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Documenti di Professioni
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L1LLlAN POMS
2 Audio CDs
included
ENGLISH
10
"N1JI1I~.
PAULETTE DALE
LILLIAN POMS
longman.com
Reviewers
Judith Cocker, English and French Language Center, Canada
Carole Franklin, University of Houston, TX
Roberta Hodges, Sonoma State University, CA
Hakan Mansuroglu, ZON1 Language Center, NJ
Kate Reynolds, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, WI
Alison Robertson, Cypress College, CA
Contents
About the Authors
vi
Preface
vii
To the Student
ix
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
15
Lesson 4
19
Lesson 5
23
lesson 6
27
lesson 7
32
lesson 8
[u] as in you, too, and rule and [u] as in cook and put
34
lesson 9
44
lesson 10
48
lesson 11
52
lesson 12
56
lesson 13
58
lesson 14
[3'] as in turn, first, and serve and [ac] as in father and actor
62
lesson 15
69
lesson 16
73
lesson 17
77
Part I: Vowels
iii
83
lesson 19
84
lesson 20
91
lesson 21
Rhythm
96
lesson 22
Intonation
105
lesson 23
115
lesson 24
Cs] as in sit, basket, and kiss and [z] as in zoo, busy, and buzz
118
lesson 25
128
lesson 26
132
lesson 27
136
lesson 28
139
lesson 29
Contrast and Review of [s], [z], et], [dj, re], and [0]
143
lesson 30
Part 3: Consonants
iv
144
lesson 31
155
lesson 32
156
lesson 33
[d3] as in jam, magic, and age and [j] as in you and yes
160
lesson 34
170
lesson 35
Additional Contrasts
171
lesson 36
173
lesson 37
176
lesson 38
180
lesson 39
183
lesson 40
187
lesson 41
191
lesson 42
195
Contents
Lesson 43
200
Lesson 44
205
Lesson 45
210
Lesson 46
214
Lesson 47
218
Lesson 48
221
Lesson 49
[u] as in sing
224
Lesson 50
227
Lesson 51
231
Lesson 52
236
Lesson 53
242
Lesson 54
248
To the Teacher
256
Appendix I
Appendix 11
256
257
Accent Analysis
257
258
261
266
267
269
271
Contents V
vi
Preface
vii
viii Preface
To the Student
Before we begin, let's look at the
term "foreign accent" in general. The Longman Dictionary of American English
defines accent as "a way of speaking that someone has because of where s/he
was born or lives." So the truth is, we all have accents! In fact, you should be
proud that you speak English with an accent. A "foreign" accent tells people
that you speak at least two languages. And the world would be very dull if we
all sounded the same.
Unfortunately, the disadvantage to having a "foreign" accent is that it may
hinder effective communication in your nonnative language and cause you to
be misunderstood. Our main goal is to help you improve your pronunciation
of North American English. This will enable you to communicate clearly what
you want to say. Frequent practice and review is important. We suggest
practice sessions at least three or four times a week, even if you can only
manage 20 or 30 minutes each session. We know this is hard work. Take
breaks when you get tired. Improvement takes time, but little by little, you
will succeed.
If you live or work among English speakers, you will quickly find ways to
apply what you learn in English Pronunciation Made Simple to situations
outside of class. But even if you live in a non-English-speaking environment,
you should try to get as much practice as possible in applying the material in
the book. Here are some things you can do to reinforce what you are learning.
Watch English language news on TV as often as you can. Pay careful
attention to the newscaster's pronunciation. Notice especially words and
phrases that are repeated every time you watch. Practice saying them.
Write them down. Compare your pronunciation with the newscaster's.
ix
More Practice When you are satisfied with your pronunciation of the
target sound in the exercises, you are ready to apply what you have
learned to content and situations similar to those you might encounter in
real life." More Practice provides controlled practice with this. Be aware of
situations in your daily life that provide parallel practice. Have fun
recognizing and producing the sound in other poems, readings, and
conversations, and try to find other ways to incorporate what you have
learned in your daily encounters with English.
You may wonder how long it will take before you see improvement. We
believe that improvement depends on practice-and English Pronunciation
Made Simple provides all the tools you need to practice often. We hope you
find it makes a difference in a matter of weeks!
x To the Student
Vow-els
father
have
any
saw
Pretty confusing, right? That's why we need a set of symbols in which each
sound is represented by a different symbol. In this book, you will see symbols used.
These are the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used all over the
world. It consists of a set of symbols in which one symbol represents one sound.
DON'T PANIC! It is not necessary to learn all the symbols at once. Each sound
will be introduced and explained one at a time. You will learn the symbols easily
as you progress through the book. A pronunciation key to the different vowels
and diphthongs of American English with their IPA symbols is presented below.
Refer to it as needed.
To help you understand the exact pronunciation of the phonetic symbols and
key words, the Key to Pronouncing the Vowels of American English is included in
the audio program. You will hear each phonetic symbol introduced and
pronounced once. Each English key word will be said once.
[i]
[I]
[eI]
le]
-------"
SEalON 1
[re]
SEalON2
[u]
[u]
[A]
[ou]
[:J]
SEalON3
[g]
[3']
lac]
eau]
[aI]
[:JI]
father, after
out, cow, house
my, pie, I
oil, boy, noise
.~
!,
'I
I'
soda, upon
Definitions
As you progress through English Pronunciation Made Simple, you will frequently
see the terms articulators, vowels, and diphthongs. We will now define these terms
for you.
Articulators: The articulators are the different parts of the mouth area that we
use when speaking, such as the lips, tongue, teeth, and jaw.
Soft palate
Gum ridge
Vocal cords
Tongue
Vowel: A vowel is a speech sound produced with vibrating vocal cords and a
continuous unrestricted flow of air coming from the mouth. The most well-known
vowels in English are:
A
The various vowel sounds are affected by the changing shape and position of your
articulators. The different vowels are created by:
1. The position of your tongue in the mouth. For example, the tongue is
high in the mouth for the vowel [i] as in "see," but is low the mouth for
the vowel [a] as in "hot."
2. Thj'l shape of your lips. For example, the lips are very rounded for the
vowel [u] as in "new," but are spread for [i] as in "see."
3. The size of your jaw opening. For example, the jaw is open much
wider for [a] as in "hot" than it is for the diphthong rei] as in "pay."
Diphthong: A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds. It begins as one
vowel and ends as another. During the production of a diphthong, your
articulators glide from the position of the first vowel to the position of the second.
For example, when pronouncing rei] as in "vein," your articulators glide from the
vowel le] to the vowel [I]. In English, the most common diphthongs are [au], rei],
[aI], [:1I], and [ou].
Part 1: Vowels
You can see in the pictures how the jaw moves from a closed position to an open
ont; during pronunciation of the vowel sequence [i], [I], [el], [e], [re], [a].
Becoming familiar with this progression and understanding the relationship of
one vowel to another will help you with your pronunciation of the vowels.
The phonetic symbol [I] represents a sound between [i] and [eI]. It is
pronounced with the jaw and tongue raised more than for [el], but not
as much as for [i].
The symbol [re] represents a sound between [e] and [a]. [re] is pronounced
with the jaw open more than for [e] but not as much as for [a].
Refer to these pictures whenever you have difficulty pronouncing any of the
vowels. Repeat the sequence [i], [I], [el], [e], [re], [a] several times. Notice the
progressive dropping of your tongue and jaw as you pronounce each sound.
Lesson 1 5
Once again you can see how the jaw moves from a closed position to an open one
during the pronunciation of a vowel sequence. Practice pronouncing the series
several times. Place your hand under your chin and feel your jaw drop with the
pronunciation of each vowel.
Refer to these pictures whenever you are confused about the pronunciation of
any of the vowels. Repeat the sequence [uJ, [vJ, [AJ, [Ov], bJ. [aJ several times.
You'll be able to see and feel your jaw lower as you pronounce the vowels in the
series. TRY IT NOW! IT REALLY WORKS!
Part 1: Vowels
l..esson
Remember to feel tension in your lips, tongue, and jaw. [i] is a long sound;
be sure to prolong it.
Smile when you say [i]; we guarantee it's easy to say [ill
Practice
EXERCISE A
eat
eel
east
easy
each
even
equal
eagle
eager
either
mean
need
keep
deep
seal
leave
reach
scene
please
police
[i] Spelled
e
he
we
me
scene
these
ee
see
feel
deed
heel
need
ea
east
lean
team
cheap
peach
ie orie
niece
brief
piece
belief
either
EXERCISE B
ti) Listen and repeat.The vowel [il is prolonged before consonants. (Consonants
are all the sounds that are not vowels.) The dots are there to remind you to lengthen
the [il.
fee ... d
see ... d
pea ... s
bee ... s
tea ... m
fee
see
pea
bee
tea
EXERCISE C
ti) Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following sentences all include the
vowel [i].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF
ti) Listen and repeat. Circle the word in each group that does NOT contain the
vowel [i]. (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 271.)
EXAMPLE
keep
Part 1: Vowels
piece
1. bead
great
leave
tea
2. eight
piece
believe
niece
3. scene
women
these
even
4. need
been
sleep
thirteen
5. police
thief
machine
vision
6. pretty
wheat
sweet
cream
7. people
bread
deal
east
8. tin
teen
steam
receive
9. leave
live
leaf
lease
Steve
easy
still
10. steep
lean
1
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about the Beatles. All the boldfaced words should be
pronounced with the vowel [i].
The Beatles
What is a Beatle? Maybe you think of a real creature who creeps
and leaps about. But most people recall four English teens called the
Beatles, who appeared as a rock group in the nineteen sixties. Leaving
bebop behind, the Beatles created a unique beat that appealed to
everyone. Seen on American TV, they were greeted by screams and
cheers. "Please Please Me" and "She Loves You" were among their many
pieces. They even received an award from the queen of England. The
team broke up as they reached their peak, but each member continued
his own career. The world grieved the loss of their leader, John Lennon,
who died in December 1980. Although only briefly on the scene, the
Beatles created meaningful music that will be here for an eternity.
EXERCISE B
llJ
Think of five things you need to do. Be sure your response contains many [il
words. When you complete your responses, choose any classmate and ask the
question, "What do you really need?"
EXAMPLES
As you practice the exercises, remember not to "smile" and tense your lips
as you would for [I]. .
[r] is a short, quick sound; your lips should barely move as you say it!
Lesson 2
Practice
EXERCISE A
is
pin
miss
listen
little
if
itch
inch
ill
ink
it
into
issue
instant
lift
simple
timid
give
winter
minute
The vowel [I] does not occur at the end of words in English.
[I] Spelled
y
gym
syrup
symbol
system
rhythm
EXERCISE B
ui
build
quick
quilt
guilty
guitar
i
sin
lips
with
gift
differ
~ Listen and repeat.The boldfaced words in the following sentences all contain the
vowel [11.
1. This is it.
2. What is this?
3. This is my sister.
4. This is Miss Smith.
5. This is big business.
6. I will sit in a minute.
7. Give the list to Lynn.
8. My little sister is timid.
9. Is the building finished?
10. Did you give him his gift?
10
Part 1: Vowels
q
CHECK YOURSELF
(il. Listen to the words. Circle the number of the word with the'vowel W.
(For answers, see Appendix 11, page 271.)
You hear
You circle
EXAMPLE
mitt
CD
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
3
3
4. 1
5. 1
2
2
3
3
6. 1
7. 1
8. 1
3
3
9. 1
10. 1
meat
2
meat
3
3
3
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about the Olympics. All the boldfaced words contain
the vowel [II.
[l]
Work with a partner. Complete each of the following sentences with a phrase or
word that rhymes with the boldfaced II] words.Think of as many responses as you
can for each rhyme. Read the sentences aloud.
EXAMPLE
My sister Jill
_
(ran up a hill/took a pill/felt very ill/has a cat named Bill/fell off the
windowsill)
1. My friend
nm
2. He will sit
?
_
Lesson 2
11
Practice
EXERCISE
[1]
1. least
list
2. seat
sit
3. heat
hit
4. feet
fit
5. leave
live
6. Heat it now.
Hit it now.
[i]
[i]
[i]
[i]
[i]
[i]
(Il Listen. Circle the word that you hear. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see
Appendix 11, pages 271-272.)
EXAMPLE
12 Part 1: Vowels
.... ".
meat
ciY
1. field
filled
2. bean
bin
3. neat
knit
4. deal
dill
5. beat
bit
q
6. team
Tim
7. sleep
slip
8. green
grin
9. heel
hill
10. week
CHECK YOURSELF 2
wick
1Il Listen. Circle the word that is used to complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE
2. Will he (leaveilive)?
3. The boy was (beaten/bitten).
4. His clothes are (neat/knit).
5. She has plump (cheeks/chicks).
6.1 like low (heels/hills).
7. The children will (sleep/slip).
8. I heard every (beat/bit).
9. They stored the (beans/bins).
10. Everyone talks about the (heat/hit).
CD
After checking your answers, read each of the sentences aloud twice. Use the first
word the first time you read and the second word the second time.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
1Il Listen and circle all the words pronounced with [i]. Underline all the words with [I].
Jim: Hi,~Do you have a minute?
[l] Now practice reading the dialogue aloud with a partner. Remember to "smile" and
tense your lips for [i] and to relax them when pronouncing the [I] words.
Lesson 2
13
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD The words in the following box occur in the poem "The Passionate Shepherd to I-lis
Love." Read the words aloud.
rivers
sing
silver
dishes
EXERCISE B
CD
Read the poem aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the boldfaced [il and [I] words from
the box correctly.
EXERCISE C
I.IJ
These phrases are often used in introductions. Read them, paying attention to the
[11 and [il words. Then work with two other students. Practice using the phrases to
introduce each other.
to me.et you.
Remember to keep practicing! We guarantee it's easy to say [1] and [ill
14
Part 1: Vowels
,
[eI] as in ate, game, and they
Practice
EXERCISE A
ay
day
bay
hay
ray
play
eigh
eight
weigh
sleigh
freight
neighbor
15
great
they
grey
vein
vvheno. is in asyllable ending in silent e, the letter a is pronounced [el] (the same as the name of
the alphabet letter al).
lane
bake
name
case
same
The letters ay, ai, and ey are usually pronounced [el].
play
away
bait
aim
they
EXERCISE B
(t1 Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words
should all be pronounced with the diphthong [el].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
16 Part 1: Vowels
Wake up!
gain weight
What's your name?
late date
Take it away!
Make haste, not waste!
April showers bring May flowers.
They played a great game:
The plane from Spain came late.
They made a mistake in today's paper.
CD
Read the following shopping list. You are going to buy the items with the [eIl
sound. Circle only the items containing the vowel [eIl. (For answers to Check Yourself
1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 272-273.)
1.Q
lettuce
2. bread
raisins
3. cake
cereal
melon
bananas
tomatoes
bacon
baking soda
4. potatoes
crackers
peas
ice cream
5. grapes
celery
gravy
carrots
6. toothpaste
peas
squash
paper plates
CHECK YOURSELF 2
rt1 Listen. Circle the one word in each group that is pronounced with the diphthong [er].
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 3
You hear
hat
hot
hate
You circle
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 1
6. 1
7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
10. 1
CD
Read aloud the following newspaper advertisement. Circle all words pronounced
with [erl.
SINCE 1888
NO EXCHANGES OR RETURNS
Lesson 3
17
More Practice
EXERCISE A
III
Read aloud the following paragraph about Babe Ruth. Rememberthat all the
boldfaced words should be pronounced with the diphthong [ell.
Babe Ruth
Babe Ruth was a famous baseball player. He was born in Baltimore
and raised there as an orphan. He first played for the Boston Red Sax but
was later traded to the New York Yankees. He hit 714 home runs and
became a baseball legend. He was named to the Baseball Hall of Fame.
The last team he played for was the Boston Braves. He died in 1948.
Many say he was the greatest player of his day.
EXERCISE B
III
Choose an article from the sports section of a newspaper. Circle the words in the
article that contain thevowel [ell. Practice reading the article aloud. Bring it to class
and read it to your classmates.
Say [ell the right way! Practice makes perfect!
18 Part 1: Vowels
;
[e] as In egg, pet, and head
When pronouncing [el, open your mouth wider than for [el] but not as wide
as for [re] (the sound to be discussed in the next lesson).
Practice and reduce your errors on re]!
EXERCISE A
The vowel re] does not occur at the end of words in English.
re] Spelled
ea
e
yes
head
red
lead
sell
dead
meant
seven
never
measure
19
EXERCISE B
rt1 Listen and repeat the following pairs of words. When pronouncing the words with
[e1 be sure to lower your jaw a bit more than for [ell.
[e]
met
bet
fed
less
pen
let
wet
get
red
wed
EXERCISE C
rt1
Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words
should all be pronounced with the vowel tel.
1.
2.
'3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
20
Part 1: Vowels
[el]
mate
bait
fade
lace
pain/pane
late
wait/weight
gate/ gait
raid
wade
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(Il Listen and repeat each word. Then circle the word in each group that
is NOT pronounced with le]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see ApPElrtdix 11,
pages 273-274.)
Mexico
EXAMPLE
America
Texas
l. any
crazy
anywhere
many
2. paper
letter
send
pencil
3. seven
eleven
eight
twenty
4. health
wreath
breath
wealth
5. reading
ready
already
head
6. present
precious
previous
president
7. November
February
September
April
8. guess
guest
cruel
question
9. thread
threat
fresh
theater
meant
mental
met
10. mean
CHECK YOURSELF 2
~gypD
(Il Listen to the sentences. Some words that should- be pronounced with [e] will be
said incorrectly. Circle Cfor correct or I for incorrect.
You hear
You hear
EXAMPLES
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
You circle
You circle
CD
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Lesson 4
21
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about Peter Pan. Pay attention to the [el sound in the
boldfaced words.
Peter Pan
Do you remember the play Peter Pan? Who can forget the boy who
never ever wanted to grow up! When Wendy and her brothers met Peter
Pan and the fairy Tinker Bell, they flew to Never-Never Land. They had
many adventures with Peter's friends and enemies, but the play had fl
happy ending. Sir James Barrie, the author, presented this play in 1911.
This sentimental treasure was his best work and made him very
wealthy. It was an even better success on Broadway. It was set to music
and had special effects. It is often said that no one can be young forever.
But with the legend of Peter Pan we get to pretend again and again.
EXERCISE B
II: Practice the vowel [el as you give a partner weather information.
1. Look at these example sentences:
22
Part 1: Vowels
-,
_L.-[_re_]_
at
_as_ _
i n__at_'fi__ _,a_n_d_ _h_ap_IJ'. . Y.
Lips: Spread
Jaw: Open wider than for [e]
Tongue: Low, near the floor of the mouth
When producing the vowel [re], remember to spread your lips and open your
mouth. But don't open it too wide, or you will find yourself substituting [a]
(the sound to be discussed in the next lesson) instead!
Practice, practice, practice, and you'll have [re] down pat!
Practice
EXERCISE A
The vowel [re] does not occur at the end of words in English.
laugh
laughter
23
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
rIl Listen and repeat. When saying [rel, remember to open your mouth more than for [101.
[re]
[10]
had
mat
pat
land
past / passed
tan
sad
and
bad
add/ad
head
met
pet
lend
pest
ten
said
end
bed
Ed
rIl
Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all
include the vowel [rel.
1. last chance
2. I'll be back.
3. at a glance
4. wrap it up
5. Is that a fact?
6. Hand me a pack of matches.
7. I have to catch a taxicab.
8. Ralph can't stand carrots.
9. AI is a happily married man.
10. He who laughs last, laughs best!
CHECK YOURSELF 1
rIl
Listen and circle the number of the word with the [rel sound. Only one word
in each series will be pronounced with the [rel vowel. (For answers to Check Yourself
1-3, see Appendix 11, page 274.)
EXAMPLE
You hear
add
Ed
odd
You circle
CD
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 1
6. 1
7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
10. 1
24 Part 1: Vowels
CHECK YOURSELF 2
(i1 Listen and repeat. Circle the one letter a that is pronounced [re] in each word.
ban@na
EXAMPLE
1.
animal
2.
Africa
3.
California
4.
fascinate
5.
Alaska
6.
attack
7.
Saturday
8.
Canada
9.
Dallas
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
package
Cl:J
Read the story of the Titanic. Circle all words that are pronounced with the vowel
[re]. The number in parentheses represents the total number of [re] words in each
sentence.
EXAMPLE
5. After the crash, upper and lower class passengers ran about in a
panic. (6)
6. Women and children had a chance to cram into small boats at the last
minute. (5)
7. The captain and other passengers could not abandon the ship. (3)
past. (5)
Lesson 5
25
More Practice
EXERCISE A
WRead the following letter aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced [relworl:is.
Dear Dad,
At la:3t Carol and I are in San Franci:3co. {t':3 an ab:3olutely fabulou:3 city!
A:3 we :3tand at the top of Telegraph HiiI, we can see Alcatraz. We plan to
catch a cable car and visit Grant Avenue in Chinatown. After that, we'li grab
EXERCISE B
[IJ Find a set of directions for something (for example, using an appliance, assembling
an item). Circle all words pronounced with [rel. Read the directions aloud to a partner.
Ask your partner to repeat the directions back to you. Practice the words your listener
has difficulty understanding.
Practice, practice, practice, and you'll have [re] down pat!
26
Part 1: Vowels
- - - -.......---lIIIIIIIIIIIII_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Remember to open your mouth wider than for any other vowel when you
pronounce [a].
We're positive you'll soon be
DU
top of [all
Practice
EXERCISE A
The vowel [a] does not occur at the end of words in English.
[a] Spelled
a
want
wallet
dark
father
pardon
o
fox
hot
spot
opera
follow
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
rt1
Listen and repeat the following pairs of words. Be sure to open your mouth wider
when producing the words with the tal vowel.
[a]
[re]
cop
hot
pot
odd
mop
top
log
lock
cot
solid
cap
hat
pat
add
map
tap
lag
lack
cat
salad
rt1
Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all
include the vowel [al.
1. alann clock
2. stock market
3. not far apart
4. top to bottom
5. cops and robbers
6. Did Father park the car?
7. It was hard to start the car.
8. The doctor wants to operate.
9. Honest politicians solve problems.
10. My watch stopped at five o'clock.
28
Part 1: Vowels
CHECK YOURSELF 1 rt'l Listen and circle the one word in each group of three that is pronounced with [al.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 274-275.)
You hear
You circle
EXAMPLE
not
note
nut
Q)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 1
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 2 rt'llmagine you are a photographer for a wellknown magazine. Your assignment
is to photograph animals whose names contain the vowel [al. Listen and repeat.
Circle the animal names that include the vowel [al.
l.(~md~
CHECK YOURSELF 3
Colli?>
leopard
cQa~~
2. cat
crocodile
elephant
sea otter
3. fox
tiger
hippopotamus
dolphin
4. iguana
kangaroo
lobster
octopus
5. parrot
rhinoceros
opossum
lion
IIJ [l]
Read the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle the words that contain the
vowel [al.
Donna:
Bob:
Donna: Don't be alarmed. I saw Dr. Johnson at the hospital. You're going to be a
father! Our new baby will be born in October.
Bob:
Donna: I'm feeling on top of the world. I've got a list of names for the baby.
Bob:
Donna: Donna is fine for a middle name. How about Connie or Barbara for her
first name?
Bob:
29
Donna: Better yet, if it's a boy, let's call him Bob after his father. If it's a girl, we'll
call her Barbara.
Bob:
Donna, maybe you want to name her Rhonda after your father's sister.
Then, if it's a boy, we can name him Ron.
Donna: We don't want to forget your mother Carla. So, let's call him Carl if it's a boy.
Bob:
Donna: It's not really a problem. Now we have names for our first four darling
babies.
Bob:
Dbnna, you've gone too far. One at a time is enough for this mom and
pop. Donna or Don is a good start for now!
[l]
Now practice reading the dialogue with a partner. Open your mouth wide when
pronouncing la] words.
More Rrcktice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about the Constitution. Pay attention to the lal sound in
the boldfaced words.
The Constitution
The D.S. Constitution is the basis of our democracy. Much
compromise was necessary before the Constitution was adopted. Some
modifications to the Constitution caused problems that were resolved
by forming two houses in Congress. The Supreme Court has final
authority to explain the Constitution. It can void laws that conflict with
any part of the Constitution. The D.S. Constitution has been constant
but responsive to change. We thank our founding fathers, including
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, for this remarkable
document.
EXERCISE B
CD Read the limerick aloud. Pay attention to the [a] sound in the boldfaced words.
A Farmer Named Bob
30
Part 1: Vowels
EXERCISE C
[l] Listen to a segment of your favorite radio or TV news program. Listen specifically
for words pronounced with [al. List as many as you can. Write a short summary of the
segment, including as many of the words on your list as possible. Bring your summary
to class, and read it to a partner.
Complete all the activities and you'll be on target with [a]!
Lesson 6
31
ate
game
+ [I]
[e]
they
= [eI]
\I)
egg
pet
head
UJ
Cl..
:r:
I-
[c]
;:)
\I)
0::
UJ
$:
.~
...,
[ce]
Ji
32
fat
happy
"'~i'!0":-;:1
[a]
at
ann
hot
father
EXERCISE
rt1
Listen and repeat. Feel your mouth open wider as you progress through
the pronunciation of [eI], re]. [re], and [a].
[eI]
[e]
[e]
[a]
1. aid
Ed
add
odd
2. rake
wreck
rack
rock
3. paid
ped
pad
pod
4. Nate
net
gnat
not
5. pained
penned
panned
pond
6. I had a rake.
I had a wreck.
I had a rack.
I had a rock.
[a]
[re]
[a]
[re]
[ell
le]
[re]
[ell
le]
Lesson 7
33
Lips: Tense and in a "whistling" position
Jaw: Almost completely raised
Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth
Your lips should be tense and in a "whistling" position when you say [uJ. [uJ is a
long sound; be sure to prolong it.
You can do it! If you remember to protrude your lips when producing [uJ,
you'll never confuse "pull" with "pool"!
Practice
EXERCISE A
The vowel [uJ does not occur at the beginning of words in English.
Exception: u ooze."
34
[u] Spelled
u
00
rule
cool
fool
rude
June
too
tune
noon
tuna
stool
ew
do
to
who
tomb
lose
new
drew
stew
knew
news
ue
due
blue
clue
glued
avenue
Less frequent spelling patterns for [u] consist of the letters ui, ou, oe, ieu, and
fruit
group
shoe
lieutenant
through
boom
moon
~
~
EXERCISE B
duty
suit
When speaking English, international students frequently forget to prolong the [u] vowel before;
consonants. (Consonants are all the sounds that are not vowels.)
0
..
'
0'
'0
.:.
(i1listen and repeat. The [u] vowel is prolonged before consonants. The dots in the
following exercise are there to remind you to lengthen the [u].
new
due
sue
who
glue
EXERCISEC
new
(i1listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all
contain the vowel [u].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What's new?
Who is it?
How are you?
loose tooth
in the mood
School will soon be through.
You must chew your food.
He proved he knew the truth.
The group flew to New York in June.
Who ruined my new blue shoes?
Lesson 8
35
CHECK YOURSELF
(Il Listen. Circle the number of the word with the vowel [ul. (For answers, see
Appendix 11, page 275.)
You hear
EXAMPLE
You circle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 1
6.
7.
8. 1
9.
10.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
comb
1
cool
call
3
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about New Orleans. Pay attention to the [ul sound in the
boldfaced words.
New Orleans
One of the most beautiful cities in the United States is New Orleans.
This city on the bayou is full of unique sights and sounds. New Orleans
offers good food and music. Famous chefs create soups and stews
influenced by the Creole and Cajun communities. Jazz and the blues
started in New Orleans with musicians like Lonis Armstrong. Tourists
come to Mardi Gras dressed in costumes to look at the truly super homes
on St. Charles Avenue. Whether you take a cruise down the Mississippi or
choose fine dining spots, you should visit New Orleans in the future.
