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Robert C. Beck - Do it yourself Medizin

Teil 1: Beck-Therapie
Teil 2: Vortragsmaterial Dr. Robert Beck
Teil 3: Workshop/Interviews mit Dr. Robert Beck
siehe auch: Abrams Lakhovsky Tesla Priore Rife Dotto Clark Pekar Enderlein
Elektromedizin Frequenzen Blitze Magnetfelder Parasiten Unterdrckung

Startseite 1 Psyche 2 Statik 3 Ernhrung 4 Gifte 5 Zahnherde 6 Strfelder 7 Parasiten

8 heilende Informationen 9 Selbstheilung 10 Diagnostik 11 Zusammenhnge Literatur

Beck Brain Tuner for Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)

There are several types of brain tuners commercially available. Just use a search engine to look them up. Also have a look at Bob Becks lecture
about the Brain Tuner and the buyer comments on the Amazon page selling such devices.
I have not tried to make or use a device of this type, so I cannot personally comment as to the effectiveness/safety of this device. One user of this
device had the following to say:
The brain synchronizer destresses, relaxes but also clears the mind.
People also use it to break addictions and depression. It's really
incredible. I use mine everyday and it keeps me out of the chronic
depression I used to suffer.

Please be aware if you want selling devices:

Builders of this device should be aware that if they make and sell CES
units to others in the USA that they will be in legal jeopardy because the
other official CES companies will turn them in to the FDA. Currently one
must be FDA approved as a CES manufacturer in the USA in order to be within
the limits of the law.

Excerpt from:
FOCUS on ALCOHOL and DRUG ISSUES, Jan/Feb 1983
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)
Help for ANXIETY
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation has been used as a treatment for anxiety in several parts of the world for over a quarter of a century.
American medicine has only recently begun to realize its use as a safe and effective treatment.
Studies show that CES treatment yields highly significant reductions in anxiety, whether the patients were in a psychiatric setting, a scholastic
setting, an outpatient setting, or an in-patient general hospital setting. Further, while many different kinds of anxiety have been studied, as
measured by the six different psychological measuring instruments found in these studies, they all responded significantly to CES treatment. Less
intense or less permanent forms of anxiety - the so-called "situational anxiety" in which a person habitually responds to personally threatening
events in his environment with an anxiety reaction - respond to CES treatments within a week or less. The more permanent forms of anxiety the so-called trait anxiety, or that underlying level of anxiety that a person typically carries with him at all times - require a longer period of CES
treatment. This kind of anxiety typically is not reduced significantly in fewer than 2 or 3 weeks of daily treatments.

Help for DEPRESSION

Studies show that reactive depression (that which results from acute changes in the patients life situation such as a job change or divorce) is
decreased after 6 days of CES treatment.
More deep seated depression (endogenous) in some cases required 3 or more weeks of daily treatment. For this reason, many physicians
routinely prescribe a minimum of 2 weeks to a month of daily CES treatments in depressed patients, since it is frequently difficult to gauge the
type or depth of depression with great accuracy. Since many patients have a "depression habit" physicians should include a home CES unit in
their treatment plan so that the patient can meet any new sign of impending depression with effective treatment and thereby break the behavioral
reinforcement chain that has both led to and maintained the habit. In this way, a maladaptive habit can be effectively controlled or broken without
the use of frequent medications and/or repeated visits to the physician. Other research has shown that CES, when used this way is neither habit
forming nor addictive. Such patients use it only when they experience an impending medical necessity.

