7 CH 10

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Special
number groups
Syllabus outcomes
NS4.1 Recognises the properties of special groups of whole numbers and applies a
range of strategies to aid computation
WMS4.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation
to content
WMS4.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, solving problems using
technology where appropriate
WMS4.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols, diagrams,
text and tables to communicate mathematical ideas
WMS4.4 Identifies relationships and the strengths and weaknesses of different
strategies and solutions, giving reasons
WMS4.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to content
In this chapter you will learn to:

nrecognise and use even, odd, square, triangular and consecutive numbers
nuse calculator techniques to investigate groups of numbers
nrecognise and generate palindromic and Fibonacci numbers
nfind the highest common factors and the lowest common multiples
of numbers
napply divisibility tests mentally as an aid to calculation
nidentify prime and composite numbers
nuse index notation for square numbers, cubic numbers and higher powers
nsolve numerical problems involving indices
nfind prime factors
nfind square roots and cubic roots with and without a calculator
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Patterns
Mathematics is the study of patternsin arithmetic, geometry and algebra. Our number
system is full of number patterns that are related to one another in some way.
ic cubic
triangu
site square perfect prime
palindrom
lar
compo even
Lucas
odd
Fibonacci
Many number patterns have been known for thousands of years. Around 540 BC, Pythagoras
and his followers believed that everything in the universe was based on numbers. Today,
calculators and computers have helped to discover huge terms, showing that most patterns
go on infinitely!
Consider square numbers. A square number is formed by multiplying a number by itself
(e.g. 3 3 9). No square number in our system ends in 2, 3, 7 or 8, nor is there any square
number of 2 or more digits that has only odd digits. If a square number ends in 5, it will have
2 before it; if a square number ends in 6, the digit before it will be odd. The end digits of
squares form a cyclic pattern0, 1, 4, 9, 6, 5, 6, 9, 4, 1, 0which is also palindromic.
Two reversals are also interesting:
13 13 169
31 31 961
12 12 144
21 21 441
p Check these sums of consecutive squares:

2
2
2
3 4 5
2
2
2
10 11 12 132 142
2
21 222 232 242 252 262 272
p Can you work out this connection between square and cubic numbers?
2
3
1 1
2
(1 2) 13 23
(1 2 3)2 13 23 33
(1 2 3 4)2 13 23 33 43
Write the next 3 lines of the pattern.
p How many numbers less than 100 contain the digit 3? This table shows the number below
10, the number below 100 and the number below 1000. The right-hand column shows
powers of 3 with even indices. Copy and complete the table.
First n numbers
282
Numbers of 3s
Number without 3s
Power of 3
10
32
100
19
81
34
1000
271
729
36
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
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Special types of positive whole numbers

Even numbers
An even number is
divisible by 2. (In
other words, an
even number can
be divided by 2 with
no remainder.)
An odd number
cannot be
represented in
groups of 2.
A number is odd if its

last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7
or 9.
Square numbers
An odd number is 1
more than an even
number and is not
divisible by 2.
A number is even if its

last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
Odd numbers
16
Triangular numbers
A square number can

be shown by a square
pattern.
10
A triangular number
can be shown by a
triangular pattern.
Consecutive numbers increase in order without jumping or missing any number. For
example, the 3 consecutive numbers after 9 are 10, 11 and 12. Similarly, the 3 consecutive odd
numbers after 9 are 11, 13 and 15.
Examples
1
Write 4 consecutive numbers beginning with 5.

The 4 consecutive numbers are 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Write 4 consecutive even numbers beginning

with 596.
The 4 consecutive even numbers are 596, 598,
600 and 602.
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
596 is an even
number
because the
last digit (6) is
even.
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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E x e r c i s e 10A
1
SPECIAL TYPES OF POSITIVE WHOLE NUMBERS
Draw dot diagrams of the first 10:

a even numbers
b odd numbers
State whether each number is even (E) or odd (O):

a 32
b 81
c 130
d 31 452
e 350 098
Write down:
a the even number before 5246
b the odd number after 999
Write down the even numbers between:

a 39 and 51
b 1995 and 2005
Write down the odd numbers between:

a 50 and 60
b 196 and 206
Write 4 consecutive numbers beginning with:

a 3
b 25
c 60
5 022 647
d 499
Write 4 consecutive even numbers beginning with:

a 2
b 8
c 40
d 646
e 1508
Write 4 consecutive odd numbers beginning with:

a 5
b 19
c 37
e 497
d 141
Copy and complete:
Example
a
b
c
d
AB
AB
12
12
27
e
f
g
h
i
10
10
AB
AB
10
Look at your answers to question 9 to complete, using odd or even:

a (odd) (odd) ()
b (odd) (odd) ()
c (odd) (even) ()
d (odd) (even) ()
e (even) (even) ()
f (even) (even) ()
11
12
13
Draw dot diagrams for all the square numbers less than 30.
List the first 10 square numbers (beginning with 1).
Square numbers can be found by adding odd numbers.
Consider the following dot diagrams:
134
1359
Draw similar dot diagrams for the square numbers 16 and 25.
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M A T H S
Centicubes
can be used to
build these
patterns.
14
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a Copy this pattern and then write down the next 3 lines:
1 1
13 4
135 9
1 3 5 7 16
b Copy and complete:
The sum of the first n odd numbers is equal to

15
16
17
Draw dot diagrams of the first 7 triangular numbers (beginning with 1).
List the first 10 triangular numbers (beginning with 1).
Triangular numbers can be found by adding whole numbers. Consider the following
dot diagrams:
123
1236
Draw similar dot diagrams for the triangular numbers 10 and 15.
18
4, 5 and 6 are
consecutive
numbers.
Copy the following pattern and then write down the next 5 lines:
1 1
12 3
123 6
1 2 3 4 10
19
An interesting result is found by adding 2 consecutive triangular numbers.

Consider these dot diagrams:
13
a
b
c
d
e
20
36
6 10
Use centicubes (or other materials) to form the 3 diagrams above.

What numbers are represented by them?
Draw a dot diagram to show the addition of the triangular numbers 10 and 15.
What kind of number is found by adding any 2 consecutive triangular numbers?
What numbers less than 40 are both square and triangular?
Find:
a 2 consecutive numbers that add up to 159
b 3 consecutive numbers whose sum is 378
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Constant calculations
Many calculators can do constant calculations. That is, a calculator can be set to add,
subtract, multiply or divide by the same number (constant) over and over again.
Your calculator may have an answer key Ans that can be set to continually add, subtract,
multiply or divide the previous answer by the same constant. A setting like this will allow you
to generate odd or even numbers. See your calculator manual for detailed instructions on
how to do constant calculations.
Generating odd numbers

Press 1
Press Ans 2
his makes the calculator begin with an answer of 1 (the first odd number).
This tells the calculator to add 2 to the previous answer, to get the next
odd number.
To generate more odd numbers, just keep pressing the equals key
.
See how quickly you can make your calculator display the odd numbers from 1 to 99.
Generating even numbers

Press 2
Press Ans 2
This makes the calculator begin with an answer of 2 (the first even number).
This tells the calculator to add 2 to the previous answer, to get the next
even number.
To generate more even numbers, just keep pressing the equals key.
See how quickly you can make your calculator display the even numbers from 2 to 100.
Finding square numbers

The first square number is 1 1. This can be written as 12
(read as 1 squared).
The second square number is 2 2 or 2 (read as 2 squared).
2
The third square number is 3 3 or 32 (read as 3 squared).