EXERCISE B
[l] What are you in the mood to use? List the names of five things that contain
the vowel [ul. Then work with a partner. Ask each other,"What are you in the mood
to use?" Respond with the things on your list.
EXAMPLE
36
Part 1: Vowels
Remember NOT to protrude your lips and tense them as you would for [u].
[u] is a short, quick sound; your lips should barely move while saying it.
Practice [u] as you should, and you'll be understood!
rI1 Listen and repeat. Remember to relax your lips and jaw as you produce [uJ.
[u] In the Middle of Words
cook
full
book
good
stood
look
shook
push
cduld
put
wood
took
foot
brook
hood
sugar
woman
cushion
u
pull
put
push
bullet
pudding
00
wool
wood
hook
good
cookie
ou
could
would
should
Lesson 8
37
followE,d by d or k are
hood
good
wood
book
look
EXERCISE B
push
cushion
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [u] sound in the boldfaced words.
1. Look out!
2. Take a good look.
3. It's good-looking.
4. He couldn't come.
5. Should we go?
6. Who took my book?
7. Put the wood away.
8. He took a look at the crook.
9. The woman stood on one foot.
10. Could you eat ten sugar cookies?
CHECK YOURSELF
rt1 Listen carefully to the following sentences. Some words that should be
pronounced with [u] will be said incorrectly. Circle C if the pronunciation of the words
in the sentence is correct. Circle I if the pronunciation of the words in the sentence is
incorrect. (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 275.)
You hear
You hear
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
38
Part 1: Vowels
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
You circle
You circle
e CD
More P r a
. 'c t i
. ce,
"
CJ:J Read aloud the paragraph about Little Red Riding Hood. Pay attention to the
boldfaced words containing the vowel [vI. Remember to relax your lips as you say [vI.
EXERCISE A
IlJ
EXERCISE B
Read the following sentences aloud. Fill in the blank with a phrase or word that is
pronounced with [vI. Think of as many responses as you can for each blank. Share your
sentences with a partner.
He is a good
EXAMPLE
cook
1. I took a look at
2. I wish I could
rt1
Listen and repeat. Remember to feel tension and protrude your lips when you
repeat words that include the vowel [ul and to relax your muscles when you pronounce
words that include the vowel [vI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
[u]
[v]
fool
suit
Luke
pool
full
soot
look
pull
Lesson 8
39
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
[v]
[u]
stewed
I hate the black suit.
She went to Luke.
I have no pool.
He's not a fool!
The beef stewed for an hour.
stood
I hate the black soot.
She went to look.
I have no pull.
He's not full!
The beef stood for an hour.
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
C!J
Read the sentences aloud. Write the phonetic symbol [v] or [u] above each
boldfaced word. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, page 276.)
[u]
EXAMPLE
[u]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
40
Part 1: Vowels
.. ~'--
CHECK YOURSELF 2
rtJ Listen and circle the number of the word that is different.
You hear
You circle
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 3
1.
2.
3.
4. 1
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 1
10. 1
fool
fool
full
CD
Read the paragraph about Houdini. Then read the paragraph again. Circle the
words pronounced with [u] and underline the words pronounced with tu].
Houdini
CD
After checking your answers, practice reading the paragraph aloud again.
Remember-your lips l1lust be in a tense "whistling" position for [u] and in a relaxed
position when pronouncing tu].
Lesson 8
41
More Practice
CD
EXERCISE A
Read two headline news stories from the front page of a newspaper. Circle all [u]
and [u] words. Read aloud the sentences containing the circled words. Carefully
pronounce the [u] and [u] vowel sounds.
EXERCISE B
[l] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay careful attention to the [u] and [u]
words in boldfaced type.
[v]
[v]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[v]
[v]
Lucy: Hi, Lou. This is Lucy Fuller. I'm due for a trip and would like a
~
[v]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
Lou: You should try the newest ship, the "Super Cruiser." It sails down
[u]
[u]
[v]
[u]
[u]
the Blue Danube. You fly to the ship from New York on Tuesday,
[v]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
June 1st. I just took a cruise on it, too. It was truly super!
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u][u]
[u]
Lucy: Is it true the rooms on cruises are usually small and gloomy?
~
[~
Lou: No. The cabins are roomy and full of light. They all have beautiful
[u]
views.
[u]
Lou: The cooks prepare unique menus. There's so much to choose from.
~~
[u]
[u]
[v]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
Lou: You will have a full routine. There is a huge pool, and the crew
[u]
[v]
[u]
[u]
[v]
will take good care of you. You could relax on deck with a cool
[v]
[v]
[u]
[u]
42
Part 1: Vowels
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
Lou: Here's the good news. For June, the fares are reduced. Two can
[u]
[v]
[u]
[v]
[u]
[u]
Lucy: Are you pulling my leg? This is too good to be true. Well, I'm
[u]
[u]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[u]
[u]
[u]
husband alone? Put us down for two. Drew and I will cruise the
[u]
[u]
[u]
[u]
Lesson 8
43
Remember, [A] is a short, quick sound. You shouldn't feel any tension, and your
lips should barely move during its production.
Just relax as you say [A] and you won't run into trouble!
Practice
EXERCISE A
us
up
of
oven
hug
won
nut
does
ugly
other
uncle
onion
under
upper
much
must
come
rough
month
trouble
The vowel [A] does not occur at the end of words in English.
[A] Spelled
u
but
cut
sun
lucky
funny
44
love
done
some
mother
Monday
EXERCISE B
rt1 Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following phrases and sentences
should all be pronounced with the vowel [Al.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
Come in.
What does it mean?
bubble gum
once a month
Once is enough.
cover up
My uncle is my mother's brother.
My cousin is my uncle's son.
The gloves are such an ugly color.
Come and have some fun in the sun.
rt1
Listen. Cird~.the word that you hear. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see
Appendix 11, pages 276-277.1
EXAMPLES
[A]
@
hut
[a]
lock
1. cut
cot
2. stuck
stock
3. come
calm
4. wonder
wander
5. color
collar
6. nut
not
7. bum
bomb
8. pup
pop
Lesson 9
45
9. fund
fond
10. shut
shot
CD
Check your answers. Then read each pair of words aloud. Remember, when
you pronounce the words with [Al, your lips should be completely relaxed
and should barely move.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
rt'l Listen. Circle the one word in each group that is not pronounced with [Al.
once
EXAMPLE
~onv
funny
1. something
wonder
ugly
open
2. trouble
come
locker
once
3. color
cups
dozen
collar
4. peanut
muddy
modem
bunny
S. stood
stuff
stump
stuck
6. lucky
brother
just
lock
7. Monday
month
Tuesday
Sunday
8. comb
coming
cutting
country
9. cover
over
oven
other
must
rot
nothing
10. rust
CHECK YOURSELF 3
lovely
rt'llIJ
Listen to the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle the words
pronounced with the vowel [Al. Practice reading the dialogue together.
mY-lov~USi3?>
Gus:
Justine:
Hi,<fstin?>How's
Very worried. I just had a run of tough luck.
Gus:
Justine:
My bus got stuck in the mud, and I lost some money. I should carry
something for luck!
Gus:
Yes. Here's some other advice. Never walk under ladders. And run from
black cats. They're nothing but trouble!
Justine:
Oh, Gus. You must be a nut! Do you really believe such mumbo jumbo?
Gus:
Don't make fun, Justine. Customs come from many countries. You
must know some others!
Justine:
Gus:
Right! But you can have good luck, too. Discover a four-leaf clover or
find bubbles in your coffee cup and you'll get a sum of money.
Justine:
46
Part 1: Vowels
OK, Gus. Maybe I'll have some luck this month. Knock on wood!
More Bractice
<'
EXERCISE A
Ell Read the recipe aloud. Remember that all the boldfaced words should
/,'
EXERCISE B
[l] Read the limerick aloud to a partner. Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced words
with [A] correctly.
A Man from Kentucky
A man from Kentucky named Bud,
Had a lucky young racehorse named Jud,
When he bet on his horse,
Bud won money, of course,
But one day Jud got stuck in the mud!
Now work together to write a limerick with words that include the vowel [A].
Just relax as you say [A], and you won't run into trouble with [A]. And may
good luck be yours!
Lesson 9
47
When producing the diphthong [ou], round your lips into the shape of the
o. [ou] is a long sound; be sure to prolong it.
LI,;u,:,uand practice and know your [ou] will be OK!
Practice
EXERCISE A
48
[ou] Spelled
0
oa
soap
no
goat
rope
vote
loan
foam
home
load
fold
EXERCISE B
oe
toe
hoe
goes
ou
dough
though
shoulder
rt1
Listen and repeat. Remember that the diphthong [ou] is a prolonged sound.
The dots in the following exercise are there to remind you to lengthen it.
toe
sew
grow
know
blow
EXERCISE C
ow
know
owe
grow
throw
bowl
toe
s (toes)
sew
s (sews)
grow
s (grows)
know
n (known)
blow. n (blown)
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [ou] sound in the boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Leave me alone!
I suppose so.
only joking
Hold the phone.
open and close
at a moment's notice
Tony Jones broke his toe.
Don't go down the old road.
Repeat the [ou] words slowly over and over!
No one knows how old Flo is.
Lesson 10
49
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(Il Listen and circle the word that you hear. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see
Appendix 11, pages 277-278.1
EXAMPLES
[ou]
[A]
~om>
come
boat
(b~t)
1. phone
fun
2. bone
bun
3. roam/Rome
rum
4. boast
bust/bused
5. tone
ton
6. coat
cut
7. wrote
rut
8. hole/whole
hull
9. rogue
rug
10. most
must/mussed
CIJ
Check your answers. Then read each pair of words aloud. Be sure to prolong
the diphthong [oul.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CIJ
Read the names of the following household items. Circle the items pronounced
with the diphthong [oul.
1. <ast~
frying pan
bookcase
freezer
2. clock
telephone
faucet
radio
3. stove
sofa
lawn mower
table
4. doorknob
window
television
coatrack
5. can opener
mixing bowl
clothes dryer
iron
[IJ Check your answers. Then imagine that the items with names containing
the Iou) sound are broken. Work with a partner. Tell each other,"The
broken." Be sure to prolong the sound of Iou).
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 3
CIJ [IJ Read the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle all the words containing
the diphthong Iou).
50
Part 1: Vowels
is
Joe:
No, no, no!! We won't go to Rome. Let's go to Nome, Alaska. We don't know
anyone there!!
Rose: You won't believe it, but I have an old friend ...
Joe:
Hold it, Rose, we won't go anywhere! I suppose we'll just stay home.
rIl Check your answers to make sure you circled all the words containing the
diphthong Iou]. Practice reading the dialogue aloud with your partner.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
IX] What don't you know? List five things. Be sure your responses each contain words
with the diphthong Iou]. Then work with a partner. Ask each other"What don't you
know?" Answer with the things on your list.
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE B
CIJ
Read the limericks aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the boldfaced
words with the Iou] sound.
Practice [ou] over and over and your [au] will be OK!
Lesson 10
51
-'W_='=-=~--'-===~=-=-'====='=-=-=-'='-'--="'l
The vowel [:>] is another troublemaker. Confusing English spelling patterns can
cause you to substitute more familiar vowels.
EXAMPLES
Practice
EXERCISE A
all
off
also
boss
fall
song
awe
raw
law
awful
often
ought
always
August
audience
[:>l Spelled
0
dog
toss
lost
long
offer
52
a
fall
call
mall
salt
stall
aw
jaw
lawn
dawn
drawn
awful
au
auto
fault
cause
taught
auction
wrong
broad
bought
taught
across
naughty
flaw
draw
claw
thaw
straw
jaw
The
talk
EXERCISE B
salt
rt1
Listen and repeat the pairs of words. When you pronounce the [:J) words,
remember to protrude your lips.
EXERCISE C
II
III
[:J]
[A]
[:J]
[OU]
[:J]
[a]
1. dog
dug
saw
so
for
far
2. dawn
done
law
low
stalk
stock
3. long
lung
tall
toll
taught
4. cough
cuff
bald
bold
caught
tot
cot
5. bought
but
bought
boat
caller
collar
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the vowel [:J).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
call it off
call it quits
call the shots
all talk
walk all over
It's all wrong.
Is Paul's hair long or short?
How much does coffee cost?
What is the reward for the lost dog?
Did you make a long-distance call to Boston, Albany, or Baltimore?
Lesson 11
53
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(11 Listen. You will hear two sentences. Circle the letter of the sentence that contains
a word with the vowel [:)]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, page
278.)
EXAMPLE
You circle
(b)
(a)
(b)
3. (a)
(b)
4.
(a)
(b)
5.
(a)
(b)
(11 Listen to the following sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with [:)]
will be pronounced incorrectly. Circle Cfor correct or I for incorrect.
EXAMPLES
CHECK YOURSELF 3
1. (a)
2.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
You hear
You hear
You circle
You hear
You circle
CD
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. C
D:J Read the dialogue. Circle the words pronounced with the vowel [:)].
Audrey:
54
Part 1: Vowels
Paula:
Audrey:
Maude kept stalling and decided Claude was the wrong man.
Paula:
Audrey:
Paula:
Audrey:
I already brought it back. The cost of the cloth will cover the cost
of our lunch today.
Paula:
[l] Check to make sure you circled the words with the vowel [;)1. Practice reading the
dialogue aloud with a partner.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the following story of the Gettysburg Address. Pay attention to
the boldfaced words containing the vowel [;)]. Remember to drop your jaw when you
say [;)].
When followed by r, the sound of the vowel [;)] changes slightly.
EXERCISE B
[l] Find an advertisement for a department store. List the names of ten items in the
ad. Bring the ad and your list to class. Exchange lists with a partner, but keep your ad.
Ask the prices of items on each other's lists, using the phrase "How much do/does the
____,(s) cost?" Use your ads to answer.
EXAMPLE
Remember you ought to protrude your lips and drop your jaw whenever you
try to produce the sound [;)]! Practice often!
Lesson 11
55
up
but
come
oh
boat
no
Vl
L.U
0..
:::c
f-
[0]
=[OU]
+ [u]
:::>
0
~
Vl
0::
all
boss
caught
hot
father
L.U
$:
9
.~
...,
[;)]
[a]
56
ann
EXERCISE A
LIl Listen and repeat. Feel y~ur mouth open wider as you progress throlJgh the
pronunciation of [A], [ou], [:l], and [a] words.
[A]
[ou]
[:l]
[a]
1. cut
coat
caught
cot
2. nut
note
naught
not
3. mud
mode
Maude
mod
4. fund
phoned
fawned
fond
5. Chuck
choke
chalk
chock
Here's a note.
10.
EXERCISE B
Was it sewed?
Here's a knot.
It's in the hall.
Don't sock it.
Was it sawed?
Was it sod?
CD
Read each sentence aloud. Pay attention to the [A], [Ou], b], and [a] sounds in the
boldfaced words.
[a]
[A]
[0]
[DU]
[0]
[A]
[0]
[DU]
Lesson 12
57
[~]
PRONOUNCING [;')]
The schwa vowel [<>] is a very short, quick sound. Your lips should be completely
relaxed and barely move during its production.
[<>] is the sound that results when ANY vowel in English is unstressed in a
word. The vowels in all unstressed syllables almost always sound like [<>]. Any
letter or combination of letters can represent the schwa [<>].
Possible Pronunciation Problems
In most languages, vowels are pronounced clearly and distinctly. The schwa [<>]
does not exist. In English, unstressed vowels should receive much less force than
other vowels in the word. In order to speak fluent English, you must unstress or
reduce any vowels that are NOT in accented syllables of words. Vowel reduction
to [<>] is not sloppy speech. It is an important feature of spoken English.
Rraptice
EXERCISE A
[<>] At the
g,go
l!way
Jl,long
l!maze
(I'lListen and repeat. Notice how the syllable with the [<>1 vowel receives less stress
than the other syllables in the word.
Beginning of Words
1!pon
cQntain
l!sleep
S1!ppose
[<>] Spelled
a
l!rrive
l!shamed
l!sleep
l!way
signJl,1
e
OVS2n
opS2n
CS2ment
jackS2t
b S2lief
liquid
humid
capital
typical
cousin
Qccur
Qbtain
lemQn
lessQn
cQntain
[<>] At the
sodl!
sofl!
zebrJl,
reasQn
u
1!pon
S1!ppose
drc1!s
col1!mn
S1!pport
Other spellings of [<>] include eo, oil., iou, io, and ai.
pigeon
58
famous
delicious
nation
certain
End of Words
famQus
lemQn
cousin
drcgs
EXERClSEB
elephant
1I1.
Listen and repeat. Be sure to pronounce the syllable with [g l with less force than
other syllables.
1. How are you tQday?
2. See you tQnight.
3. See you tQmorrow.
4. Don't cQmplain.
5. I suppose so.
6. I suppose it's possible.
7. CQnsider my cQmplaint.
8. CQmplete tQday's lessQn.
9. Don't cQmplain about the probkm.
10. My cousin will arrive at sev~n.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
1I1 Listen and circle the schwa vowel [g l in each word. (For answers to Check Yourself
t e I@graph
1.alphabet
6. p rev en t
2. uti I i z e
7. i m ita t e
3. d e pen din g
8. b rea k f a s t
4. P hot
9. con t r
g rap h
10. a I a rm
5. pap a
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD Read aloud each group of four words. Circle the one word in each group that does
NOT contain [g l.
EXAMPLE
soda
finally
agree
1. about
oven
create
olive
2. minute
second
seven
leaving
3. after
attend
allow
annoy
4. something
support
supply
suppose
5. combine
complete
camper
compare
@ipp0
Lesson 13
59
6. Canada
Russia
Norway
Colombia
7. lavender
maroon
yellow
orange
8. strawberry
banana
vanilla
chocolate
9. lettuce
tomato
carrot
cucumber
zebra
monkey
camel
10. giraffe
CD Read the words aloud. Each word contains TWO unstressed syllables. Circle the
CHECK YOURSELF 3
schwa
[~l
EXAMPLES
el@ph@nt
1. favorite
2. p r i n c i pal
3. ass i s tan c e
4. me d i c a 1
5. at ten d a n c e
6. e v i den c e
7. offended
8. dip 1 0 m a
9. apartment
10. Canada
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD Read aloud the verses from the poem "Annabel Lee," by Edgar Alien Poe.
Remember, the underlined schwa
[~l
I was a child and she was a child, in this kingdQm by the sea
But we loved with a love that was more than love
I and my Annil,bel Lee,
With a love that the winged seril,phs of heavs;.n covs;.ts;.d her and me.
60
Part 1: Vowels
And this was the reasQn that long f\go, in this kingdQm by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling my beautiful Annf\bel Lee;
So that her highborn kinsmf\n came and bore her 1!way from me,
To shut her up in a sep!!lcre in this kingdQm by the sea.
And neither the an~ls in heav~n f\bove
Nor the demQns down under the sea,
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annf\bel Lee.
EXERCISE B
[lJ Names of ten of the presidents of the United States are listed on the left. On the
right are listed the names of ten states in the United States. Look up the birth states
of each of the presidents in an encyclopedia or on the Internet. Match the president
on the left with the correct state on the right. Then work with a partner. Ask each other
where each president was born. Pay attention to the underlined schwa [g I sound.
EXAMPLE
- L 1. Thomf\s JeffersQn
State
a.
K~ntucky
2. LyndQn JohnsQn
b. Virgini1!
3. Bill ClintQn
c. Califomi1!
4. Harry Trumf\n
d. Illinois
5. GergJd Ford
e.
6. Richard NixQn
f. Tex1!s
7. Ronf\ld Reaggn.
g. N~braska
8. Andrew JacksQn
h. Ark1!nsas
9. Abraham LincQln
1. South CarQliu1!
_ _ 10. John
Kenn~dy
Massf\chus~tts
j. Missouri
Spend a few minutes every day practicing the schwa, and progress
is possible!
'B
Lesson 13
61
[~]
Practice
EXERCISE A
urge
herb
earn
earth
early
urban
earnest
irk
word
verb
third
[3'] Spelled
ir
bird
girl
firm
third
circle
62
ur
hurt
curl
curb
purple
turkey
er
fern
term
stern
German
servant
learn
circus
Thursday
fur
sir
her
occur
prefer
stir
purr
defer
~
~I{,~~,",'
'~''':"'
"'tt,,~~work
~, !*"'I'11' 01 ~,h' ''''''" "',
!
heard
journey
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following phrases and sentences all
include the vowel [3'].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF
tmn it off
heard the words
slow as a turtle
first things first
a tmn for the worse
left work early
The early bird catches the worm.
The girl saw the circus IIrst.
The servant served dessert.
Irma had her thirty.third birthday.
lIJThe boldfaced words in the following sentences contain the vowel [3']. Work with a
partner. Read the following sentences aloud, filling in each blank with a word from the
box. (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 279.)
__
3. At Thanksgiving we serve
Lesson 14
63
More Practice
EXERCISE
Read aloud the paragraph about turkeys. Pay attention to your pronunciation of
the boldfaced words with the [3'1 sound.
The Turkey
Everyone learns about the early settlers who journeyed to America.
These Pilgrims celebrated their first Thanksgiving feast with the famous
turkey. One Native American name for turkey is "firkee," and this may
have been how the bird got its name. Turkey is always served for
Thanksgiving dinner on the fourth Thursday in each November, but it is
certain to please on other occasions. Age will detennine the taste of a
turkey. An older male or younger "girl" turkey is preferred. Turkeys are
nourishing and can be turned into versatile meals. There is some work
involved in cooking a turkey, but it is worth the trouble. The world
concurs that Americans prepare the most superb turkeys.
_.
PRONOUNCING [aY]
It is difficult to hear the difference between [ac] and [3'] when these sounds are
produced in isolation. However, [ac] is produced with much less force and occurs
only in unstressed syllables.
Practice
EXERCISE A
(11 Listen and repeat. Be sure to emphasize [ac I less than the other vowels in words.
[ac] In the Middle of Words
liberty
butterfly
perhaps
flowerpot
understood
surprise
64 Part 1: Vowels
[a"] Spelled
EXERCISE B
ar
er
or
ure
sugar
dollar
collar
regular
grammar
after
paper
father
farmer
silver
color
actor
flavor
doctor
razor
nature
picture
feature
failure
measure
(Il Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. Pay attention to the
boldfaced words that include the [a"] sound. Remember that syllables with the
sound [a"] are unstressed and should be pronounced with much less force than
other syllables in the same word.
1. sooner or later
2. Measure the sugar.
3. better late than never
4. Water the flowers.
5. Consider the offer.
6. The actor was better than ever.
7. Was the afternoon paper delivered?
8. The razor is sharper than the scissors.
9. Sununer is wanner than winter.
10. A wonderful picture is showing at the theater.
CHECK YOURSELF
CD
Read the words aloud. Circle the words that are pronounced with [a"]. (For answers,
see Appendix 11, page 280.)
EXAMPLE
shirt
@temo~
1. return
supper
purple
2. enter
curtain
dirty
3. third
backward
inform
4. nurse
soldier
pleasure
5. silver
weather
Saturday
Lesson 14
65
More Practice
EXERCISE
NOT
sound.
I
I
!I
Mother Goose
Mother Goose was supposed to be an older lady who told popular
rhymes to younger children. Printers and publishers put together these
familiar rhymes. Some were finger plays such as "Tinker, tailor, soldier,
sailor, rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief!" Many remember such
favorites as "Little Jack Homer sat in a corner eating his Christmas pie."
The king of England's steward was called Jack Homer. He was a
messenger who may have delivered a Christmas pie with hidden papers
baked inside. Whether or not we believe these colorful tales, we know
that nursery rhymes are wonderful!
Practice
EXERCISE
rt1
Listen and repeat. The words in the three columns contain both the [3'1 and [a'l
sounds. The first syllable of each word should be pronounced with much more stress
than the second syllable.
murder
curler
surfer
CHECK YOURSELF 1
firmer
server
burner
Herbert
furniture
merger
CIJ
Read aloud the following phrases and sentences. Identify the [3'1and [a'l sounds.
Write the sounds above the syllables. Remember the [3'1 sound is stressed and the [a'1
sound is unstressed. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 280.)
[ ][ ]
1. silver urn
[ ]
[ ]
2. dangerous curve
[ ]
[ ]
3. sermon in church
[] []
4. regular exercise
[ ]
[ ]
5. grammar teacher
[]
[lE]
[]
6. The grammar teacher worked on verbs.
66
Part 1: Vowels
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD
Read the following paragraph about pearls carefully. Underline words pronounced
with h], and circle words pronounced with [ac].
Pearls
The pearl is one of the world's most treasured gems. Pearls are fonned
inside the shells of oysters. The largest pearl fisheries are in Asia. Cultured
pearls were developed by the Chinese in the twentieth century. They are
larger than nature's pearls. A perfect pearl that is round arid has great
luster is worth a lot of money. Perhaps "diamonds are a girl's best friend,"
but pearls will always win a woman's favor!
Check your answers to see if you underlined all the words pronounced with [3' ] and
circled words pronounced with [ac ]. Practice reading the paragraph again.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
I]J Work with a partner. Complete the dialogue together by choosing one word in
each set of parentheses. Practice reading the dialogue aloud together. Pay attention to
the words with the [3'] and [3'] sounds.
Bert:
Mrs. Kirk:
Bert:
Mrs. Kirk:
Bert:
Lesson 14
67
Mrs. Kirk:
Bert:
Mrs. Kirk:
Bert:
EXERCISE B
[l] Make a list of all the occupations you can think of that are pronounced with [3')
or [ac) (doctor, dancer, clerk). Then work with a partner. Practice pronouncing the
occupations in the context of sentences.
EXAMPLES
Learn to say [3'] and [ac], and your pronunciation of many words wil) sound
better than ever!
68 Part 1: Vowels
.. .
Lips: Glide from an open position
Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes
Tongue: Glides from low to high near the
roof of the mouth
Eau] is a diphthong. A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending
two vowels together very quickly. Eau] begins with [a] and ends with [u].
..
Practice
EXERCISE A
ow
town
crown
power
eyebrow
clown
69
I,~ rr~",o: ,,,IIlog ,,"'m ro' [,"] 000,1,,, of <h' '''''" wgh.
bough
EXERCISE B
drought
(11 Listen and repeat. When producing words with the diphthong [au), be sure to glide
your articulators from [al to [u).
[au]
bound
pound
shout
proud
doubt
EXERCISE C
plough
[a]
bond
pond
shot
prod
dot
(11 Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words
should be pronounced with the diphthong [au).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1 Circle the word in each group of four that does NOT contain the diphthong [aul.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, pages 280-281.)
EXAMPLE
70
Part 1: Vowels
bounce
~ouI.?>
round
found
1. brown
down
flow
frown
2. foul
group
shout
loud
3. know
how
now
cow
4. sour
hour
tour
our
5. could
count
crown
crowd
6. thought
plough
drought
thousand
7. ounce
out
own
ouch
8. flounder
flood
flour
pounce
9. allow
about
power
arose
consonant
vowel
sound
10. noun
CHECK YOURSELF 2
I:!J Read the following dialogue. Circle the words that contain the diphthong [aul.
You look@of sorts. Scome?
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown: I'm tired out. Didn't you hear the loud noise outside all night?
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown: Our neighbors had a big crowd; they were shouting and howling!
Mr. Brown:
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown: I knew I could count on you, Here comes our noisy neighbor,
Mr. Brown:
[l]
Check to make sure you circled all the words pronounced with the diphthong tau].
Then read the dialogue with a partner.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
I:!J
Read the poem aloud. Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced words containing
the diphthong tau) correctly.
I th,
Hungry Owl
Anonymous
Lesson 15
71
EXERCISE B
[l] Work with a partner. Practice pronouncing the phrases in the box.
bush
Now take turns making statements and responses, completing each response with a
phrase from the box. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words
containing the diphthong [auj.
1.
2.
3.
Statement:
Response:
Statement:
Response:
Statement:
Response:
Sounds like
Response:
Statement:
Response:
Statement:
7.
