CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

3. Ernest Rutherford nucleus and proton

- Rutherford model
4. James Chadwick Neutron
Nuclear Family
Isotopes
Isobar
Isotones
Isoelectronic Species

Same
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of Neutrons
Arrangement of Electrons

Periodic Trend
1. Atomic Radius
2. Ionization energy energy to remove
3. Electron Affinity gaining
4. Valence electron - in outermost shell
Diatomic Molecules

Atomic Number no. of protons

Mass number Protons + neutrons

Types of Phase Changes

Freezing:
liquid solid

Melting:
solid liquid

Condensation: gas liquid

Vaporization: liquid gas

Sublimation: solid gas

Deposition:
gas solid

Ionization:
gas plasma

Recombination: plasma gas

Separating Mixtures
1. Filtration
2. Evaporation separate solid from liq.
3. Simple Distillation solvent from solution
4. Fractional Distillation liq from 2 or more liq
5. Chromatography separate dissolved substances from
one another.
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
1. Law of conservation of mass matter cannot be created
nor destroyed.
2. Law of definite proportion (Prousts Law) chem.
compound has the same mass composition.
3. Law of multiple proportion ratio from each compound
mass ratio always yields a fraction
Phlogiston - a substance supposed to exist in all combustible
bodies, and to be released in combustion.
George Stahl
Combustion reacts to oxygen at gives of heat
Antoine Lavoisier Father of Modern Chemistry
Atomic Structure History
1. J.J. Thompson Cathode ray tube
- Plum pudding model
- Discovered electron
2. Robert Milliken
- Unit of charge (1.6 1019 )
- Mass of electron (9 1031 )

Quantum Numbers
1. Principal Quantum number (n)
- Describes energy level of in terms of distance from
nucleus
- 22 ( max no. of )
13.6
=
2
2. Angular Moment Quantum number (L)
- defines energy subshell
- shape of orbital
Azimuthal Quantum number
- Each orbital holds 2 electrons
3. Magnetic Quantum number ( )
- Orientation of orbitals (-1 or 1)
4. Electron Spin Quantum number ( )
- - or
Electron Config how electrons are distributed among various
orbitals
Aufbau Principle (building up principle) - electrons orbiting one
or more atoms fill the lowest available energy levels before
filling higher levels (e.g., 1s before 2s).
Paulis exclusion Principle - No two electrons in an atom have the
same set of four quantum numbers.
Hunds Law - Electrons will enter empty orbitals of equal energy,
when they are available.
- Parallel spin
Periodic Table (Dmitri Mendeleev)

Monotomic Gases noble gases

Ions - charged atom or molecule
- Cation (+)
- Anion (-)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULA
- number of atoms of each element in a compound
1. Molecular formula (true formula)
- Actual no. of elements in 1 molecule of compound
2. Empirical formula
- Simplest ratio of whole no. of elements in compound
3. Structural formula
- Graphical representation of elements in a compound
Electronegativity ability to share
CHEMICAL BONDING
1. Ionic Bonding (bonds of opposite charge)
- Metal + Non Metal
- High bond strength
Octet rule stable bonding consists of 8
2. Covalent Bonding (share )
- Non - Metal + Non Metal
a. Polar (unequal share)
b. Non Polar (equal share)
3. Metallic Bonding
E.N. Diff
0-0.4
0.5-1.9
2.0 and above

Same
Covalent; non-polar
Covalent; polar
Ionic

Van der Waals bonds weak bonding exists on inert gases.

CHEMICAL REACTION
1.

Synthesis Reaction (combination reaction)

- 2 or more reactions to form 1 compound
+
2. Analysis (decomposition reaction)
- Decompose compound into simple substances
- Endothermic (energy absorbing)
+

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
1. Tyndall Effect Scatter light
2. Brownian Movement random motion
3. Electrophoresis under electric field
4. Osmotic Pressure semipermeable membrane

Percent of Volume
% =
Dilution
-

SOLUTION

TYPES:
Pyrolysis applied heat to decompose
Photolysis light
Electrolysis direct electric current

3.

Stoichiometry - relationships between reactants and/or products

in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative
data.
Mole (n) amount of substance
1 mole = 6.022 1023 ( ) avogadros no.
1 amu = 1.6605 1024 (cost. 17)

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
% Composition by mass
% =

Where:

n= number of moles
m = mass in g
MM = molar mass in g/mol

%
+

Mole fraction
=

Molarity

Molar mass (M) mass of 1 mole of pure substance

Adding water to achieve desired concentration

=
1 1 = 2 2

Colligative Property of Solution

Properties that depend upon the concentration of solute
molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute.
1.

Combustion releases oxygen as one of reactants

- Exothermic (releases energy, req. activation energy)
4. Substitution reaction (single replacement)
- Uses activity series
+ +
5. Double displacement reaction (metathesis)
- Precipitate solid formed from reaction

100%

2.

3.

Raoults law (Vapor Pressure Lowering)

-mas mababa ang vapor pressure kapag naglagay ng
substance sa solution. Bubbles formed from the
solution will concentrate on the substance added
instead of vaporizing.
1 = 1 1 0
Boiling Point Elevation
-adding different element on a solution with different
boiling point will change the boiling point of the
solution.

= =

Freezing Point Depression

= =

4.

Osmotic Pressure
=

ACID BASE THEORY

Molality

Normality

CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS

= (. + / )

=
Equivalent Weight
. . =

=

. + /
=

. .

Molinity

THEORY
Arrhenius
Bronstead Lowry
Lewis

ACID
Produce + in water
Proton Donor (Hydrogen ion)
pair acceptor (electrophile)

PROPERTIES OF ACID
1. Conducts electricity in aqueous solution
2. Sour taste
3. Turns blue litmus paper to red
4. pH bet. 0-7
5. neutralize bases
6. reacts with metals to form +
7. reacts with oxides and hydroxides to form salt and
water
PH equation

Formality
=

BASE
Produce in water
Proton Acceptor (Hydrogen ion)
pair donor (nucleophile)

= [ + ]
+ = 10
+ = 14