lapse Rate
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
7 14
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
Selected Available Models
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
US Standard Atmosphere
HarrisPriester Model
Jacchia Reference Atmosphere 1977
Atmospheric Handbook
7 15
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
Model Input Parameters
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Source unknown
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
7 16
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
U. S. Standard Atmosphere
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
The standard atmosphere gives the average pressure, temperature, and air density
as a function of altitudes
7 17
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
Jacchia Reference Atmosphere Model
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
season
latitude
local time (diurnal bulge)
solar activity
geomagnetic activity
atmospheric rotation
atmospheric tides
Earth oblateness on altitude
semi-annual and seasonal-latitudinal effects
Model are based mostly on satellite drag data
Assuming diffusive equilibrium, the atmospheric profiles are defined by the
exospheric temperature
Outputs
Temperature,
Mean molecular mass
Density
Number densities of the major gas constituents (N2, O, O2, Ar, He, and H)
7 18
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
COSPAR international Reference Atmosphere CIRA-86 Model
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Source unknown
7 19
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
NRL-MSISE Reference Atmosphere
Mass-SpectrometerIncoherent-Scatter models:
MSIS-86
MSISE-90
NRLMSISE-00
NRLMSISE-00
represents
improvements over the
earlier MSISE-90 model by
including additional drag
and accelerometer data
from spacecraft
Inputs
INPUTS
Year, day, UT sec
Altitude
Geodetic latitude
Geodetic longitude
Local apparent solar time
F10.7 81 day average
F10.7 prior day daily value
AP magnetic index day
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
OUTPUTS
He number density
O number density
O2 number density
N number density
N2 number density
Ar number density
H number density
Anomalous oxygen
number density
7 20
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
NRL-MSISE Sample Result Lower Atmosphere
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Source unknown
Day = 172
Geodetic Latitude(Deg) = 60
Local Apparent Solar Time(Hrs) = 16
Daily F10.7 Flux for Previous Day = 150
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
UT(Sec) = 29000
Geodetic Longitude(Deg) = 120
81 day Average of F10.7 Flux = 150
AP=Magnetic Index (Daily) = 4
7 21
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
MSIS-90e Density Distribution
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Source unknown
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
7 22
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
NRLMSISE-00 Model Example 1
Model
NRLMSISE-00
F10,7 prev day 70.0 10-22 W m-2 Hz-1
F10.7 81 day average 60.0 10-22 W m-2 Hz-1
Daily Ap 15.0
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
2.8822E+05
2.1229E+11
1.5933E+04
6.6948E+18
5.0246E+11
Conditions
Sun at equator
Sun in orbital plane
Orbit
Altitude: 1000 km circular
Inclination: polar
Epoch: 0h UT 21 Mar 2014 (Vernal Equinox)
Period: 1.75 h r
Rev per day: 13.72
7 23
1 revolution
VLPisacane,2012
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
NRLMSISE-00 Model Example 2
Model
NRLMSISE-00
F10,7 prev day 70.0 10-22 W m-2 Hz-1
F10.7 81 day average 60.0 10-22 W m-2 Hz-1
Daily Ap 15.0
Conditions
Sun at Tropic of Cancer, 23.44 deg North
Sun orthogonal to orbital plan
Orbit
Altitude: 1000 km circular
Inclination: polar
Epoch: 0h UT 21 June 2014
Period: 1.75 h r
Rev per day 13.72
7 24
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
2.6291E+05
1.9362E+11
1.9209E+04
6.1061E+18
6.0576E+11
VLPisacane,2012
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
Planetary Scale Heights
Recall
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
h h0
r r0 exp
* Surface defined by pressure of 1 bar = 100 kPa where 1.01325 bar = 1 atm pressure
Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems
7 25
VLPisacane,2012
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
Planetary Compositions
Planet
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Major Constituents
10-15
440
42% Oxygen
29% Sodium
22% Hydrogen
6% Helium
0,5% Potassium
< 1% Trace elements
92
737
288
78.08% Nitrogen
20.95% Oxygen
0.9% Argon
Trace elements
.01
210
Unknown
165 @ 1 bar
89.8% Hydrogen
10.2% Helium
Trace elements
134 @ 1 bar
96.3% Hydrogen
3.25% Helium
Trace elements
76 @ 1 bar
82.5% Hydrogen
15.2% Helium
2.3% Methane
Trace elements
72 @t 1 bar
80.9% Hydrogen
19.0% Helium
1.5% Methane
Trace elements
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7 26
Chapter 7
Neutral
Environment
Source:
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pl
anetary/factsheet/