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160114
Generator Protection
Objectives
External faults
Generator Protection
Objectives
Tripping considerations and sequential
tripping
Discussion of tactics to improve security and
dependability
Generator protection upgrade considerations
Advanced attributes for security, reliability and
maintenance use
Generator Protection
Generator Construction:
Simple Bock Diagram
Prime Mover
(Mechanical Input)
G
DC Field Source
ia
ib
ic
Three-Phase
Electrical
Output
Generator Protection
Prime Mover
(Mechanical Input)
G
Ia
Ib
Ic
LOADS
DC Field Source
Islanded
Field
Regulates voltage
Prime Mover
Regulates frequency
Ia
Ib
Ic
OTHER
GENERATORS
& LOADS
DC Field Source
Interconnected
Field
Controls VARs/PF
Prime Mover
Controls real power
Generator Protection
2
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reciprocating Engines
Hydroelectric
Gas Turbines (GTs, CGTs)
Steam Turbines (STs)
Generator Protection
Applying Field
DC Generator Commutator Exciter
Generator Protection
Applying Field
Alternator Rectifier Exciter and
Stationary Exciter/Stationary Rectifier
AC
EXCITER
Generator Protection
Applying Field
Alternator Rectifier Exciter and Rectifiers
(Brushless Exciter)
AC
EXCITER
10
Generator Protection
Applying Field
Static Exciter
11
Generator Protection
Rotor Styles
Cylindrical (Round)
Salient
12
Generator Protection
13
Generator Protection
14
Generator Protection
15
Generator Protection
16
Generator Protection
17
Generator Protection
18
Generator Protection
Wye
1 Circuit
3 Phase
6 Bushings
Wye
2 Circuit
3 Phase
6 Bushings
19
Generator Protection
Double Winding
1 Circuit
3 Phase
12 Bushings
Delta
1 Circuit
3 Phase
3 Bushings
20
Generator Protection
21
Generator Protection
22
Generator Protection
Effect of DC Offsets
Current
Current
Current
Three-Phase Fault
23
Generator Protection
Grounding Techniques
Why Ground?
Improved safety by allowing detection of faulted
equipment
Stop transient overvoltages
Notorious in ungrounded systems
Generator Protection
System
Grounding
Resistor
25
Generator Protection
System
High Impedance
GSU
Transformer
RNGR
RR
26
Generator Protection
System
Compensated
GSU
Transformer
ZNGI
ZR
Neutral
Grounding
Transformer
Generator Protection
Hybrid Ground
Generator Protection
Hybrid Ground
Converts from low-Z
to high-Z for
internal generator fault
29
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
31
Generator Protection
32
Generator Protection
33
Generator Protection
34
Generator Protection
35
Generator Protection
BUS
Generator Protection
37
Generator Protection
38
Generator Protection
39
Generator Protection
Unit Connected
40
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
On System
Phase Faults
Ground Faults
42
Generator Protection
System
Ground
Exciter
"Wild"
Power System
Stator
Phase
System
Phase
43
Generator Protection
Abnormal Frequency
Abnormal Voltage
Overexcitation
Field Loss
Loss of Synchronism
Inadvertent Energizing
Breaker Failure
Loss of Prime Mover
Blown VT Fuses
Open Circuits / Conductors
44
Generator Protection
Overexcitation
Loss of Field
Loss of Field
Abnormal
Frequency
Overexcitation
Exciter
"Wild"
Power System
Inadvertent
Energizing,
Pole Flashover
Abnormal
Frequency
Reverse Power
Breaker Failure
Overexcitation
Loss of
Synchronism
45
Generator Protection
ANSI/IEEE Standards
Latest developments reflected in:
46
Generator Protection
47
Generator Protection
Medium up to 12.5 MW
Direct (Bus) Connected
48
Generator Protection
Large up to 50 MW
Direct (Bus) Connected
49
Unit Connected,
High Z Grounded
50
Generator Protection
Protection Considerations
Initiate actions only for the intended purpose and for
the equipment and/or zone designed to protect
Standardization of criteria for application, set points
derivations, and coordination
Practices in place to achieve efficient system
operation
Historical experience
Previous experience and anticipation of the types of
trouble likely to be encountered within the system for
which the protection is expected to perform
accurately
Costs: initial capital, operating over life cycle, and