8.
Response:
Statement:
Response:
Statement:
Response:
Practice [au] out loud, and you will have few doubts about the sound [au]!
72 Part 1: Vowels
Lips: Glide from an open to a slightly parted
position
ice
my
EXERCISE A
[al] At
eyelI
ice
I'm
I've
[al] Spelled
i
y
I
my
ice
fly
fire
why
bite
type
nice style
ie
die
pie
tie
cries
fried
[al] In the
bite/byte
five
mind
sign
Middle of Words
fight
kind
rhyme time/thyme
while
height
igh
high
sight
night
delight
frighten
73
EXERCISE B
(11 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
diphthong [aI].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hi!
Nice to meet you.
I'm fine.
What time is it?
Nice try!
Rise and shine!
The store is open from nine to five.
C3::J Read the words aloud. Circle the word in each group that does NOT contain the
diphthong [aI]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 281.)
EXAMPLE
pie
Part 1: Vowels
c@Y
rice
1. price
crime
pity
pile
2. mind
kind
spinning
finding
3. sign
high
fright
freight
4. list
cite
aisle
cried
5. gyp
bye
cry
reply
6. niece
nice
knife
night
7. style
failed
filed
fire
8. pretty
try
resign
good-bye
9. ice
eye
aim
aisle
fine
duty
dying
10. flight
74
line
CHECK YOURSELF 2
[IJ Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner. Circle an the words that contain the
diphthong [all.
Mike:~It's~to see you.
Myra: Likewise, Mike. How are you?
Mike: I'm tired. I just came in on a night flight from Ireland.
Myra: What time did your flight arrive?
Mike: I arrived at five forty-five in the morning.
Myra: I'm surprised the airlines have a late-night flight.
Mike: If you don't mind, Myra, I think I'll go home and rest for a while. I'm really
wiped out!
Myra: Why, Mike, I have a whole night lined up-dining out and going nightclubbing!
Mike: Myra, are you out of your mind?
Myra: I'm only joking. You're going right home. Sleep tight!
More Rractice
EXERCISE A
[IJ Read the paragraph aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing
the diphthong [all.
Lying!
Psychologists say that lying well is a special talent that is not easily
acquired. Good liars can be quite likeable, have a charming style, and
can look you right in the eye. Lie-detector tests are used about 1 million
times a year by private companies, police departments, and even the CIA.
Some people insist that lie-detector tests are reliable. However, many
experts find that lie-detectors can be fooled by biting one's tongue. From
the beginning of time, people have tried to detect lies. In ancient India,
suspected liars were sent by themselves into a hut without any light. They
were instructed to pull the tail of a donkey in the hut. They were told the
donkey would cry out if the person pulling its tail was lying. They had no
idea that the donkey's tail was covered in soot. The real liars were
identified because they had no soot on their hands when they came out of
the hut!
Lesson 16
75
EXERCISE B
i!J Read "Going to St. Ives" aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of
boldfaced words with the diphthong [all. Then answer the question in the
EXERCISE C
[l] List five things that you like. The names of the things should contain the
diphthong [aI]. Then work with a partner. Ask each other, "What do you like?"
Answer with the things on your list.
EXAMPLE
76
Part 1: Vowels
[I].
Practice
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
toy
boy
ploy
enjoy
annoy
decoy
destroy
[IJ Read the phrases aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
diphthong [;)11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
77
CHECK YOURSELF 1
CD
Read the following words. Circle the word in eacil gr(llJp that is NOTpronolJnced
with [:1I]. (For answers to Check YOlJrself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, pages 281-282.)
join
enjoy
~unv
1. voice
avoid
void
vows
2. noise
nose
hoist
annoy
3. towel
toy
toil
spoil
4. Detroit
Illinois
8t. Croix
New York
5. oil
oily
foil
owl
6. boil
broil
bow
boy
7. poison
pounce
point
appoint
8. poise
Joyce
Joan
soil
9. coil
coal
coy
coin
sirloin
oyster
moist
joy
EXAMPLE
10. lobster
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD Read the dialogue. Circle the words that are pronounced with the diphthong [:1I].
Mrs. Royce: Hi,
Mr. Lloyd:
Yes,
Mrs.~oyc:VI'd
like a@for my
son,~~;D
Mrs. Royce: We have quite a choice of toys. What about a fire truck?
Mr. Lloyd:
Mrs. Royce: Your boy will enjoy it. Mr. Lloyd? Please turn off the set. Mr. Lloyd!
Mr. Lloyd:
Did you say something, Mrs. Royce? I'm playing with Floyd's new toy!
Mrs. Royce: I guess you've made your choice! I hope you let your boy use it once
in a while!
IlJ
Check to make sure you circled all the [:1I] words. Then practice the dialogue with
a partner.
78
Part 1: Vowels
More Practice
EXERCISE A
LIJ
Read the limerick aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced
words with the [:)11 sound.
EXERCISE B
2. A: Would you prefer to cook fish in oil or wrap it in foil and steam it?
B:
-----------------
-'-
Lesson 17
79
Stress, Rhythtn,
and Intonation
83
Definition
Stress refers to the amount of volume that a speaker gives to a particular sound,
syllable, or word while saying it. Stressed sounds and syllables are louder and
longer than unstressed ones. The words accent, stress, and emphasis are frequently
used interchangeably.
Stress in English
A major characteristic of the English language is the use of strong and weak
stress. Every word of more than one syllable has a syllable that is emphasized
more than the others. Accented syllables receive more force and are louder than
unaccented ones. Correct use of stress is essential for achieving proper
pronunciation of words.
Possible Pronunciation Problems
Many languages have specific rules for accenting words. When there is an
exception to the rule, an accent mark is generally written above the stressed
syllable. There are NO consistent rules in English. Consequently, you may have
difficulty when attempting to accent syllables correctly.
1. If you place the stress on the wrong syllable:
EXAMPLES
desert (dry barren region) will sound like dessert (sweet foods)
Invalid (bedriddenlill person) will sound like invalid (void, null)
2. If you stress every vowel in a word equally and forget to reduce vowels in
unaccented syllables:
EXAMPLES
tomorrow
because
As you practice imitating your teacher or the instructor on the CD, your ability
to use proper stress patterns when speaking English will improve. BE POSITIVE
AND KEEP PRACTICING!
84
Tuesday
awful
ever
brother
oven
FIRST
syllable.
window
bedroom
stoplight
schoOlhouse
bookstore
3. Numbers that are multiples of ten are accented on the FIRST syllable.
EXAMPLES
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
myself
yourself
himself
herself
ourselves
outdone
outsmart
outdo
outrun
overlook
Rractice
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
rt'lusten and repeat. Be sure to stress the FIRST syllable of the words on the left
and the SECOND syllable of the words on the right.
Stress on
Stress on
FIRST Syllable
SECOND Syllable
apple
table
mother
teacher
winter
paper
baseball
breakfast
sixty
eighty
around
allow
invite
complete
support
believe
myself
outrun
behind
Primary Stress on
SECOND Syllable
acceptance
vanilla
examine
tomorrow
policeman
employer
repairman
translation
gorilla
December
Primary Stress on
THIRD Syllable
afternoon
absolute
seventeen
recommend
guarantee
employee
personnel
gasoline
kangaroo
overlook
Lesson 19
85
rt1
Listen and repeat the noun/verb pairs. Remember to stress the noun on the FIRST
syllable and verb on the SECOND.
Nouns
conflict
conduct
content
desert
digest
contest
permit
exploit
?bject
increase
EXERCISE D
(controversy)
(one's behavior)
(subject matter)
(barren region)
(synopsis)
(competition)
(written warrant)
(notable act, adventure)
(material thing)
(enlargement)
Verbs
conflict
conduct
content
desert
digest
contest
,
permit
explo'it
object
increase
(to clash)
(to lead or guide)
(to satisfy)
(to abandon)
(to absorb)
(to dispute or challenge)
(to allow or consent)
(to take advantage of)
(to oppose or disagree)
(to make larger)
rt1
Listen and repeat the sentences. Carefully pronounce the stress pattern differences
between the boldfaced words in each sentence.
1. Please record the record.
2. Please don't desert me in the desert.
3. We project that the project will be good.
4. The sheik was fifty with fifteen wives!
5. His hairline began receding recently.
6. The teacher was content with the content of the report.
7. He objects to the ugly objects.
8. I mistrust Mister Smith.
9. She will present you with a present.
10. He will contest the results of the contest.
The Prefix re1. When the prefix re- means "again," it receives strong stress.
EXAMPLES
redo
rename
re-dress
re-sort
remake
2. When the syllable re begins a word, and it doesn't mean "again," it is unstressed.
EXAMPLES
remark
redeem
remind
reward
require
EXERCISE E
rtl
Listen and repeat the pairs of words and the sentences. Remember to stress re- only
when it means "again."
something again)
2. ni-press (to press or iron
something again)
LIJ
Read the sentences aloud. Fill in the blank with compound nouns formed from the
two boldfaced words. Be sure to stress the first syllable of each compound noun. (For
answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix 11, pages 282-284.)
EXAMPLE
---
_
_
Lesson 19 87
CHECK YOURSELF 2
rt1
Listen and repeat the words. Circle the ONE word in each group that has a stress
pattern different from the others.
EXAMPLE
connect
contain
1. agent
annoy
allow
agree
2. upon
until
undo
under
3. protect
program
pronoun
protein
4. token
toaster
today
total
S. supper
sunken
suffer
support
6. explain
extra
excite
exam
7. deepen
deny
devote
degree
8. repair
reason
recent
reader
9. invite
invent
inform
instant
oppose
over
only
10. open
CHECK YOURSELF 3
rt1
Listen and repeat the sentences. Circle the number of the stressed syllable in each
italicized word.
CD
EXAMPLE
88
Cnsta~
control
CHECK YOURSELF 4
CD
Read the poem aloud line by line. Observe how the nQuoin each line is
emphasized. Circle the number of the stressed syllable in each two-syllable word.
(j) 2
Money
(j)
(j) 2
Richard Armour
1
Check your answers. Then read the poem aloud again using proper stress patterns.
Lesson 19 89
More Practice
EXERCISE
III Work with a partner. Take turns explaining the type of work that each person
in the list does. Then use the word in a sentence. Be sure to stress the correct syllable in
each compound noun.
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
I
I
"He lives in the green house" (the house painted green) will sound like
"He lives in the greenhouse" (where plants are grown).
b. distort your intended meaning of the sentence.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES
91
Articles
Prepositions
Pronouns
Conjunctions
Helping verbs
the, a
for, of, in, to
I, her, him, he, she, you
but, as, and
is, was, are, were, has, can
Practice
EXERCISE A
(i'l Listen and repeat the common expressions. Be sure to stress the content words,
NOT the function words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sooner or later
in a moment
an apple a day
to tell the truth
as soft as a kitten
Silence is golden.
Honesty is the best policy.
Truth is stranger than fiction.
A penny saved is a penny earned.
To err is human; to forgive is divine.
EXAMPLES
(i'l Listen and repeat the questions and responses. The boldfaced words should
receive more emphasis than the other words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
big dog
good book
pretty dress
nice boy
EXERCISE C
rt1
Listen and repeat the sentences. Be sure to stress only the boldfaced words or
syllables.
rt1 Listen to the dialogue. Pay careful attention to the sentence stress patterns used.
John: Anna, who was on the phone?
Anna: Myoid friend Mary.
John: Mary Jones?
Anna: No. Mary Hall.
John: I don't know Mary Hall. Where is she from?
Anna: She's from Washington.
John: Washington the state or Washington the city?
Anna: Washington, D.C., our nation's capital.
John: Is that where she lives?
Lesson 20
93
[l] Now practice the dialogue with a partner. Be sure to STRESS the boldfaced words.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
lIJ Read the sentences aloud. Circle all content words and underline all function
words. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, page 284.)
The~are~rki~.
EXAMPLE
Check your answers. Then read the sentences aloud again. Be sure to stress all content
words and unstress all function words.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
lIJ Read the sentences aloud. In each sentence, the function words have been omitted.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate function words.
I went
EXAMPLE
to
the
cup
1. Marywants
2.
show started
3.
movie
store.
coffee.
eight.
very funny.
4. Sue ate
slice
5. We met
couple
cake.
friends
mine.
Check your answers. Then practice reading the sentences aloud again. Remember, do
not stress the function words!
CHECK YOURSELF 3
Read the sentences aloud. One word in each sentence will be stressed more than
the others. Circle the word that you must stress to clarify the intended meaning of the
sentence.
EXAMPLES
4. She lives in the white house. (She doesn't live in the White House.)
5. Her house is on First Street. (It isn't on First Avenue.)
6. Anna and John got married three years ago. (They didn't get married
five years ago.)
7. They own a small home. (They don't rent.)
8. Mary wants to come in a week. (She doesn't want to wait a month.)
9. She'll bring her collie and snakes. (She's not bringing her poodle.)
10. Mary is opening a pet store. (She isn't opening a toy store.)
More Practice
EXERCISE
Read the paragraph aloud. Remember, the boldfaced words should receive more
emphasis than the other words in the sentence.
We hope this chapter on stress didn't cause you any stress! You did a
beautiful job! It's time to take a break and RELAX for a while. When you're
well rested, move on to the next lesson. You 71 soon get the RHYTHM!
Lesson 20
95
Rhythm
Rhythm in English
The rhythm of conversational English is more rapid than that of formal speech.
Every spoken sentence contains syllables or words that receive primary stress.
Certain words within the sentence must be emphasized, while others are spoken
more rapidly. To keep the sentence flowing smoothly, words are linked together
into phrases and separated by pauses to convey meaning clearly. Effective use of
rhythm will help you to achieve more natural-sounding speech.
Possible Pronunciation Problems
__
~~.~=~_".=_~~_. ~~_.
In many languages, all vowels in all syllables are pronounced almost equally.
Syllables are rarely lost or reduced as they are in English. It is likely that you are
using your language's conversational rhythm patterns when speaking English.
This habit will contribute to a noticeable foreign accent.
1. If you stress each word equally or too precisely:
EXAMPLE
"He will leave at three" will sound like "He will leave at three."
2. If you avoid the use of contractions or reduced forms:
EXAMPLES
"I can't go" will sound like "I can not go."
"He likes ham'n eggs" will sound like "He likes ham and eggs."
3. If you insert pauses incorrectly between the words of the sentence, you will
distort the meaning of your sentence and create a choppy rhythm.
EXAMPLE
"I don't know Joan" will sound like "I don't know, Joan."
We know this can be slightly confusing at first. Please do not be concerned!
THE EXERCISES IN THIS CHAPTER WILL GET YOU RIGHT INTO THE RHYTHM!
Contractions
Contractions are two words that are combined together to form one. Contractions
are used frequently in spoken English and are grammatically correct. If you use
the full form of the contraction in conversation, your speech will sound stilted
and unnatural.
Contraction
I'll
you're
he's
we've
isn't
96
Full Form
I will
you are
he is
we have
is not
Practice
EXERCISE A
D:J
Read the pairs of sentences aloud. The first sentence is written in full form; the
second contains a contraction. listen to how smooth and natural the second sentence
sounds compared with the choppy rhythm of the first sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I am late again.
Mary does not know.
You are next in line.
We have already met.
That is right!
They will not sing.
Steve has not eaten.
He is very nice.
Please do not yelL
We will be there.
EXAMPLES
When words are blended together in this manner, sounds are frequently reduced
or omitted completely. (The blending of words and the reductions and omissions
of sounds occur ONLY in conversational speech. They are NEVER written this way.)
"I miss Sam" sounds like "I misam."
EXAMPLES
kI1
Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to blend the words together smoothly and
to use reduced forms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
cream'n sugar
bread'n butter
ham'n cheese
pieceapie
I gota school.
He had a cupacoffee.
I wanna takeabreak.
Lesson 21
97
8. Seeyalater.
9. Leavmealone.
10. Whatimeisit?
Linking
Linking sounds while speaking is necessary to speak English smoothly and to
sound like a native speaker of English. Linking is the connecting of the last sound
in one word to the first sound of the next word. The amount of linking in a
person's speech varies from speaker to speaker. However, there are two situations
in which most native speakers of English use linking regularly.
When a word begins with a vowel sound, it is often pronounced as if it began with
the final consonant sound of the previous word.
"Don't ask" sounds like "Don 'task."
EXAMPLES
When the same consonant sound that ends one word also begins the next word,
that sound should not be pronounced twice. It should be pronounced one time but
with a slightly lengthened articulation.
warm milk = war milk
cold day = col day
EXAMPLES
EXERCISE C
(11
Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to pronounce the words beginning with
vowel sounds as if they begin with the last consonant sound of the previous word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERCISE D
(ta kover)
(loo kup)
(It sopen.)
(Ma ka wish.)
(Ki saun talice.)
(Leave hi malone.)
(Let seat now.)
(Ca lanother friend.)
(Jum pu pan down.)
(Buy a re denvelope.)
(11
Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to pronounce the identical consonant
letters in the adjacent words as ONE sound.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
98
take over
look up
It's open.
Make a wish.
Kiss aunt Alice.
Leave him alone.
Let's eat now.
Call another friend.
Jump up and down.
Buy a red envelope.
Double Consonants
Many words in English are spelled with the same two consecutive consonant
letters (e.g., "little" or "coffee"). Pronouncing the same sound twice will disrupt
your rhythm of spoken English and contribute to your accent.
pretty will sound like pret-ty
happen will sound like hap-pen
EXAMPLES
EXERCISE E
CD
Read the words aloud. Be sure to pronounce the identical consonant letters in each
word as ONE sound.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
trigger
coffee
fussy
silly
cotton
happy
penny
offer
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
parrot
paddle
little
passing
butter
pillow
traffic
rt1
Listen and repeat the sentences. Be sure to PAUSE between phrases (marked by the
slanted lines) and to blend the words in each phrase.
1. The phone book II is on the shelf.
2. Steve said II "Sue is gone."
3. "Please help me II Sally."
4. Mr. White II our neighborllis very nice.
5. I don't agree II and I won't change my mind.
6. Please finish your homework II before you go out.
7. Dr. Stevensllour new dentistflcancelled my appointment.
8. Do you prefer to eatfl steak with French fries II or steak with rice?
9. I like to go for long walks II when the weather is sunny and cool.
10. My dog barks at people II when they knock on the door.
Lesson 21
99
EXERCISE G
Read the pairs of sentences aloud. Be sure to pause between phrases. listen to how
the meanings of the sentences change when you vary your phrasing and pausing.
1. I know Ana.
2. Please call me Mary. (You're telling someone that your name is Mary.)
Please call me // Mary. (You're asking your friend Mary to telephone you.)
3. Who will help Steve? (You're making an inquiry about Steve.)
Who will help// Steve? (You're directly asking Steve a question.)
4. Tammy said// "The teacher is smart." (Tammy says her teacher is smart.)
"Tammy"//said the teacher//"is smart." (The teacher says Tammy is smart.)
5. Ricky thought his friend was lazy. (Ricky is thinking his friend is lazy.)
"Ricky"//thought his friend//"was lazy." (The friend is thinking Ricky is lazy.)
Sound Changes
The rapid speech of native American English speakers might be difficult for you
to understand at times. Sounds in words may run together, disappear, or actually
change.
"When did you see her?" might sound like "Whenja see-er?"
"I'll meet you" might sound like ''I'll meetcha."
EXAMPLES
It's true that such expressions are not "the King's English." In fact, the king would
probably turn over in his grave if he were to hear them! Nevertheless, American
English speakers use such rhythm patterns in informal, rapid speech. It is
important for you to be able to understand these expressions when you hear them.
EXERCISE H
rIllisten to the commonly used expressions presented using the rapid, informal
rhythm.
1. Whatsidoin?
2.
3.
4.
5.
100
Whenjarive?
Saniceday!
Nicetameetcha.
Whervyabeen?
(What is he doing?)
(When did you arrive?)
(It's a nice day!)
(Nice to meet you.)
(Where have you been?)
CHECK YOURSELF 1
CD
Read the sentences aloud. Fill in the blanks with the contraction.
Check your answers. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11,
pages 285-286.1
EXAMPLES
_ _--'-H-"'e'-"sL_ _
_ _-"W",e:.l,'r""e_ _
1.
2. Lynn
3.
4.
5. His brother
CHECK YOURSELF 2
come. (cannot)
CD
Read the sentences aloud, pausing where indicated. Underline the sentence in each
pair that is correctly marked for pauses.
EXAMPLE
Lesson 21
101
CHECK YOURSELF 3
[l] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Circle all contractions and linked words.
Then on the lines below, list these shortened forms and write their full form
equivalent.
Frances Black: Hello, this is the Black residence. This is Frances Black speaking.
Ellie White:
Frances Black: Eleanor, I am very sorry I can not visit you. I am going to lunch at
the club.
Ellie White:
Frances Black: We will not be able to join you. We have tickets for the opera.
Ellie White:
Frances Black: Eleanor, I really have to go now. It has been most pleasant
speaking with you.
Ellie White:
I hafta go now, too. It's been great talking to you. (hangs up the
Full Form
Howarya?
it's
it is
Check your answers. Then change roles and read the dialogue again with a partner.
Be sure to blend the words together smoothly and use the appropriate shortened
forms.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
CD
Read the poems aloud several times. Thought groups or phrases have been
marked for you to follow. Be sure to blend the words within each phrase together
smoothly without chopping them up with unnecessary pauses. Also, concentrate on
linking the final consonant of one word to the initial vowel sound of the next word
within each phrase.
Gifts
lames Thomson
Give a manila horse he can ride,!1
Give a man II a boat he can sail; II
And his rank and wealth,llhis strength and healthll
On sea II nor shore II shall fail.!1
Give a man II a pipe he can smoke, II
Give a manila book he can read; II
And his home is bright/!with a calm delight,11
Though the room be poor II indeed. II
Give a man II a girl he can love, II
As I, II 0 my love, !!love thee; II
And his hand is great/! with the pulse of Fate, II
At home, lion land, lion sea.
II
Lesson 21
103
Intonation
Definition
Intonation refers to the use of melody and the rise and fall of the voice when
speaking. Each language uses rising and falling pitches differently and has its own
distinctive melody and intonation patterns. In fact, babies usually recognize and
use the intonation of their native language before they learn actual speech sounds
and words.
Intonation in English
Intonation can convey grammatical meaning as well as the speaker's attitude. It
will "tell" whether a person is making a statement or asking a question; it will also
indicate if the person is confident, doubtful, shy, annoyed, or impatient. Correct
use of intonation is necessary to convey your message correctly and to make you
sound like a native English speaker.
Possible Pronunciation Problems _ _~~_'_=_~===_'_=
_ _"-.
English has several basic intonation contours. However, there are many more
possible variations that change with a speaker's intended meaning, attitude, and
emotional state of mind. Without realizing it, you can confuse your listeners by
using incorrect English intonation patterns.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
105
Linda is my sister."
2. Questions that require more than a yes/no response (such question words
include who, what, when, why, where, which, how)
EXAMPLES
RrQctice
EXERCISE A
rt'llisten and repeat the statements. Make your voice fall at the end of each of the
sentences. Remember, questions that cannot be answered with yes or no take the same
downward intonation as declarative sentences.
106
EXERCISE B
rt'l
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Responses "
Yes, I can.
Yes, he does.
Yes, you may.
No, she won't.
Yes, he's here now.
No, she's my friend.
Yes, they ate at two.
Yes, please do.
No, we're staying.
Yes, they can.
EXERCISE C
(stated as a fact)
rt'l
Listen and repeat the statements. Use a falling pitch to end the sentences on the
left and an upward pitch to end the sentences on the right. (Notice how the falling
pitch in the first reading helps you to sound sure of yourself, while the rising pitch in
the second reading makes you sound doubtful or uncertain.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lesson 22
107
If your voice drops after the first phrase, your listener will think you are finished
with the sentence. To make it clear that you have more to say, you must keep your
voice level ---> before the connecting word. There are three main types of sentences:
1. Declarative sentences with two or more phrases
Keep your voice level
EXAMPLES
--->
This intonation pattern is the same as for declarative sentences with two or more
phrases. Keep your voice level ---> before the connecting word and lower it when
you finish your question. '.
EXAMPLES
Keep your voice level ---> before the connecting word, and use a rising pitch J" at
the end of your question.
EXAMPLES
EXERCISE D
rt1
Listen and repeat the statements and questions. (The arrows are there to remind
you to use the proper intonation patterns.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
rt1
Listen and repeat the statements and questions. Indicate whether they have a
falling or rising intonation by marking an X in the appropriate column. (For answers to
Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 286-287.)
Rising
Falling
EXAMPLES
I feel fine.
_X_
_x_
cr.J
Read the multiple-phrase sentenf;es aloud. Draw the co.rrect intonation arrows in
the blanks (" voice falls; - ? voice stays level; )' voice rises).
EXAMPLE
~?
Lesson 22
109
CHECK YOURSELF 3
CD Read the joke. In the blank spaces, draw the correct intonation arrows (" = voice
falls; -;> = voice stays level; /' = voice rises). To help you, sentence stress patterns and
some intonation arrows are already provided.
-;>
prison~. When
More Rractice
EXERCISE
[l] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Use the correct sentence stress and
intonation patterns as indicated by the boldfaced words and intonation arrows
-;>
Husband:
Wife:
Husband:
Wife:
Yes ". The store had a big sale ". Everything was half-price ".
Husband:
Wife:
Husband:
Yes
Wife:
Husband:
Wife:
Husband:
Stop it \o! I'm afraid to hear any more \0. Do we have any money
~,
~,
->
scarf
~,
dress
~,
left ?'?
Wife:
Yes,
dear~,
~,
Lesson 22 111
Consonants
chain
mechanic
Pretty confusing, right? That's why the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is
helpful. The IPA, which is used all over the world, consists of a set of symbols in
which ONE symbol always represents ONE sound.
As with the vowels in Part 1, each consonant will be introduced and explained one
at a time. To help you learn the exact pronunciation of the phonetic symbols and
key words, a Key to Pronouncing the Consonants of American English is
presented on page 117. Refer to it, and listen to the pronunciation of the sounds,
as needed.
Definitions
As you progress through the consonant lessons, you will frequently see the terms
gum ridge, soft palate, aspiration, voiced consonant, voiceless consonant, and
articulators. We will now define these terms for you.
Upper teeth
Lips
~=:::::~~~~~~f
Lower teeth
Tongue
Soft palate: The soft palate is the soft, movable, rear portion of the roof of your
mouth.
115
them.
2. The way the breath stream comes from your mouth or nose. For
example, the breath stream, or airstream, is continuous for the
consonants [s] or [f], but is completely stopped and then exploded for
[p] or [t]. The airstream flows through the nose for [m], [n], and [IJ] and
through the mouth for all other consonants.
3. The vibration of your vocal cords. For
Voiced
Voiceless
example, your vocal cords do not vibrate
[b]
[p]
for the sounds [8], [f], or [t], but you
[d]
[t]
must add "voicing" for the sounds
[k]
[9]
[z], [v], or [d].
[v]
[f]
The chart on the right categorizes the voiced
and voiceless consonants. Don't try to memorize
the chart! Just put your hand over your vocal cords
as you practice saying the sounds. You will be able
to hear and feel the difference between voiced and
voiceless consonants.
[z]
[6]
[d3]
[3]
[m], [n], [IJ]
[j], [w], [l], [r]
[8]
[0]
[tf]
[J]
[h]
[s]
[z]
[t]
[d)
[9]
[0]
[J]
[tJ]
[3]
[d3]
[j]
[p]
[b]
[f]
[v]
[k]
[9]
[w]
[I]
[r]
[h]
[m]
[n]
[lJ]
Lesson 23
117
Tongue tip: Near but not touching gum ridge behind upper front
teeth
Airstream: Continuous without interruption
Vocal cords: Not vibrating
,~~~~~,""""~,_"~~,'~"'~"'_="'_"''''~.,'''_=''_,'_'='
",
The sound [s] is a common sound. Some speakers may incorrectly say [e] before
[8] in English. Others may say [J] instead of [8] before [i] and [I].
