24.

SURFACTANT A N D POLYMER SPECTRA

SURFACTANT GROUPS
Surfactants (or surface-active agents) exist in a variety of forms and have often been referred to
as detergents. General types of surfactants include nonionics, anionics, cationics, and amphoterics, among others. In designating and naming surfactant compounds, a number of abbreviations are used. For example, P.O.E. in a surfactant name indicates a polyethoxylated or
polyoxyethylated surfactant. HLB in a surfactant name indicates that the compound has a
"hydrophile-lipophile-balance" number. As a general rule, the higher the HLB, the more
hydrophilic (water attracting) the surfactant. EtO indicates the presence of a specific molar
concentration of ethylene oxide; when alcohols are treated with ethylene oxide in the presence of a base, an ethoxylate detergent results. P.O.P. indicates the presence of polyoxypropyiene. The infrared spectra for these different classes of surfactants are included as spectra
numbers 1327-1890. Examples of each surfactant group are listed under the appropriate category, and the appropriate spectra numbers are given in parentheses.

Nonionic Surfactants
Nonionics include the following types of compounds.
1. Estersof polyhydric alcohols
a. Estersof glycerol and polyglycerol
Glycerol monolaurate (1426)
Glyceryl dilaurate (1425)
Glycerol monostearate (1663)
Glycerol distearate (1664)
Glycerol trioleate (1367)
Glycerol monoricinoleate (1665)
Modified glyceryl phthalate resin (1755)
Polyglycerol ester of oleic acid (1366)
b. Estersof polyoxyethylated (P.O.E.) glycerides
Polyoxyethylated (P.O.E.) castor oil, 20 moles EtO (1609)
c. Estersof polyoxyethylated (P.O.E.) sorbitol, sorbitan, or sorbide
P.O.E. Sorbitan monolaurate, HLB 13.3 (1586)
P.O.E. Sorbitan monolaurate, HLB 16.7 (1666)
P.O.E. Sorbitan monopalmitate, HLB 15.6 (1667)
P.O.E. Sorbitan tristearate, 20 moles EtO, HLB 10.5 (1362)

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SURFACTANT AND POLYMER SPECTRA

P.O.E. Sorbitan monooleate, HLB 13.9 (1576)

P.O.E. Sorbitan trioleate, HLB 11.0 (1359)
d. Estersof polyhydric alcohols
Sorbitan monolaurate (1358)
Sorbitan monopalmitate (13 78)
Sorbitan monostearate (1361 )
Sorbitan tristearate (1668)
Sorbitan sesquioleate (1680)
Sorbitan trioleate (1357, 1681 )
Sucrose monomyristate (1688)
Sucrose monopalmitate (1360)
Sucrose monostearate (1356)
Sucrose dioleate (1355)
Sucrose monotallowate (1354)
Pentaerythritol monolaurate (1670)
Pentaerythritol distearate (1330)
Pentaeryth ritol tetrastearate (1671 )
Pentaerythritol dioleate (1830)
2. Alkoxylated amides
Polyoxyethylated (P.O.E.) coco amide, 5 moles EtO (1350)
P.O.E. Hydrogenated tallow amide, 50 moles EtO (1349)
Oleic acid monoisopropanolamide (1578)
3. Estersof polyoxyalkylene glycols
a. Laurates
Laurate of diethylene glycol (1347)
Laurate of polyethylene glycol 200 (1346)
Laurate of polyethylene glycol 300 (1684)
Laurate of polyethylene glycol 400 (1548)
Laurate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1685)
Laurate of polyethylene glycol 1540 (1433)
P.O.E. Lauric acid, 9 moles EtO (1831)
P.O.E. Lauric acid, 14 moles EtO (1377)
Dilaurate of polyethylene glycol 200 (1342)
Dilaurate of polyethylene glycol 300 (1686)
Dilaureate of polyethylene glycol 400 (1428)
Dilaureate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1687)
Dilaureate of polyethylene glycol 1540 (1595)
b. Stearates
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 200 (1341 )
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 300 (1674)
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 600 (13 71 )
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 1540 (1589)
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 4000 (13 70)
Stearate of polyethylene glycol 6000 (1675)
Polyoxyethylated Stearic acid, 5 moles EtO (1676)
P.O.E. Stearic acid, 9 moles EtO (1376)
Polyoxyethylated Stearic acid, 10 moles EtO (1677)
P.O.E. Stearic acid, 15 moles EtO (1375)
Polyoxyethylated Stearic acid, 40 moles EtO (1678)
Distearate of polyethylene glycol 300 (1340)
Distearate of polyethylene glycol 400 (1703)
Distearate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1588)
Distearate of polyethylene glycol 1000 (1339)
Distearate of polyethylene glycol 6000 (1369)