Help for INSOMNIA

Because CES was originally called "Electrosleep" in European countries, many earlier American studies were designed to learn whether or not
such small amounts of electric currents would actually put people to sleep. That is, just as 50ma of current - called "electro-anaesthesia" - put an
individual into anesthesia so that surgical procedures could be performed, 1ma of CES current was assumed to put them into a normal state of
sleep if "Electrosleep" worked. Such studies discovered that while CES does not necessarily "put a person to sleep", it does accomplish some
very therapeutic changes in the sleep patterns of people who complain of insomnia.
The studies below show that whether measured by the patient's own ratings, psychiatrists ratings or by electroencephalograph or polygraph
recordings before and after CES treatments, the following effects of CES in insomnia can be expected:
1. Sleep onset latency is reduced. That is, once a person has retired for the evening, the amount of time it takes him to actually fall asleep is
reduced from one to two hours or more to the more normal twenty minutes or less.
2. The number of awakenings during the night are reduced. That is, while most insomniacs awaken three or more times during the night and
have difficulty falling asleep again, those treated with CES typically awaken no more than once or twice following therapy, with most
reporting no awakenings. Furthermore, after awakening, they return to sleep much more promptly than before.
3. CES treated patients spend more time in stage four sleep following CES treatments. That is, patients spend more time in the deepest, most

restful stage of sleep than they did prior to CES treatment. It should be noted that some patients who have deprived themselves of REM
sleep - the stage during which dreaming occurs - by taking drugs or alcohol as a sleeping aid, sometimes spend the first two or three nights
in unusually vivid dream states when first starting CES treatments. This is considered another indication of the therapeutic effectiveness of
CES in that persons are known to become increasingly disorganized mentally, some even to the point of psychotic-like symptoms, when
they do not engage in the normal amount of dreaming.
4. Finally, it was discovered that many patients receiving CES treatments report feeling more rested when they awaken in the morning
following CES treatments.
Treatment parameters: While some patients begin to respond after the second or third day of treatment, others do not have their best response
with fewer than 24 days of treatments lasting from 15 minutes to 1 hour. The beneficial effects have been measured in some experimental
groups for as long as two years. Some people with insomnia have a habitual pattern of responding to situational stress with an interruption in their
sleep patterns. The best results are obtained when CES is used each time unusual stressors occur in their life situations that would ordinarily
cause poor sleep. The CES device user is thereby trained over time to expect a good night's sleep no matter what stressful interruptions occurred
in the normal flow of daily life.

Help for ADDICTIONS

Foremost among the treatment problems among chemically dependent persons is the need to help them through the psychologically and
physically demanding period of withdrawal. The body reacts to the depressed physical state engendered by alcohol and other drugs with a
rebound stress reaction. This reaction commonly includes states of extreme anxiety, depression, and insomnia, for which CES treatment is known
to be effective.
Underlying the addictive state is an insidious and progressive destruction of normal brain functioning including an often incapacitating memory
loss, inability to process information involving abstract symbols, and other dysfunctions associated with the organic brain syndrome, and
advanced condition which is known as Korsakoff psychosis. Studies on the use of CES in chemical dependencies are among the best controlled
and well designed research in the U.S. They indicate that CES is a highly effective adjunct to methadone withdrawal in heroin addicts, significantly
shortening the time to symptom-free withdrawal when compared with methadone alone, and significantly lowering withdrawal anxiety as measured
by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.
Further, the anxiety and depression accompanying and following withdrawal of both alcohol and other drugs in polydrug abusers is significantly
reduced when patients receive CES as a post withdrawal treatment.
Most importantly, perhaps, is the finding that CES treatment halts and significantly reverses brain dysfunction in these patients as measured on
seven different psychological scales of cognitive function, bringing many such functions back to the level of the pre-addiction state in the majority
of patients studied. Another problem in the treatment of chemically dependent persons is frequently recurring "dry withdrawal" in which the
individual suffers withdrawal symptoms within several weeks, then again in several months. The phrases used to describe these phenomena are a
"dry drunk" followed by the "dry withdrawal".
These psychological states lead to high recidivism rates among these individuals as they return to treatment after "falling off the wagon". CES is
now thought of as one of the most effective, non-drug treatments for these periods of withdrawal, and a patient who has a personal CES unit
available should be able to use it to prevent a full-blown withdrawal reaction at such times. By doing so he can reduce the need for additional
medical treatment in a clinic or hospital setting, and will be less likely to resort to alcohol because of the discomfort accompanying these
withdrawal states.