maintenance
51
Generator Protection
Protection Considerations
Design of various protection schemes widely differs
Generator and Transmission Engineering may be
decoupled
Hidden failures
Relay settings and coordination
Protection performance for conditions that the relay
settings criteria have not been developed
Multiple contingencies
Stressed system conditions as a result of operating the
system close to the limit
52
Generator Protection
53
Generator Protection
54
Generator Protection
59G Element
Voltage at Neutral
(60 Hz)
1.0
pu
0.5
pu
59
G
0
0%
N
50%
Fault Position
100%
T
Generator Protection
56
Generator Protection
Time (cycles)
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
59G Element
59G Generator Neutral Overvoltage: Three setpoints
1st level set sensitive to cover down to 5% of stator
Long delay to coordinate with close-in system ground faults
capacitively coupled across GSU
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
61
Generator Protection
59G Element
62
Generator Protection
A fault at or near the neutral shunts the high resistance that saves
the stator from large currents with an internal ground fault
A generator operating with an undetected ground fault near the
neutral is a accident waiting to happen
We can use 3rd Harmonic or Injection Techniques for complete
(100%) coverage
63
Generator Protection
Also dependent on pitch of the windings, which a method to define the way
stator windings placed in the stator slots
Rotor MMF
64
Generator Protection
Generator
Pitch
65
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
67
Generator Protection
68
Generator Protection
69
Generator Protection
70
Generator Protection
3rd harmonic values tend to increase with power and VAr loading
Fault near neutral causes 3rd harmonic voltage at neutral to go to zero volts
71
Generator Protection
Example 3rd Harmonic Plot: Effects of MW and MVAR Loading
72
Generator Protection
73
Generator Protection
59G
59
G
27
TN
59
27TN
59
OR
TRIP
AND
74
Generator Protection
1.0
3rd Harmonic
Voltage profile in
winding
Vfund profile in
winding
0.5
59N pickup
27TN pickup
-10
59G
27TN
75
Generator Protection
76
Generator Protection
Phase V
V3rd
Phase I
77
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
59
G
85-100% Coverage
VN
59D
3V0
79
Generator Protection
80
Generator Protection
81
Generator Protection
Coupling Filter
Voltage
Injector
20Hz
Notes:
Subharmonic injection frequency = 20 Hz
Coupling filter tuned for subharmonic frequency
Measurement inputs tuned to respond to subharmonic
frequency
Measurements
82
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
84
Generator Protection
85
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
Real Component:
Used to detect and declare stator ground faults
through entire stator winding (and isophase and GSU/UAT
windings), except at the neutral or faults with very low
(near zero) resistance.
Total Component:
A fault at the neutral or with very low resistance results
in very little/no voltage (VN) to measure, therefore
current cannot be segregated into reactive and real
components, so total current is used as it does not require
voltage reference.
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
A typical stator resistance (not reactance) to ground is
>100k ohm, and a resistive fault in the stator is
typically declared in the order of <=5k ohm.
The two areas of security concern are when the
generator is being operated at frequencies of
20 Hz and 6.67 Hz.
Generator Protection
88
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
Observations:
Real = 118k
Total = 23k
89
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
nominal at 60 Hz:
V pri unbalance = % unbalance / 100 * V L-L rated / 3
V pri unbalance = (0.1% / 100) * (20,000 V / 1.73)
V pri unbalance = 11.5V
V
V
V
sec unbalance
sec unbalance
sec unbalance
Assuming V/Hz is kept constant in LCI or back-toback generator start. The voltage at 20 Hz frequency
is
20 Hz voltage during the start.
Assuming 1pu V/Hz 120/60 = 2 = 1pu
Frequency divisor: 60 Hz / 20 Hz = 3.
Voltage divisor is 3.