Here are the first 20 square numbers. They occur many times in your
mathematics work.
2
1 1
22 4
32 9
42 16
52 25
62 36
72 49
82 64
92 81
102 100
112 121
122 144
132 169
142 196
152 225
162 256
172 289
182 324
192 361
202 400
Note that 72 62 7 6 and 152 142 15 14.

Does this pattern work for other pairs of square numbers?
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M A T H S
102 is read as 10 squared.
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Examples
1
Write 3 consecutive numbers beginning with x.

The 3 consecutive numbers are x, x 1 and x 2.
CD-ROM
Write 3 consecutive odd numbers beginning with y.

The 3 consecutive odd numbers are y, y 2 and y 4.
The rule Tn 2n(n 1) can be used to find the nth triangular number.
Use it to find the 20th triangular number (T20).
T1 1st triangular number
T2 2nd triangular number
If y is an odd number,
the next odd number
must be 2 more than
this, so it will be y 2.
T3 3rd triangular number
So T20 20th triangular number

To find T20, substitute n 20 into the rule:
1
Tn 2n(n 1)
When n 20:
T20
1

2
1

2
20 (20 1)
20 21
10 21
1
n(n
2
210
1

2
the 20th triangular number is 210.
E x e r c i s e 10B
1
1)
means
n (n 1).
C O N S TA N T C A L C U L AT I O N S
Write 3 consecutive numbers beginning with:

a 196
b 7512
c y
f k
g x1
h m2
d r
i z1
e n
j h1
Write 3 consecutive even numbers beginning with:

a 398
b 2350
c n
d y
f c
g 2n
h 2t
i 2n 2
e a
j 2n 2
Write 3 consecutive odd numbers beginning with:

a 13
b 477
c m
f r
g 2n 1
h 2h 1
e g
j 2k 9
d p
i 2x 1
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes showing the even numbers:
C H A P T E R
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b Let E1 1st even number
E2 2nd even number

E3 3rd even number
En nth even number
Copy and complete the table:
En
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
Even number
c Complete the rule: En

d Substitute values of n into the rule to find these even numbers:
i
E20
ii
E35
iii
E40
iv
E100
E125
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes showing the odd numbers:
b Let O1 1st odd number
O2 2nd odd number

O3 3rd odd number
On nth odd number
On
O1
O2
O3
O4
Odd number
c Complete the rule: On

d Substitute values of n into the rule to find these odd numbers:
i
O10
ii
O20
O17
iv
O100
O215
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes representing the square numbers:
b Let S1 1st square number
S2 2nd square number

S3 3rd square number
Sn nth square number
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Sn
S1
S2
S3
S4
Square number
c Complete the rule: Sn

d Substitute values of n into the rule to find these square numbers:
i
S12
ii
S13
S20
iii
iv
S50
S1000
T100
1
n(n
2
The rule Tn
1) can be used to find the nth triangular number.
a Use the rule to find the first 5 triangular numbers.
b Use the rule to find:
i
T10
ii T15
iii T40
iv T55
a Across your page write the triangular numbers from 1 to 171. Underneath, write the
last digit in each number. Look carefully at the pattern of digits. What do you notice?
b Let T1 stand for the 1st triangular number, T2 for the 2nd and so on. Copy and
complete this pattern:
T2 2T1 3 2 1 12
T4 2T2 10 6 4 22
T6 2T3 . . . . . . . . . . .
T8 2T4 . . . . . . . . . . .
T10 2T5 . . . . . . . . . . .
9
The ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus (who lived in the 3rd century BC) found
a connection between triangular numbers (T ) and square numbers (S ). His rule was:
8T 1 S
Give 4 examples to show that this is true.
10
The differences between number patterns often form other patterns. For example, the
differences between square numbers are:
12
1
Square number
Differences
22
4
3
32
9
42
16
52
25
62
36
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a What type of numbers are formed?

b What would the next 3 be?
c Continue these patterns for 3 more terms, starting with the triangular numbers:
Triangular numbers
Square each one
Differences
Cubic numbers
10
10
36
100
27
64
222 333 444
23
C H A P T E R
33
1 0
43
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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Pentagonal numbers
a
b
c
d
e
12
22
Use the diagram to work out the 5th pentagonal number.

Work out the number pattern of differences.
By what are they increasing?
Use the patterns to work out the next 3 terms.
1
Check your answers in the rule 2n(3n 1) when n 6, 7 and 8.
Special numbers
Palindromes
A palindrome is a word, phrase, sentence or number that reads the same from left to right as
it does from right to left. Some examples are:
Words
Sentences
Numbers
Number patterns
NOON
WAS IT A CAT I SAW?
66
113 1331
TUMUT
MADAM, IM ADAM.
121
114 14 641
LEVEL
NEVER ODD OR EVEN.
5885
The Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps (180594), who supervised the building of the Suez
Canal, has this palindrome on his tombstone:
A MANA PLANA CANALPANAMA.
Other palindromes occur in dates (29. 11. 92), digital times (12:21) and in poems. In 1986 an
American author wrote a palindromic novel of 31 594 words!
Here are some number sentences in which all the numbers are palindromes:
1221 11 111
123 321 11 11 211
1 234 321 11 112 211
12 344 321 11 1 122 211
1 234 554 321 11 112 232 211
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Fibonacci numbers
A pattern of numbers discovered by the Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci
(c. 11701250), and named after him by Edouard Lucas in 1877, starts:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
Each term (after the first 2) is the sum of the previous 2 terms:
1 1 2, 1 2 3, 2 3 5, 3 5 8 and so on.
Fibonacci (also known as Leonardo of Pisa) wrote many books. In his
best known, Liber Abaci, he poses this problem:
A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all
sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from
that pair in a year if it is supposed that every month each pair
begets a new pair, which from the second month on
becomes productive?
Assuming no rabbits die, the number at the end of each month
follows the Fibonacci sequence!
These numbers occur often in nature: in the number of offspring of a drone (male bee),
in the number of petals of many species of flowers, in pine cone and pineapple spiralling
and in sunflower seed patterns.
This diagram shows 2 sets of rotating spirals8 in

an anticlockwise direction and 13 in a clockwise
direction. These are consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
In sunflowers, there can be 34 and 55 spirals, 55 and
89 spirals or 89 and 144 spirals. Daisies have similar
numbers of petals.
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Example
CD-ROM
If you reverse the digits of a number that is not palindromic and then add the
2 numbers, then repeat this process, you will generally make a palindromic number
after a few steps.
By reversing the digits and adding, what palindromic number will you make from
the number 95? How many steps will it take to get this answer?
ddd
95
59
_______
154
451
_______
605
506
____
______
1111
____
______
Reverse the digits and add.