EXAMPLES
As you say [s], keep the airstream steady, like the hissing sound of a snake
(sssssssss) !
So study and practice; you'll soon have success with [s]!
Practice
'
EXERCISE A
[s] Spelled
s
spy
ski
smoke
steal
desk
118
c
cell
ice
lace
cent
center
x ([ks])
six
fix
fox
tax
oxen
[s] In the
lesson
racing
listen
pencil
ss
kiss
less
dresser
message
Middle of Words
custom
castle
basket
history
answer
fast
pretzel
place
society
fancy
EXERCISE B
coats
cuffs
voiceless consonants.
maps
rt'l Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [sI in the boldfaced words.
1. stop sign
2. small mistake
3. start and stop
4. Nice to see you.
5. Stand straight.
6. Sit still!
7. Speak for yourself.
8. The swimmer was slow and steady.
9. The grocery store started selling seafood.
10. Stan stopped smoking cigars.
1L We had stllak and spinach for supper.
12. Students study in school.
13. I rest on Saturday and Sunday.
14. The sportsman likes to ski and skate.
15. Stacy speaks Spanish.
CHECK YOURSELF
rt'l
Listen and circle the letter s in each word that is pronounced [s]. (Only ONE s in each
word is actually pronounced [s].) (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 287.)
EXAMPLE
@urprise
L suppose
2. Sus a n
3. d i sas t e r
4. ea s i est
5. po s t e r s
6. s a I e s ill a n
7.
8.
9.
10.
sea son
res i s t
pr e s e n t s
business
Lesson 24
119
More Practice
CIJ
EXERCISE
Read aloud the essay about Thomas Edison. Pay attention to the boldfaced words
containing the [sI sound.
MUST
Think of the buzzing sound of a bee (bzzzzzzzzzz) and you'll say your zs
with ease!
I
,I .
Practice
(IJ
EXERCiSE A
Listen and repeat. Put your hand on your throat so that you can feel your vocal
cords vibrate as you pronounce the consonant [z).
[z] Spelled
s
has
eyes
rose
these
bruise
zip
size
seize
lizard
sneeze
Xerox
eyes .
because
rise
Lesson 24
121
EXERCISE B
rt1Listen and repeat. Rememberto add voicing when pronouncing the consonant [z]
in the boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF
rt1 Listen and circle the word in each group that is NOT pronounced with [zl. (For
answers, see Appendix 11, pages 287-288.)
EXAMPLE
is
was
his
1. eyes
nose
wrist
ears
2. walls
waltz
wells
ways
3. carrots
apples
peas
raisins
4. pleasing
pleasant
pleasure
please
5. deserve
daisy
serve
design
6. cease
seize
size
sings
7. Tuesday
Thursday
Wednesday
Saturday
8. east
ease
easy
tease
9. rose
rice
raise
rise
xylophone
clothes
zero
10. fox
122
Part 3: Consonants
More Practice
EXERCISE
[lJ Zelda and Zachary need help completing their crossword puzzle. Read the
dialogue with a partner, filling in the missing words containing [zJ. Also pay attention
to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words containing [zJ.
Zelda:
Zachary, this crossword puzzle is driving me crazy. What's a sevenletter word that means "surprising or unbelievable"?
Zelda:
Zelda:
.... _."
".z...
."
Zelda:
This quiz is getting easier. An animal with stripes that is seen at the zoo.
Zachary:
"-z-
."
..K..
.n
(11 Listen and repeat each pair of words or sentences. Remember, [zJ is a voiced sound;
your vocal cords should vibrate. And be sure to prolong any vowel BEFORE the sound [zl.
[5]
[z]
1. Sue
zoo
2. face
phase
3. race
raise
4. bus
buzz
5. ice
eyes
Lesson 24 .
123
EXERCISE B
[z]
[z]
[z]
[s]
[s]
(j1 Listen and repeat. Be sure to add "voice" to the letter s when saying the verbs.
Nouns
s = [s]
Verbs
s = [z]
excuse (a reason)
house (residence)
abuse (injure)
(j1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words. Be sure to distinguish
between the voiceless [sI in the nouns and the voiced [zl in the verbs.
[z]
[z]
[s]
[s]
[z]
[z]
rt1
Listen. Two of the words in each group will be the same; Jile will be different.
Circle the number of the word that is different. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see
Appendix 11, pages 288-289.)
You hear
prize
price
price
You circle
cD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD
Read the sentences aloud. In the brackets above each boldfaced word, write [sI
or [z].
Cs]
EXAMPLE
Cs] [z]
Silence is golden.
[]
[]
[]
1. It's raining cats and dogs.
[H]
[lE]
[ ]
Lesson 24
125
CHECK YOURSELF 3
(t1 Listen and circle the word used to complete each sentence.
Cs]
EXAMPLE
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
(t1 W
Listen. Circle the words pronounced with [sI and underline the words
pronounced with [zl. Then practice reading the limericks aloud.
AManNamed@
More Practice
EXERCISE
CD Read the paragraph about Julius Caesar aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the
boldfaced [5] and [z] words correctly.
Julius Caesar
Cs] Cs] [z]
[z]
Cs]
Cs]
[z]
Cs]
[z]
[z][s]
[z] [z][s]
Cs]
[z][z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
Cs]
Cs]
He reorganized the government and raised the status of the poor. But
[z][s]
[z]
[z]
Cs]
Cs]
Cs]
[z]
[s][s] [z]
Cs]
Shakespeare said in his play about Julius Caesar, "Men at some time
Cs] [z]
Cs]
Cs] [z]
Cs] [z]
are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
Cs]
[z]
[z]
Lesson 24
127
Practice saying Et] while loosely holding a tissue in front of your mouth. If you
aspirate [t] correctly and say it with a puff of air, your tissue will flutter.
So-be sure to practice all the time; you'll make a terrific [t].
Practice
EXERCISE A
128
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen and repeat. The letter t in the following words occurs between vowels,
so it is NOT aspirated.
city
pretty
better
notice
butter
EXERCISE C
water
writing
sitting
pattern
cutting
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [tl sound in the boldfaced words and
Lesson 25
129
CHECK YOURSELF 1
CIJ
Read the words aloud. Circle the ONE letter t in each word that is pronounced [t1.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 289.)
t h 0 u g h
EXAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
traction
t hat
pat i e n t
t ext u r e
t e m per a t u r e
too t h
presentation
a r i t h met i c
to get her
sub t r act ion
CIJ
Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Then practice saying the
sentences aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [t1.
two
1. Tess had
much to eat.
2. I must return
books.
4. Please
me a note.
5. T'lID'S
is twenty-two.
6. 'TIe a tight
light on.
_
is the party?
_
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[IJ Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay attention to the boldfaced words
containing the consonant [t1.
Tom: T'ma, who were you talking to on the telephone?
Tina: Terry White. She wanted to know what time the party is tonight.
Tom: Terry is always late. She missed our tennis game last Tuesday.
Tina: 1\vo days ago, she didn't come to breakfast until two. Terry is always in a
tizzy.
Tom: Terry missed her flight to Texas last week.
Tina: She's never on time for any appointment.
Tom: This is terrible! What time did you tell her to come tonight?
Tma: Don't worry. I had a terrific idea. I told Terry to come at six fifteen.
The party really is set for eight!
Tom: To tell the tIuth, I wish you told her it was at two fifteen. I just don't
trust her!
EXERCISE B
CD
Read the anecdote aloud. Pay attention to the consonant It] in the boldfaced
words.
A hotel guest went into the bar one night to have a few drinks.
He had caught a bad cold and kept sneezing. The bartender, who
had known the guest for the past ten days, told him, "You look tired
and sound terrible."
"Yes, I have a terrific cold," the hotel guest stated. The
bartender turned to him and said, "It's too bad that you don't have
pneumonia. The doctors know what to do for that!"
EXERCISEC
[lJ Practice reading the questions and answers aloud with a partner. Fill in the blanks
with words containing the consonant [t]. Pay attention to the boldfaced words
containing [t].
1. A: What time does the party start?
B:Theparty&artsat
on
afternoon.
3. A: What is your telephone number?
B: My telephone number is
~__~
on Tenth Street.
Lesson 25
131
llnlnpr
2. When [d] is the last sound in a word, many speakers forget to make their vocal
cords vibrate. This will make [d] sound like a [t] and confuse your listeners.
EXAMPLES
Press your tongue tip against the gum ridge behind your upper front teeth and
add voicing when you pronounce [d].
Don't forget to practice [d] every day!
Practice
EXERCISE A
(t1Usten and repeat. Be sure your tongue tip touches the upper gum ridge.
132
[d] At
bad
did
end
said
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen. Repeat the pairs of words. Be sure to press your tongue against the upper
gum ridge and to make your vocal cords vibrate for [d]. Remember to prolong any
vowel BEFORE the consonant [d].
[t]
[d]
bed
mad
need
hard
bride
hide
wade
EXERCISE C
" words.
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [d] in the boldfaced
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
bet
mat
neat
heart
bright
height
wait
a good idea
one hundred dollars
end of the road
a bad cold
What's today's date?
How do you do?
What did you order for dinner?
Wendy is a wonderful dancer.
We landed in London at dawn.
Send dad a birthday card.
rt1
Listen carefully. Some words that should be pronounced with the consonant [d]
will be said incorrectly. Cirde Cfor Correct or I for Incorrect. (For answers to Check
Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 290.)
EXAMPLES
You hear
You circle
You hear
You circle
CD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
e
e
e
e
I
I
I
I
Lesson 26
133
CHECK YOURSELF 2
WRead this wedding invitation. Circle the words that contain the consonant [dl.
III
MR. AND M R S . @ @
III
!;
k
Ic\
c;
c:lfJENDY DEAN
0.
TO
AN DEWEY
~
SUNDAY. THE TWENTY-THIRD OF DECEMBER
AT THE DINER'S CLUB
1020 DAVIS ROAD
DENVER, COLORADO
;
c',
iIiI
;
III
J.
Now read the invitation aloud. Pay attention to the words containing
the consonant [dl.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
Read the essay aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing
the consonant [dl.
Daydreaming
Almost all people daydream during a normal day. They tend to
daydream the most during quiet times. Most people have said that they
enjoy their daydreams. Some have very ordinary daydreams, while
others have unrealistic ones, such as inheriting a million dollars. Men
daydream as much as women do, but the subject of their dreams is
different. Men daydream about being daring heroes or good athletes.
Women delight in daydreaming about fashion and beauty. As
individuals grow older, they tend to daydream less, although it is still
evident in their old age. Children daydream, too. Psychologists believe
daydreaming is an important part of children's development because it
helps them to develop their imaginations. Daydreaming has
advantages and disadvantages. It can keep p~ople entertained under
dull conditions. The downside is that, when daydreaming, they need
to divert their attention from their surroundings. When it is important
for people to pay attention to something like driving, daydreaming can
be a risky or dangerous diversion.
EXERCISE B
IIJ
Work with a partner. Write a short conversation beginning with one of the
following questions:
/
Practice your conversation together. Pay attention to all the words containing
the consonant [dl.
Lesson 26
135
When you pronounce [8], concentrate on placing your tongue between your
teeth. Look in a mirror, and keep the airstream continuous.
Keep thinking about [8]!
Practice
EXERCISE A
rt1
Listen and repeat. Remember to place your tongue between your teeth when
you say [8].
~
136
[8] In the
wealthy
nothing
method
author
Middle of Words
healthy
anything
toothpaste birthday
something northwest
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen and repeat. Remember to place your tongue BETWEEN your teeth.for
and BEHIND your teeth for [t] and [sI.
[e]
thank
thin
th()ui#
bath
thick
Beth
path
EXERCISE C
[t]
tank
tin
taught
bat
ticl('
bet
pat
re]
[s]
sank
sin
sought
bass
sick
Bess
pass
rt1 Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [e] inthe boldfaced words.
1. Thank you.
2. I think so.
3. something else
4. Open your mouth.
5. healthy and wealthy
6. a penny for your thoughts
7. Thanksgiving Day falls on Thursday.
8. Do birds fly north. or south in the winter?
9. Thank you for your thoughtful birthday card.
10. The baby got his third tooth this month.
11. Thelma had her thirty-third birthday.
12. Brush your teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste.
13. Good friends stick with you through thick and thinl
14. Beth walked back and forth on the path.
15. The O<ith is,/Tell the truth., the whole truth, and nothing but the
trI.lth."
CHECK YOURSELF 1
rt1
Listen. Ten of the following words contain the consonant [8]. Circle the words
containing the consonant [8]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11,
page 290.)
Thomas
@~t0
clothes
further
ete~0
~
feather
father
although
thick
other
faith
throw
clothing
breathe
breath
rather
method
cloth
thorough
Lesson 27137
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CI:J
Read aloud the paragraph about Jim Thorpe. Circle the words that should be
pronounced with the consonant [81.
Jimto~
Do you
Check your answers, and practice reading the paragraph aloud again.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[l] Work with a partner. Practice these tongue twisters. Which of you will be first
to read them quickly with no mistakes? Pay attention to the boldfaced words
containing the consonant [81. Remember to place your tongue between your
teeth when you say [81.
1. Theopholus Thistle, the successful thistle sifter, in sifting a sieveful
of unsifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the
thick of his thumb.
2. Thirty thousand thoughtless boys thought they'd make a lot of
noise. So with thirty thousand thumbs, they banged on thirty
thousand drums!
EXERCISE B
[l] No one ever gets tired of hearing "Thank you!" Work with a partner. Write a
dialogue in which one person thanks another person for something. Remember
to pay attention to the consonant [8) in thank yau and in other words.
Keep thinking about [8]!
138
Part 3: Consonants
'.=
"
,==
'~
When pronouncing [0], remember to place your tongue between your teeth
and to keep the airstream from your mouth continuous.
Look in the mirror as you pronounce [0]. Make sure you can see the tip of
your tongue, and there won't be a problem with these, them, and those,
PractlEe
EXERCISE A
139
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
[d]
day
[0]
6. then
[z]
2. breathe
breed
7. breathe
breeze
3. there
dare
8. soothe
sues
4. though
dough
9. writhe
rise
5. bathe
bade
bays
rtJ
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
consonant [0].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
10. bathe
Zen
That's right.
father and mother
either one of them
This is it!
under the weather
Don't bother me!
This is my other brother.
I'd rather get together another day.
That leather belt feels smooth.
I like this one better than the other one.
Mother must bathe the baby.
Will Grandmother and Grandfather be there?
Birds of a feather flock together.
This clothing is as light as a feather.
The rhythm of the music is soothing.
Cl:J
Circle the word in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.Then read
each sentence aloud. Be sure to place the tip of your tongue between your teeth as you
say 16]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 291-292.)
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 3
brother
mother
NOT
father
1. cloth
clothing
clothes
clothe
2. though
although
thought
those
3. then
them
themselves
den
4. feather
father
faith
further
5. bathing
bath
bathe
breathe
6. thank
than
that
then
7. soothe
sues
soothing
smooth
8. dare
there
their
theirs
[l] Read the dialogue with a partner and circle the words containing the consonant [0].
Daughter: ,oth?, I
Mother:
Daughter: I know these peoplel Aren't they Uncle Tom and Uncle Bob?
Mother:
Read the dialogue again and check to make sure you circled the words containing the
consonant [0]. Then change roles and read the dialogue aloud again with a partner.
Lesson 28
141
More Practice
EXERCISE A
l:IJ
Read the weather report aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing
the consonant [0].
r-I
I
EXERCISE B
l:IJ
Select a brief newspaper or magazine article. Circle all words pronounced with
the consonant [0]. Look in a mirror as you read it aloud. Be sure to see and feel the
tip of your tongue between your teeth as you say [0].
[0] is another sound that you can master, if you remember that the tip
of your tongue goes between your teeth!
[s]
[t]
pat
1. pass
2. sink
think
said
set
4. Stan
Zen
[ill
[d]
[0]
path
zinc
3.
5.
[6]
[d]
Seth
Dan
than
den
then
[s]
re]
[I]
re]
[z]
[s]
re]
[d]
[t]
[d]
[z]
[t]
143
_~=~~""==~~."~.=..=~"~."==._"_~==_=
The consonant [f] may not be familiar to you. You may accidentally substitute
the more familiar [s] or [tf] sound (the sound to be covered next).
EXAMPLES
If you say [s] instead of [f]: she will sound like see.
If you say [tf] instead of [f]: shoe will sound like chew.
The sound [f] will be easy to pronounce if you keep the airstream steady and
smooth. Be careful not to let your tongue touch your teeth or upper gum ridge
or you will say [tf] by mistake.
[J] is a steady, quiet sound. Shhhhhhh.
Practice
rt'l Listen and repeat. Remember, your tongue should not touch the roof of your mouth.
EXERCISE A
144
ti
ci
option
section
fiction
mention
election
social
special
musician
physician
conscious
[J] In the
ocean
washer
tissue
insure
Middle of Words
nation
official
patient
machine
mission
brushing
ss
issue
assure
depression
profession
expression
ch
chef
chute
machine
Chicago
chauffeur
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
~ Listen and repeat. Be sure to pucker your lips for [fl and "smile" for [s].
UJ
[s]
ship
sip
sheet
seat
shelf
self
sheen
seen
mash
mass
~ Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words and phrases containing
the If] sound.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Shake hands.
washing machine
I'm sure!
short on cash
Shut the door!
Polish your shoes.
There are many fish in the ocean.
Shirley shopped for shoes.
The shirt should be washed.
The mushrooms and shrimp are delicious.
We had a short vacation in Washington.
Shine the flasWight in this direction.
She showed us the chic new fashions.
Charlotte speaks English and Spanish.
I wish you would finish washing the dishes.
Lesson 30
145
CHECK YOURSELF
rt'l
Listen and circle the word in each group that is NOT pronounced with the
consonant Ifl. (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 292.)
cgeas~
EXAMPLE
sure
surely
sugar
1. crush
cash
catch
crash
2. chef
chief
chute
chiffon
3. machine
parachute
mustache
kitchen
4. China
Russia
Chicago
Michigan
5. facial
conscience
science
conscious
6. pressure
pressed
assure
permission
7. division
subtraction
addition
multiplication
8. position
action
patio
motion
9. Charlotte
Cheryl
Sharon
Charles
resign
pension
mention
10. tension
More Practice
EXERCISE A
cr:J
EXERCISE B
[l] Work with a partner. Take turns reading the hints and identifying the correct
occupation from the box. Pay attention to the consonant If] in the boldfaced words.
EXAMPLE
I
146
Part 3: Consonants
B:
,finandal
a financial advisor
""~~
physician
musician
chef
social worker
fashion designer
5. A: A person with this occupation should know about the body and
healing.
B:
--
~----
----
-----
Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front
teeth
Airstream: Stopped (as for [t]) and then released (as for [f])
Vocal cords: Not vibrating
Just remember to start [tJ] with your tongue in the same place as for the sound
[t]. Be sure to press your tongue tip against the gum ridge behind your upper
front teeth, or you will say [f] by mistake.
[tJ] is an explosive sound like a sneeze! Think of Ah-CHOO and you'll
the challenge of pronouncing [tn.
Lesson 30
147
Practice
(I] Listen and repeat the following words. Be sure to begin Itf] just like the sound Itl.
EXERCISE A
chew
chair
child
chalk
nature
teacher
picture
hatchet
itch
each
match
much
chest
choose
cherry
chicken
Charles
cheerful
butcher question
richer
future
orchard catcher
reach
watch
touch
speech
sandwich
peach
[tf] Spelled
ch
chop
rich
cheap
cheese
March
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
tu
mature
culture
posture
fortune
picture
tch
patch
catch
butcher
kitchen
pitcher
[t]
[f]
cheer
tear
sheer
chip
tip
ship
chin
tin
shin
match
mat
mash
watch
what
wash
(I] Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the Itf] sound in the boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Watch out!
inch by inch
I'm catching a cold.
cheese sandwich
Don't touch that!
chocolate chip cookies
Does the butcher charge much for chickens?
Which furniture did you choose?
Natural cheddar cheese is not cheap.
Please watch the children in the lunchroom.
riJ Listen to the sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with [tf) will be
said INCORRECTLY. Circle Cfor Correct or I for Incorrect to indicate whether the [tf) word
in each sentence is pronounced properly. (For answers, see Appendix 11, page 292.1
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERCISE A
You hear
You circle
You hear
You circle
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
CD
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
LIJ
Read aloud the paragraph about Chubby Checker. Be sure to pronounce all the
boldfaced [tf) words correctly.
Chubby Checker
Children and teenagers in the 1960s were channed by the performer
known as Chubby Checker. Chubby became "King of the Twist" and
changed the future of music forever. While he was working in a chicken
store, Chubby's boss recognized natural talent and had him sing to the
customers. His "catchy" name, Chubby Checker, was chosen over his
actual name, Ernest Evans. He actually recorded the "Twist" while still
in high school and was fortunate to hit the charts immediately. His
career was launched. His records reached people around the world.
Chubby was featured on TV and watched by millions in movies and
shows. Although Chubby is no longer the top-notch king of rock, he is
still everyone's c h a m p i o n . .
~
Lesson 30
149
EXERCISE B
[l] Rachel and Chuck made a list of all the chores to do around the house. Work with a
partner. Pretend you are Rachel and Chuck. Decide which eight chores are the most
important and which of you will do each of the eight. Pay attention to the boldfaced
words containing the consonant [tJ].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Et ]
rt1
Listen and repeat. Remember: Your tongue tip must touch the upper gum ridge
for [tJ] but NOT for [J].
[f]
1. shoe
chew
2. share
chair
3. ship
chip
4. wash
watch
5. cash
catch
6. I have a crush.
I have a crutch.
9. Give me my share.
Give me my chair.
[tf]
EXERCISE B
[tf]
[tf]
[tf]
[tf]
[tf]
rtl
Listen. Two of the words in each series will be the same; one will be different.
Circle the number of the word that is different. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see
Appendix 11, pages 292-293.1
You hear
EXAMPLE
You circle
Q)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 1
8. 1
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 2 Write the correct phonetic symbols in the brackets above the boldfaced letters.
[tf]
EXAMPLE
[f]
[f]
[]
[]
Lesson 30
151
[]
[]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
(Il Listen and circle the word used to complete each sentence.
UJ
[tf]
You sure can ~/chop).
EXAMPLE
UJ
[If]
UJ
[If]
[tf]
UJ
[If]
[tf]
[tf]
UJ
[If]
[If]
t:IJ
Check your answers. Then read each sentence aloud twice. Use the first word
in the first reading and the second word in the second reading.
CHECK YOURSELF 4 Circle the words containing the consonant [J] and underline the words containing
the consonant [tf].
Richard:
Marshall: Watch out! Don't put bleach on those shirts. You'll wash out the color.
Richard:
Marshall: Be sure to wash white shirts separately. Don't use too much soap.
152
Part 3: Consonants
Richard:
I wish Sharon would return. It's more natural for a woman to wash
and shop.
Marshall: You sound like a chauvinist! I don't mind doing chores. I'm great in the
kitchen, too!
Richard:
Would you like to take charge? I'll cheerfully pay you cash.
Marshall: Listen, old chap, I'm a bachelor and too old to chase after children. I'm
in a msh. It's been nice chatting with you, Richard.
Richard:
II.l
Check to make sure you circled the words containing the consonant If]
and underlined the words containing the consonant [tf]. Then practice reading
the dialogue with a partner.
More Rractice
EXERCISE A
CD Read the words aloud. You will see them again in Exercise B.
[tf]
creature
children
porch
chimney
kerchief
miniature
EXERCISE B
[f]
sugar
shutters
should
Dasher
flash
sash
shouted
dash
CD
Read aloud these lines from the poem "The Night Before Christmas." Pay attention
to the boldfaced words with the consonants [n and [tf].
'Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;
The children were nestled all snug in their beds,
While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads;
And Mamma in her 'kerchief and I in my cap,
Had just settled down for a long winter's nap,
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,
I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.
Lesson 30
153
[J]
[t]
[tf]
1. Sue
shoe
too
chew
2. sear
sheer
tear
cheer
3. sip
ship
tip
chip
4. sin
shin
tin
chin
mash
mat
5. mass
[s]
match
[n
[If]
[I]
[f]
[f]
[If]
[If]
[f]
155
Be sure your vocal cords are vibrating when you say [3]. Put your hand on your
throat to feel the vibration!
It will be a pleasure to prlln()UI1Ce
Practice
EXERCISE A
. '
bl!
'
156
su
closure
unusual
casual
composure
gi or ge
beige
regime
massage
negligee
camouflage
~ ":, i';;; I",,,", 'p,"'o' p'ttom t", [3J <"",'" ""t" ,,,",, m.
azure
EXERCISE B
seizure
~ Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [3].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
color television
long division
That's unusual!
big decision
What's the occasion?
It's a pleasure to meet you.
A mirage is an illusion.
The azure skies are unusual.
She bought a beige negligee.
We usually watch television.
Get a massage at your leisure.
The excursion was a pleasure.
I heard an explosion in the garage.
The collision caused great confusion.
She received a corsage for the occasion.
~ Listen and circle the word in each group that does NOT contain the consonant [3].
(For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix n, pages 293-294.)
EXAMPLE
composure
exposure
enclosure
1. leisure
pleasure
sure
measure
2. Asia
Asian
Parisian
Paris
3. huge
beige
rouge
prestige
4. passion
collision
occasion
decision
5. massage
mirage
message
corsage
6. confusion
conclusive
contusion
conclusion
7. lesion
profession
explosion
aversion
8. vision
version
television
visible
9. seizure
seize
azure
division
treasurer
treason
treasure
10. treasury
<Siti>
Lesson 32
157
CHECK YOURSELF 2
List~~al1c1 write the phonetic symbol [3] or If] to represent the cons~nantsound
of the boldfaced letters. Refer back to Lesson 30, practicing If] as needed.
rt'l
[S]
EXAMPLE
[3]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[]
Tonight we have some most unusual stories. Here are the headlines:
rt'll'IJ listen again to make sure you circled all words containing the consonant [3].
Then pretend to be a newscaster and read the newscast aloud yourself.
158
Part 3: Consonants
More Practice
EXERCISE
'
WRead the limerick aloud. Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced words correctly.
A Delusion?
A man woke up in confusion.
In a dream he'd reached the conclusion
That he would have treasure,
Luxury and pleasure.
He asked himself, "Truth or delusion?"
Lesson 32159
Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front
teeth
Airstream: Stopped (as for [d]) and then released (as for [3])
Vocal cords: Vibrating
Remember to start [d3] with your tongue in the same place as for the sOLmd
Be sure your tongue is pressed against your upper gum ridge and that your
vocal cords are vibrating when you say [d3].
Practice
EXERCISE A
160
dg
fudge
budge
wedge
LessfrE.!qu~nt
soldier
graduate
educate
June
January
just
village
college
Practice
EXERCISE B
(Il Listen and repeat. Remember, [d3] isa voicE!d sound; your vocal cords should
vibrate! (And be sure to prolong any vowel BEFORE the sound [d3].)
[d3]
joke
gin
badge
ridge
age
EXERCISE C
[tf]
choke
chin
batch
rich
"H"
(Il Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the pronunciation of [d3] in the boldfaced
words.
1. Just a moment.
2. Enjoy yourself!
3. pledge of allegiance
Fourth of July
5. college education
6. Jack of all trades
7. JOO is just joking.
8. Jane enjoys jogging.
9. The major joined the legion.
10. George graduates from college in June.
11. The passengers were injured in the Jeep.
12. John mailed a large package to Virginia.
Lesson
33161
CHECK YOURSELF 1 Imagine you are taking a jet around the world! You will stop at all the places with
names that contain the sound [d3l. Circle the names of these places. (For answers to
Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 294.)