V sec unbalance (20 Hz) = V sec unbalance (60 Hz) / 3
V sec unbalance (20 Hz) = 0.14 V / 3 = 0.0466 V
90
Generator Protection
20 Hz current flowing through NGR:
NGR I 20 Hz = V sec unbalance (20 Hz) * NGR
NGR I 20 Hz = 0.0466 / 0.2 = 0.223 A
Real = 55k
Total = 16k
Using pickup values are 20 mA total and 6 mA real, element remains secure.
Margin: 17.1 mA
Margin: 3.1 mA
91
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Case 2: 6.67 Hz voltage at the generator terminals,
Security Assessment
rd
assume 3
In this case, we are assuming the generator under study is being started with a
drive, LCI or back-to-back hydro start. The generator is acting like a motor and
the unbalance is originating from the source.
Using typical values from a generator operating under full load,
3rd harmonic can be expected to be approximately 5X no load value.
3rd V 60 Hz NGT pri = 5 * (no load 3rd harmonic) * NGT ratio
3rd V 60 Hz NGT pri = 5 * 0.75 V * 83.33
3rd V 60 Hz NGT pri = 312.498 V
The frequency during the start is reduced to 6.67 Hz (3 * 6.67 Hz= 20 Hz).
Assuming the V/Hz is kept as constant, the 3rd harmonic voltage is reduced.
3rd V 20 Hz NGT pri = 6.67 Hz / 60 Hz * 312.498 V
(without reduction in capacitance)
3rd V 20 Hz NGT pri = 34.74 V (without reduction in capacitance)
92
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
Since the frequency is 20 Hz and not 180 Hz, there is a further reduction
in 3rd harmonic current due to the capacitance at 1/9th of 60 Hz value.
(180/20=9)
The model is complex and the relationship is not straightforward,
so we assume a reduction of 1/5th instead of 1/9th
3rd V 20 Hz NGT pri = 34.74 V / 5 = 6.9 V
Voltage at NGT secondary:
NGT V sec = 3rd V 20 Hz NGT pri / NGT ratio
NGT V sec = 6.9 V / 83.33 = 0.0828 V
Current through NGR:
NGR I 20 Hz = NGT V sec / NGR
NGR I 20 Hz = 0.0828 / 0.2 = 0.414 A
Relay measured 20 Hz current:
I 20Hz Relay = NGR I 20 Hz * CTR
I 20Hz Relay = 0.414 A / 80
I 20Hz Relay = 0.005175 A = 5.175 mA
93
Generator Protection
Subharmonic Injection: 64S
Security Assessment
94
Generator Protection
95
Generator Protection
51
N
51
N
96
Generator Protection
97
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
System
3Y
67
N
3Y
67
N
51
N
51
N
99
Generator Protection
100
Generator Protection
System
67
N
51
N
101
Generator Protection
N
O
Block Trip
Internal faults create angles of 3I0 or IN current flow into generator from
system that are approximately 150 degrees from 3V0
This is from reactive power being drawn in from system as well as real
power
102
Generator Protection
103
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
-3Io x I
105
Generator Protection
-3Io x I
106
Generator Protection
IG > setting
107
107
Generator Protection
Allows element to function for internal faults without phase output current
(open breaker, internal fault source by generator only)
108
108
Generator Protection
109
Generator Protection
3Y
3Y
Ground fault in
machine is detected by
87GD & 51N
87
GD
87
GD
51N picks up in
unfaulted machine
51
N
51
N
110
Generator Protection
51N
67N
87GD
100%
50%
0%
111
Generator Protection
STATOR
A
DC
B
C
ROTOR
STATOR
EXCITER
AVR
Brushless
SET
Brushed
112
Generator Protection
113
Generator Protection
DC-Based 64F
114
Generator Protection
115
Generator Protection
Exciter
Breaker
Square Wave
Generator
Exciter
Signal
Measurement
& Processing
Protective
Relay
Coupling
Network
116
Generator Protection
117
GeneratorProtection
Protection
Generator
VR
VOUT
Vf
PROCESSOR
Measurement Point
FIELD GROUND
DETECTION
SQUAREWAVE
GENERATOR
VOUT
M-3921
COUPLING NETWORK
37
R
R
35
SIGNAL
MEASUREMENT
CIRCUIT
GEN.