This is an example of a
palindromic sentence:
Able was I ere I saw Elba.

1111 is palindromic, so stop!
The palindromic number is 1111.

In this case, 3 steps are needed to get the answer.
Note: 196 is the only number less than 10 000 that does
not make a palindrome after more than 56 million reversals!
E x e r c i s e 10C
1
SPECIAL NUMBERS
Which of these are palindromic numbers?

a 50
b 172
c 434
f 33
g 432
h 7001
d 90 209
i 710 617
e 94 039
j 2 071 702
a What palindromic answers are formed when these numbers are squared?
Copy and complete:

12 1
112
1112
11112
b What similar number, when squared, gives 12 345 678 987 654 321?
3
How many palindromic numbers are there between these numbers? List them.
a 10 and 100
b 100 and 400
How many 3-digit palindromes start with 9?

a The palindromic date 29.11.92 was the last one in the 20th century. What was the
first palindromic date in the 21st century?

b List all the palindromic years between 2000 and 3000.
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For each of the following:

i
State the palindromic number that is made by reversing the digits and adding,
starting with the given number.
ii State how many steps are needed to get each answer.
a 17
b 21
c 32
d 146
e 67
f 58
g 93
h 147
i 168
j 86
Write down the first 15 Fibonacci numbers (i.e. 1, 1, 2 610). Use them to answer
these questions.
a What type of number is every 3rd one?
b What number will divide evenly into every 4th Fibonacci number?
c What will divide into every 5th term?
d What 2 are square numbers?
e Write down the 4 triangular numbers.
f What is the sum of the first 5 terms? How does it compare with the 7th term?
g Find the sum of the first 7 terms. By how much less is it than the 9th term?
h Find the sum of the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th terms. Which Fibonacci number is closest
to this sum?
a Write down the squares of the first 8 Fibonacci numbers.

b Add each pair of consecutive squares to make a new number pattern. What do
you notice?
9
Write down any Fibonacci number. Square it. Now subtract from it the product
of the 2 numbers on each side of your original Fibonacci number.
Example
a What is their difference?
3 52 8
b Is there another answer?
10
Quads
1 1 2 3
3 5 8 13
5 8 13 21
Here are sets of 4 consecutive Fibonacci numbers. For each set:

a Multiply the 2 outside numbers.
b Multiply the 2 inside numbers.
c What is their difference?
d Is it always so, even with the larger sets?
e Let any 4 consecutive Fibonacci numbers be a, b, c and d. Write down the
connection between them.
More patterns
Is the square of a palindrome also a palindrome? For example, 112 121 and 222 484.
p Find the next 5 palindromes that give palindromes when squared.
C H A P T E R
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The reduced numbers of palindromes form an interesting pattern. To find a reduced number,
add the digits together and continue doing this until you have a single digit. For example:
78 7 8 15 1 5 = 6
p Copy and complete the following table, showing all the palindromes from 11 to 606.
Underneath each palindrome, write its reduced number. Some have been done for you.
Palindrome
11
22
33
44
55
66
Reduced number
Palindrome
77
88
99
101 111 121 131 141 151
161 171 181 191 202 212 222 232 242 252 262 272
Reduced number
606
p Look at the pattern of the reduced numbers. The first 4 are even. What sort of numbers are
the next 5 reduced numbers?
p When you look at the pattern of reduced numbers there appear to be digits missing.
Do these missing digits also form a pattern?
p What do you notice about the reduced numbers of the palindromes 505 to 585?
Some facts about palindromic numbers are:

p They were studied as early as the 3rd century BC.
p All palindromic primes (except 11) have an odd number of digits.
p Some palindromic years have prime factors that are also palindromic
(e.g. 1881 11 171, 1991 11 181).
The Lucas pattern of numbers (which is closely related to the Fibonacci sequence) starts:
1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199
Each term is the sum of the previous 2 terms (1 3 4, 3 4 7 and so on).
The pattern is named after the French mathematician Edouard Lucas (184291). The 5th
term (11) is palindromic, while the 10th term (123) has 3 consecutive digits.
Any 4 consecutive terms in this pattern have an interesting property.
Let them be a, b, c and d. Then:
a b c d
c b ad
72 42 3 11
49 16 33
3 4 7 11
m
{++|}
p What are the next 4 Lucas numbers (after 199)?

2
2
p Check that these 4 numbers follow the rule c b a d.
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Fibonacci numbers
CD-ROM
Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, a talented

mathematician, discovered the number
sequence called Fibonacci numbers.
Fibonacci numbers start with 1, 1 and are
formed by adding the 2 previous numbers
together. The first 5 Fibonacci numbers
are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5.
You can use a spreadsheet to find Fibonacci
numbers.
1
To generate the first 20 Fibonacci

numbers in column A (as shown in this
spreadsheet):
a In A1 and A2 enter 1.
b In A3 write the formula A1+A2.
c Use the Fill down command to copy
the formula from A3 to A20.
Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 11701250)
In column B a formula can be written to find the sum

of the previous Fibonacci numbers.
a In B1, enter 1.
b In B2 write the formula A2+B1. Fill down to B20.
Note that the sum of the Fibonacci numbers

1 1 2 3 5 12 and this sum is shown in B5.
An interesting property of Fibonacci numbers is
that the sum of n terms is equal to the (n 2)th term minus 1.
For example, the sum of the first 10 terms is equal to
the 12th term minus 1.
3
Extend your spreadsheet to 40 terms and check that

this property is true.
C H A P T E R
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Factors
These dot diagrams show that 6 can be written as 6 1, 3 2, 2 3 or 1 6:
616
326
236
166
A factor of a number divides into that number without a remainder.
From the dot diagrams, we can see that the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. Since 6 can be divided
by each of these numbers without a remainder, we say that 6 is divisible by 1, 2, 3 and 6.
p Why is 4 not a factor of 6?
p Why is 6 not divisible by 5?
The factors of 6 (excluding the number itself) are 1, 2 and 3. The total of these is 6, the original
number. Numbers that have this feature are called perfect. The second one is 28.
p What are its factors? Check that their sum is 28.
The highest common factor (HCF)
The highest common factor (HCF) of 2 numbers is the largest number

that will divide exactly into each of them.
To find the highest common factor of 2 numbers, list all the factors of the 2 numbers, then
look for the largest common factor. For example, to find the highest common factor of 10
and 25, write:
Factors of 10 1, 2, 5, 10
Factors of 25 1, 5, 25
The common factors are 1 and 5.
the highest common factor of 10 and 25 is 5.
Examples
CD-ROM
List the factors of 12.