Luxemburg
England
Japan
Belgium
Greece
Hungary
Egypt
Guatemala
Germany
Greenland
Argentina
Jerusalem
Algeria
China
Jamaica
C!J
Read aloud the names of the places you circled. Then practice saying them to
complete the following sentence:
(Il Listen and circle the word in each group of four that does NOT contain the
consonant [d3].
EXAMPLE
@
1. badge
2. captain
3. hen
4. juice
5. huge
6. giraffe
7. duck
8. large
9. Gary
10. Virginia
gym
gypsy
jet
bulge
general
gentle
age
hug
gill
cordial
lounge
Joe
Georgia
bug
major
gem
angel
jug
giant
educate
lung
Jill
Germany
budge
soldier
intelligent
angle
July
gin
graduate
lunge
Gene
Greenland
More Practice
EXERCISE
[.I] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay attention to your pronunciation of
[d3] in the boldfaced words.
Uncle Jack:
Jill:
Uncle Jack:
Jill:
Uncle Jack:
Jill:
Uncle Jack:
Jill, you are a "Jack-of-all-trades." But did you finally pick the right
subject?
162
Part 3: Consonants
Jill:
Uncle Jack:
Jill:
Uncle Jack:
I apologize, Jill. To make up for it, I'll give you a large gift for
graduation.
Jill:
I never hold a grudge, Uncle Jack. You are an angel. Just come to
my graduation and I'll be happy!
RRQNQUNGING (j 1
Tongue tip: In the same position as for the vowel [i]
Airstream: Continuous without interruption
Vocal cords: Vibrating
To pronounce [j] correctly, be sure the tip of your tongue i~ against the back
of your lower front teeth and NOT touching the roof of your mouth.
You'll get your [j] sound yet!
Practice
EXERCISE A
backyard
formula
unusual
Lesson 33
163
[j] Spelled
y
i
union
yet
junior
your
yawn
senior
yolk
million
familiar
yellow
EXERCISE B
you
canyon
farmyard
rt'1
EXERCISE C
u
amuse
music
united
usual
university
[d3]
jeer
Jew
joke
Jell-O
rt'1
[tf]
cheer
chew
choke
cello
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words
containing the consonant [j].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
CD
Read each of the sentences aloud. Complete the words that start with ye-; these
words all contain the [j] sound. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11,
page 295.)
EXAMPLE
was Sunday.
_
aye.
CHECK YOURSELF 2 rt1usten. Circle SAME if both sentences in each pair are the same. If they are
not the same, circle DIFFERENT.
EXAMPLES
You hear
He is young./He is young.
You circle
You hear
You circle
1. SAME
DIFFERENT
2. SAME
DIFFERENT
3. SAME
DIFFERENT
4.
SAME
DIFFERENT
5. SAME
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
SAME FEREOO3P
Lesson 33
165
More Practice
EXERCISE
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about New York. Pay attention to your pronunciation of
the boldfaced words containing the [j 1sound.
New York
New York may be one of the most unique cities in the world. The
largest city in the United States, New York has a population of over
eight million. People commute to the city regularly, and visitors come
from all over to view New York's beauty and confusion. Come to New
York! Ride the ferry to the Statue of Liberty. Enjoy museums of every
kind. You'll see huge skyscrapers. You can attend Broadway musicals
and previews. You don't need an excuse to shop on Fifth Avenue. Help
yourself to the unusual ethnic foods in Chinatown and Little Italy. There
are even more amusements in the five boroughs. Visit some of the fine
universities. Young or old, you will be impressed with the diversity of
the city.
EXERCISE A
rt'lusten and repeat. Remember, your tongue tip should touch the upper gum ridge
for [d3l and touch the back of your lower front teeth for [j l.
[d3]
jell
Jell-O
joke
jeer
major
EXERCISE B
[j]
yell
yellow
yolk
year
mayor
rt'l Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [d3l and the [j I sounds in the boldfaced
words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
[d3]
Did they come by jet?
It has no juice.
He became a major.
We went to jail.
The jam is sweet.
[j]
E:XERClSE C
(1]. Listen and repeat. Be careful to prondunce the [d31 and tile [Jlsounds correctly.
[d3]
[j]
[j]
[j]
[j]
[j]
[d3]
(I] Listen. One word in each sentence will be said INCORRECTLY. On the line to the right
of each number, write the CORRECT word for the sentence. (For answers to Check
Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 295.)
EXAMPLES
You hear
You write
joke
You hear
You write
yell
1.
2.
3.
4.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
_
~~~
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(I] Listen. Then circle all words pronounced with [d31 and underline all words
pronounced with [j I.
Do you know what YANKEE means? People from the United States
are sometimes called Yankees. Soldiers from the northemgi0!9were
called Yankees during the Civil War. George M. Cohan wrote a stage hit
called "Yankee Doodle Dandy." Jealous baseball fans waged war over the
New York Yankees and Dodgers for years. Whether you are from Georgia
or New Jersey, you should enjoy being called a Yank!
CIJ Check your answers. Then practice reading the paragraph aloud.
Lesson 33
167
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the following selection, written by William Shakespeare. Pay attention
to the consonant [d3] in the word age and the consonant U] in young and youth. Be
sure to keep your tongue tip against your upper gum ridge for [d3] and in back of your
lower front teeth for [j].
r----
A Madrigal
1.;'
1
I
I
I
EXERCISE B
CD
Read aloud the following story about George Washington. The story contains
words pronounced with many of the consonants you have practiced so far. Be sure to
pronounce all the [f], [tf], [3], [d3], and U] sounds correctly.
George Washington
[d3J [d3J
[j)
[J)
[tJ)
[d3]
[J)
was a just man with much courage. His contributions can never be
[j)
[tJ)
[tJ)
about his boyhood shows his honesty. He chopped down a cherry tree,
[J)
[d3]
but wouln't lie to his father. Washington was a general during the
[d3]
[f]
[If]
...
[f]
[f]
he was elected as the first president of the United States. Washington was
[If]
[3]
[tf]
[d3]
[f]
[f]
[d3]
[f]
EXERCISE C
[l]
Expressions of greeting often include words containing the consonant U]. Work
with a partner. Create mini-conversations practicing such phrases as "Nice to see you,"
"How are you?" and "Say hello to your wife:'
Lesson 33
169
[d3]
Jess
[j]
yes
2. choke
joke
yolk
3. cheer
jeer
year
4. cello
Jell-O
yellow
5. chew
Jew
you
[j]
[If]
[d3l
[If]
[If]
[d3]
[If]
[If]
[j]
[tf]
[j]
170
Additional Contrasts
EXERCISE A
[f]
shank
shin
shy
2. [z]
zoo
heads
zone
[d3]
Jew
hedge
Joan
3. [6]
they
[d3]
Jay
Jan
Joe
than
though
4. [z]
bays
ruse
Caesar
[3]
beige
rouge
seizure
5. [3]
version
lesion
pleasure
[d3]
virgin
legion
pledger
171
EXERCISE B
[z]
[d3]
[d3]
[9]
[9]
[J]
[z]
[3]
172
Part 3: Consonants
When p follows s (as in spot, spend, spy), it is NOT aspirated. Practice saying [p]
by loosely holding a tissue in front of your lips. If you aspirate [p] correctly,
releasing a puff of air, the tissue will flutter.
So puff, puff, puff, and you'll pronounce a perfect [p]!
Practice
EXERCISE A
[p] At
top
cap
lip
the End
map
stop
soap
of Words
pipe
jump
camp
173
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following phrases and sentences
should be pronounced with [pI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
Stop it!
pencil and paper
a piece of pie
proud as a peacock
Open up!
Practice makes perfect!
The apples and pears are ripe.
The ship will stop in Panama.
Wash the pots and pans with soap.
Her purple pants are pretty.
CD
Choose the correct word from the box to complete each of the sentences. Then
practice reading the sentences aloud. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see
Appendix 11, pages 295-296.)
3. Pam bought
"
_
be
rt1 Listen to the dialogue. Circle the words that contain the consonant [pI.
Peter:
"
Peter:
Your parents!
[l] Check to make sure you circled the words containing the consonant [pI. Then
practice reading the dialogue with a partner.
More Rractice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read the nursery rhyme aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing
the consonant [pI.
I
I
EXERCISE B
[l] Work with a partner. Take turns reading the tongue twister. Pay attention to the
boldfaced words containing the consonant [pI.
Peter Piper
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
But if Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
Lesson 36
175
1. Although the consonant [b] is a simple sound to pronounce, you may confuse
it with the sound [v].
EXAMPLE
2. When [b] is the last sound in a word, many speakers forget to make their vocal
cords vibrate. This will make [b] sound like Lp] and confuse your listeners.
EXAMPLES
The consonant [b] will be easy to say if you make your vocal cords vibrate and
firmly press your lips together.
Practice
EXERCISE A
176
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
(I] Listen and repeat. Make certain that yourUps are pressecltogether and that you
add voicing when saying [bl.
[b]
[p]
robe
mob
tab
rib
stable
symbol
rope
mop
tap
rip
staple
simple
(I] Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [bl in the boldfaced words.
1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF
EXAMPLE
Lesson 37
177
More Practice
EXERCISE A
D:J
Read the paragraph aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
consonant [bI.
The Heart
The heart is a powerful organ in the chest directly under the
breastbone. It pumps blood around the body. Beating is an automatic
ability of the heart. It begins beating in embryonic development before
the baby is born. All body tissues need oxygen, which is carried to them
by the circulating blood. If a person's heart stops beating, death will
occur. In 70 years, a human's heart beats about 2 billion times. The
heart is able to beat after its nerves have been cut. In fact, if it is kept in
the proper type of liquid, it will beat even when removed from the body.
EXERCISE B
[l] Read the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Carefully pronounce the [bl
in the boldfaced word.
Betty: Ben, I bet you forgot my birthday!
Ben:
Betty: Oh, boy! It must be a bathrobe. You buy me one every birthday.
Ben:
Betty, you're way off base. I bought you a bracelet. A ruby bracelet!
Betty: Wow! This is the best birthday present I ever got. You didn't rob a bank,
did you?
Ben:
Don't worry. I didn't beg, borrow, or steal. Just don't expect any more
presents for a long time. I'm broke!
178
Part 3: Consonants
EXERCISE C
[I] Work with a partner. Take turns reading the tongue twister aloud. Pay attention to
the boldfaced words containing the consonant rb].
Betty Botta bought some butter
"But," said she, "This butter's bitter.
If I put it in my batter, it will make ll1Y batter bitter.
But a bit 0' better butter will make my batter better.
So she bought a bit 0' butter better than the bitter butter.
It made her bitter batter better.
So, 'twas better Betty Botta bought a bit 0' better butter.
Lesson 37
179
if
Feel your upper teeth touching your lower lip and your [f] will be pe:rfe:ctlv
fine!
EXERCISE A
rt'] listen and repeat. Be sure to feel your upper teeth touching your lower lip as you
produce If].
for
far
few
sofa
offer
after
if
off
life
fast
[Yom
free
five
face
funny
[f] Spelled
f
fat
fine
foot
first
stiff
effect
careful
180
ph
phone
phrase
Philip
nephew
physical
phonetics
telegraph
gh
rough
tough
laugh
cough
enough
awful
office
afraid
before
coffee
telephone
leaf
half
safe
laugh
cough
graph
EXERCISE B
telephone
rt1
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the consonant [f] in the
boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
graph
[IJ Read the words in the box. Then read the numbered instructions, and write the
appropriate word from the box on each line. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2,
see Appendix 11, pages 296-297.)
~_
_
_
_
_
_
_
[l] Take turns reading aloud the instructions and responses. Pay attention to your
pronunciation of the boldfaced words containing the consonant [f].
Lesson 38
181
CHECK YOURSELF 2
Cl:J Read aloud the paragraph about Florida. Circle the words that contain the
consonant If]. Be sure your upper teeth touch your lower lip as you say IfI.
@Ori~wasmd~by
~Ori~
Check your answers. Then read the paragraph aloud again. Be sure your upper teeth
touch your lower lip as you say IfI.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
Cl:J
Read the horoscope aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced
words containing If].
Horoscope
If you were born on February 15th, this is your fortune for today ...
You are destined to find fame in the near future. Your failures will be
few thanks to the help of loving friends or family members.
Unfortunately, a frail neighbor falls and fractures a foot. Your social
life revolves around food. In February you will attend an important
function in a far-off land. A favorite nephew forgives you for forgetting
to fulfill a favor. You will receive flowers and a fax from a friend in a
foreign country.
EXERCISE B
[IJ List five characteristics of your favorite friend. Be sure your list includes words
containing the consonant IfI. Then work with a partner. Take turns asking each other
about your favorite friend.
EXAMPLE
182
Part 3: Consonants
2. When [v] is the last sound in a word, many speakers forget to vibrate their vocal
cords. This will make [v] sound like [f] and confuse your listeners.
EXAMPLES
The sound [v] will be easy for you to say if you concentrate on placing your
upper teeth over your bottom lip. Look in the mirror as you practice the
consonant [v], a.nd remember to make your vocal cords vibrate.
Your [v] will be very good!
Practice"
EXERCISE A
~ listen and repeat. Remember that you should feel your upper teeth touch your
lower lip when you pronounce the consonant [v].
[v] In the
even
over
every
seven
Middle of Words
cover
movie
clever
river
heavy
eleven
183
EXERCISE B
(tJ
Listen and repeat. Remember to place your upper teeth over your bottom lip and
add voicing for [v]. Be sure to prolong any vowel before the sound [vI.
[v]
EXERCISE C
[v]
[b]
[f]
1. vest
best
8. vest
fest
2. vow
bow
9. leave
leaf
3. very
berry
10. very
ferry
4. marvel
marble
11. believe
belief
5. vase
base
12. vase
face
6. veil
bail
13. veil
fail
7. van
ban
14. van
fan
(tJ
Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words should be pronounced with the
consonant [vI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
very good
very nice
very truly yours
Move over!
over and over
rivers and valleys
Please vacuum the living room.
Have you ever been to Venice?
The vase is very heavy.
Did everyone leave at seven?
Eve has a severe fever.
Move the TV over here.
Vera never eats liver.
Steve was five in November.
The movie got rave reviews!
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(il Listen and indicate whether you hear the [v] sound at the beginning (B),middle
(M), or end (E) of the word. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, page
297.)
You hear
EXAMPLES
saving
You circle B
CHECK YOURSELF 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
You hear
value
You circle
Read the sentences aloud. Circle the word that correctly completes the sentence.
Be sure your vocal cords are vibrating and you feel your top teeth touch your bottom
lip as you produce [v]. Then check your answers.
EXAMPLES
My
from walking.
are sore
Van is a
student.
2. (clever/clover/cover)
r bought a velvet
Vera is
4. (leaflleave/live)
Vicky
6. (off/of/if)
My vest is made
7. (alive/ arrivellive)
_
pretty.
at seven.
in November.
9. (several! severe / seventh)
10. (oven/over/overt)
Eve has
living room.
TVs in her
Lesson 39
185
CHECK YOURSELF 3
LIJ
Read aloud the poem by Emily Dickinson. Circle the words that should be
pronounced with the consonant [v].
Ic8~v~saw a Moor
Emi y Dickinson
Check your answers. Read the poem aloud again. Be sure to feel your top teeth
touching your bottom lip as you pronounce the [v] words.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
LIJ Read the joke aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the boldfaced [v] words correctly.
Two weevils named Vie and Van grew up in a village in vrrginia'~Vie
moved to Hollywood and became a very famous television actor. The
oth(;r one, Van, stayed b(;hind in Vrrginia and never amounted to much
of anything. Van, naturally, became known as the lesser of two weevils! .
EXERCISE B
=~~~_,_"="
,~
'~~
The sound [h] is a familiar sound for many, However, in some languagesL~.~s~
silent, and you may omit it when speaking English. Some speakers substitute
[f] or [f] for [h] before the vowels [u] and [i].
EXAMPLES
I
I"
Relax your throat and tongue when you pronounce [h]. Gently let out a puff
of air as if you were sighing.
Work hard and you'll be happy with [h]!
Practice
EXERCISE A
."
rt1 Listen and repeat. Remember to let out a gentle puff of air as you say [hI.
[h] At the Beginning of Words
he
here
home
how
heat
hello
who
have
heart
[h] In the
ahead
behind
behave
Middle of Words
inhale
perhaps
anyhow
inherit
unhappy
rehearse
The consonant [h] does not occur at the end of words in English.
whom
whose
whole
181
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
(I'llisten and repeat. Be sure to distinguish between the words in each column and
to pronounce the consonant [hi with a puff of air.
Initial
Vowel
rh]
[f]
Ul
eat
heat
feet/feat
sheet
ear
hear/here
fear
sheer
air
hair
fare/fair
share
Ed
head
fed
shed
all
hall
fall
shawl
ease
he's
fees
she's
(I'llisten and repeat. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the consonant [hi in the
boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
Hurry up!
Who is it?
hand in hand
What happened?
How've you been?
Henry hit a home run.
Helen has brown hair.
Hank helped Herbert carry the heavy box.
I hate hot and humid weather.
Heaven helps those who help themselves.
CD
Guess what? You're having a holiday! You're visiting places with names that contain
the consonant [hi! Read the list aloud and circle the names of places containing [hi.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 298.)
Michigan
Oklahoma
Houston
Idaho
Massachusetts
Washington
New Hampshire
Chicago
Hartford
Hawaii
Tallahassee
[l] Check your answers. With a partner, practice the names of these places by using
them in the sentence, "I'm having a holiday in
"
188 Part 3: Consonants
CHECK YOURSELF 2
[l] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Circle the words that contain the
consonant [hl.
Helen:
@, Mom. welcomeS
Mother: Like a second honeymoon! I'm as happy as a lark. How are you?
Helen:
He heard a noise outside. He went behind the house and fell over a hose.
Oh, Mom, I was hoping you'd say that. Hurry to the house as soon as
possible.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD Read the paragraph aloud. Remember that all the boldfaced words should be
pronounced with a clear, audible [hl sound.
Lesson 40
189
EXERCISE B
Read aloud the lines from th~ poem. Be sure to aspirate the consonant[hI in each
boldfaced word.
CD
EXERCISE C
[l] List the names of five things you have that contain the consonant [hI. Then work
with a partner. Take turns asking each other what you have.
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE D
[l] Many expressions of greeting indude words containing the consonant [hI.
Work with a partner. look at the expressions below.
EXAMPLES
Hi
Hello
Can you think of expressions to add to the list? Write a short dialogue containing
some of the expressions. Practice the dialogue with a partner. Pay attention to your
pronunciation of the words containing the consonant [hI.
Do your homework and you'll be happy with [h]!
Lips: Rounded and in the same position as for the vowel [u]
Airstream: Continuous
Vocal cords: Vibrating
001.
RrClcfice
EXERCISE A
The consonant sound [w] does not occur at the end of words in English.
191
The
wat
how
sew
Some English speakers use [hw] when pronouncing words spelled with wh,
white, wheel, awhile, somewhat. They use aspiration and sound as if they are
[w]. Both [hw] and [w] are acceptable pronunciations of the letters who
EXERCISE B
rI1listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
consonant [w].
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERCISE C
tI'llisten and repeat. Be sure to distinguish between the [w] and [w]-blends
in each pair.
[w]
win
wine
wig
week!
weak
5. witch!
which
1.
2.
3.
4.
192
Part 3: Consonants
[tw]
twin
twine
twig
tweak
twitch
6.
7.
8.
9.
[w]
white
wire
wit
west
10. wick
[kw]
quite
choir
quit
quest
[w]
11. wheat
12. wine
13. wet
14. well
[sw]
sweet
swine
sweat
swell
quick
15. war
swore
CHECK YOURSELF 1
rIl
Listen and repeat. Circle the words that are pronounced with [w]. (For ansWers to
Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 298.)
cree!S>
while
whose
guilt
west
CHECK YOURSELF 2
someone
who
waiter
unwilling
lawyer
queen
wrong
reward
saw
anywhere
write
worry
square
worthy
low
Cl:l Read aloud the paragraph about Woodrow Wilson. Circle all words that should
be pronounced with [w].
odr~S
More Practice
EXERCISE A
Cl:l
Read the poem aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the consonant [w]
and [w]-blends in the boldfaced words.
193
EXERCISE B
[lJ Now work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions about
Woodrow Wilson. Refer to the paragraph about Woodrow Wilson in Check Yourself 2, as
needed, to complete the answers. Pay attention to the bo.ldfaced words containing the
consonant [wl.
1. When was Woodrow Wilson born?
Woodrow Wilson was born in
2. How many wives did Wilson have while in the White House?
Wilson had
[lJ Work with a partner. Ask your partner to tell you something he or she did recently
(for example: went on a trip, went shopping, visited a friend, saw a movie). Ask your
partner questions beginning with [w].
Keep working away and your [w] will be wonderful!
Tongue tip: Pressed against gum ridge behind upper front teeth
Airstream: Continuous and passes over both sides of the tongue
Vocal cords: Vibrating
The consonant [I] may not exist in your language. The differences between [1]
and [r] may be difficult for you to hear, causing you to confuse the two sounds.
The consonant [1] will be easier for you to say if you concentrate on feeling
your tongue tip press against your upper gum ridge like Et].
Learn your lessons well. You will say a perfect [Ill
Practice
EXERCISE A
kI1
Listen and repeat the words. They should be pronounced with [1]. (When [1] is the
last sound in a word, the back of the tongue should be raised higher than for [ll at the
beginning or in the middle of words.)
let
late
light
learn
leg
last
little
live
long
leave
[Jl In the
only
hello
family
balloon
Middle of Words
alone
asleep
salad
yellow
believe
alive
all
fill
apple
people
call
fool
trouble
tell
able
table
When an unstressed syllable begins with [t] or [d] and ends in [1], the [1] '~'1U~' '''' bec:onnes
own syllable. It 'is formed by keeping your tongue tip on your upper gum
from the position of the preceding [t] or [d].
paddle
little
bottle
saddle
noodle
195
EXERCISE B
Lt'] Listen and repeat these short sentences. Remember to raise the back of your
tongue higher when you say the [I] at the END of the boldfaced words.
1. He's ill.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE C
Unda is tall.
It's not small.
Don't yell at me.
I don't want to fall.
Lt'] Listen and repeat the phrases and sentences.The boldfaced words should be
pronounced with [1].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
telephone call
Leave me alone.
lots of luck
Light the candle.
Please believe me.
Learn your lesson well.
Will you mail the letter?
The little girl fell asleep.
Lucy lost her locket.
He who laughs last, laughs best.
Do you like chocolate or vanilla?
The airplane flight leaves at eleven.
His family lives in Maryland.
You can't fool all of the people all of the time.
Leave the umbrella in the hall closet.
EXERCISE D
[IJ Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure the tip of your tongue touches
your gum ridge as you pronounce the [1] sound in the boldfaced words.
Lillian:
Allan:
Lillian:
Allan:
Lillian:
Allan, I just had a telephone call from Aunt Lola. Uncle Bill died.
Uncle Bill the millionaire?
Yes. He lived alone in Los Angeles.
Did he leave us any money?
Well, the lawyer is reading the will at 11:00. I really don't
believe he left his family anything!
Uncle Bill had to leave something to a relative.
He lived with lots of animals. He didn't like people.
Hold it! I'll answer the telephone. (Allan hangs up the phone.) Well,
Lillian, you're out of luck! Uncle Bill left all his "loot" to the Animal
Lovers' League.
Do you think Lulu, our poodle, is eligible for a little?
Allan:
Lillian:
Allan:
Lillian:
CHECK YOURSELF 1
CD
Read the sentences aloud. Fill in the blanks with the correct [I] country
or state. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, page 299.1
EXAMPLE
_
_
_
_
_
_
Lesson 42
197
CHECK YOURSELF 2
(I] Listen to ten pairs of W9rds.oNE word in each pair contains [1]. Circle the number of
the word with the consonant
EXAMPLE
CHECK YOURSELF 3
lll.
You hear
lane
rain
You circle
CD
l.
2.
3.
4.
5. 1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Cl:J Read the telegram aloud. Circle all words pronounced with [1].
~@
Linda,
Leon and I had bad luck.-Luggage was lost while traveling [Tom La
Paz, Bolivia, to
Honululu.~Airlinepersonnel
told Leon they will certainly locate all, eventually, if we're luck:y.-It looks
like the luggage landed in Lima.-At least we met lots of lovely people.Also, we could leave on a later flight.-I'll telephone with new flight
schedule.-We should be home for lunch with the family at twelve
o'clock.-Hopefully, our arrival won't be delayed.-Talk to you later.-Love
you a whole lot,-Lou.
Check your answers. Then read the telegram aloud again. Be sure to press the tip of
your tongue against your upper gum ridge as you pronounce UI.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[lJ Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to place your
tongue tip on your gum ridge as you pronounce the boldfaced [1] words.
Paulette: Hi, Elena. Let's meet at 11:00 for a long walk.
Elena:
Paulette: Please don't be late. I'm playing golf later with Les. He likes me
to be punctual.
Elena:
I can't believe you still love him. He always calls you at the last
minute.
Paulette: Well, that's his style. I'm glad he called.
Elena:
Surely there are plenty of eligible bachelors who like to play golf.
Paulette: You're probably right. But Les is good-looking and he also makes me
laugh.
Elena:
[lJ Everyone loves a compliment. Compliment at least five people you know.
Use the following key phrases:
I like your
(new blouse)
(yellow)
(leather gloves)
That's a lovely
(necklace)
Lesson 42
199
Lips: Rounded
Tongue tip: Curled upward but not touching the roof
of the mouth
Airstream: Continuous
Vocal cords: Vibrating
Make sure that the tip of your tongue never touches your upper gum ridge
but is curled upward toward the roof of your mouth.
Remember to practice [r] carefully and your [r] will be right on target!
Practice
EXERCISE A
rI1
Listen and repeat. Be sure your tongue does NOT touch your upper gum ridge
when you say Ir].
200
of Words
orange
around
tomorrow
EXERCISE B
(Il Listen and repeat. Each word contains an [r]-blend. Be careful not to insert
a vowel before the consonant [r].
1. bring
6. freeze
2. cry
7. grow
3. tree
8. press
4. proud
9. broke
10. dry
5. drink
EXERCISEC
EXERCISE D
(Il Listen and repeat. Remember, your tongue should be in the same position as for
the vowel [u] when you pronounce the consonant [w], and it should be curled upward
toward the roof of your mouth as you pronounce the consonant [r].
[r]
Lw]
round
array
rise
rent
rest
wound
away
wise
went
west
(Il Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [r] in the boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Lesson 43
201
CHECK YOURSELF 1 The first word in each of the pairs begins with the sound [r]. Write a letter in the blank
before the second word to form a new [r]-blend word. (For answers to Check Yourself
1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 299-300.)
EXAMPLE
ride
bride
1. rave
rave
2. right
right
3. rip
rip
4. ream
ream
5. row
row
6. rain
rain
7. rash
rash
8. room
room
9. round
round
10. race
race
CD
Check your answers. Then read the words aloud. Try using them in your own
sentences.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD Read the hints aloud. Identify the creature described. The names of the creatures
all contain the consonant [r].
This creature is a
202
Part 3: Consonants
Cl:J
Read the paragraph about Robin Hood. Circle all the words pronounced with the
consonant [rl.
~ob~Hood
The story of Robin Hood has been retold many times. Robin Hood was
an outlaw who lived in Sherwood Forest. He lived there with Maid
Marion, ,Friar Tuck, and others. Robin was really a hero rather than a
criminal. He robbed the rich and gave to the poor. He was a remarkable
marksman with his bow and arrow. The story of Robin Hood has been
written about and dramatized since the eleventh century. Robin truly
represents a righteous figure opposing cruelty and greed.
Check your answers. Then practice reading the paragraph aloud.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
Cl:J
Read the paragraph aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing
the consonant [rI.
Rabbits
Rabbits represent some of our favorite characters in literature.