ROTOR
Rf Cf
Vf
36
Time
Machine
Frame
Ground
Shaft
Ground Brush
118
Generator Protection
119
Generator Protection
ALARM
TRIP
120
Generator Protection
Grounding
Brush
121
Generator Protection
Commutation
Brush
Grounding
Brush
122
Generator Protection
Brush Lift-Off
Voltage
Vf Signal
VALARM
VNORMAL
PROTECTION
RELAY
(M-3425A)
Measurement Point
PROCESSOR
FIELD GROUND
DETECTION
SQUAREWAVE
GENERATOR
Time
VOUT
M-3921
COUPLING NETWORK
37
SIGNAL
MEASUREMENT
CIRCUIT
GEN.
ROTOR
Rf Cf
Vf
36
R
R
35
Machine
Frame
Ground
Shaft
Ground Brush
123
Generator Protection
124
Generator Protection
ALARM
125
Generator Protection
Relay 1
Relay 2
(M-3425)
(M-3425)
Switch
System
Field Assembly
Relay Panel
3
Exciter System
Coupling
Unit
M-3921
Rotor
Brush (Typ.)
Exciter System
126
Generator Protection
Tactics:
Use variable percentage slope
Operate over wide frequency range
Uses IRMS/IFUND to adaptively desensitize element when challenged
by DC offset for security
DC offset can occur from black starting and close-in faults
127
Generator Protection
87
+4
(0,0)
(4,-4)
10
ID = I1 + I2
8
TRIP
6
4
RESTRAIN
-4
0
A
10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
128
Generator Protection
87
B
+4
10
ID = I1 + I2
(2, -2)
(1, -3)
6
TRIP
4
RESTRAIN
-4
0
A
(0,0)
10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
129
Generator Protection
2 pu
10
ID = I1 + I2
2 Node Bus
87
(0, 0)
(2, 2)
+2
TRIP
6
4
RESTRAIN
10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
A
B
130
Generator Protection
2 pu
10
ID = I1 + I2
2 Node Bus
87
TRIP
+2
(0, 0)
(2, 0.5)
6
4
RESTRAIN
B
-2
10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
A
B
131
Generator Protection
87 Characteristic
40%
10%
0.6A
0.3A
132
133
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
CT Saturation [1]
134
Generator Protection
CT Saturation [2]
135
Generator Protection
CT Saturation [3]
136
Generator Protection
CT Saturation [4]
137
Generator Protection
CT Saturation [5]
CT Saturation
[5]
138
Generator Protection
87 Characteristic
IRSM/IFUND> Pickup
40%
10%
0.6A
0.3A
139
Generator Protection
87 Setting Screen
140
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
143
Generator Protection
1
2
Relay
Operating
Coil
144
Generator Protection
145
Generator Protection
146
Generator Protection
10%
5%
Cylindrical
- Indirectly
- Directly cooled - to 960 MVA
10%
8%
6%
5%
147
Generator Protection
148
Generator Protection
Generator
Ratings
Typical
K Values
Salient Pole
Generators
40
Cylindrical
Generators
30
149
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
151
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
Measured
High Volts/Hertz ratio
Normal = 120V/60Hz = 1pu
Voltage up, and/or frequency low, make event
Issues
Overfluxing of metal causes localized heating
Heat destroys insulation
Affects generators and transformers
152
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
Causes of V/HZ Problems
Generator voltage regulator problems
- Operating error during off-line manual regulator operation
- Control failure
- VT fuse loss in voltage regulator (AVR) sensing voltage
System problems
-
153
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
Protects machine against excessive V/Hz (overfluxing)
Legacy Protection
Typically stair-step two definite time setpoints
Two definite time elements
- One may be used to alarm
- One may be used for high set fast trip
Generator Protection
Legacy Approach
Dual-Level, Definite-Time V/Hz Protection
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
Definite time elements
Curve modify
Alarm
Inverse curves
Select curve type for best coordination to
manufacturers recommendations
Employ settable reset timer
Provides thermal memory for repeat events
156
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
157
Generator Protection
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
V/Hz measurement operational range: 2-80 Hz
- Necessary to avoid damage to steam turbine generators
during rotor pre-warming at startup
- Necessary to avoid damage to converter-start gas turbine
generators at startup
- In both instances, the generator frequency during startup and
shut down can be as low as 2 Hz
NOTE: An Overvoltage (59) function, designed to work properly
up to 120 Hz, is important for Hydro Generators where the
generators can experience high speed (high frequency) during
full load rejection.