Excerpt from:
SPECTRUM THE WHOLISTIC NEWS MAGAZINE, Jan/Feb 1995
Shocking treatment for TROUBLED MINDS
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) has been proved to be an effective, non pharmacological, non toxic therapy for anxiety, depression and
insomnia. It works by delivering a soothing, low voltage electrical stimulation to the brain 45 minutes a day via a Sony Walkman type headset
resting on both ears. Patients can use CES at home while engaging in other activities, except, of course, for driving or other possibly dangerous
activities.
Side effects are negligible - users might experience an occasional transitory feeling of light headedness or a mild headache if the unit is turned up
too high.
Several scientific studies support the effectiveness and safety of CES. In six separate placebo controlled studies of anxiety, 220 hospitalized
psychiatric inpatients receiving the treatment for at least 30 minutes per day for three weeks showed a significant lessening of anxiety;
compared to controls. Similar studies with depressed patients revealed an average reduction in depression scores of 50%.
CES is thought to act by correcting neurotransmitter imbalances. Scientists discovered that severely depressed patients receiving CES had
increased serotonin and norepinephrine blood levels, and normalized serotonin/betaendorphin and norepinephrine/cholinesterase ratios.
Because CES duplicates the biochemical changes of drugs like antidepressants, it usually takes one to four weeks for the therapeutic effect to
take hold. Potential applications for CES treatment include addictions, phobias, panic disorder, attention deficit disorder, and cognitive
dysfunction. It has also been found quite effective for tension headaches.
(Based on facts presented in: Bridges ISSSEEM Newsmagazine, Winter 1993)

Brain Tuner Instructions

Frequency of Usage
For severe problems use it 40 minutes twice daily. For less than severe problems use it 30-40 minutes once daily, then after a month you can use
it 2 or 3 times a week. (It has cumulative effects.) More than 40 minutes usage in one sitting can have less productive results.

Selecting 6 hz Option
6 hz (cycles per second) enhances Theta brain waves which are normally experienced between sleep and full alertness. If you are stressed,
anxious, hyper, or are preparing for bed then flip the switch upwards towards the 6 hz sticker. If you just woke up or want to be more alert then flip
the switch down away from the 6 hz sticker.

Using Ear Clip Electrodes

Pull open both ear clips and wet thoroughly with saltwater. Wipe your ear lobes clean because dirt or oil can cause stinging sensations when
using unit. Clip them onto your ear lobes before turning the unit on. The saltwater usually dries out after 45 minutes (and stops conducting electric
current) which is good because then you don't have to watch the clock too closely. Turn unit off before handling electrodes to prevent electrical
tingling of your fingers.

Setting Current Control Knob

Before turning unit on, turn the dial fully counterclockwise. Turn unit on, wait for any initial tingling to subside, and then slowly turn the dial
clockwise until you get uncomfortable tingling and then turn it back counterclockwise into the comfort zone. The farther clockwise it is turned, the
more electric current you're receiving (and the more the current LED will light up). Too much current can result in dizziness. When you first start
using it you may have uncomfortable sensations even with it turned fully counterclockwise. This usually subsides quickly and then you can turn it
up. If it don't subside then you can adjust the electronics to suit you by turning the unit off, removing the 4 bottom screws, pulling out the
electronics board, and with a mini-screwdriver turn the center of the potentiometer marked "<-adjust" counterclockwise (while the unit is on and
connected to you) until you are comfortable with the diminished sensation felt. This is a last resort though because too little current may result in
less benefits.

Using AC Adapter
This unit is powered by an internal rechargeable battery that will need recharging when you can't feel any tingling with the control fully clockwise.
To recharge the battery just turn the unit off and plug the AC adapter into the AC wall socket and into the power jack on the unit. It will
automatically recharge like that. Let it recharge overnight or 14 hours for a maximum charge. Too much charging may shorten the batteries life
span. Next morning it is ready to use for at least another 4 hours total. Don't connect the AC adapter to the unit except when recharging. If the unit
ever gets to where it won't last long between charges then you can replace the internal 9v battery with Radio Shack's 9 volt rechargeable #23-299.
Recharge after replacing battery.

