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• 3D FEA Programs
– Linear Elastic Finite Element Analysis
– Non-linear Finite Element Analysis
• Creep
• Cracking
• Tension Stiffening
• Load History
• Shrinkage and Thermal
– Externally restrained
– Internally restrained
Uncracked response
Load, P
3
Cracked response (no tension in
concrete)
4
1 2
Assumed unloading response
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The General Approach
• Perform a linear elastic global analysis and integrate
cross section forces
• Perform detailed non-linear long-term calculations on
each cross section
• Using resulting axial strains and curvatures, adjust
the stiffness of each element tributary to the cross
section
• Iterate until solution converges
• Repeat for each load/time stage, breaking each into
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Cross section calculations
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Comparison with Experimental Data
4
Load, kPa
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Comparison with Experimental Data – S3
16
14
12
10
Point 1
Deflection, mm
Point 2
8 Point 3
Point 4
Ave
6 Concept
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Age, Days
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Comparison with Experimental Data
6
Load, kPa
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time, Days
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Comparison with Experimental Data – S4
30
25
20
Deflection, mm
Point 1
15 Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Ave
10 Concept
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Age, days
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Comparison with Experimental Data
Loading Diagram, Slab S5
9
5
Load, kPa
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time, Days
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Comparison with Experimental Data – S5
9
6
Deflection, mm
5 Series1
Series2
Point 3
4
Point 4
Ave
3 Concept
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Age, days
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Comparison with Experimental Data
Loading Diagram, Slab S6
6
4
Load, kPa
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time, Days
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Comparison with Experimental Data – S6
25
20
15
Deflection, mm
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
10
Ave
Concept
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Comparison with Experimental Data
Loading Diagram, Slab S7
6
4
Load, kPa
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time, Days
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Comparison with Experimental Data – S7
25
20
15
Deflection, mm
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
10 Ave
Concept
Concept (mod)
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Potential Sources for Discrepancy
• Creep and shrinkage models vary slightly from the
test data
• Decision to use long-term beta factor in the tension
stiffening model will overestimate early age post
cracking results
• Creep recovery overestimated?
• Cannot account for change in sign of curvature due
to shrinkage
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