MODULE 4 Learning Journal / Notes

The universe is made up of all matter and space.

A galaxy contains stars, gas, and dust, all held together by gravity.
Elliptical galaxies are either round or oval shaped. Spiral galaxies look like
pinwheels with curved arms that reach out from the centre. Galaxies that don't
fit into these two groups are called irregular galaxies.

At the centre of our solar system, our Sun is an average-sized yellow star.
Star clusters are groups of stars that formed at the same time and in the
same place. Star clusters remain together for a long time because they are
held together by gravity.
When you look at the stars in the night sky, you may be able to see patterns
and shapes. We call these patters of stars constellations.
Our solar system contains the Sun and the eight planets that orbit the Sun.
Also in our solar system are more than 60 moons, millions of asteroids, and
billions of comets.
A planet is currently defined as a body that orbits the Sun, has a large
enough mass to retain a round shape, and dominates its neighbourhood.
Planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.
A moon can be defined as a large body that orbits a planet.
Asteroids are small rocky bodies that revolve around the sun, and are
sometimes called minor planets or planetoids.

A comet is a ball of rock and ice that orbits the sun. Comets have a
characteristic glowing tail formed when the sun heats the centre of the comet,
and vapours are released.

Measuring the Universe https://youtu.be/CiDkNvaOtB4

Light Year - https://youtu.be/j2uWp8WpGwY
Stellar Distance

Interplanetary distances are the distances between planets. These

are measured in kilometres (km), or in Astronomical Units (AU). One
AU is equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sunabout 150
000 000 km.

Interstellar distances are distances between the stars in a galaxy.

These distances are measured in light-years.

Intergalactic distances are the distances between galaxies, and are

also measured in light-years.

The Lives of Starts

Steps involved in a stars evolution, from its formation in a nebula, to its death
as a white dwarf.
NEBULA, STAR, RED GIANT, RED DWARF, WHITE DWARF, SUPERNOVA,
NEUTRON STARS, BLACK HOLES
https://youtu.be/wHayvV92PKA

Solar Eclipse

https://youtu.be/dqreLkR0MoM

Lunar Eclipse

The Big Bang Theory https://youtu.be/uabNtlLfYyU

Nebular Theory of Formation

Gravitational Collapse, Spin, Flattening

Anatomy of the Sun

Unit 14
Motions of the Earth and Moon
https://youtu.be/lkWyM-M8o0c

Motion of the Earth

three factors : axial tilt, rotation and revolution

Phase of the Moon

https://youtu.be/FhokvJZFURg

Planetary Motion
What you see in the sky depends on three things:
https://youtu.be/kMjSiJ7V2Xc
1. where you are on Earth
2. the position of Earth in its axial rotation
3. the position of Earth in its orbit around the Sun.

Planetary Motion https://youtu.be/kbynKfNfHk4

Theories of Moon Formation

1. fission
2. capture
3. condensation
4. colliding planetesimals
5. giant impact.

Features of the Moon

Lunar Maria, Highland

Lunar Eclipses
https://youtu.be/wuhNZejHeBg
http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html

Solar Eclipse
https://youtu.be/eOvWioz4PoQ
http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html

UNIT 15
Two common methods to measure distances in space have mathematical
roots:

triangulation and

parallax.

Triangulation is a technique that involves:

1. creating a baseline of a known length
2. measuring the two angles from the endpoints of the baseline to the
desired object
3. determining the distance to the object

Parallax
https://youtu.be/6UNS8wU_gqg
https://youtu.be/vyiauRjJBNQ

Factors to be considered on Space Travel:

Food, Water, Oxygen, Temperature and Pressure, Gravity

Time and Money