Caring for Electrodes

Handle electrodes carefully so as not to bend the wires where they connect to the electrodes. If this connection ever breaks then you can remove
the cloth and solder the wire back in place. If cloth gets too dirty then you can replace it by removing it, cutting a piece of 100% cloth the same
size, and re-stitching it back in place.

Making Saltwater
Mix 3 tsp non-iodized sea salt or rock salt with 2 ounce distilled water. Stir and let sit for 3 hours. Store in a dark eyedropper bottle. Stir 1 drop of
this salt solution into 4 oz distilled water and use to fill an eyedropper bottle for use on the electrodes.

Brain Synchronizer Schematic

Parts List
Qty
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1.5"

Mouser
project box
9v rechargeable battery
9v battery clip
output transformer
C555 timer IC
C556 timer IC
8 pin IC socket
14 pin IC socket
100K pot
pot knob
25K mini pot
3.5mm female jack
3.5mm male plug
12v 200ma Adaptor
470uf capacitor
1uf capacitor
.22uf capacitor
.0047uf capacitor
120K resistor
22K resistor
4.7K resistor
1K resistor
1.3K resistor
680 ohm resistor 1/2W
1/16" shrink tubing, 4'

#
400-1542
573-15F8K
12BC160
42TM006
511-TS555CN
511-TS556CN
571-26404633
571-26403573
31VA501
450-2070
569-72PM-25K
16PJ137
17PP103
412-1101
140-XRL10V470
540-1.0M35
540-0.22M35
581-UEC472J1
30B-J250-120K
30B-J250-22K
30B-J250-4.7K
30B-J250-1K
30B-J250-1.3K
30B-J500-680
5174-11162

cost
Backup
3.70
RS: 270-231
7.99
.54
2.41
.46
.62
.11
.13
1.25
.99
.99
.52
.86
4.90
.18
.33
.33
.62
.22
.44
.44
.44
.44
.22
4'/.78

Qty
2
1
3.5'

Radio Shack #
2ma LED
PC board
24ga speaker wire

276-044
276-150
278-1301

cost
2.12
.64
.27

Qty
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1

JDR
SPDT switch
SPDT-CO switch
1.5M resistor
18K resistor
10K resistor
2.2K resistor
50K mini pot
10K mini pot
1K mini pot

#
SP/DT
SW22
R1.5M
R18K
R10K
R2.2K
72PR50K
72PR10K
72PR1.0K

cost
1.25
1.29
.05
.05
.10
.10
.79
.79
.79

2.32

2
2
4
1
4
3.5'

2907 transistor
3904 transistor
1N4148 diode
1N4001 diode
rubber feet
24ga single wire

2N2907A
2N3904
1N4148
1N4001
3M5012-BL
WIRE-24YSR100

.29
.10
.04
.06
100/6.95
100'/3.95

2 ear clips from Beads N Beyond part #125

$.25ea
(sew 100% cotton cloth on them. Wet with saltwater before using)
Beads N Beyond: 1-704-254-7927
35 Wall St
Asheville NC 28801
Mouser Electronics: 1-800-346-6873
958 N Main St
Mansfield TX 76063-4827
JDR Microdevices: 1-800-538-5000
1850 South 10th St
San Jose, CA 95112-9941

Spectrum Analysis
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the original BT5

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the improved BT5pro

Bio-Tuner BT7
SOTA Instruments Inc. has completely re-designed the BT6Pro model of Bio-Tuner, which is now called the BT7 (professional edition of the BT6).
The Bio-Tuner BT7 offers 6 user-selectable output modes that research shows have varying effects. In all modes the base frequency of 1,000
Hz pulse-modulated by 111.11 Hz is present. This is the "magic frequency" that was found to work where others failed.
MODE 1-3 (550uS pulse width)
Mode 1
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550us Pulse Width
Output=Continuous
Mode 2
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550us Pulse Width
Output=1 Second ON, 1 Second OFF
Mode 3
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 550us Pulse Width
Output=Ampl. Modulated by 7.83Hz Sine Wave

MODE 4-6 (220uS pulse width)