Children enjoy reading about Peter Rabbit and his adventures with
Farmer McGregor. The white rabbit was featured in the remarkable
story of Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. The fable about the
tortoise and the hare (rabbit) describes the rabbit as a fast runner who
loses the race because he is too sure of himself. One of the most
renowned rabbits is Bugs Bunny, the cartoon character who munches
on carrots and asks, "What's up, Doc?" Bugs Bunny is smart, but he
frequently gets into trouble. Even grown-ups like rabbits. The
Broadway play Harvey was about a man whose pal was an imaginary
rabbit named Harvey. Of course, the man was thought to be crazy, but
in the end everyone believed in this incredible rabbit. So let's hear it for
rabbits, our good friends!
Lesson 43
203
EXERCISE B
[I] Work with a partner. list as many expressions and phrases as you can think
of using the word right.
EXAMPLES
right away
right of way
just right
Then write a dialogue that includes one or more of the expressions and phrases
on your list. Practice reading your dialogue together. Pay attention to the words
containing the consonant [r1.
Remember to practice [r] carefully and your [r] will be right on target!
204
Part 3: Consonants
(Il Listen and repeat the Pllirs of words. Be sure the tip of your tongue touches your
gum ridge for [I] but not for er].
Contrast at the
Beginning of Words
[I]
[r]
rate
late
red/read
led
row
low
wrist
list
ruse
lose
EXERCISE B
Contrast in the
Middle of Words
[1]
[r]
elect
erect
collect
correct
believe
bereave
palate
parrot
alive
arrive
Contrast at the
End of Words
[I]
[r]
tile
tire
stall
star
foil
foyer
pail
pair
file
fire
[r]
[r]
[r]
[1]
[I]
[I]
205
EXERCISE C
rIl Listen and repeat the [1]. and [r)blend pairs aloud. Remember to produce the
blend at the beginning of each word without inserting a vowel.
EXAMPLE
[r]
free
graze
crew
cram
bruise
They went to pray.
It will grow.
I saw her brush.
Did they crash?
The crowd disappeared.
1. flea/ flee
2. glaze
3. clue
4. clam
5. blues
6. They went to play.
7. It will glow.
8. I saw her blush.
9. Did they clash?
10. The cloud disappeared.
Er]
[1]
[I]
Er]
[I]
[1]
rIl
You will hear the sentences using only ONE of the choices. Listen and circle the
word used. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 300-301.)
[pi]
EXAMPLE
[pr]
[gr]
Er]
[pr]
[kr]
[fr]
[kr]
[br]
[bl]
[br]
[r]
[r]
rt1 Listen carefully to five sentences. One word in each sentence will be said
INCORRECTLY. Write the CORRECT word.
You hear
EXAMPLE
You write
ri0ht
You write
belly
2.
3.-
4.
5.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
D:J
Read aloud the sentences about color. Fill in the blank with the correct color
selected from the words in the box.
EXAMPLE
red
'
_
_
tie.
or
hair.
_
highlights.
lesson 44
207
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read aloud the paragraph about Elizabeth Barren Browning and her famous
poem. Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced Irl and (1) sounds correctly.
er] [I]
er]
[I]
er]
[br]
er]
er]
er]
er]
husband and fellow poet have been read throughout the ages.
[I]
[r][I]
er]
[1]
er]
er] er]
er]
er]
remembered most for her great romance with Browning. She became an
[I]
[I] er]
er]
er]
er]
[I]
invalid after a fall. Robert first corresponded with her through letters
[I]
er]
er]
er]
er]
er]
and later they became engaged. Mr. Barrett, her father, tried to prevent
er]
[1] er]
Cl] [I]
er]
the marriage, but the couple ran off to Italy. Elizabeth recovered and
er]
er] [1]
er]
er]
er]
[I]
er]
they remained near Florence for the rest of their married life. Here is
er] Cl]
er]
[r][l]
one of the sonnets which reflects the growth of her love.
[I]
[r]
[1] [I]
er]
er] [I]
er]
er]
208
Part 3: Consonants
[1]
[r][I]
[r]
Er]
[r]
Er]
[l]
[1]
[I]
[1]
[r]
[1]
[I]
[I]
[r]
[I]
EXERCISE B
c:l:J Read the limerick aloud. Pay careful attention to the boldfaced
[I] and [r] sounds.
[I]
Er]
[I]
[I]
[I]
[I]
[r]
Er]
[I]
Er]
Er]
Er]
[r]
[r]
Lesson 44
209
More Practice
EXERCISE A
210
c
coat
cone
acre
class
crime
qu ([kw])
quit
quick
quiet
quote
square
x ([ks])
six
box
wax
exit
mixture
A less frequent
[k] con,sists
chorus
The
a, 0, or u
The letter c
cap
because
EXERCISE B
knot [nat]
o:J
Read the phrases and sentences aloud. Be sure to pronounce any [k] at the
beginning of the boldfaced words with a puff of air.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
know [nou]
Keep quiet.
milk and cookies
Call it quits.
cup of coffee
Can I come in?
Speak clearly.
I like black coffee.
Carol is working as a cook.
Pack your clothes for the weekend.
Can the bookkeeper keep accurate records?
o:J Read aloud each four-word series. Circle the ONE word in each group of four that is
NOT pronounced
with [k]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page
301.)
EXAMPLE
rack
rake
wreck
l. course
count
choose
chorus
2. can't
can
cent
cone
3. Canada
Texas
Kansas
Massachusetts
4. key
keep
keen
kneel
5. celery
corn
carrots
cabbage
Check your answers. Then read aloud each four-word series again.
Lesson 45
211
6. mix
box
explain
xylophone
7. knee
back
ankle
cheek
8. Charles
Carol
Chris
Michael
9. mechanic
much
chrome
Christmas
cider
coffee
cream
10. milk
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CQ Read the paragraph aloud. Circle all the words that should be pronounced with [kl.
Theeri~wb~
Americans created the name cowboy for the men who cared for
cattle. You might recall the typical singing cowboy in the movies. He
was kind, courageous, and good-looking. He always caught the cow,
colt, and of course the girl! But the real cowboy was a hard worker
who had many difficult tasks. He had to take the cattle to market.
These lonely cattle drives took many weeks through rough country.
The cowboy had to protect the cattle and keep them from running
off. In fact or fiction, the cowboy will continue to be a likeable
American character. Ride 'em cowboy!
Check your answers. Then practice reading aloud "The American Cowboy" once again.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[l] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to pronounce all the boldfaced
words correctly.
Ken: Dad, I've been packing all week for Camp Keekeekuma. I can't wait to get
there. Do you remember your camping days?
Dad: You bet. I was a camper and then a counselor at Camp Keekeekuma.
Ken: What kinds of activities did you like?
Dad: I was in charge of canoeing. We went out on Lake Keekeekuma for
swimming, canoeing, and waterskiing.
Ken: I hope we go hiking and camp out.
Dad: You can count on it. You'll even cook hot dogs at campfires.
Ken: Did you ever get homesick?
212
Part 3: Consonants
Dad: Not really, but don't worry. You'll make friends with all the kids in your
cabin. Let's check your suitcase to be sure you have everything on the
camp list.
Ken: Dad, you don't have to; I've already completed everything.
Dad: Oh, come on. Let me see. Camp shorts and shirts, comfortable clothing.
Wait, I see you've got my camera.
Ken: I know. I want to take pictures.
Dad: OK, but next time, ask! Let's see. You have a jacket for the cool nights.
Plenty of socks. Wait a minute, what are these cookies and candies?
Ken: Dad, please leave those packages alone. You know how hungry a camper
can get.
Dad: OK, but what's covered up? Why it's your kitten, Katie! Ken, you know
you can't take pets to camp.
Ken: I guess I got caught! Oh, well, take good care of Katie while I'm at camp!
EXERCISE B
Ask new people you ,meet,"What kind of work do you do?" Every time you ask for a
"cup of black coffee" or "coffee with milk or cream," carefully pronounce [k]!
Keep practicing and ... you can say [k] OK.
Lesson 4S
213
Always make your vocal cords vibrate for [g] at the end of words. Let your [g]
GO with an explosion.
Your [g] has got to be good!
Rractice
EXERCISE A
[g] Spelled
g
green
beggar
glass
egg
hungry
drug
214
x ([gz])
exact
exert
exam
exhibit
example
exist
EXERCISE B
EXERCISE C
rI] Listen and repeat the pairs of words. Be sure to make your vocal cords vibrate for
[g] and to prolong any vowel BEFORE the sound [g].
[g]
[k]
bag
pig
log
dug
tag
back
pick
lock
duck
tack
CD Read the phrases and sentences aloud. The boldfaced words should be
pronounced with [g].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOU RSELF 1
good night
I don't agree.
Where are you going?
begin again
a good girl
a big dog
Peggy is going to the game.
The dog dug up his bone again.
There's a big bug on the rug.
All that glitters is not gold.
CD
Read aloud the series of words containing [g].ln the blanks provided, write your
own sentence using the three [g] words. Be sure to pronounce the [g] words carefully.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, pages 301-302.)
EXAMPLE
girl
angry
forgive
tag
forget
2. grow
garden
ground
3. dog
growl
bug
4. green
grass
log
5. glad
gift
groom
Lesson 46
215
CHECK YOURSELF 2
CD Mr. and Mrs. Green are planning a menu for their guests. Only foods pronounced
with [gl will be served. Read the menu aloud and circle all items pronounced with [gl.
Fried eggs
Grits
Sausage
Grilled onions
Gelatin
Vinegar dressing
Leg of lamb
Green peas
Chicken gumbo
Glazed doughnuts
Grapes
Figs
Lunch
Hamburgers
Dinner
Lasagna
Dessert
Check your answers. Then practice each circled [gl menu item by saying it in the
sentence,"I'm going to eat
." Be sure to pronounce all [gl menu
items correctly!
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read the Aesop fable aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the
consonant [gl.
EXERCISE B
Every time you use the word good in conversation ("Good morning,""You look good,"
"Did you have a good time?" etc.), be sure to pronounce [g] correctly.
[l] Work with a partner. List as many expressions and phrases as you can think of
using the word good or other [g] words.
EXAMPLES
Good morning.
You look good.
I had a great time.
Then write a dialogue that includes the expressions on your list. Practice reading your
dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay attention to the words containing the consonant
[g].
Lesson 46
217
Remember, make your lips come together in a "humming" position for [m].
Say "mmmmmmmm" and your [m] will be marvelous!
Practice
EXERCISE A
me
may
mat
more
milk
army
among
lemon
animal
camera
am
him
them
seem
name
EXERCISE B
mean
month
matter
minute
summer
hammer
policeman
something
time
room
come
comb
(I'l Listen and repeat the phrases and sentences. The boldfaced letters should be
pronounced as [ml. Remember, keep your lips together as you pronounce [ml.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
218
arm in arm
lemon and lime
summertime
What's your name?
What time is it?
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(tl Listen to each three-word series. Only ONE word in each series will have the [m)
sound. Circle the number of the word with [m). (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2,
see Appendix 11, page 302.)
EXAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
You hear
some
son
sung
You circle
CD
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4.
5.
1
1
2
2
3
3
[IJ Read aloud the paragraphs describing famous people with the initials M.M. Fill in
the blanks with the correct name from the box below. Be sure to pronounce all [m)
sounds correctly.
1. Norma Jean Baker was her real name. She became a film star and a
sex symbol throughout the world. She made over 30 movies
including comedies, romances, and mysteries. She was married to
two famous men: Joe DiMaggio, the baseball player, and the author
Arthur Miller. Her last film was The Misfits. Although she died at age
36, she has been immortalized in documentaries, movies, and
books.
She is M.
M.
He is M
M,
Lesson 47
219
3. She wrote one of the most famous books of all time. Her book was
made into a motion picture about the South. Her hometown of
Atlanta became the focus of that movie starring the handsome Clark
Gable and the magnificent Vivien Leigh.
She is M
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[l] Read the poem aloud with a partner. Be sure to put your lips together for all the
boldfaced [m] words. (Abou is pronounced as [abu] and rhymes with shoe.)
EXERCISE B
rt1
Every time you meet someone new, be sure to use the phrase,"What's your name?"
If someone asks your name, be sure to respond,"My name is ..."
220
Part 3: Consonants
[nl as in
no and run
_~=__"_'"'='"""_ _=,_"==~
.. "=~= ~~~=-=-.....,
Because of the similarity of the nasal consonants [m], En], and [IJ]' many speakers
frequently confuse them in English, particularly at the end of words.
EXAMPLES
ALWAYS press your tongue tip firmly against the gum ridge behind your upper
.Practice
EXERCISE A
solemn
hymn
221
EXERCISE B
(11 listen and repeat the phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words should be
pronounced with [nl. Remember, tongue tip up (especially when [n] is the last sound in
a word).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(11 listen to the pairs of sentences. Circle S if both sentences in the pair are the SAME. If
they are DIFFERENT, circle D. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11,
page 302.)
EXAMPLES
222
Part 3: Consonants
You hear
Is it Tiro? Is it tin?
You circle
You hear
You circle
1.
2.
3. S
4.
5.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
[IJ Read the paragraph aloud. Fill in the blanks with one of the words
from the list below. Remember to press your tongue tip firmly against your gum
ridge when you pronounce [nl.
[than
can't
then
into
on
and
in
can
down
was alreafiy ten o'clock! John was so tired he went to his bedroom.
_ _ _ _ he sat
on his bed and took off his shoes
socks. "
you get off that phone," he called to Gwen. "Yes, I
_ _ _ _," she yelled back. But by the time Gwen walked
room, John was fast asleep!
_
the
More Practice
EXERCISE
[IJ Read the e-mail aloud. Pay attention to ail the boldfaced words
with the consonant [nl.
To:
nan@notice.com
From:
andy@notice.com
Sent:
[IJl as in sing
The key to pronouncing [I)] correctly is to raise the BACK of your tongue-NOT
the TIP!
Just keep studying, thinking, and practicing; everything will be OK with [I)]!
Practice
EXERCISE A
~ Listen and repeat the words. They should be pronounced with [1)1. Remember, back
of the tongue up!
[I)] In the Middle of Words
anger
thank
finger
banging
sting
tongue
walking
feeling
youngest
single
longest
hungry
running
strong
singing
belong
The consonant [I)] does not occur at the beginning of words in English.
224
\:,',
The letters ng orngue at the ends of words are always pronounced [IJ].
wrong
sing
walking
tongue
EXERCISE B
single
thank
drink
rt1
Listen and repeat the phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words should be
pronounced with [IJ]. Remember, the back of the tongue must go up toward the palate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
Good evening.
I'm going home.
Is something wrong?
ring on my finger
rainingandsno~g
rt1
Listen to the pairs of sentences. ONE sentence in each pair has a word pronounced
with [IJ]. Circle the number of the sentence with the [IJ] word. (For answers to Check
Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix 11, page 303.)
You hear
EXAMPLE
He's a
s~ger.
CD
You circle
CHECK YOURSELF 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He's a swimmer.
2
rt1 Listen and repeat the words. Circle only the words that are pronounced with [IJ].
1.
6. tangerine
11. along
16. engage
2. anger
7. swing
12. talking
17. stinging
3. hang
8. tangle
13. sponge
18. stingy
4. angel
9. danger
14. grin
19. lunch
15. running
20. bank
5. dancing
10. sink
Lesson 49
225
More Practice
EXERCISE
WRead the poem aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words with the(onsol1ant[~I.
r--I
I
I
226
Part 3: Consonants
(11 ListenI and repeat the words and sentences. Feel the movement from the lips to
tongue tiP to back of throat as you pronounce [m], In], and [IJ].
[m]
[n]
[g]
1. whim
win
wing
2. some
sun
sung
3. rum
run
rung
4. ram
ran
rang
5. Kim
kin
king
6. Is that a clam?
Is that a clan?
Is that a clang?
7. He is Kim.
He is kin.
He is king.
It was a win.
It was a wing.
[uJ
[mJ
[uJ
[uJ
[gJ
[nJ
[nJ
[gJ
[nJ
[gJ
[nJ
[mJ
[gJ
227
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(Il
Listen to the words. Circle the ONE word that you hear from each of the pairs below.
(For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix 11, pages 303-304.)
EXAMPLES
sing
CHECK YOURSELF 2
phone
1. thin
thing
2. ban
bang
3. sinner
singer
4. comb
cone
5. rum
run
6. seem
scene
7. some
sung
8. hammer
hanger
9. ram
rang
10. gone
gong
CD
Read the sentences aloud; circle the correct word to complete the sentence. Be sure
to pronounce each nasal consonant carefully.
(Il
Listen to the sentences. One of the words in parentheses will be used. Circle the
word you hear.
en]
EXAMPLE
[m]
en]
[Q]
2. He (ran/rang) twice.
[m]
en]
en]
[Q]
5. I heard a (barn/bang).
[Q]
en]
228
Part 3: Consonants
[m]
[~]
en]
[m]
[0]
[IJ Check your answers. Then read each of the sentences aloud twice. Use the first
word in the first reading and the contrast word in the second reading.
CHECK YOURSELF 4
[l] Read the commercial aloud with a partner. In the brackets provided, write the
phonetic symbol representing the sound of the bO,ldfaced letters.
[~]
en]
[~]
[~]
en]
en]
Allnouncer: Is your skin feeling dry? Are you finding new wrinkles and
[ ]
[ ][ ]
[]
[]
[]
[] [ ]
[ ]
lines? Then you need Pom's Skin Cream. Men and women
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
star Molly Malone, who has been acting for a long, long, time.
[]
Molly:
[][]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
films when I was nine. But I've been using Pom's Cream for
[ ]
[ ]
E]
[ ]
[]
[]
and evening, and in one week you'll start seeing the difference.
[]
[]
[]
Your face will gleam and shine, and you'll look just fine!
[][]
[]
[]
[]
Allnouncer: And now for a limited time, you can get two jars for the price of
[]
[]
[]
[]
[][]
[]
one. Remember, use Pom's Skin Cream and you, too, can look
[ ]
Lesson SO
,229
More Practice
EXERCISE
WRead the joke aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words with thE! conscmants
En]
En]
En] [m]
[D]
[n]
[D]
[m]
One day seven-year-old Nonna was sitting and watching her mother
En]
En] En]
[D]
wash the dishes at the kitchen sink. She suddenly noticed that her
[m]
[D]
En]
En]
mother had several strands of white hair sticking out of her brunette
[m]
[n]
[m] .
head. She looked at her mother and asked, "Why are some of your
[m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
hairs white, Mommy?" Her mother replied, "Well, every time that
[m]
[D]
[D]
[m]
[m]
En]
En]
En]
[m]
En]
[m]
[D]
[m] En]
[D]
En]
turns white." Nonna started thinking about this for a few minutes and
En]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
then said, "Mommy, how come all of grandma's hairs are white?"
In your language, the majority of words may end in vowels. Consonants may
rarely be found at the ends of words. The opposite is true in English. The
majority of words end in consonants. Because you are not used to using final
consonants, you may frequently omit them at the end of words in English or
add a vowel sound to the end of the word. Without realizing it, you can confuse
your listeners, and they will have trouble understanding you.
EXAMPLES
231
Practice
EXERCISE A
(11 Listen and repeat the words. The words in each row will sound the same if their
final consonant sound Is omitted. Exaggerate your pronunciation of the final
consonant in each word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERCISE B
cap
bowls
rat
colt
robe
soup
tense
side
bills
corn
can
bold
rap
cold
rode
suit
tent
sign
build
court
cab
bolt
rack
coals
rope
sued
tend
size
built
cork
CD
EXERCISE C
cat
bowl
rag
coal
wrote
soon
ten
sight
bill
cord
I saw.
Joe knows her.
heat wave
I'll earn it.
I sigh.
eyesore
Joan knows her.
He waved.
I learn it.
eyesight
I sawed.
Joan owns her.
He waves.
I earn it.
I sighed.
EXERCISED
(11 Listelland repeat thElpairs of words. Be sllre to keep your vocal c()rdslfibratingas
you pronounce the voiced final consonants of the words.
Voiceless
hat
sight
mop
rope
rack
bus
half
EXERCISE E
Voiced
had
side
mob
robe
rag
buzz
have
I.IJ
Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to exaggerate your pronunciation
of the final consonant sound in each boldfaced word.
Patrick:
Pam:
Patrick:
Pam:
Patrick:
Pam:
Patrick:
Pam:
(The exciting story of Pam and Pat at the Old Inn continues in Check Yourself 4.)
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(11 Listen to the 10 three-word series. Write the number 1,2, or 3 on the line
next to each word in the order you hear it. Listen carefully for the final
consonant sound in each word. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, set;! Appendix 11,
pages 304-305.)
EXAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
You hear
You write
half
hot
wrote
save
right
mad
fade
_ _ wipe
_ _ peg
_ _ prize
bit
_ _ hog
_ _ rope
hat
had
_2_ hat
_3_ had
safe
ride
mat
fate
white
_ _ pen
_ _ prime
_ _ big
_1_
half
_ _ hop
robe
same
_ _ ripe
map
fake
wife
_ _ pet
_ _ pride
bid
Lesson 51
233
CHECK YOURSELF 2
Read the sentences aloud. Circle one word to complete each sentence. Exaggerate
the pronunciation of the final consonant sound of each word you choose to fill in the
blanks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
rI1
Listen to the sentences. Circle the ONE word in parentheses that is used. Listen
carefully for the final consonant sound.
EXAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Check your answers.Then read each of the sentences aloud twice. Use the first
word in parentheses in the first reading and the contrast word in the second reading.
Exaggerate your pronunciation of the final consonant sounds.
CHECK YOURSELF 4
[I]
Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Fill in the blanks with the final consonant
sound that completes the word.
Ann:
Hi, Pam! How was your da_e last nigh_ with Pat?
Pam: Nothing went righ_ last nigh_. Pa_ had a flat tire and came la_e!
Ann:
Pam: It was ba_. The soup was col_. My stea_ was tough. They ra_ out of
chocola_e ca_e.
Ann:
Pam: His duc_ was overdo_e. His garli_ brea_ was sta_e!
Ann:
Pam: Yes! And Pat didn't ha_e enough to pay the bi_.
Ann:
Pam: Why do you say tha_? We're going for a b_ke ri_e this afternoon. He's
so handso_e!
Check your answers. Then change roles and read this dialogue aloud again. Exaggerate
your pronunciation of all final consonant sounds.
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD
Read the following poem aloud. Be sure to pronounce all of the final consonant
sounds; pay particular attention to those in boldface.
State of Mind
Author Unknown
Tape-record yourself while talking on the telephone. After you hang up, play
the recording back. Analyze your speech and listen for final consonants. Make a list
of words you didn't pronounce carefully and practice them.
Lesson 51
235
Practice
EXERCISE A
(iJ Consonant clusters generally consist of two or three consonant sounds. The
following words contain the most common three-member consonant clusters in
English. Listen and repeat them.
Consonant
[spr]
spry
spray
sprout
spring
sprinkle
236
[rks], [rkt]
sparks
parks
sparked
parked
worked
rI1listen and repeat the words. Be sure to distinguish between the words
in each row.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[ks]
likes
asks
fix
checks
ax
Consonant
Cluster
6. plight
7. Clyde
8. prayed
9. sport
10. claps
EXERCISE C
[sks]
asks
risks
masks
desks
tasks
[kt], [skt]
liked
asked
fixed
checked
act
Consonant
+ Vowel
polite
collide
parade
support
collapse
rI1listen and repeat the sentences. Carefully pronounce all the consonant clusters or
consonant + vowel combinations in the boldfaced words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Lesson 52 237
EXERCISE D
[IJ Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to carefully pronounce the
boldfaced words containing consonant clusters.
Hello, Mrs. Springer. How do you want your hair fixed today?
Stuart:
Mrs. Springer: Stuart, I need a new hairstyle. Do you think I need a pennanent,
or should my hair be straight? What really helps the most?
I've been praying for the moment to try something new. First,
Stuart:
let's start with your hair color. How about Sunburst Red? You'll
look like that screen star Stella Sloan.
Mrs. Springer: I really don't like taking risks, but I trust your judgment.
Splendid! How about blonde streaks as well?
Stuart:
Mrs. Springer: Slow down a little, Stuart. I don't want strangers staring at me.
Stuart:
Next, we'll style your hair in the latest fashion ... very very
short. You'll look just like a youngster. How about bangs?
Everyone likes bangs!
Mrs. Springer: I asked you for a new look, but I didn't plan on such an
extreme! I don't want to complain but ...
Now, Mrs. Springer, close your eyes and relax. Your husband
Stuart:
will gasp when he sees how fantastic you look.
Mrs. Springer: He'll gasp all right ... at how much I've spent. But I'm in your
hands, so spray away!
CHECK YOURSELF 1
(11 Listen and repeat the sentences. Circle the two- or three-member consonant
cluster contained in each boldfaced word. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see
Appendix 11, pages 305-306.)
EXAMPLES
[spr]
[skt]
[rks]
CD
1. [kt]
[kst]
[sks]
[ks]
2. [kt]
[kst]
[sks]
[ks]
3. [skr]
[sk]
[sks]
[sk]
4. [skr]
[kt]
[ks]
[sk]
5. [skr]
Est]
[sks]
[sk]
6. [sp1]
[spr]
[str]
7. [skr]
[sk]
[sks]
8. [skr]
[sk]
[skt]
[kt]
9. [skr]
[kst]
[skt]
[ks]
10. [spr]
[spl]
Esp]
[s1]
[sks]
CHECK YOURSELF 2 Look at the scrambled words. Write the correct word in the blank. Use the clues below
each word to help you figure out the scrambled word.
1. EALST
It's a crime to
2. I P R'A S E
To
3. SKA
To make a request is to
4. SPWA
A
S. S P I RE PE R
To
means to sweat.
6. P LM P U
The opposite of skinny is
7. US TE R C L
Be sure to pronounce each consonant
clearly.
8. RP SHA
Be careful when using an object with a
point.
9. STRAME
The children went swimming in the
10. EASKSQU
Squeals, shrieks, screeches, and
sounds.
CD
Check your answers. Then practice reading each word and clue aloud. Be sure
to pronounce all the consonant clusters correctly.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
rI] Listen to the audio. A word will be pronounced, used in a sentence, and pronounced
again. Circle the three-member consonant cluster that you hear in each word.
EXAMPLES
@~D
[str]
[skt]
[sks]
[spr]
Esp]]
[spr]
1. [spr]
Esp]]
[skr]
[str]
2. [spr]
Esp]]
[skr]
[str]
3. [spr]
Esp]]
[skr]
[str]
Lesson 52
239
4. [spr]
[spl]
[skr]
[str]
5. [spr]
[spl]
[skw]
[str]
6. [sps]
[spt]
[skt]
[kst]
7. [sps]
[spt]
[skt]
[rks]
8. [sps]
[spt]
[skt]
[sks]
9. [sps]
[spt]
[kst]
[sks]
10. [sps]
[spt]
[spl]
[rks]
More Practice
EXERCISE A
Read the poem aloud. Be sure to carefully pronounce the boldfaced consonant
clusters.
If
Rudyard Kipling
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, not talk too wise;
If you can dream-and not make dreams your master;
If you can think-and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build them up with worn-out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the will which says to them: "Hold on!"
240
Part 3: Consonants
EXERCISE B
Lesson 52
241
When writing English, we add the ending -ed to form the past tense of regular
verbs. That's easy to remember! However, when you are speaking English, the -ed
ending can have three different pronunciations. Sometimes -ed sounds like [t], as
in stopped [stapt]; sometimes it sounds like [dJ, as in lived [IIvd]; sometimes it
sounds like a new syllable, [Id], as in loaded [loudId].
,_.~~
As discussed in Lesson 51, many consonants may not be found at the end
of words in your language. Consequently, you may not be used to saying final
consonants in English. This might make you omit or mispronounce past tense
verb endings.
EXAMPLES
A new syllable will be illcorrecdy lived [hvd] will sound like live~id [lIVId].
added to a past tense verb:
tapped [trept] will sound like tap-id [trepId].
