PRESSURE

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure associated with a motionless body of water.

Pressure within the body of water varies and is directly proportional to the vertical position
With respect to the free surface.

(Pressure in a liquid P) = (Specific weight x Height of liquid)

Specific weight is also = (g) where is density of the
fluid and g is acceleration due to gravity.
THE THREE FORMS OF ENERGY
Potential, kinetic and pressure energies occur together in a fluid system.

Potentialenergy is Potential specific energy because that is energy per

unit weight of the fluid.
Potential specific energy = z

Kinetic specific energy =

V2
2g

Kinetic specific energy provided by moving fluid particles.

Pressure specific energy =

Total of the above three energies in a fluid system is constant, at any two points enegies
are equated by the equation given below, two or all the three forms can change, for

example if the system is horizontal then there is no enegy in the form of z, z = 0 in the
equation

Bernoullis equation.

Designing a pumping system

Figure 1-11 A typical pumping system.

Steps in system designed

A. The flow rate is determined based on the process and production requirements.
B. The location and size of the suction and discharge tanks is established.
C. The location, capacity and size of the equipment to be installed in the line is
determined.

C. The pump location is fixed.

E. The line sizes are determined and the auxiliary equipment such as manual valves
are sized and located.
F. The Total Head of the pump is determined as well as the size, model, type, and
power requirement.

THE DRIVING FORCE OF THE FLUID SYSTEM

The pump supplies the energy to move the fluid through a system at
a certain flow rate.

THE COMPONENTS OF TOTAL HEAD

(1)

Friction (2) Equipment pressure drop (3) Energy required for generating required
velocity. (4) Elevation difference.(5) Pressurised tanks

(1)

Pressure difference due to friction loss.

(2)

Pressure loss in equipment such as a filter.

(3)

Elevation difference energy

(4)

Pressurised tanks.

WORKED EXAMPLE

The diagram shows a tank that is drained by a horizontal pipe. Calculate the pressure
head at point (2) when the valve is partly closed so that the flow rate is reduced to 0.02
m3/s. The pressure loss is equal to 2 m head.

SOLUTION

Since point (1) is a free surface, h1 = 0 and u1 is assumed negligible.

The datum level is point (2) so z1 = 15 and z2 = 0.
Q = 0.02 m3/s
A2 = d2/4 = 1.963 x 10-3 m2.
u2 = Q/A = 10.18 m/s
Bernoullis equation in head form is as follows.

h2 = 7.72 m

WORKED EXAMPLE

The diagram shows a horizontal nozzle discharging into the atmosphere.

The inlet has a bore area of 600 mm2 and the exit has a bore area of 200
mm2. Calculate the flow rate when the inlet pressure is 400 Pa. Assume
there is no energy loss.

SOLUTION

Apply Bernoulli between (1) and (2)

Z1 and Z2 being same level get eliminated hence-

P1

V 12
2g

P2

V 22
2g

The inlet has a bore area of 600 mm2 and the exit has a bore area of 200
mm2. Calculate the flow rate when the inlet pressure is 400 Pa. Assume
there is no energy loss.

Q= A1 V1= A2 V2
= 600*V1 = 200*V2
Or 600*V1=Q
And 200*V2=Q
V1=Q/600
And V2=Q/200