Mode 4
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220us Pulse Width
Output=Continuous
Mode 2
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220us Pulse Width
Output=1 Second ON, 1 Second OFF
Mode 3
1kHz modulated by 111.11 Hz, 220us Pulse Width
Output=Ampl. Modulated by 7.83Hz Sine Wave

Other Functions
20 Minute Timer: After 20 minutes have elapsed, the output is disabled, and the unit goes into standby mode.
LOW Battery Warning: Red Light will come ON to indicate battery will soon need replacing.
Earclip and Output Signal Electrical Circuit Verification Indicator: Yellow Light will only come ON when the electrical path through the
Earclips is complete and functioning correctly.

Electrical Specs
Minimum <~10 microamperes, 10 Volt Peak-Peak at lowest setting. Maximum <1.5mA Peak ~40 Volts Peak-Peak into typical 4k ohm load.
Output impedance ~20k ohm.
Modified rectilinear wave with rapid rise time (under 1uS). There are over 500 harmonic frequencies delivered in each pulse as observed on
a frequency domain (not time domain) spectrum analyzer.
Base waveform (Mode 1) 1,000 Hz Square wave (+/- 1%) pulse-modulated by 111.11 Hz (+/- 1%) Square wave. Waveforms are Microchip
Quartz Crystal-Controlled for precise frequency output. There are 6 user-selectable output Modes.
9-Volt DC Alkaline Battery operation, useful to end voltage ~6.2 Volts. Battery drain: minimum ~9mA @ 9 Volts to maximum of 30mA with
output fully loaded.
Auto-shutoff time of 20 minutes. Controlled digitally.
Pulses are Bi-Phasic (AC) with no DC or offset bias. Output is transformer coupled so that no direct current can appear at electrodes. The
algebraic sum of positive and negative-going pulses is zero. This obviates any possibility of electrolysis, ion migration, or polarization.
Low battery indicator. Low battery circuitry illuminates Red LED light when battery voltage falls below 5.2 Volts.

Waveform

Beck's Bibliography of Cranial Electrical Stimulation Research

This bibliography is not specific to the Beck Brain Tuner. The research is specific to Cranial Electrical Stimulation - the technology on which the
Brain Tuner is based.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