Since the V/Hz during this condition is low, the 24 function will
not operate, and the 59 function will provide proper protection
from overvoltage.
158
Generator Protection
159
Generator Protection
Protection
Generator
VAR
OUT
Normal
WATT
VAR
IN
TYPICAL
GENERATOR
CAPABILITY
CURVE
Loss
of
Field
160
Generator Protection
P-Q Plane
TRANSFORMATION FROM
MW-MVAR TO R-X PLOT
R-X Plane
TYPICAL GENERATOR
CAPABILITY CURVE
Excitation Limiters and
Steady State Stability
161
Generator Protection
Reactive Power
Into System
Rotor
Winding
Limited
MW
G
+
MVAR
System
MVAR
Overexcited
Stator
Winding
Limited
+ MW
Real Power
Into System
MEL
Underexcited
MVAR
Reactive Power
Into Generator
MW
SSSL
Stator End
Iron Limited
System
MVAR
162
Generator Protection
Loss of Field
GE and Westinghouse Methods
+X
+R
Diameter = 1.0 pu
Offset =
Xd
2
Machine
Capability
Xd
2
SSSL
MEL
Diameter = Xd
X
163
Generator Protection
Loss of Field
Two Zone Offset Mho
Xd
2
164
Generator Protection
Loss of Field
Impedance w/Direction Unit
Xd
2
165
Generator Protection
Xd
2
166
Generator Protection
167
Generator Protection
Loss of Field Event
Generator Protection
169
Generator Protection
35.0
5.0
170
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Fault
Impendance
21: Distance
Element
Load
(for Z1, Z2, Z3)
Blinder
+X
L
With Load
Encroachment Blinder
fro Z1, Z2, Z3
Z3
Z2
Z1
-R
+R
-X
or
Generator Protection
3-Zone 21 Function
40.0
0.0
80.0
173
Generator Protection
21: Distance
Element
With:
Power Swing
Blocking
Load
Encroachment
Blocking for Z1
and Z2
Power Swing or
Load Encroachment
174
Generator Protection
60.0
0.0
80.0
40
25.0
175
Generator Protection
21 Settings
176
Generator Protection
177
Generator Protection
178
Generator Protection
Stability
Pmax
Eg Es
Pe
Eg Es
X
sin g s
Es - System Voltage
Eg - Generator Voltage
s - System Voltage Phase Angle
g - Generator Voltage Phase Angle
Pe - Electrical Power
Egg
Ess
179
Generator Protection
Out of Step:
Generator and System Issue
Pe
Eg Es
X
sin g s
180
Generator Protection
System
Trans
R
Mho
Element
Gen
Xd
A
Element
Pickup
B
Element
Pickup
C
Blinder
Elements
181
Generator Protection
Graphical Method: 78
X
A
System
XS
GSU
XT
P
R
M
Swing Locus
Mho
Element
Gen
Xd
2X D + XT + XS
A
Element
Pickup
B
Element
Pickup
Blinder
Elements
Generator Protection
Graphical Method: 78
X
A
System
XS
Unstable
Swing
Stable Swing
GSU
XT
R
Mho
Element
Gen
Xd
2X D + XT + XS
A
Element
Pickup
B
Element
Pickup
Blinder
Elements
Generator Protection
Out-of-Step (Loss of Synchronism) Event
Generator Protection
185
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
187
Generator Protection
81-U
188
Generator Protection
Frequency (Hz)
For overfrequency events, the generator prime mover power is reduced to bring
generation equal to load
For underfrequency events, load shedding is implemented to bring load equal to
generation
It is imperative that underfrequency tripping for a generator be coordinated 189
with system underfrequency load shedding
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Frequency (Hz)
60
59
Restricted
58
57
Prohibited
0.001
0.01
0.10
1.0
Time (Minutes)
Typical, from C37.106
10.0
100.0
191
Generator Protection
81U Underfrequency
192
Generator Protection
Turbine Over/Underfrequency
Frequency (Hz)
62
61
Restricted Time
Operating Frequency Limits
60
Continuous Operation
Prohibited
Operation
59
Restricted Time
Operating Frequency Limits
58
57
Prohibited
Operation
56
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.50
0.10
1.0
Time (Minutes)
5.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
193
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
195
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Inadvertent Energizing:
Protection Response