You will not be saying your
target past tense verb:
This might seem confusing, but don't worry! We have good news! In this chapter
we will teach you three EASY rules to help you pronounce past tense regular
verbs correctly. You willleam when -ed sounds like [t], [d], or [Id]. Study the
rules and you've got it made!
242
talked [t:Jkt]
crossed [kr:Jst]
laughed [lreft]
Rractice
EXERCISE
ri1
Listen and repeat the verbs. Be sure to pronounce the -ed in the past tense verbs
like [tl. (Do NOT add a new syllable to any word!)
Present Tense
(last sound is voiceless)
Past Tense
(-ed = Et])
look
looked
miss
missed
stop
stopped
work
worked
pick
picked
wash
washed
drip
dripped
pass
passed
place
placed
laugh
laughed
The ending -ed will always sound like [d] when the last sound in the present tense
verb is a vowel or voiced consonant.
EXAMPLES
lived [hvd]
turned [t3'-nd]
played [pleId]
Rractice,
EXERCISE
ri1
Listen and repeat the verbs. Be sure to pronounce -ed like [dl. (Do NOT add a new
syllable to the words!)
Present Tense
(last sound is voiced)
Past Tense
(-ed = [d])
love
loved
stay
stayed
fill
filled
bum
burned
rain
rained
live
lived
clean
cleaned
stare
stared
study
studied
follow
followed
Lesson 53
243
EXAMPLES
rested [rcstId]
ended [cndId]
Practice
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
rt1
Listen and repeat the verbs. NOW you should pronounce -ed like
the new syllable [Idl.
Present Tense
(end in t or d)
Past Tense
(-ed = the new syllable [Id])
end
ended
add
added
hunt
hunted
want
wanted
need
needed
fold
folded
start
started
printed
sound
sounded
count
counted
-ed = [d]
-ed = [Id]
We played a game.
He moved again.
I rested at home.
I mailed a letter.
We opened a window.
-ed = [t]
[t]
[Id]
[Id]
244
Part 3: Consonants
[d]
[t]
[t]
10.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
[d]
[d]
[t]
LIl Read the sentences aloud. Choose the correct past tense verb from the box to fill in
the blanks. In the brackets, write either [tl, [dl, or [Idl to represent the -ed sound. ill the
verb. Check your answers. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix 11, pages
306-307.)
..JI""o"-ck""e""d'--
EXAMPLE
painted
lived
mailed
danced
deposited
asked
1. We
2. She
3. Dad
4. The student
5. They
three questions. [ ]
fifteen minutes for the bus. [ ]
6. I've
7. My father
a letter. [ ]
8. The man
five miles. [ ]
my check in the bank. [ ]
9. I
10. He
CHECK YOURSELF 2
(Il Listen to five sentences. Some of the -ed verb endings will be said INCORRECTLY.
Circle Cfor Correct or I for Incorrect to indicate whether the past tense verb in each
sentence is pronounced properly.
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You hear
You circle
CD
You hear
You circle
e
e
e
e
e
I
I
I
I
I
Lesson 53
245
CHECK YOURSELF 3
rt1Li~ten and repeat each three-word series. Circle the ONE word in each group that
has a different -ed sound than the others.
~ace!>
pleased
played
1. stopped
started
stated
2. finished
followed
phoned
3. loved
looked
liked
4. tasted
traded
taped
5. cooked
cleaned
baked
6. packed
pasted
passed
7. ironed
sewed
mended
8. whispered
shouted
screamed
9. skipped
hopped
lifted
pulled
raised
EXAMPLE
10. pushed
w:J
Check your answers. Then read the verbs aloud. Try using one verb from each
series in a sentence.
CHECK YOURSELF 4
[l] Read the following dialogue with a partner. In the brackets above each past tense
verb, write the phonetic symbol representing the sound of the -ed ending.
[Id]
Roberta:
[d]
Karl, have you started your diet? I hope you haven't gained any weight.
[ ]
[ ]
Karl:
Roberta:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
Karl:
Roberta:
Have you cleaned the house? Calories can be worked off that way.
Karl:
Roberta:
Karl:
When I finished cleaning, I was starved. I prepared this food for dinner.
Roberta:
Oh, no! I'll take this food home so you won't be tempted.
[ ]
[]
[ ]
[]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
[]
[]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
Karl:
[ ]
Check your answers. Change roles and read the dialogue aloud again. Be sure to
carefully pronounce all past tense endings.
246
Part 3: Consonants
More Practice
EXERCISE A
[I] Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to pronounce all the past tense
endings correctly.
[Id]
Mr. West:
Ed:
Mr. West:
Ed:
Mr. West:
Ed:
Cd]
et]
[Id]
et]
[Id]
Cd]
Cd]
Cd]
[Id]
Cd]
Cd]
Mr. West:
Ed:
Mr. West:
et]
[Id]
Cd]
Thanks, Dad!
[I] Think of a response to the question,"What happened to you today?" Be sure your
response contains many past tense verbs. When you complete your response, work
with a partner and ask him or her the same question. Use a chart like the one below to
categorize the verbs according to the sound of their -ed endings.
EXAMPLE
backed
knocked
parked
shocked
-ed = [d]
pulled
opened
robbed
-ed = [Id]
lifted
Lesson 53
247
I
I
I
-5
You are probably wondering if there are any rules to help you correctly
pronounce 5 in all these different situations. The answer is YES! In this lesson,
you will learn how to pronounce 5 when it forms plurals, third-person present
tense verbs, possessives, and contractions. Study the rules and listen to the CD
carefully. You will soon notice a big improvement in your pronunciation!
PRONOUNCED [s]
The -5 forming the plural always sounds like [s] when the last sound in the
singular noun is voiceless.
EXAMPLES
248
hats [hrets]
lips [lIps]
sticks [stlks]
The -5 forming the third-person present always sounds like [s] when the last
sound in the base form of the verb is voiceless.
EXAMPLES
he likes [lalks]
it floats [flouts]
The -5 forming the possessive always sounds like [s] when the last sound in the
noun is voiceless.
EXAMPLES
The -5 forming contractions always sounds like [s] when the last sound in the
word being contracted is voiceless.
EXAMPLES
Practice
EXERCISE
rt1
Listen and repeat the phrases. The final-s will sound like [sI. (Do NOT add a new
syllable to any word!)
Plural Noun
Phrases
Bake the cakes.
Wash the plates.
Stack the cups.
Clean the pots.
Dam the socks.
Feed the cats.
Third-Person Verb
Phrases
He smokes too much.
She sleeps late.
It tastes good.
My mother makes tea.
The dog eats.
He jumps high.
Possessive/Contraction
Phrases
the cat's milk
Ralph's friend
the plant's leaf
Let's eat now.
What's wrong?
It's time to go.
The -5 forming the plural always sounds like [z] when the last sound in the
singular noun is voiced.
EXAMPLES
floors [fbrz]
bags [bregz]
cars [karz]
The -5 forming the third-person present always sounds like [z] when the last sound
in the base form of the verb is voiced.
EXAMPLES
He swims [swlmz].
The -5 forming the possessive always sounds like [z] when the last sound in the
noun is voiced.
EXAMPLES
The -5 forming a contraction always sounds like [z] when the last sound in the
word being contracted is voiced.
EXAMPLES
Lesson 54
249
Practice
EXERCISE
Plural Noun
Phrases
Close your eyes.
Kill the fleas.
Sing the songs.
lost 30 pounds
Open the letters.
Buy some shoes.
Third-Person Verb
Phrases
He saves money.
The man lives here.
Dad reads books.
The boy listens.
It smells good.
She sees me.
Possessive/Contraction
Phrases
Sue's pencil
the baby's milk
our teacher's desk
my friend's house
Here's a pencil.
There's a note.
wishes [wlfIZ]
churches [tf3"tfIZ]
places [plelslz]
The -5 or -e5 forming the third-person present always sounds like the new
syllable [IZ] when the last sound in the base form of the verb is [s], [z], [f], [tf], [3],
or [d3).
EXAMPLES
He watches [watflz].
The -5 or -e5 forming the possessive always sounds like the new syllable [IZ]
when the last sound in the noun is [s], [z], [f], [tf], [3], or [d3].
EXAMPLES
Practice
EXERCISE A
Third-Person
Verb Phrases
He wishes.
She watches him.
He judges the contest.
Mother washes clothes.
The bee buzzes.
Possessive
Phrases
the church's steeple
the witch's broom
Mr. Jones's pen
the mouse's cheese
the bus's tires
EXERCISE B
CD
Read the sentences aloud. BE! sure to pronounce the plurals, verbs, possessives, and
contractions correctly.
S
= [8]
1. He wants to leave.
2. My sister likes gum.
3. I read many books.
4. Mother ironed shirts.
5. Jack's not coming.
[z]
= [z]
.::-S_=-'["'IZ""]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
6. Boys play cowboys and Indians and use toy guns and knives.
[z]
[IZ]
[sI
[z]
[z]
[z]
[IZ]
[z]
[IZ]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[sI
[z]
[sI
10. Tim's friend's house has lots of rooms with oriental carpets.
EXERCISE C
[IJ Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Be sure to pronounce all -s endings
correctly.
[sI
[Z]
Charles:
James:
Nothing, Charles. All the guys have dates for the prom except me!
Charles:
James:
[z]
[z]
[sI
[sI
[IZ]
[sI
[z]
Charles:
[z]
[IZ]
[z]
She measures about 5 feet 2 inches, has blue eyes, and weighs
[sI
[z]
[z]
James:
Charles:
That's not true. She enters law school after finals. She gets
[sI
[z]
[z]
[sI
[z]
good grades.
[sI
[Z]
[sI
James:
Charles:
She golfs, plays tennis, and swims. She also dances very well.
James:
[sI
[z]
[z]
[IZ]
[z]
[sI
dates.
Lesson 54
251
[8]
Charles:
[Z]
[8]
[IZ]
She has lots of boyfriends. In fact, let's make some changes. I'll
[IZ]
James:
NO
[z]
rI] listen to the sentences. Circle the ONE word in parentheses that you hear. (For
answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix 11, pages 307-308.)
EXAMPLE
ill Check your answers. Then read each sentence aloud twice. Use the first word in
parentheses the first time and the contrast word the second time.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
rI] listen and repeat the three-word groups. Circle the ONE word in each group of
three that has an -s ending sound different from the others.
EXAMPLE
252
Part 3: Consonants
belts
hats
1. talks
walks
runs
2. dishes
gates
pages
3. pears
apples
oranges
4. eyes
noses
toes
5. saves
makes
cooks
6. newspapers
magazines
books
7. dogs
birds
cats
8. tables
chairs
couches
9. dentists
doctors
lawyers
10. lunches
beaches
chimes
CHECKYOURSELF 3
CIJ
Read the passages from William Shakespeare's plays. Circle all words with-5
endings and write them under the phonetic symbol representing the sound
of their -5 ending. Use the chart at the bottom of the page.
From Othello
Good name in man and woman, dear my lord,
Is the immediate jewel of their souls;
Who steals my purse steals trash; 'tis something, nothing;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands;
But he that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches him
And makes me poor indeed.
[s]
[z]
[Iz]
world's
Lesson 54
253
More Practice
EXERCISE A
CD Read the poem aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the plural endings correctly.
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Excerpt)
Robert Browning
[sI
[IZ]
[sI
[sI
[sI
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
[z]
EXERCISE B
I:Il Work with a partner and think of at least ten different categories of things, for
254
Every time you go to the cleaners practice the plural endings of words that
identify clothing. Use phrases such as "I have two dresses to clean,""These shirts
need to be laundered," "Can you clean these ties?"
Part 3: Consonants
Appendices
Appendix I:
To the Teacher
English Pronunciation Made
Simple to your students because you are committed to helping them improve
their pronunciation of English. This is a difficult task, but it's not impossible.
Teaching and learning English pronunciation can be difficult, tedious work. It
can also be more fun than you ever imagined possible. (In our accentreduction classes, there have been countless occasions when we, along with
our students, have laughed long and hard enough for tears to roll!)
Some of you are already experienced teachers of English for nonnative
speakers or speech instructors and/or speech pathologists involved in teaching
foreign-accent-reduction classes, and you already employ a variety of effective
techniques with your students. Please: Share some of your most successful
ones with us. We invite you to let us know how you like our suggestions. We
truly look forward to hearing from you!
Some of you are new at teaching English pronunciation to nonnative
speakers. Don't worry. An enthusiastic attitude and genuine desire to learn
with your students will be more valuable than years of experience. As you'll
quickly realize, the English Pronunciation Made Simple program provides you
with an easy-to-follow, systematic approach to teaching English
pronunciation.
Welcome to the challenge! You recommended
256
Appendix I
Accent Analysis
The Accent Analysis should be used at the beginning of the English
Pronunciation Made Simple program. Record each student (or have them
record themselves at home) reading the Accent Analysis Sentences (Vowels
on page 261 and Consonants on page 264). Each sentence pair is designed to
survey the students' pronunciation of a specific target vowel or consonant.
Encourage them to read the sentences in a natural, conversational voice. The
Accent Analysis should be used again when your students complete the
program. This will help you (and them) measure their progress.
Now you are ready to listen to your students' tapes and do a written
survey of their pronunciation difficulties with vowels, diphthongs,
consonants, and word stress. Use the Summary of Errors forms (Vowels
form on page 263 and Consonants form on page 267) to record the results.
The pairs of Accent Analysis Sentences are numbered to correspond to the
phonetic symbols.
As each group of sentences is read, listen only to the pronunciation of the
target sound. Ignore all other errors. While a student is reading, follow along
sentence by sentence on the Teacher's Record Form (see pages 262 and 265).
Circle all target words that are mispronounced. On the line above the
mispronounced target word, record the error. Use any marking (e.g., phonetic
symbols) that is meaningful to you. You can then complete the Summary of
Errors forms (pages 263 and 267) at your leisure.
For example, your student substitutes Eau] (as in out) for [J] in sentence
9's target words author and audience, and Eau] (as in no) in office and boring.
You might record the errors as follows:
(au]
[QU]
Eau]
foul
On the Summary of Errors form, you might make the following notations:
Vowels
9. [J] as in all
Correct
Error
Comments
Errors seem related to spelling patterns.
To the Teacher
257
Word Stress
17. Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, and Europe comprise five of the
continents. North America is another continent.
18. I have televisions in the bedroom, living room, and dining room. The
programs about detectives and hospitals are my favorites.
258
Appendix I
[i]
week.
[I]
2. inn's sister swims a little bit. It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.
re]
[re]
4. Many animals inhabit Africa. Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots, and bats.
[a]
5. Doctors say jogging is good for the body. Lots of starch causes heart problems.
[u]
6. Who flew to the moon? Numerous lunar flights are in the news. We1l soon put a
person on Jupiter and Pluto.
7. Would you look for my cookbook? It should be full of hints for good cookies and
[u]
pudding.
8. The southern governor is Republican. The public election was fun. She won by
[A]
[0]
[3']
[3'-]
[eI]
12. Maine is a state in the northern United States. It's a great place for a vacation.
foul
13. The North Pole is close to the Arctic Ocean. It's known for polar bears, snow, and
severe cold.
eau]
14. Owls are now found throughout the world. They avoid crowds and make loud sounds.
[aI]
[01]
16. The auto industry is a loyal employer in Detroit. People enjoy their choice of cars.
Word Stress
[g]
17. Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, and Europe comprise five of the continents.
North America is another continent.
18. I have televisions in the bedroom, living room, and dining room. The programs about
detectives and hospitals are my favorites. *
*The boldface letters indicate the syllable that should receive primary stress. If the student errs on a target word, circle the incorrectly
stressed syllable.
To the Teacher
259
Date:
Student's Name:
Correct
Error
Comments
1. [i) as in me
for [i]
2. [I] as in it
for [I]
3. le] as in egg
for le]
4. [re] as in at
for [re]
5. [a] as in hot
for [a]
6. [u] as in you
for [u]
7. [v] as in cook
for [v]
8. [A] as in up
for [A]
9.
[~]
for
as in all
[~]
for [3"]
for [3']
Diphthongs
12. rei] as in ate
for rei]
13. [DV] as in no
for [ov]
for [av]
15. [aI] as in my
for [aI]
for
Word stress
17.
[~]
as in soda
Correct
[~I]
Error
for
Comments
[~]
18. Is stress placed on the wrong syllable of words of more than one syllable?
Errors:
Other Observations
260
Appendix I
261
1. The United States started with thirteen small states. Now there are fifty states spread
2.
Lazy cows graze in the fields of New Zealand. The pleasant breeze blows from the seas.
Et]
3.
A Tale of TWo Cities was written by Charles Dickens. Today it is taught throughout
the world.
[d]
4.
Dad had a bad cold. He stayed in bed all day Monday and Tuesday.
[6]
5.
Is there a threat of World War Three? After a third war, many think there will be
nothing left on Earth. We must be thankful for peace.
[6]
6.
My mother and father loathe uorthern weather. They prefer the climate of the
southern states.
[f]
7.
Sherry took a short vacation to Washington. She went fishing and found shells along
the ocean shore.
[tf]
8.
Chuck ate lunch in the kitchen. He had a cheese sandwich and peach pie.
[3]
9.
I made a decision to paint the garage beige. I usually paint or watch television in my
leisure time.
[d3]
10.
[j]
11. Year after year, millions of people visit New York. Young and old enjoy familiar sights.
[p]
12.
Pick up a pack of ripe apples. Mom will bake apple pie for supper.
[b]
13.
Bob built a big boat. He finds lobster and crab and cooks them in the cabin below.
[fl
14.
The elephant is friendly and full of life. It's a fact that an elephant never forgets!
[v]
15.
Leave the veal and gravy in the oven. Vicky wants to keep it very hot. She will serve
everyone at seven.
[k]
16.
Kathy can't bake a cake for the card party. She is working at the bank until six o'clock.
[9]
17.
[w]
18.
We would like to see the Seven Wonders of the World. We will just have to wait awhile!
Er]
19.
Roads are rough in rural areas. Be very careful when you drive your car.
(Continued)
262
Appendix I
llike the cooler cliInate in the fall. The gold and yellow colors ofthe leaves are
[1]
beautiful.
Ch]
21.
Heaven helps those who help themselves. Anyhow, hard work never hurt anyone.
[m]
22.
I'm coming home for Christmas. As the poem says, "Wherever you may roam, there's
no place like home."
en]
23.
Now you can learn to pronounce the consonants. Practice them again and again on
your own.
[DJ
24. The strong young men are exercising this morning. They are running long distances.
Past Tense
25.
Mother washed, cooked, and cleaned. After she finished, she rested.
26.
Put the shoes and boots in the boxes. Hang the dresses and pants on the hangers.
Plurals
To the Teacher
263
Date:
Student's Name:
Error
1. [s] as in see
for [s]
2. [z] as in zoo
for [z]
3. Et] as in too
for [I]
4. [d] as in dog
for [d]
5. [e] as in think
for [e]
6. [0] as in them
for [0]
UJ as in shoe
for [f]
7.
264
Correct
8. [If] as in chair
for [If]
9. [3] as in rouge
for [3]
for [d3]
for [j]
for [p]
for [b]
for [f]
for [v]
for [k]
17. [g] as in go
for [g]
18. [w] as in we
for [w]
for[r]
for [I]
for Eh]
22. [m] as in me
for [m]
23. En] as in no
for En]
for [1)]
Appendix I
Comments
Past Tense
Correct
Comments
Error
Other Observations
To the Teacher
265
flexible. The integrity of the program will remain intact if you assign the
lessons in a sequence of your own choosing. Your personal teaching
philosophy, available time, and students' specific needs should dictate what
you teach first. Many students will not have difficulty with all the sounds.
Consequently, you may wish to skip some lessons completely and spend
more time on the real "trouble makers" (like [1] as in it or [u] as in cook)!
A Key to Pronouncing the Vowels and Consonants of American English: These
adapted easily. If your students require more drill at the sentence level
before progressing to dialogues or paragraphs, focus your attention on the
appropriate exercises; defer presentation of more difficult activities to a
later time.
Check Yourself: The Check Yourself exercises can be used in a variety of
ways: (1) You can present the exercises to evaluate your students' progress;
(2) you can use them as both pre- and post-tests to more precisely measure
students' gains; (3) you can divide your students into teams to complete
the exercises as a group rather than individually; or (4) you can assign the
266 Appendix I
267
A Sad Experience
A Happy Experience
The Time 1 Was Lost
My First Airplane Trip
An Exciting Experience
268 Appendix I
To the Teacher
269
270
Appendix I
Appendix 11:
Check YourselfAnswer Key
Check Yourself, Page 8
1.
bead
(great)
2. (eight)
either
leave
tea
believe
niece
3. scene
(women)
these
even
4. need
(been)
sleep
thirteen
s.
thief
machine
6. (pretty)
wheat
sweet
cream
7. people
Cbread)
deal
east
steam
receive
leaf
lease
easy
(still)
police
teen
S.@!)
(live)
9. leave
Steve
10. steep
( vision)
1.CD
2. 1
20
6. 1
7.1 @
3. 1 @3
s.CD
4. 1
2 0
9.1 @
sCD
10.CD 2
20
1. (field)
filled
6.(team)
Tim
2. (bean)
bin
7. sleep
3. neat
(knit)
S.(green)
grin
4. deal
(@i)
9. heel
(hill)
s.
10. week
(wick)
beat
1.
2. Will he (Geave)/live)?
3. The boy was (beaten/(bitten.
271
loo:
Tina:
loo:
Tina:
isn't ~hearil!
That's OK. I1 will()2$) "~easytoday, famine tomorrow!"
loo:
rn just have to @
theG,veekD
Check Yourself 1, Page 16
1. (steak)
lettuce
(pastry)
2. bread
(raisins)
melon
3. (cake)
(tomatoes)
4. (jJotatoes)
crackers
5. (grapes)
celery
6. (toothpaste)
peas
(bacon)
peas
(gravy)
squash
cereal
bananas
(baking soda)
ice cream
carrots
(jJaper plates)
6.G)
2. I
7. I
3. I
8.G)
4. I
9. I
5.Q) 2
272
Appendix 11
IO.G) 2
Store
Monday,
S @-Mork thot~t~
(Take)home(famous)i(1ame)brands,
yourCfavorite)QabelsO
(A~v-a"ila'--b"le)forqadies)of all ~
Why~more?tJake)a~rain)@the @ubway~@ a ~but don't fait!)
Don't@~way)from this~@
11ff"II'fi~i!i l;f~~J:.lr~~~:l.i
. .};rll~~I~~i\'
SINCE~
NO
CHANGES OR RETURNS
1. any
anywhere
many
2. (jJaper)
letter
send
pencil
3. seven
eleven
(eight)
twenty
4. health
(wreath)
breath
wealth
5. (i-eading)
ready
already
head
6. present
precious
7. November
February
8. guess
guest
(cruel)
9. thread
threat
fresh
10. (mean)
meant
mental
(previous)
September
president
(April)
question
(theater)
met
1. C
2.
CD
1
3. C
4. C
CD
CD
273
G)
G)
8. C
6. 1
9. I
5. C
G)
7. C
10. I
1.G) 2
2. 1
2 (1)
6.G) 2
7. 1
3.G) 2
8.1
4.1
5. 1
2(1)
9.G) 2
10.1
2(1)
6. at t@c k
2.@f r i c a
7. S@t u r day
3. C@l i for n i a
8. C@n a d a
4. f@s c i n ate
9. D@l I a s
5. A l@s k a
Check Yourself 3, Page 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1. 1
2.G) 2
3. 1
4.1
5. 1
6.G) 2
7.1
8.G) 2
9.1
2(1)
@
@
@
@
10.G) 2
274
1. (condor)
leopard
2. cat
(crocodile)
elephant
(sea otter)
Appendix 11
3.<fQK)
tiger
(hippopotamus)
(dolphin)
4Gguana)
kangaroo
(lobster)
(octopus)
5. parrot
(rhinoceros)
(opossum)
lion
Donna:
Bob:
Donna:
I'm feeling @@ of the world. I've@ list of names for the baby.
Bob:
Donna: ('Donna")is fine for a middle name. How about~or@arbara)forher first name?
Bob:
Donna:
Better yet, it it's a boy, let's call him~after his ~ather)If it's a girl, we'll call her
Q3arbari;).
Bob:
(Donni;), maybe you want to name herQ.Ulonda) after your<&!fuiri)sister. Then, if it's a boy,
we can name him ~
Donna:
We don't want to forget your mothertarhj). So, let's call him(earl)if it's a boy.
Bob:
Donna:
Bob:
6.Q) 2
2. 1 0 3
7.Q) 2
3.Q) 2
8. 1 0
4.Q) 2
9. 1
5.Q) 2
1. 1
2(])
2(])
10. 1 0 3
CD
6.@ 1
2.@ 1
7.@ 1
3. e Q)
8. e
9.@ 1
1. e
4. e
CD
5. e Q)
CD
1O.@ 1
275
[u]
[u]
tu]
tu]
[u]
tu]
tu]
[u]
tu]
tu]
[u]
[u]
tu]
tu]
[u]
[u]
tu]
tu]
tu]
[u]
[u]
[u]
tu]
[u]
tu]
tu]
[u]
tu]
[u]
@
@
4.(D 2
S. 1
2 0
7.(D 2 3
8. 1
20
2 0
6. 1
2 0
9.(D 2 3
10.(D 2
Houdini
HarryWoudinVwas a magician known~hroughouYworld.He could([emove)himself from chains and
ropes and could walk~hrough)walls!Woudini)wasborn inq3udapesy, Hungary. He~o~York
when he was twelve and{j;oon)took up magic. <Rumors)spread that (floudini)had ~upernaturappowers.
However, he was ~ruthfuVand stated that his tricks could be understood by all i!luman~. WoudinYis an
idol for all would-be magicians.
Check Yourself 1, Page 45
.D
1. (cut)
cot
6.
2. (stuck)
stock
7. bum
(bomb)
3. (come)
calm
8. pup
(pop)
4. wonder
9. (fund)
fond
10. (shut)
shot
s.
color
(colla!)
not
276
1. something
wonder
2. trouble
come
(locker)
once
3. color
cups
dozen
(collar)
Appendix 2
ugly
(open)
4. peanut
muddy
(modern)
bunny
5. (stood)
stuff
stump
stuck
6. lucky
brother
just
7. Monday
month
(Tuesday)
Sunday
8. (comb)
coming
cutting
country
9. cover
(over)
oven
other
must
10. rust
(Jock)
nothing
Gus:
Why, hat'~(up?)
Gus:
Justine: My@ got ~tuck)in the ~and I lost ~ome)oney)I should carry~omething)for1uckD
Gus:
&tothing)@ ~roublep
Justine: Oh, {(:;us)You(must)be a ~Do you really believe ~~~
Don't make
Gus:
(othersD
Justine: Well, the&tumbeJ]13 is(~mlucky)And, a blister on the~ongue)means~omeone)islying!
Gus:
fun
6. coat
2. bone
(bun)
7. (wrote)
rut
3. roam / Rome
(rum)
8. Qlole/whol~
hull
4. (boast)
bustlbused
9. rogue
5. tone
(t:2!i)
10.~
must! mussed
frying pan
2. clock
(telephone)
3. (stove)
(sofa)
4. doorknob
(window)
5. (can opener)
(mixing bowl)
bookcase
faucet
(lawn mower)
television
(clothes dryer)
freezer
(radio)
table
(coat rack)
iron
277
l~We'll@to(9hio)
Rose:
Joe:
Rose:
Joe:
Joe:
Rose:
Joe:
(b)
2. (a)
(b)
4. (a)
(b)
1.
3.
5.
2. C
CD
3. 1
4. C
5. C
CD
CD
CD
CD
6. C
7. C
8. 1
9. C
CD
lO. 1
Audrey: (Maude)kept~talling)anddecided~laude)wasthe00ng)man.
Paula:
l~lmosy~Whatabout the~tableclotfj)we(bough!lthem?