Achte, Kauko, Seppala: "On electrosleep therapy" Psychiatric Quarterly 42,1 17-27 1968
Astrup: "A follow-up study of electrosleep" Biol Psychiatry 8,1 115-117 2.1974
Barabasz: "Treatment of insomnia in depressed patients by hypnosis and cerebral electrotherapy" Am J Clin Hypn 19,2 120-122 10.1976
Brand: "Electrosleep therapy for migraine and headache" in Wageneder, Schuy: "Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electroanesthesia" Proc 2.
Int Symposium Graz, Austria 1969
Braverman, Smith, Smayda, Blum: "Modification of P300 amplitude and other electrophysiological parameters of drug abuse by cranial
electrical stimulation" Curr Ther Res 48 586-596 10.1990
Briones, Rosenthal: "Changes in urinary free catecholamines and 17-ketosteroids with cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep)" Dis Nerv Syst
34,1 57-58 1.1973
Brown: "Electroanesthesia and electrosleep" Am Psychol 30,3 402-410 3.1975
Cartwright, Weiss: "The effects of electrosleep on insomnia revisited" J Nerv Ment Dis 161,2 134-137 8.1975
Childs: "New treatments offer hope for agitated brain syndrome" The Psychiatric Times 9.1988
Childs, Crismon: "The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in post-traumatic amnesia: a report of two cases" Brain Inj 2,3 243-247 1988
"Correspondence: Polarization in depression" Brit J Psychiatry 117 474 10.1970
"Correspondence: Polarization therapy in depressive illnesses" Brit J Psychiatry 111 447-448 5.1965
Costain, Redfearn, Lippold: "A controlled trial of the therapeutic effects of polarization of the brain in depressive illness" Br J Psychiatry 110
786-799 11.1964
Coursey, Frankel, Gaarder, Mott: "A comparison of relaxation techniques with electrosleep therapy for chronic, sleep-onset insomnia a
sleep-EEG study" Biofeedback Self Regul 5,1 57-73 3.1980
Coursey, Frankel, Gaarder: "EMG biofeedback and autogenic training as relaxation techniques for chronic sleep onset insomnia"
Biofeedback and Self Regulation 1 353-354 9.1976
Cox, Heath: "Neurotone therapy: a preliminary report of its effect on electrical activity of forebrain structures" Dis Nerv Syst 36,5 245-247
5.1975
Dymond, Coger, Serafetinides: "Intracerebral current levels in man during electrosleep therapy" Biol Psychiatry 10,1 101-104 2.1975
Empson: "Clinical note. Does electrosleep induce natural sleep?" Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 35,6 663-664 12.1973
England: "Treatment of migraine headache utilizing cerebral electrostimulation" Master of Science Thesis, North Texas State University,
Denton, Texas 12.1976
Feighner, Brown, Olivier: "Electrosleep therapy. A controlled double blind study" J Nerv Ment Dis 157,2 121-128 8.1973
Flemenbaum: "Cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep): an open-clinical study with a six month follow-up" Psychosomatics 15,1 20-24 1974
Flemenbaum: "Cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep): a review" Curr Psychiatr Ther 15 195-202 1975
Forster, Post, Benton: "Preliminary observations on electrosleep" Arch Phys Med Rehabil 44 481-489 9.1963
Forster, Shapiro, Fine, Feldman, Berner, Goldberg: "Continued investigations of electrosleep" in Wageneder, Schuy: "Electrotherapeutic
Sleep and Electroanesthesia" Proc 1. Int Symposium. Graz, Austria 12.-17.9.1966
Frankel: "Research on cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep): some suggestions" Am J Psychiatry 131,1 95-98 1.1974
Frankel, Buchbinder, Snyder: "Ineffectiveness of electrosleep in chronic primary insomnia" Arch Gen Psychiatry 29,4 563-568 10.1973
Frankel, Buchbinder, Snyder: "The effect of cerebral electrotherapy on the sleep of chronic insomniacs" in Wageneder, Schuy:
"Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electroanesthesia" Proc 3. Int Symposium. Varna, Bulgaria. 9.1972
Gershman, Clouser: "Treating insomnia with relaxation and desensitization in a group setting by an automated approach" J Behavior
Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 5,1 31-35 7.1974
Gibson, OHair: "Cranial application of low-level trans cranial electrotherapy vs. relaxation instructions in anxious patients" Am J
Electromedicine 4,1 18-21 1987
Glazer, Ashkenazi, Magora: "Electrosleep therapy in bronchial asthma" Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 36,1 163-171 1969
Gomez, Mikhail: "Treatment of methadone withdrawal with cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep)" Br J Psychiatry 134 111-113 1.1979
Hearst, Cloninger, Crews, Cadoret: "Electrosleep therapy: a double-blind trial" Arch Gen Psychiatry 30,4 463-466 4.1974
Itil, Gannon, Akpinar, Hsu: "Quantitative EEG analysis of electrosleep using analog frequency analyzer and digital computer methods" Dis
Nerv Syst 33,6 376-381 6.1972
Jarzembski: "Electrical stimulation and substance abuse treatment" Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7,2 119-123 1985
Kelley, Kelley, Kaiman: "Cerebral electric stimulation with thermal biomedical feedback" Nebr Med J 62,9 322-327 9.1977
Koegler, Hicks, Barger: "Medical and psychiatric use of electrosleep. Transcerebral electrotherapy" Dis Nerv Syst 32,2 100-104 2.1971
Koegler: "Predicting the results of electrosleep therapy" in Wageneder, Schuy: "Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electroanesthesia" III. 3. Int
Symposium in Varna, Bulgaria 9.1972
Kotter, Henschel, Hogan, Kalbfleisch: "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in man by the transcranial application of lwo intensity pulsed
current" Gastroenterology 69,2 359-363 8.1975
Levitt, James, Flavell: "A clinical trial of electrosleep therapy with a psychiatric inpatient sample" Aust N Z J Psychiatry 9,4 287-290 12.1975
Lewis: "Electrosleep sleep therapy" in Williams, Webb: "Sleep therapy: A bibliography and commentary" chap 3 26-39 Thomas, Publ.,
Springfield, Ill. 1966
Madden, Kirsch: "Low intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves human learning of a psychomotor task" Am J Electromedicine 2,2-3
41-45 Second Quarter 1987
Magora, Assael, Ashkenazi: "Some aspects of electrical sleep and its therapeutic values" in Wageneder, Schuy: "Electrotherapeutic Sleep