Typically, normal generator relaying is not
adequate to detect inadvertent energizing
Too slow or not sensitive enough
Distance
Negative sequence
Reverse power
Some types are complicated and may have
reliability issues
197
Generator Protection
Inadvertent Energizing
When inadvertently energized from 3-phase source, the machine acts
like an induction motor
Rotor heats rapidly (very high I2 in the rotor)
Current drawn
Strong system: 3-4x rated
Weak system: 1-2x rated
From Auxiliary System: 0.1-0.2x rated
When inadvertently energized from 1-phase source (pole flashover),
the machine does not accelerate
No rotating flux is developed
Rotor heats rapidly (very high I2 in the rotor)
Protection system must be able to detect and clear both 3-phase and
1-phase inadvertent energizing events
198
Generator Protection
199
Generator Protection
Inadvertent
Energizing
Oscillograph
Inadvertent
Energizing
200
Generator Protection
Inadvertent Energizing
Generator Protection
Fault Cleared
Breaker Interrupt
Time
Backup Breaker
Interrupt Time
BFI
62 -1 BF Timer Time
Fault Occurs
BF
Trip
Command
Time
Generator Protection
203
Generator Protection
Generator Breaker Failure and Pole Flashover Scheme:
Simplified Conceptual View
52/a
Breaker is closed by
current detection or position
OR
50
BF
OR
Protective
Elements
Breaker Failure
AND
T
0
TDOE
Breaker
Failure
Trip
1= Protection BFI
52/b
AND
50
N
Pole Flashover
1= Flashover
detected
204
Generator Protection
Phase Initiate Enable is made from software selection and enables breaker failure protection
Output Initiates (Trip Output Contacts) or External Contact Signal Initiates are used to start the breaker failure element
Neutral Initiate Enable is made from software selection and enables pole flashover protection
52b contact used to supervise the pole flashover protection
205
Generator Protection
Fuse Loss
Fuse loss (loss of voltage potential) can cause
voltage sensitive elements to misoperate
- 51V, 21, 78, 32, 67, 67N, 40
Typically performed using two sets of VTs and
a voltage balance relay
Some small hydro installations may only have
one set of VTs
Use Symmetrical Component and 3-Phase
Voltage/Current methods to provide fuse loss
detection on a single VT set
206
Generator Protection
Fuse Loss
One VT
Two VTs
207
Generator Protection
208
Generator Protection
Anti-Motoring: 32
Used to protect generator from motoring during loss of prime
mover power
Motoring:
Wastes power from the system
May cause heating in steam turbines as ventilation is greatly reduced
Steam and dewatered hydro can motor with very little power; <=1%
rated
CGT and Recip typically use 10-25% of rated power to motor
Generators are often taken off the system by backing off the
power until importing slightly so not to trip with power export and
go into overspeed (turbine issue)
This is known as sequential tripping
209
Generator Protection
210
Generator Protection
Scheduled
Planned shutdown
211
Generator Protection
Generator Tripping
F
T
G
T = Turbine Trip
F = Field Trip
G = Generator Breaker Trip
212
Generator Protection
G
213
Generator Protection
G
214
Generator Protection
T
G
215
Generator Protection
216
Generator Protection
Sequential Tripping
Generator Protection
Sequential Tripping
218
Generator Protection
219
Generator Protection
Trip Logic
LOR
In-Zone Issues
System Issues
LOR
In-Zone Issues
Normal Shutdown
Alarms
220
Generator Protection
Typical Protection Functions for a Large or Important Generator
221
Generator Protection
222
Generator Protection
Lack of expertise
To recognize problems
To engineer the work
The thought that Generators dont
fault
Operating procedures can prevent
protection issues
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Generator Protection
Why Upgrade?