12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
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M A T H S
12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
and 12, as these numbers
divide exactly into 12.
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List the common factors of 15 and 18.

Highest Common Factor is
often abbreviated to HCF.
Factors of 15 1, 3, 5, 15
Factors of 18 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
the common factors are 1 and 3.
3
What is the highest common factor of 16 and 40?

Factors of 16 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Factors of 40 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
the highest common factor is 8.
E x e r c i s e 10D
1
List all the factors of:

a 15
b 10
g 17
h 9
m 36
n 45
FA C T O R S
c 8
i 5
o 72
d 24
j 13
p 108
e 7
k 18
32
22
List the common factors of:

a 6 and 8
b 10 and 12
e 18 and 24
f 6 and 9
i 4 and 16
j 8 and 24
c 16 and 24
g 9 and 12
k 9 and 16
d 5 and 15
h 7 and 11
l 15 and 45
Write down the highest common factor of:

a 6 and 8
b 10 and 12
e 18 and 24
f 6 and 9
i 24 and 32
j 15 and 25
c 16 and 24
g 9 and 12
k 42 and 56
d 5 and 15
h 24 and 36
l 15 and 45
Find any 2 numbers that have a highest common factor of:

a 7
b 12
c 20
Find the highest common factor of each group of 3 numbers:

a 2, 6, 30
b 45, 15, 30
c 24, 40, 72
f
l
d 36, 60, 132
Look closely at the large number 3 785 942 160.

a Does it include all the 10 digits (0 to 9)?
A factor divides
b How do you know it is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10?
evenly into the
number.
c Is it therefore divisible by 6 and 8? Why?
d Use a calculator to check if it is divisible by 9.
e i What is the sum of every alternate digit, starting with 3?
ii What is the sum of every alternate digit, starting with 6?
iii What is their difference? Can you think of a rule that might help you work out this?
iv Is the number divisible by 11?
f Check to see if the number is also divisible by 12, 13, 14, 18.
g Is it true that the numbers 1 to 18 are all factors of 3 785 942 160?
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Multiples
A multiple of a number is obtained by multiplying that number by a

positive whole number.
For instance, the multiples of 7 are found by multiplying 7 by 1, then by 2, then by 3 and so
on. So the multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,
The lowest common multiple (LCM)
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 2 numbers is the smallest number

that is a multiple of both of them.
To find the lowest common multiple of 2 numbers, list some of the multiples of each number
and then look for the lowest common multiple. For example, to find the LCM of 3 and 4:
Multiples of 3 3, 6, 9, 12 , 15, 18, 21, 24 ,
Multiples of 4 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24 ,
The common multiples are 12, 24,
the lowest common multiple of 3 and 4 is 12.
The multiples of 9 are the
9 times tables.
Examples
CD-ROM
Write down the multiples of 9 less than 37.

The required multiples are 9, 18, 27 and 36.
Find the lowest common multiple of 6 and 4.

Multiples of 6 6, 12 , 18, 24,
Multiples of 4 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24,
the lowest common multiple is 12.
LCM stands for Lowest

Common Multiple.
Generating multiples
The multiples of a number can be generated using the answer key on a calculator Ans .
Example
Use a calculator to generate the first 10 multiples of 27.
Press 27
This makes the calculator begin with 27 (the first multiple of 27).
Press Ans 27
This tells the calculator to add 27 to the previous answer to get the
next multiple of 27.
To generate the multiples of 27, just keep pressing the equals key.
298
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E x e r c i s e 10E
1
M U LT I P L E S
Write down the first 10 multiples of:

a 3
b 4
e 6
f 7
c 10
g 8
Write down all the multiples of:

a 5 that are less than 37
c 4 that are less than 21
e 6 that are between 31 and 49
g 12 that are between 62 and 100
i 11 that are between 40 and 92
b
d
f
h
j
Find the lowest common multiple of:

a 4 and 5
b 8 and 12
c 5 and 10
g 3 and 7
h 4 and 6
i 10 and 4
d 7 and 9
j 5 and 8
d 5
h 9
3 that are less than 14

8 that are between 30 and 50
10 that are between 56 and 87
Use a calculator to find the first 10 multiples of:

a 11
b 12
c 15
d 26
e 6 and 9
k 6 and 8
f
l
8 and 10
12 and 20
e 125
217
Divisibility tests
Divisibility tests are used to find whether one number is a factor of another (or whether one
number is divisible by another) without actually carrying out the division.
A number is
divisible by:
if:
Example
the number is even
2, 10, 18 376
the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
5124
(5 1 2 4 12)
the last 2 digits are divisible by 4
12 36
(36 4 9)
the last digit is 5 or 0
4 0, 6 5
the number is divisible by 2 and 3
37 22 4
(3 7 2 2 4 18)
the number is divisible by 7

(There is no simple test!)
the last 3 digits are divisible by 8
30 128
(128 8 16)
the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
21 573
(2 1 5 7 3 18)
10
the number ends in 0
43 0
11
the difference between the 2 sums of

alternate digits is 0, or divisible by 11
72 391
C H A P T E R
1 0
MM
c
(7 3 1) (2 9) 0
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E x e r c i s e 10F
DIVISIBILITY TESTS
Use the divisibility tests to complete this exercisedo not use a calculator.
1
a Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2?
5172
6047
8056
146
199
4440
300 474
811 511 305
b State why all even numbers are divisible by 2.

2
a Which of these numbers are divisible by 3?
54
100
90
501
1803
342
4735
1 507 632
b Are all odd numbers divisible by 3? Give 3 examples that support your answer.
3
Which numbers are divisible by 4?

520
836
300
234
5102
5832
3256
8495
8176
2025
13 521
211 041
9119
5710
6007
819
64 350
117 970
Write down the numbers that are divisible by 11:

1364
10
19 360
177 642
Write down the numbers that are divisible by 10:

10
85
5550
645
Which of these are divisible by 9?