and Electroanesthesia" Proc 1. Int Symposium. Graz, Austria, 12.-17.9.1966

43. Magora, Beller, Aladjemoff, Tannenbaum: "Observations on electrically induced sleep in man" Br J Anaesth 37,7 480-491 1965
44. Marshall, Izard: "Cerebral electrotherapeutic treatment of depressions" J Consult Clin Psychol 42,1 93-97 2.1974
45. McKenzie, Rosenthat, Driessner: "Some psychophysiologic effects of transcranial stimulation (electro-sleep) in Wulfsohn, Sances: "The
Nervous System and Electric Currents" Plenum Press, New York 163-167 1976
46. McKenzie, Costello, Buck: "Electrosleep (electrical transcranial stimulation) in the treatment of anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance in
chronic alcoholics" J Altered States of Consciousness 2,2 185-195 1975-1976
47. Miller, Mathas: "The use and effectiveness of electrosleep in the treatment of some common psychiatric problems" Am J Psychiatry 122,4
460-462 10.1965
48. Montgomery, Perkin, Wise: "A review of behavioral treatments for insomnia" J Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 6,2 93-100
8.1975
49. Moore, Mellor, Standage, Strong: "A double blind study of electrosleep for anxiety and insomnia" Biol Psychiatry 10,1 59-63 2.1975
50. Nias, Shapiro: "The effects of small electrical currents upon depressive symptoms" Br J Psychiatry 125,0 414-415 10.1974
51. Nias: "Therapeutic effects of low level direct electrical currents" Psychological Bulletin 83,5 766-773 9.1976
52. Obrosow: "Electrosleep therapy" in Stillwell: "Therapeutic Electricity and Ultraviolet Radiation, second edition" Kap 5 179-187 1967
53. Passini, Watson, Herder: "The effects of cerebral electric therapy (electrosleep) on anxiety, depression, and hostility in psychiatric patients" J
Nerv Ment Dis 163,4 263-266 10.1976
54. Patterson: "The significance of current frequency in neuro electric therapy (NET) for drug and alcohol addictions" in Wageneder, Schuy:
"Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electroanesthesia" 5 5. Int Symposium in Graz, Austria 1978
55. Philip, Demotes-Mainard, Bourgeois, Vincent: "Efficiency of transcranial electrostimulation on anxiety and insomnia symptoms during a
washout period in depressed patients. A double-blind study" Biol Psychiatry 29,5 451-456 1.3.1991
56. Pleitez: "New frontier: electrosleep therapy" Nebr Med J 58,1 9-11 1.1973
57. Ramsay, Schlagenhauf: "Treatment of depression with low voltage direct current" South Med J 59,8 932-934 8.1966
58. Rosenthal, Wulfsohn: "Electrosleep - A clinical trial" Am J Psychiatry 127,4 533-534 10.1970
59. Rosenthal, Wulfsohn: "Electrosleep. A preliminary communication" J Nerv Ment Dis 151,2 146-151 8.1970
60. Rosenthal, Wulfsohn: "Studies of electrosleep with active and simulated treatment" Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 12,3 126-130 3.1970
61. Rosenthal: "A qualitative description of the electrosleep experience" in Wulfsohn, Sances: "The Nervous System and Electric Currents" 2
Plenum Press, New York 1971
62. Rosenthal: "Electrosleep therapy" Current Psychiatric Therapies 12 104-107 1972
63. Rosenthal: "Electrosleep: a double-blind clinical study" Biol Psychiatry 4 179-185 4.1972
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