Existing generator and transformer protection may:
Require frequent and expensive maintenance
Cause coordination issues with plant control (excitation, turbine
control)
Trip on through-faults (external faults), stable power swings, load
encroachment and energizing
Not follow NERC PRC Standards (PRC = protection and control)
Exhibit insensitivity to certain abnormal operating conditions and
fault types
Not be self-diagnostic
Lack comprehensive monitoring and communications capabilities
Not provide valuable event information that can lead to rapid
restoration
Part of NERC Report comments on the August 03 Blackout
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Generator Protection
Generator Protection
226
Generator Protection
227
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Example:
Relay
Configuration
229
Generator Protection
Example:
Element
Selection
230
Generator Protection
Example:
Element
Setting
231
Generator Protection
IPScom
Example:
I/O Assignment
Example:
I/O
Assignment
232
Generator Protection
Example:
Settings
Summary
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Generator Protection
Programmable
Logic
234
Generator Protection
Programmable
Logic
235
Generator Protection
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Generator Protection
Advanced Metering
237
Generator Protection
238
Generator Protection
Pick up, drop out, trip
Event #, Date, Time
Voltages
Currents
I/O Status
239
Generator Protection
I/O triggers
on pick up,
drop out
240
Generator Protection
241
Generator Protection
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Generator Protection
243
Generator Protection
Oscillography
Determine if relay and circuit breaker operated
properly
- Identify relay, control or breaker problem
- Generators do experience faults / abnormal
conditions
In the machine or the system?
Speed generators return to service
- Identify type of testing needed
- Provide data to generator manufacturer
Gives plant engineer data to force unit off-line for
inspection
Uncovers unexpected problems
- Synchronizing, shutdown
Comtrade Format Oscillographs (*.cfg)
Record Length: 416 cycles, up to 16 records
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Generator Protection
Ph-Gnd Fault
Ph-Ph Fault
3-Ph Fault
Gen feeding fault into low side of GSU, no low side breaker
Example of Ph-Gnd fault evolving into 3-Ph Fault
Insulation breakdown due to high voltage
21P backup element tripped
245
Generator Protection
Summary
Generators require special protection for faults
and abnormal operations
These protections are for in-zone and out-of zone
events
Modern element design matter for security and
dependability
Complexity can be made simple with the correct
user tools
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Generator Protection
References
1. IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection, ANSI/IEEE C37.101-2006.
2. IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, ANSI/IEEE C37.102-2006.
3. IEEE Tutorial on the Protection of Synchronous Generators, Second Edition,
2010; Special Publication of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee.
4. IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems, IEEE Std. 142-1991.
5. Protection Considerations for Combustion Gas Turbine Static Starting; Working
Group J-2 of the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee, Power System Relay
Committee.
6. Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems; Donald Reimert, CRC Press
2006; ISBN#0-8247-0700-1.
7. Practical Improvement to Stator Ground Fault Protection Using Negative
Sequence Current; Russell Patterson, Ahmed Eltom; IEEE Transactions Paper
presented at the Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013 IEEE.
8. Behavior Analysis of the Stator Ground Fault (64G) Protection Scheme; Ramn
Sandoval, Fernando Morales, Eduardo Reyes, Sergio Melndez and Jorge Flix,
presented to the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System
Relaying Committee, January 2013.
9. Advanced Generator Ground Fault Protections; Wayne Hartmann, presented at
the Western Protective Relay Conference, October 2015.