1153
548
10 103

464
501 116
4 001 004

93
39 602
54 827

25
321
414
524
7271
2652
Can 5 234 520 lollies be shared equally among:

a 2 people?
b 3 people?
d 5 people?
e 6 people?
g 9 people?
h 10 people?
87 241
c
f
i
4 people?
8 people?
11 people?
11
Three people shared the Lotto first prize of $1 million. Can the money be
shared equally?
12
a Explain why, if a number is divisible by 2 and 3, it is also divisible by 6.

b Does this mean that if a number is divisible by 4 and 5, it is also divisible by 20?
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Unusual number facts

132 is the sum of all the 2-digit numbers made from its own digits1, 3 and 2. That is:
132 13 32 12 31 23 21
It is the smallest such number.
These are some of the more unusual divisibility tests:
A number is
divisible by:
if:
Example
when you delete the last digit from the number, double
this digit and subtract this from the remaining number,
you have an answer that is divisible by 7
385

38 10 28
(28 7 4)
13
4 times the units digit added to the number formed by

the remaining digits is divisible by 13
221
(4 1) 22 26
or, using the same method as for divisibility by 7, except

9 times the deleted digit is subtracted, you have an
answer that is divisible by 13

351
35 (9 1) 26
using the same method as for 7, except 5 times the

deleted digit is subtracted, you have 17 as the answer

272
27 (5 2) 17
17
p Choose 5 numbers between 100 and 500. Work out whether or not they are divisible by 7,
13 and 17.
p What is the smallest number that is divisible by all the numbers from 2 to 10?
To cube any number, multiply it by itself 3 times. For example, 13 1 1 1 1,

23 2 2 2 8 and 33 27.
The number 153 is equal to the sum of the cubes of its digits. There are only 3 other numbers
(apart from 1) that have this feature.
153 13 53 33
370 33 73 03
407 43 03 73
371 3 7 1
3
In late 1998 the US Energy Department declared that it had the fastest supercomputer in the
world. This computer, called Blue Mountain, ran at 1.6 trillion calculations per second! (Here,
one trillion is 1012 or 1 000 000 000 000.) Later, IBMs Big Blue ran at 3.9 trillion calculations
per second and so it was claimed that Big Blue held the record. However, it was then
revealed that the test standards were differentBig Blue was tested for its fastest speed
while Blue Mountain was tested for keeping its speed over a given time.
p How long (in years) is a trillion seconds?
p How long (in km) is a trillion millimetres?
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Prime and composite numbers

A prime number has exactly 2 factors1 and the number itself.
So 17 is a prime number, as it has only 2 factors1 and 17.
A composite number has more than 2 factors.
So 15 is a composite number, as it has more than 2 factors1, 3, 5 and 15.

Note: n The number 1 is neither prime nor composite, because it has only 1 factoritself.
n The number 2 is the only even prime number. All other primes are odd.
A composite number can be represented by a rectangular dot pattern, but a prime number
cannot.
For example, 6 can be represented as:
or
It is impossible to show 5 as a rectangular dot pattern.
The sieve of Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician who lived around 200 BC. One of his achievements
was to accurately estimate Earths circumference. Eratosthenes is also famous for devising a
sieve, or strainer, to determine the prime numbers between 1 and 100.
To find the prime numbers between 1 and 100, follow these steps:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Write down all the numbers from 1 to 100.

(Rows of 6 are recommended.)
Cross out 1, as it is not a prime number.
Circle 2, as it is a prime number. Then
cross out all the multiples of 2, that is
all the even numbers.
Circle 3 and then cross out all the
multiples of 3.
multiples of 5.
multiples of 7.
Circle all the numbers that are not
crossed out.
The circled numbers are all the prime numbers

between 1 and 100.
302
M A T H S

1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
2
8
14
20
26
32
38
44
50
56
62
68
74
80
86
92
98
3
9
15
21
27
33
39
45
51
57
63
69
75
81
87
93
99
4
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
58
64
70
76
82
88
94
100
5
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
59
65
71
77
83
89
95
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
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Example
Which of the numbers 2, 6, 9 and 11 are prime numbers?
Number
Factors
Prime or composite?
1, 2
prime
1, 2, 3, 6
composite
1, 3, 9
composite
11
1, 11
prime
A prime number has

2 factors1 and the
number itself.
2 and 11 are primes.
E x e r c i s e 10G
1
PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS
State whether the number is prime (P) or composite (C):

a 4
b 9
c 13
d 25
f 14
g 7
h 28
i 2
k 5
l 49
m 15
n 56
p 19
q 121
r 3
s 39
e
j
o
t
Draw rectangular dot patterns for:

a 4
b 9
c 14
f 24
g 21
h 36
e 15
j 50
d 10
i 42
23
63
48
29
Use your sieve of Eratosthenes to answer these questions:

Prime numbers that
a List all the prime numbers between 1 and 100.
differ by 2 are called
twin primes.
b How many are less than 50?
c How many end with 3?
d How many end with 1?
e What is the sum of the first 2 prime numbers greater than 20?
f What is the sum of the first 10 prime numbers?
g Square each of the first 7 primes. What is their sum?
h There is a run of 5 consecutive primes less than 50 that increase by 6. What are
these primes?
i Find 2 primes whose sum is:
i
24
ii 36
iii 60
iv 80
Can you find any more pairs?
j i List all the pairs of primes that have a difference of 2 (e.g. 3 and 5).
ii Write down the sum of each pair.
iii What type of pattern can you see in the list of sums?
iv Which consecutive primes have a difference of 8?
k The number 13 is prime, and 31 (its reverse) is also prime. 13 is called an emirp
(prime spelt backwards) because its reverse is a different prime. Any palindromic
primes (such as 11) are not emirps. List all the emirps less than 100.
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Primes
The first table shows the number of primes from 1 to
1000, and the second one shows the number of primes
from 1 to 5000.
You can see that as the number values increase, the
number of primes decreases.
p How many prime numbers are there between:
n 0 and 10?
n 10 and 20?
n 20 and 30?
n 30 and 40?
n 40 and 50?
p Why do you think there are fewer primes in the
higher ranges?
Range
1100
100200
200300
300400
400500
500600
600700
700800
800900
9001000
25
21
16
16
17
14
16
14
15
14
Total
168
Here are some other facts:

p 2 and 3 are the only Siamese twin primes, because
they are consecutive numbers.
p All primes over 5, when squared, have 1 or 9 as
their last digit.
p 139 and 149 are the first consecutive primes that
have a difference of 10.
Number of primes
Range
Number of primes
11000
10002000
20003000
30004000
40005000
168
135
127
120
119
Total
669
p In June 1999 it was announced that a giant prime

with 2 million digits had been found! There are
very large prizes offered to finders of the first
10-million-digit, 100-million-digit and billion-digit primes.
p 1103 and 3011 are both primes. As one is the reverse of the other, each one is an emirp.
This means that the next emirpal year will be 3011!
p There are 13 pairs of 3-digit emirps and 102 pairs of 4-digit emirps.
p 73 939 133 is a very special prime number. The number remaining after dropping the
right-hand digit is also prime. This can be repeated over and over!
73 939 133 7 393 913 739 391 73 939 7393 739 73 7
2
p The rule Pn n n 41 gives prime numbers for n 1 to n 40.
For example, when n 3:
P3 32 3 41
9 3 41
47
Choose your own values of n and find 5 other primes using this rule.
p On 5 December 2001, it was announced that the largest prime number had been
discovered. It is 212 466 917 and has 4 053 946 digits.
304
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Square numbers, cubic numbers

and index notation
Square numbers
A square number can be shown by a square pattern. For example,
this diagram shows that 9 is a square number.
As 3 3 9 represents a square number, we say that 3 squared is