278
Appendix 11
(AudreY)Q'0u'r9tlway~so~houghtfulD
6. p r@v e n t
2. u tQ)1 i z e
7. i mQ)t ate
3. dG)p end i n g
8. b rea k f@s t
4. P h
9. c@n t r
t@g rap h
10.@1 a r m
5. p a p@
Check Yourself 2, Page 59
1. about
oven
2. minute
second
seven
(leaving)
3. (after)
attend
allow
annoy
4. 0omething)
support
supply
suppose
5. combine
complete
(camper)
compare
6. Canada
Russia
(Norway)
Columbia
7. lavender
maroon
(yellow)
orange
8. (strawberry)
banana
vanilla
chocolate
9. lettuce
tomato
carrot
(cucumber)
10. giraffe
zebra
(create)
(monkey)
olive
camel
6. e vQ)d@n c e
2. p r i n cQ)p@1
3.@s s i s t@n c e
8. dQ)p I
4. me dQ)c@1
m@
10. Ca n@d@
work
279
(supper)
2. (enter)
curtain
3. third
(backward)
purple
4. nurse
(pleasure)
dirty
5. (silver)
6-veather)
(Saturday)
inform
[3'] [3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
[*J
8. Birds of a feather flock together.
[3']
3. sermon in church
[*]
[*]
[3']
4. regular exercise
[*]
[*]
[3']
2. dangerous curve
[*]
[*]
1. silver urn
[*]
[*]
[3']
[3']
[3']
[3']
5. grammar teacher
Check Yourself 2, Page 67
Pearls
The pearl is one of the world's most Qreasured)gems. Pearls are formed inside the shells of(oysters)
The largest pearl(fisherie,yare in Asia. ~uJtured)pearls were developed by the Chinese in the twentieth
(century)They are~than0ature'~pearls.A perfect ~ that is round and has greatQuster)is worth a
lot of money.Q>erhaps)a "diamond is a ~ best friend," but pearls will always win a woman's(j'avorD
Check Yourself 1, Page 70
1. brown
2. foul
down
(flow)
frown
(grouB)
shout
loud
3. (kno-0
how
now
cow
4. sour
hour
(tour)
our
5. 00uJd)
count
crown
crowd
6. ~houghV
plough
drought
thousand
7. ounce
out
(own)
ouch
8. flounder
@ood)
flour
pounce
9. allow
about
power
(arose)
(consonant)
vowel
sound
10. noun
280
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown:
Mr. Brown:
Appendix 11
Mrs. Brown:
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown:
I knew I could (count)on you. Here comes(o~)noisy neighbor, Mr. (Crowley,)right now.
Mr. Brown:
Mrs. Brown:
crime
@V
pile
2. mind
kind
(spinning)
finding
3. sign
high
fright
4.(lliD
cite
aisle
cried
5.(~)
bye
cry
reply
6. (niece)
nice
knife
night
filed
fire
resign
good-bye
(failed)
7. style
(freight)
8. (j"lrettiJ
try
9. ice
eye
(aim)
aisle
fine
(dutj!)
dying
10. flight
What~ime)didyour(flighy~nive~
1. voice
avoid
void
2. noise
(nose)
hoist
annoy
3. (towel)
toy
toil
spoil
4. Detroit
Illinois
St. Croix
(New York)
281
5. oil
oily
foil
(owl)
6. boil
broil
(bow)
boy
7. poison
appoint
(pounce)
point
8. poise
Joyce
(Joan)
soil
9. coil
(coal)
coy
coin
sirloin
oyster
moist
10. (lobster)
Check Yourself 2, Page 78
Mrs. Royce:
Mr. LIoyd:
Mrs. Royce:
Mr. LIoyd:
Mrs. Royce:
Mr. LIoyd:
Mrs. Royce:
Mr. LIoyd:
Mrs. Royce:
Mr. LIoyd:
Mrs. Royce:
I guess you've made your(choice.)I hope you let your~use it once in a while!
282
1. (agent)
annoy
allow
agree
2. upon
until
undo
(under)
3. (protect)
program
pronoun
protein
4. token
toaster
(today)
5. supper
sunken
suffer
6. explain
(extra)
excite
Appendix 11
total
(support)
exam
7. (deepen)
deny
devote
degree
8. (repair)
reason
recent
reader
9. invite
invent
inform
(instant)
(oppose)
over
10. open
only
'0
'0
3. The student will present a speech.
2. The police don't suspect anyone.
0 2
02
(1)2
6. Please print your address clearly.
'0
23
Money
Richard Armour
0
Bankers lend it,
0
Women spend it,
0
Forgers fake it,
0Taxes take it,
0Dying leave it,
2
283
CD
CD2
CD2
Misers crave it,
CD2
Robbers seize it,
10
Rich increase it,
CD2
Thrifty save it,
1. ~lli ll(goo<!l~
6. The~tor~(open~at(nine)
2. (Steve)lli~dQlandsome)
7. ~(shoe~Qlurt)my:~~et)
8. ~@fur1lli:QJook)
4. The~0aughi)1l(Cold)
9. He'sQeaving)in II ~eek)
5. l@lll~iec~of@
1. Marywants
a
cup
of
coffee.
2.
The show started atlby eight.
3.
The movie is/was very funny.
4. Sue ate althe slice
cake.
of
5. We met
a
couple
of
friends
of
mine.
284
AppendiX 11
I'm
a good student. (1 am)
2. Lynn doesn't play tennis. (does not)
3. We've seen that movie. (We have)
1.
Frances Black:
Ellie White:
(Howarya)Frannie?@Ellie.cPoyawann~come
over for a0upacoffee?)
Frances Black:
Elinor, 1 am very sorry 1 can not visit you. 1.am going to lunch at the Club.
Ellie White:
Frances Black:
We will not be able to join you. We have tickets for the opera.
Ellie White:
Frances Black:
Elinor, 1 really have to go now. It has been most pleasaiJ.t speaking with you.
Ellie White:
Reduced Fonns
Howarya?
It's
meetcha
hafta
Full Fonn
How are you?
It is
Do you want to
cup of coffee
That is
lam
going to
do not
to the movies
will not
He is
We will
meet you
have to
It's
It has
Frannie's
FraI1nie is
hasta
learnta
has to
learn to
Doyawanna
cupacoffee
That's
I'm
gonna
don't
tathamoyies
won't
He's
We'll
Rising
_X_
X
_X_
X
_X_
_X_
_X_
9. Where is my pencil?
_X_
286
Appendix 11
--'>,
or should I wait ~?
--'>
--'>,
prison ~, the other inmates were sitting around calling out numbers ~. He heard Bill call ~, "One
thousand twenty" ~. Then Joe bellowed ~, "Two hundred forty" ~. "Does anyone know three
asked Mark happily ~. Each time a number was called
--'>,
Bill explained~. "Well~, we know thousands of jokes ~. It would take too long to tell each
one
--'>.
So we've numbered all of them~. When we want to tell a joke ~, we simply call out its
number" ~. Sam asked hopefully ~, "Will you guys teach me all the jokes
Bill taught Sam all of the jokes and their numbers ~. One day
--'>,
--'>
jokes~, Sam called "Five hundred" ~. No one laughed~. He shouted ~,"Five hundred" ~.
"I don't get it~. Why isn't anyone laughing ~? Isn't number five hundred
--'>,
replied Bill
-i>,
1.0u
P P
2.@u
san
6.0a le s m a n
s e
7.@e a son
3. d i s a@t e r
8. res i(Dt
4. e a s i e@t
9. pr e s e n
5. p
00t
e rs
to
10. bus i n e o
nose
(wrist)
ears
2. walls
(waltz)
wells
ways
3. (carrots)
apples
peas
raisins
4. pleasing
pleasant
(pleasure)
please
5. deserve
daisy
(serve)
design
6. (cease)
seize
size
7. Tuesday
Thursday
Wednesday
8. (east)
ease
easy
sings
(SaturdaY)
tease
287
9. rose
(rice)
10.~
xylophone
raise
rise
clothes
zero
1. 1 2 0
6. 1
7.(1) 2
3.(1) 2
8.(1) 2
9. 1
2.1
4.1
5. 1 2 0
10. 1
[sl
[z]
[zl
[s]
[zl
[z]
[z]
[s]
[zl
[z]
[s]
...-J!'!
[sl .
(loss/~).
[sl
(f1eece/~).
[s]~
(bus~).
[sl
[zl
[zl
[z]
288
2 0
Appendix 11
20
A Man Named(Stu)
A man from Crexas)named(Stu)
Was crazy about(Si!ly)($ue)
He proposed twenty times,
Using00ng)(dance) and rhymes
Until($~)i;aid)to"Ido!"
A Girl Named(Maxine)
There was a 0lim)girl called (M-c-ax-ic-n-e)
Who loved cooking ($panish)cuisine.
She(i;pent)d~ eating(rice,)
6.G)0
2.thaG)
7. P res e nG)a t o n
3. pat i e nG)
8. a r i t h m eG)i c
4.G)e x t u r e
S.G)e m per a t u r e
write
aunt
6. TIe a tight
right
me a note.
is twenty-two.
knot
time
light on.
toe
is the party?
tail
289
2. C
3. C
4. C
CD
CD
CD
5. I
III
MR.(ANqMRS.@(OEAN)
11
0lPEND0~EA~
~O
AN rpEWE'V
~
~lOIl/';;;!J(0t/m&;)fillo~!JjJedd19)
III
RSVP BY@EDNESDAY)I!JECEMBEFj)CTHIRD)
III
clothes
(teeth)
feather
further
(moth)
father
(thick)
(throw )
clothing
rather
(method)
other
(faith)
breathe
(breath)
(cloth)
(thorough)
Jim(Thorpe)
Do you knowlitnything)about Jimcr"'h-o-rp-e'-::-?)He was a Native American~thlete;)He excelled in
(everythinii)at the Olympics.(Thousands)were angry whenCrhorpe'wmedals were taken away because he
was called a professional~ In@Dlong after his@eathJCrhorpe's)medals were restored.
(Throughout)the world, Jim~is@lOugh~to be one of the greatest male~thlete~.
290
AppendiX 11
clothing
clothes
clothe
2. though
although
(thought)
those
3. then
them
4. feather
father
(faith)
further
5. bathing
(bath)
bathe
breathe
6.(thank)
than
that
then
7. soothe
(sues)
soothing
smooth
8. (dare)
there
their
theirs
themselves
(den)
(The)Photo Album
Daughter: (Mother)I like(these)old pictures. Who's(this?)
Mother:
(That'~your great(grandmother)
from~~"'e-th-;---er-"'Ia-n-d;-'s)
Mother:
(That's)your(grandfather) He was
Daughter:
Mother:
(That'~right.(Thos.;laremy(j)rothers)~always~othere4lme!
(NeitherDerhat'S)your~uncle.
291
Daughter:
Mother:
1. crush
cash
(catch)
crash
2. chef
(chief)
chute
chiffon
3. machine
parachute
mustache
4. (China)
Russia
Chicago
Michigan
5. facial
conscience
(scienc<i)
conscious
6. pressure
(pressed)
(kitchen)
assure
permission
7. (division)
subtraction
addition
multiplication
8. position
action
(j)atio)
motion
9. Charlotte
Cheryl
Sharon
(Charles)
0:esign)
pension
mention
10. tension
Check Yourself, Page 149
1. C
CD
2. I
3. C
4. C
5. C
CD
CD
CD
6. I
7. I
8. I
9. C
CD
10. I
6. 1 @3
2. 1 2a>
7. 1
3.(D 2
8. 1
4.(D 2
9. 1
10. 1
1. 1
5. 1 2 a>
2 a>
2 a>
2 a>
2 a>
UJ
['Il
UJ
UJ
UJ
UJ
292
Appendix 11
UJ
UJ
UJ
(tll
[Il
['Il
[tj]
[j]
UJ
[tj]
[tj]
(share/~hair).
U]
[tj]
[tj]
[tj]
[tj]
[tj]
[tj]
[tj]
Richard:
Marshall: You sound like a(chauvinist!)I don't mind doing chores. I'm great in the kitchen, too!
Richard:
Marshall: Listen, old chap. I'm a bachelor and too old to chase after children. I'm in a~It's
been nice chatting with you, Richard.
pleasure
2. Asia
Asian
Parisian
3.(huge)
beige
rouge
prestige
4.(passion)
collision
occasion
decision
5. massage
mirage
(message)
corsage
6. confusion
(conclusive)
contusion
conclusion
7. lesion
<profession)
explosion
aversion
8. vision
version
television
9. seizure
(seize)
azure
10. treasury
treasurer
(sure)
(treason)
measure
(Paris)
(visible)
division
treasure
293
[,J
[,J
[,J
[,J
[,J
[,J
much (confusion)
--
Carry your raincoat. iPccasionapshowers are due tomorrow. Hope your evening is a
(pleasure.)
@mD
Luxemburg
England
(Japan)
(Belgium)
Guatemala
(Jerusalem)
(Germany)
(Algeria)
Greenland
China
(AI'lientina)
(Jamaica)
2. (i:aptain)
general
major
soldier
3.~
gentle
gem
intelligent
4. juice
age
angel
5. huge
~
@ID
6. giraffe
July
giant
gin
educate
graduate
cordial
8. large
lounge
9. (Gary)
Joe
Jill
Georgia
Germany
Appendix 11
(angle)
jug
7. (duck)
10. Virginia
294
(Bug)
Budge
1. badge
(lung)
lunge
Gene
(Greenland)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. (SAME)
DIFFERENT
2. SAME
(DIFFEREN1)
3. SAME
(DIFFERENT)
4. (SAME)
DIFFERENT
5. SAME
(DIFFERENT)
1.
Yale
2.
yam
3.
yellow
4.
yolk
5.
year
6.
juice
7. -J"'e,,,-t_ _
8.
yacht
9.
jewel
10.
jokes
Do you know what YANKEE means? People from the United States are Wienerally)called Yankees.
0;::-;-;:----
(Soldiers)from the northern"egion)were called Yankees during the Civil War.(George)M. Cohan wrote a
(stage)hit called "Yankee Doodle Dandy."(realou~baseballfans~aged)warover the New York Yankees
and@odgers)for years. Whether you are from(Georgia)or New(rerseYJYou should(enjoy)being called a
Yank!
Check Yourself 1, Page 174
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
peeled
295
Peter:
That's~impl~. I'll(help)you@.
Your(parents~
Our neighbor,~
We'll@hem on theiPatio.)
The 00mpani)is~everyennyD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(Florida)
(Florida)was~ounded)byPonce de Leon inQ513)This~amou~explorer~Spainwas searching~
a(fountain)of youth. He named the land(florida,)Nhich means Cfull)of@owers')in Spanish. He(j'ailed)in
296
Appendix 11
(have)
6. B
2. B
(heavy)
7. B
3. B
@
@
@
@
(over)
8. B
M@
(love)
4.@
(victory)
9.@
(very)
5. B
(oven)
10. B
(television)
(several)
(clever)
Van is a
2. (c1ever/c1over/~oveil)
I bought a velvet
3. (berry~lferry)
Vera is
4. (Ieaf~/live)
5. (leaves /Qove~i1ives)
Vicky
6. (off/gyif)
My vest is made
7. (alive/(/rrriv<;l/live)
8. (belief/(jjeliev~/bereave)
9. (~everaO/severe/seventh)
Eve has
student.
'
pretty.
at seven.
her sons, Victor and Vance.
leather.
at five.
297
Michigan
(Idaho)
Massachusetts
(Hartford)
Chicago
(Oklahoma)
Washington
(Houston)
(New Hampshire)
(Tallahassee)
(Hawaii)
Mother: That'sQlorribl~(How)didthatQlappen?)
Helen: @(!,eanj)a noise outside. ~went(j)diilld)the(house)and fell over a(hose)
Mother: (Hov0are my(j1andsome)grandsons?
Helen:
(i;omeone)
(queen)
write
(while)
who
wrong
(worry)
(reward)
(square)
whose
(waiter)
guilt
(unwilling)
(west)
lawyer
saw
(anywhere)
(worthy)
low
(Woodro~(Wilson)
(Woodro~0'ilso;Y~as)he~wenWfifth president of the United States. He<!Dalways be remembered
for his~o establish~eace.~~bom in 1865 and later~ent)to Princeton University. He
became president in 1913 and stayed in the~ousefor two terms. His first(wife)died(while)he ~)
in office, and he later married a&ashingto,y~~hen)theUnited States entered~~(!)in
1917 ,~ilsOlyuickl~provided the needed(wisdom)After the)0'ilsmymade a ationwide)tour to
298
Appendix 11
in().924)(jiiverywher~inthe~orld)@ilso~thought of as a~se)andonderfu1)Ieader.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(rice
lice)
6.G) 2
(look
2.G) 2
(lake
rake)
7.G) 2
(collect correct)
3.G) 2
(belly
8.G) 2
(Ilene
Irene)
(arrive
alive)
1. 1
berry)
(rent
lent)
5.G) 2
(lime
rhyme)
4. 1
9. 1
10.G) 2
(lose
rook)
ruse)
~~
(Linda,)
(Honolulu~(j)ersonnel)were@very<.!lelpfuIJ-They(tolg;q;eon)they~~ertainlY)Qocat~@
(eventuallVif we'reQuckY)-It~~the1uggage)~in~AtQeasywe
met0of(lovelV
~ w e could(jeave)m aQateiJ~~elephone)withnew(flighV~chedule)-Weshould be
home forQunch)with the~amily)at twelve I(>'clock)-{lopefully) our (arnval)won't be@elayed)-Talk to you
(later>--{ove)you a(whol~@~
Check Yourself 1, Page 202
1. rave
2.
3.
4.
5.
right
rip
ream
row
hrave!"rave!rave
hright!fright
drip!lrip
dream!"ream
"row! ~owthrow
6. rain
7. rash
8. room
9. round
10. race
hrain/ drain!lrain/~aiI1
!rash!hrash!"rash
hroom!room
~ound
hrace!race!lrace
299
(Robin)Hood
The~tory)of"obin)Hoodhas beenQ:'etold)many times. ~obin)Hood was an outlaw who lived in
(SherwooCj)~Helived~withMaid~(friar)Tuck,andithers)~as~ahero
liather)than a0riminal)HeQ:'obbed)the~ndgave to theq;oor.)He was a~emarkabl~arksman)with
his bow and litrrow) The ~f~Hood has been ~about and @ramatized)since the eleventh
~entury)iRobin)~rul))~epresent~a(righteou0@gur<vopposing0ruelty)and~reed)
Check Yourself 1, Page 206
[gl]
(gr]
(I]
[ft]
[IT]
Appendix 11
[be]
[bl]
8. That's a new
[I]
[kr]
300
[bI]
[pe]
[e]
[kr]
[kJ]
~.
(bloom!~).
(e]
[e]
orange
I like bananas that are ripe and yellow .
Caribbean waters are usually a bright
blue
green
Emeralds should be a clear
Fran's lipstick is a deep
red
Formal attire requires
black tie.
People frequently use color when their hair turns
gray
"Brunette" describes someone with
black
or brown hair.
eJ. The color of orchids is often deep purple or lavender .
10. Many models use lemon juice to give their hair blonde higWights.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
count
(choose)
chorus
2.
can
(cent)
cone
can't
3. Canada
Texas
Kansas
(Massachusetts)
4. key
keep
keen
(kneel)
5. (celery)
corn
carrots
6. mix
box
explain
7.~
back
ankle
cheek
8. (Charle,j)
Carol
Chris
Michael
(much)
chrome
Christmas
( cider )
coffee
cream
9. mechanic
10. milk
cabbage
(xylophone)
TheQ\mericarY!Sowboil
(Americans)reated)the name(c~o-w-bro~:J) for the men who~for(cattle)Youmight(['ecall)the
~ypical)singing owbo:0 in the movies. He was ~, (courageou~ and good-looking. He always ({;~a-u-g-;-h~t)
the ~ ~ and of I(:ourse)the girl! But the real ({;owboy)was a hard orker)who had many @ifficuli)
~He had to~theI(:attle)to larket)These lonely (cattle) drives ~ook)many ,eeks)through rough
tag
forget
Don't forget to ask for a luggage tag.
2. grow
garden
ground
The garden will grow in the fertile ground.
3. dog
growl
bug
The dog started to growl at the bug.
4. green
grass
log
I tripped over a log in the green grass.
5. glad
gift
groom
The groom was glad to receive a gift.
301
8reakfast
(GrapefruiV
(Fried eggs)
( Grits )
(Leg of lamb)
Sausage
Lunch
("'H'am'b-ur--ge-rs)
Dinner
Lasagna
Dessert
( Figs)
4.CD
2. 1
CIJ
5. 1
CIJ
3. 1
1.
CD
3. Margaret Mitchell
4. Mickey Mouse
2.@
3. S
4.@
5. S
than
bedroom.
he sat
Then
in
302
Appendix 11
into
on
the phone
he realized; it was already ten o'clock! John was so tired he went to his
down
can
and
socks. "
Can't
1. 1
CD
CD
5.1
CD
1. (bring)
6. tangerine
11.~
16. engage
2. (anger)
7.@)
12. (talking)
17. (stinging)
3. (hang)
8. (tangle)
13. sponge
18. stingy
4. angel
9, danger
14. grin
19. lunch
15. (running)
20. (bank)
10. (sink)
5. (dancing)
Check Yourself I, Page 228
1. (thin)
thing
6. seem
(scene)
2. (ban)
bang
7. some
3. sinner
(singer)
8. hammer
(hanger)
4. comb
(cone)
9. (ram)
rang
5.~
run
10. (gone)
gong
[n]
[,]
(n]
[,]
2. He (ran/~) twice.
[n]
[,]
[m]
[m]
(n]
[n]
5. 1 heard a (bam~).
[m]
[n]
[,]
303
[Q] [n]
[Q]
[n]
[Q]
[n]
[n]
[n]
[m]
Announcer: Is your skin feeling dry? Are you finding new wrinkles and lines? Then you need Pom's
[n]
[m]
[n]
[n]
[n]
[m]
[Q]
[n]
Skin Cream. Men and women everywhere are talking about our cream. listen to
[m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[n]
[Q]
[Q]
[m]
famous film star Molly Malone, who has been acting for a long, long time.
[m]
Molly:
[n]
[n]
[m]
[m]
[n]
[n]
Hmmm. Of course, everyone knows I started making films when I was nine. But I've
[n]
[Q]
[m]
[m]
[n]
[Q]
[n]
been using Pom's Cream for years and I think it's wonderful. Just put it on every
[n]
[Q]
[n]
[n]
[n]
[n]
morning and evening, and in one week you'll start seeing the difference. Your face
[m]
[n]
[n]
[m]
[m]
[n]
[n]
[m]
Announcer: And now for a limited time, you can get two jars for the price of one. Remember, use
[m]
[n]
[m]
[n]
[m]
Pom's Skin Cream and you, too, can look like a film star.
Check Yourself 1, Page 233
1. 2. hot
2. 1 wrote
3. 1 save
4. 2. right
5. 2. mad
1 hog
1 rope
2. safe
1 ride
1 mat
6. 2. fade
7. lwipe
8. 2. peg
lhop
2. robe
isame
lripe
lmap
9. 1 prize
10. 2. bid
1 fate
2. white
lpen
2. prime
1 big
1 fake
1 wife
1 pet
1 pride
1 bit
2. The
3.
. (Qock)llog Ilot)
. (soakl(soaBlI sole)
5. He
6. He
7. The
landed. (plaguel(plan~lplate)
8. The
9. Send a birthday
10. The bags are in the
. (cartll!:arC!J1 carve)
. (@I card I carve)
304
2. My son is (fiveIQ.
Appendix 11
Ann:
Pam:
Nothing went righ_t_Iast nigh_t_. Pa_t_ had a fla_t_ tire and came Ia_t_e!
Ann:
Pam:
It was ba.Ji.. The soup was coI.Ji.. My steal was tough. They ra..lL out of chocolai..e cale.
Ann:
Pam:
Ann:
Pam:
Ann:
Pam:
Why do you say tha_t_? We're going for a bile ri.Ji.e this afternoon. He's so handso.m..e!
4. [skr]@[ks] [skI
7. [skr] [skJ([sks])[sts]
8. [skr] [sk]1skt])[kt]
9. [skr]1kst])[skt] [ks]
305
7. U STERCL
Be sure to pronounce each consonant cluster clearly.
8. RP SHA
Be careful when using an object with a
sham
point.
9. STRAME
The children went swimming in the stream .
10. EAKSQUS
Squeals, shrieks, screeches, and squeaks are all annoying sounds.
Check Yourself 3, Page 239
1. [spr] [spI]l[skrJXstr]
3. [spr] [spI]~[str]
4. [spr]@IXskr] [str]
5. [spr] [spI]1:skw])[str]
8. [sps]<GIill:Xskt] [sks]
9. [sps] [spt]M[sks]
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
10.
1. C
2. C
CD
CD
3. I
4. C
5. C
306
CD
CD
AppendiX 11
started
stated
6. packed
(pasted)
2. (finished)
followed
phoned
7. ironed
sewed
3. Goved)
looked
liked
8. whispered (shouted)
4. tasted
traded
(taped)
9. skipped
hopped
(lifted)
5. cooked
(f;leaned)
baked
10. (pushed)
pulled
raised
passed
(mended)
screamed
Cd]
Roberta: Karl, have you started your diet? I hope you haven't gained any weight.
Cd]
Karl:
[t]
Karl:
[d]
Roberta: Have you cleaned the house? Calories can be worked off that way.
[t]
Karl:
[t]
[,d]
[t]
Roberta: Who baked this apple pie? Who cooked this ham?
[t]
Karl:
Cd]
Cd]
When I finished cleaning, I was starved. I prepared this food for dinner.
[,d]
Roberta: Oh, no! 111 take this food home so you won't be tempted.
[d]
[d]
Karl:
2. dishes
magazines
(books)
pages
7. dogs
birds
(cats)
(oranges)
8. tables
chairs
(couches)
toes
9. (dentists)
doctors
lawyers
beaches
(chimes)
(runs)
(gates)
3. pears
apples
4. eyes
(noses)
5. (saves)
6. newspapers
walks
makes
cooks
10. lunches
307
From Othelio
Good name in man and woman, dear my lord,
Is the immediate jewel of their$ouls;)
Who ~teals)my purse ~teals)trash; 'tis something, nothing;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to~housands;)
But he that@lches)from me my good name
(Robs)me of that which not ~nricheS)him
And ilnakes)me poor indeed.
308
Appendix 11
[s]
[z]
[1Z]
exits
parts
acts
makes
world's
players
plays
souls
steals
thousands
robs
eyes
hands
organs
dimensions
affections
passions
weapons
means
entrances
ages
filches
enriches
senses
diseases
C01
TRACK
ACTIVITY
PAGE
TRACK
ACTIVITY
PAGE
133
11
Lesson 27,CheckYourself 1
137
12
141
13.
146
13
149
17
151
21
152
10
21
10
157
11
24
11
158
12
25
12
158
13
29
13
162
14
29
14
165
15
36
15
167
16
38
16
167
17
41
17
174
18
45
18
185
19
46
19
193
20
46
20
198
21
50
21
206
22
54
22
207
23
54
23
219
24
59
24
222
25
88
25
225
26
88
26
225
27
109
27
228
28
119
28
228
29
122
29
233
30
125
30
234
31
126
31
238
32
126
32
239
33
245
34
246
35
252
36
252
.ex'
~~~~~~~~~::-I
COIII~hcnsive
Enellsh
pronunciation
"'-",ialion
J"'UCDm.
MMle
indudina
$ImfI'Ie is
separate
a
~M>ns on
rilythm. and inlORation.
~nts.:andW'na.
_Is.
---
G-1)111)97-9
G-1J.-1.1170-5
COs(.l
G- 13-1 t t 5 _
dr.a
PEAR50N
L ongman
ISBN 0],31,),),5"11.'0