3 3, which equals 9. This is written as:
3 3 32
9
(read as 3 squared)
When a number is squared, it is multiplied by itself.
Cubic numbers
A cubic number can be represented by a cube. For example, this
diagram shows that 27 is a cubic number.
As 3 3 3 27 represents a cubic number, we say that 3 cubed is
3 3 3, which equals 27. This is written as:
3333
27
3
3
3
(read as 3 cubed)
When a number is cubed, it is multiplied by itself 3 times.
Index notation
When a number is multiplied by itself many times, it can be simplified using index notation.
For example, consider 5 5 5 5. In index notation, we would
write this as 54. That is:
5 5 5 5 54
index (or power)
The index tells you how many times

to multiply the base by itself.
Note:
9 9 92 is read as 9 squared
9 9 9 93 is read as 9 cubed
9 9 9 9 94 is read as 9 to the power of 4,
or as 9 to the 4th (power)
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
base
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Examples
CD-ROM
502 is read as
50 squared.
Find the square of 50.
203 is read as
20 cubed.
2
50 50 50
2500
What is the cube of 20?

203 20 20 20
8000
85 is read as 8 to
the power of 5.
Write 8 8 8 8 8 in index notation.

888888
Inserting the
multiplication signs
expands the question
(makes it larger).
Write 104 in expanded form.

104 10 10 10 10
E x e r c i s e 10H
1
306
S Q U A R E N U M B E R S , C U B I C N U M B E R S A N D I N D E X N O TAT I O N
Write down the square of:

a 3
b 2
f 7
g 10
c 5
h 9
d 6
i 20
e 8
j 80
Find the cube of:

a 2
b 4
f 7
g 10
c 3
h 30
d 6
i 50
e 8
j 100
Write in index notation:

a 3333
d 5555
g 10 10 10
j 88888
b
e
h
k
44
222222
77777
15 15
Write in expanded form:

3
2
a 2
b 8
6
5
e 5
f 6
c 9
6
g 10

3
3
2
3
a 2 4
b 3 2
2
2
2
3
2
e 3 4 5
f 2 3 7
c 5 6
3
g 45 2
10
Is 23 33 the same as 63 ? Explain your answer.
c
f
i
l
888
666
999
24 24 24
3
d 7
4
h 12
3
d 2 3
2
3
2
h 3 5 8
If 2 3 72, what indices must be used to make the statement true?

Explain why 23 46 27 44 810.
Explain why 2 8 25 16 213.
Find the missing number if 35 2 3 24 34.
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Evaluating powers
To evaluate a number raised to a power, change it to expanded form and multiply.
Examples
1
Evaluate 24.
Evaluate means
find the value of
or work out.
24 2 2 2 2
16
2
Evaluate 5 cubed.
5 cubed 53
555
125
Notice that only the 2

is cubed.
Evaluate 3 2 .
3
3 23 3 (2 2 2)
38
24
E x e r c i s e 10I
1
Evaluate:
2
a 9
3
e 2
3
i 1
7
m 10
E VA L U AT I N G P O W E R S
b
f
j
n
122
34
602
44
c
g
k
o
83
93
303
123
d
h
l
p
106
232
25
105
Evaluate:
a 9 squared
d 4 cubed
g 6 cubed
b 3 cubed
e 10 to the power of 4
h 20 to the power of 4
c
f
i
7 squared
2 to the power of 6
100 squared
Evaluate:
2
a 45
2
d 27
3
2
g 3 10
b 23
3
2
e 2 3
2
2
h 2 35
3
c
f
i
22 32
23 52
(2 5)4
Evaluate:
2
a 23
3
2
d 2 7
2
g 10 8 1
2
2
2
j 5 3 2
4
4
m (3 2 ) 5
b
e
h
k
n
92 82
2 32 1
20 23
50 33 5
33 34 42
c
f
i
l
o
3 23
30 33
52 72
3 22 23
12 22 32 42
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Evaluating powers using a calculator

Three keys on a calculator can be used to evaluate powers:
x2
The x-squared key is used to find the square of a number.
x3
The x-cubed key is used to find the cube of a number.
The x to the power of y key is used to raise a number to any power.
Check your calculator manual to see how to evaluate powers on your calculator.
Examples
Use a calculator to evaluate:
1
1372
There are several methods used to square numbers.
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Press 137 137

Press 137 x
Press 137 x
2
I8769
I8769
I8769
1372 18 769
2
You only have to use

one method to get
the answer!
45
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Press 45 45 45
Press 45 x
Press 45 x
3
9II25
9II25
9II25
45 91 125
3
Recom
Evaluating powers using a calculator

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
308
172
192
222
272
632
1002
1502
3152
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
123
93
83
143
333
253
203
4003
M A T H S
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
54
64
85
94
73
106
125
174
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
210
47
112
113
114
223
344
1014
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1.12
3.52
14.22
2.83
12.53
10.13
3.35
0.84
n
me ded
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 10.1
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Prime factors
Every composite number can be written as a product of its prime factors.
A factor tree can be used to find these prime factors.
Product means
multiply:
Below are 3 possible factor trees for the number 120:

120
120
2 60
30
120
4
15
2 2 30
5622
2453
2 2 2 15
52322
22253
22235
Notice that whatever factor tree is used, the final prime factors are the same.
p Can you make a different factor tree for 120?
Writing the prime factors of 120 in ascending order, we have:
`=]
120 2 2 2 3 5
3
120 2 3 5
Using index notation
Numbers can
be multiplied in
any order.
Example
Use a factor tree to express 72 as a product of its prime factors.
Write the answer in index notation.
CD-ROM
72
8
2433
22233
Your factor tree might

look different, but the
final prime factors are
the same.
From the last line of the factor tree:

72 2 2 2 3 3
3
2
72 2 3
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E x e r c i s e 10J
P R I M E FA C T O R S
Use a factor tree to express each number as a product of its prime factors.
Write each answer in index notation.
a 15
b 18
c 16
d 12
e 27
Use the
divisibility
tests
f 20
g 24
h 40
i 42
j 36
to find the factors
k 56
l 105
m 32
n 81
o 48
of larger numbers.
p 98
q 160
r 180
s 300
t 504
Find 4 numbers between 50 and 200 that only have 2s and 3s

as their prime factors.
In 1742 the Russian mathematician Christian Goldbach stated that every

even number greater than 2 could be written as the sum of 2 primes.
To test this, express each number as the sum of 2 primes:
a 16
b 12
c 26
d 46
e 98
Finding the HCF and the LCM

using prime factors
The highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM) of 2 numbers can be
found by using factor trees to express both numbers as products of their prime factors.
Example
For the numbers 60 and 72:
1
Express each number as a product of its prime factors.
Use factor trees to express 60 and 72 as products of their prime factors:
Find the highest common factor and the lowest common multiple.
60
72
2 30
265
2433
2235
22233
60 2 2 3 5
2
or 60 2 3 5
310
M A T H S
72 2 2 2 3 3
or 72 23 32
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The highest common factor is the largest common factor, so it must contain all
the common prime factors.
60 2 2 3 5
72 2 2 2 3 3
HCF 2 2 3
2
2 3
12
The HCF must contain all

the common prime
factors.
the HCF is 12.

The lowest common factor is a multiple of
60, so it must contain all the prime factors
of 60. As it is also a multiple of 72, it must
also contain all the prime factors of 72.
LCM 2 3 5 2 3
7 3
2
all factors
of 60
The LCM must contain

all the prime factors of
both numbers.
factors of 72
not already
included
23 32 5
895
360
the LCM is 360.
E x e r c i s e 10K
1
F I N D I N G T H E H C F A N D T H E L C M U S I N G P R I M E FA C T O R S
The numbers 30 and 50 can be written as the products of their prime factors:
30 2 3 5
a
b
c
d
50 2 5 5
What are the common factors?

What is the highest common factor?
List all the prime factors of 30 and 50. (Include each common factor once only.)
What is the lowest common multiple of 30 and 50?
Given that 56 2 2 2 7 and 12 2 2 3, find:

a the highest common factor of 56 and 12
b the lowest common multiple of 56 and 12
For each pair of numbers:

i
ii Find the highest common factor and the lowest common multiple.
a
f
k
p
9, 15
20, 30
28, 98
120, 360
b
g
l
q
12, 18
18, 24
42, 90
70, 150
C H A P T E R
c
h
m
r
1 0
15, 30
40, 60
48, 72
84, 126
d
i
n
s
S P E C I A L
15, 20
30, 42
80, 120
72, 540
e
j
o
t
N U M B E R
14, 42
45, 90
45, 150
99, 495
G R O U P S
311
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Square roots and cube roots

Square roots
The inverse (or opposite) of squaring a number is finding its square root. This is the answer
to a question such as What number must be squared to give 64?
The symbol 00
is used to indicate this process. So to answer the question above, we write:
64

82
8
Similarly, the square root of 16 4, since 4 4 16. We write:
16
4
The square root of 49 7, since 7 7 49. We write:
49
7
Cube roots
The inverse (or opposite) of cubing a number is finding its cube root. It is the answer to a
question such as What number must be cubed to give 64?
3
The symbol 00

is used to indicate this process. To answer the question above, we write:
3
64

43
4
Similarly, the cube root of 27 3, since 3 3 3 27. We write:

3
27
3
The cube root of 125 5, since 5 5 5 125. We write:
3
125
5
Examples
CD-ROM
What number when squared gives 400?

202 400
the required number is 20.

3
70
Evaluate 343
.
3
343

73
3
7

7
7
7
312
Evaluate 4900
.
4900

(70)2
70

70

20 20 400
So
M A T H S

4900 is asking
What number must be
squared to give 4900?
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E x e r c i s e 10L
1
Find the number that must be squared to give:

a 16
b 9
c 25
f 1
g 100
h 64
d 36
i 4900
e 49
j 2500
Evaluate:
25

f 121

36

g 81

SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS
9
h 1600

d
i
4
900

1
j 6400

e
a Copy the table. Write each sum in column A.

A
13
1 3 5 7 9 11
135
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
1357
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
13579
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
b Find the square root of each number in column A. Put this in column B.
c How many numbers were being added in each case? Compare your answers with
the numbers in column B.

4
Find the number that must be cubed to give:

a 8
b 27
c 125
f 8000
g 64 000
h 27 000
d 1
i 216
e 1000
j 729
Evaluate:
3
8
125

27

1000

64

64 000
1

125 000

a What is
19 683 ?
b What is the sum of the digits of 19 683?
Notations, reversals and squares

Because of advances in mathematics, new notations are regularly being devised. For example,
the largest number used in a mathematical proof is called Grahams number. Its special
notation uses arrows for powers (or indices).
For example, 33 means 33 or 3 cubed. 33 means 3(33) or 327 7 625 597 484 987.
3
33 =
7.625597485
I2
Grahams number uses this idea for 63 steps.
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
313
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When you press 4 x ! on your calculator, the display is 24. The symbol ! means factorial,
which is the product of all the positive integers from 1 to the given number. So 4 x ! gives
the product of the consecutive numbers from 1 to 4:
4! 4 3 2 1
24
p Guess (and check) what 10! gives.
p What is the largest factorial number that fits on your calculator screen before it goes into
error mode?
Some square numbers are related. Look at these reversal patterns:

2
2
12 144 and 21 441
2
13 169 and 312 961
Now look at these:

3025 552 and 30 25 55
9801 992 and 98 01 99
2025 452 and 20 25 45
p Describe what is happening in each case.
The 9 digits 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 can be arranged to make 4 square numbers. Each digit is used only
once. Here are some ways:
9
2
3
81 324 576
9 2 18 2 24 2
9
32
25 361 784
5 2 19 2 28 2
1
12
36 529 784
6 2 23 2 28 2
p Can you find some more?
Finding square roots and cube roots

using a calculator
On a calculator, the following keys are used to find
square and cube roots:

square root key
Use this key to find the square root of a number.

3

Use this key to find the cube root of a number.
Check your calculator manual to see how to find square roots and
cube roots on your calculator.
314
M A T H S
3

cube root key
7/4/03
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Examples
3
1
488.41

2
704.96
9
Press 488.41
3
Press 704.969
22.I
8.9
22.1
488.41
704.96
9 8.9
Recom
Square roots and cube roots using a calculator
n
me ded
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 10.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
169

576

324

196

441

3249
729

3
8 512

3
9 216

3
10 1728

3
11 2744

3
12 5832

7
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.21

4.41

2.89

12.96

22.09

615.04
19
20
21
22
23
24
4.913

3
10.648

3
15.625

3
2.197

3
0.512

3
0.027

25
26
27
28
29
30
0.008

3
97.336

72.25

0.7225
3
2803.2
21

95.062
5
P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 10
1
Three bells ring at 2-second, 3-second and 5-second intervals. After how
many minutes will they all ring at the same time?
What is the only 2-digit number that is 1 more than a square number and
1 less than a cubic number?
Whats the number?

a I am a composite odd number over 50, divisible by 3 and 17 and
4 less than a multiple of 5 and 11.
b I am an even, 2-digit palindromic number, 7 more than the
square of a number. The sum of my digits is 16.
c I am an odd 3-digit number. The product of my digits is 1. I am
the 6th consecutive odd number after 99.
Find all the 2-digit numbers less than 100 that when added to their
reversals give a square number.
a What is the sum of 2 consecutive odd numbers? Is this sum always divisible by 4?
b Is the sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers always divisible by 3?
c Investigate the sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers and write down all your findings.
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
315
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
S K I L L S 10
Fibonacci
factor
digits
evaluate
index
reverse
primes
multiple
square
even
anticlockwise
odd
palindrome
divisibility
expand
clockwise
composites
consecutive
triangular
common
power
product
cubic
From the list above, choose the words that have:

a 1 vowel
b 2 different vowels
d 3 vowels, all the same
e 4 different vowels
c
f
3 different vowels
5 vowels, all the same
Give the opposite of:

a odd
clockwise
b prime
What are the 10 digits?
The palindromic date 9.9.99 (9 September 1999) was the last such one in the 20th
century.
a What was the one before 9.9.99?
b How long was it between these dates?
There are some interesting dates in the 2nd millennium. If we assume that all are
written with 6 digits (such as 04.03.01 for 4 March 2001), which of the following
occurs first ?
a 01.11.10
b 10.11.01
c 11.11.11
The body has about 30 000 billion red blood cells. This is about 5 1012 cells for every
litre of blood. Write this number out in full.
Is this 7-digit number divisible by 11?
Use as many words as possible from the list above to describe these numbers:
a 13
b 24
c 55
a bcd efg
First work out the clues below and then put the digits in their correct places. Then test
to see if the number is divisible by 11.
a the consecutive number before 8

c the only even prime number
e the multiple of 2 and 3 under 10
g the 5th Fibonacci number
316
M A T H S
b the HCF of 9 and 18

d the 2nd triangular number
f the 2nd cubic number
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Chapter review 10
1
Write 4 consecutive:
a numbers beginning with 8
c odd numbers beginning with 97
b even numbers under 10

d even numbers beginning with 1046
An even number times an odd number gives:

A an odd number
B an even number
Draw a dot diagram for the triangular number 10.
For the rule Tn n(n 1), find:

a T1
b T2
10
11
Write 3 consecutive:
a numbers beginning with K
c odd numbers beginning with t
b numbers beginning with K 7

d even numbers beginning with 2n 4
c
T10
Which of the following are palindromic numbers?

A 151
B 36 136
C 2 042 402
D 72 227
What is the 8th Fibonacci number?

List all the factors of:
a 10
b 15
20
d 36
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of:

a 10 and 30
b 8 and 44
60 and 144
Write down the multiples of:

a 4, up to 24
b 3 that are less than 40
What is the lowest common multiple (LCM) of:

a 3 and 8?
b 12 and 60?
4 and 12?
12
Without using your calculator, decide whether:

a 12 614 is divisible by 2
b 4104 is divisible by 3
c 1081 is divisible by 5
d 12 351 is divisible by 6
e 41 187 is divisible by 8
f 1 311 616 is divisible by 9
13
14
15
Can $5137 be divided evenly among 3 people?
16
17
Write the next 3 prime numbers after 29.

What is the square of:
a 12?
b 9?
13?
Find the cube of:

a 3
b 5
10
Write in index notation:

a 555
c 19 19
C H A P T E R
b 66666
d 222222
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
317
18
19
20
21
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3
2
a 4
b 7
Evaluate:
5
a 2
2
c 34
b 6 cubed
d 2 to the power of 3
Use your calculator to evaluate:

2
3
a 15
b 19
93
85
Write the last line of this factor tree.
d 101
24
4
22
Use a factor tree to express each number as a product of its prime factors. Write your
answers in index notation.
a 30
b 100
c 124
d 600
23
For each pair of numbers:

i
ii Find the HCF and LCM.
a 10 and 16
24
25
b 15 and 40
42 and 63

10 000

91 125
Evaluate:
a
27

64

125

Use your calculator to evaluate:

a
318
d 10
151.29

M A T H S
9393.9
31

d 408.04

7 CH 10

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CM7 Chapter 10_final

In this chapter you will learn to:

CM7 Chapter 10_final

p Check these sums of consecutive squares:

CM7 Chapter 10_final

Special types of positive whole numbers

A number is odd if its

A number is even if its

A square number can

Write 4 consecutive numbers beginning with 5.

Write 4 consecutive even numbers beginning

CM7 Chapter 10_final

SPECIAL TYPES OF POSITIVE WHOLE NUMBERS

Draw dot diagrams of the first 10:

State whether each number is even (E) or odd (O):

b the odd number after 999

Write down the even numbers between:

b 1995 and 2005

Write down the odd numbers between:

b 196 and 206

Write 4 consecutive numbers beginning with:

Write 4 consecutive even numbers beginning with:

Write 4 consecutive odd numbers beginning with:

Copy and complete:

Look at your answers to question 9 to complete, using odd or even:

CM7 Chapter 10_final

The sum of the first n odd numbers is equal to

An interesting result is found by adding 2 consecutive triangular numbers.

Use centicubes (or other materials) to form the 3 diagrams above.

CM7 Chapter 10_final

Generating odd numbers

Generating even numbers

Finding square numbers

The third square number is 3 3 or 32 (read as 3 squared).

Note that 72  62 7 6 and 152  142 15 14.

102 is read as 10 squared.

CM7 Chapter 10_final

Write 3 consecutive numbers beginning with x.

Write 3 consecutive odd numbers beginning with y.

T3 3rd triangular number

So T20 20th triangular number

the 20th triangular number is 210.

Write 3 consecutive numbers beginning with:

Write 3 consecutive even numbers beginning with:

Write 3 consecutive odd numbers beginning with:

CM7 Chapter 10_final

b Let E1 1st even number

E2 2nd even number

c Complete the rule: En

b Let O1 1st odd number

O2 2nd odd number

c Complete the rule: On

b Let S1 1st square number

S2 2nd square number

CM7 Chapter 10_final

Copy and complete the table:

c Complete the rule: Sn

a What type of numbers are formed?

222 333 444

CM7 Chapter 10_final

Use the diagram to work out the 5th pentagonal number.

WAS IT A CAT I SAW?

NEVER ODD OR EVEN.

Note that 72 62 7 6 and 152 142 15 14.