256

SURFACTANT GROUPS

c. Oleates
Oleate of ethylene glycol (1338)
Oleate of diethylene glycol (1689)
Oleate of polyethylene glycol 200 (1337)
Oleate of polyethylene glycol 300 (1691 )
Oleate of polyethylene glycol 400 (1368)
Oleate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1692)
Oleate of polyethylene glycol 1000 (1592)
P.O.E. oleic acid, 6 moles EtO (1374)
Polyoxyethylated oleic acid, 9 moles EtO (1449)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 200 (1336)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 400 (142 7)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1335)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 1000 (1705)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 1540 (1334)
Dioleate of polyethylene glycol 4000 (1570)
d. Ricinoleates
Ricinoleate of ethylene glycol (1424)
Ricinoleate of diethylene glycol (1693)
Ricinoleate of polyethylene glycol 400 (1593)
Ricinoleate of polyethylene glycol 600 (1442)
e. Coco fatty acids
Polyoxyethylated Coco Fatty Acid, 5 moles EtO (1469)
f. Tall oils
Polyoxyethylated Red oil, 10 moles EtO (1466)
Polyoxyethylated Tall oil, 12 moles EtO (1611)
P.O.E. Tall oil, 16 moles EtO (1372)
Polyoxyethylated Rosin (1445)
g. Lanolins
Polyoxyethylated Lanolin (1513)
h. Cocoates
Methoxypolyethylene glycol 500 "cocoate" (1467)
i. Estersofpolyoxypropylene glycols
Stearate of propylene glycol (1842)
Ricinoleate of propylene glycol (1841 )
j. Estersof polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols
Polyoxyethylated oxypropylated stearic acid (1836)
4. Ethersof polyoxyalkylene glycols
a. Alkylphenyl ethers
Polyoxyethylated tert-octylphenol, 3 moles EtO (1838)
Polyoxyethylated tertiary octyiphenoi, 5 moles EtO (1577)
Polyoxyethylated tert-octylphenol, 9-10 moles EtO (183 7)
Polyoxyethylated tert-octylphenol, 30 moles EtO (1839)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 1-2 moles EtO (1523)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 4 moles EtO (1587)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 6 moles EtO (1696)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 8 moles EtO (1834)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EtO (1464)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 10-11 moles EtO (1833)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 15 moles EtO (1573)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 20 moles EtO (1483)
Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol, 30 moles EtO (1435)
b. Alkyl ethers of polyethylene glycols
P.O.E. Lauryl alcohol, 4 moles EtO (1460)

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SURFACTANT AND POLYMERSPECTRA

P.O.E. Lauryl alcohol, 23 moles EtO (1430)

Polyoxyethylated tridecyl alcohol, 3 moles EtO (1451)
Polyoxyethylated tridecyl alcohol, 9 moles EtO (1575, 1785, 1818)
Polyoxyethylated tridecyl alcohol, 12 moles EtO (1840)
Polyoxyethylated tridecyl alcohol, 15 moles EtO (1579)
Polyoxyethylated tetradecyi alcohol, 7 moles EtO (1704)
P.O.E. stearyi alcohol, 20 moles EtO (1446)
Polyoxyethylated cetyl alcohol, 20 moles EtO (1470)
Polyoxyethylated oleyl alcohol, 20 moles EtO (1471, 1835)
c. P.O.E.and P.O.P. glycols and their ethers
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 1200) and 40% EtO (1472)
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 1750) and 10% EtO (1473)
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 1750) and 20% EtO (1832)
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 1750) and 40% EtO (1474)
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 1750) and 80% EtO (1479)
Polyoxypropylene (M.W. 2100) and 50% EtO (1456)
d. Thioethers of polyoxyethylene glycols
5. Tertiary acetylenic glycols
6. Polyoxyethylated alkyl phosphates

Anionic Surfactants
Anionics include the following.
1. Carboxylic acids and soaps
a. Freeacids
Capric acid (1478)
Lauric acid (1614)
Myristic acid (1484)
Palmitic acid (1485)
Stearic acid (1562)
Behenic acid (1706)
Undecylenic acid (1486)
Oleic acid (168-170, 627-628)
Erucic acid (1493)
Linoleic acid (117-119, 1487, 623-624)
Naphthenic acid (1489)
Coconut acids (1490)
Tallow acids, distilled (1844)
Tall oil fatty acids (1516)
b. Alkali metal soaps
Lithium stearate (1495)
Sodium caprate (1699)
Sodium laurate (1497)
Sodium myristate (1707)
Sodium palmitate (1501 )
Sodium undecylenate (1700)
Sodium oleate (1491 )
Sodium linoleate (1498)
Sodium ricinoleate (1492)
Sodium naphthenate, 4% sodium (1420)
Potassium laurate (1585)
Potassium myristate (1500)

258

SURFACTANT GROUPS

Potassium palmitate (1499)

Potassium stearate (1496)
Potassium undecylenate (1702)
Potassium linoleate (1601 )
Potassium ricinoleate (1708)
Potassium naphthenate (1503)
Potassium abietate (1504)
c. Ammonium and amine soaps
Ammonium caprate (1716)
Ammonium myristate (1722)
Ammonium palmitate (1327)
Ammonium stearate (1721 )
Ammonium undecylenate (1820)
Ammonium oleate (1720)
Ammonium linoleate (1845)
Ammonium ricinoleate (1709)
Ammonium naphthenate ((1846)
Ammonium abietate (1710)
Morpholine laurate (1711 )
Morpholine myristate (1712)
Morpholine palmitate (1505)
Morpholine stearate (1713)
Morpholine undecylenate (1590)
Morpholine oleate (1714)
Morpholine linoleate (1717)
Morpholine ricinoleate (1507)
Morpholine naphthenate (1715)
Morpholine abietate (1508)
Triethanolamine caprate (1718)
Triethanolamine laurate (1509)
Triethanolamine myristate (1511 )
Triethanolamine palmitate (1512)
Triethanolamine stearate (1567)
Triethanolamine undecylenate (1719)
Triethanolamine oleate (1514)
Triethanolamine linoleate (1529)
Triethanolamine ricinoleate (1723)
Triethanolamine naphthenate (1530)
Triethanolamine abietate (1724)
d. "Heavy metal soaps" (not water soluble)
Aluminum palmitate (1736)
Aluminum stearate (1515)
Aluminum oleate (797, 798, 1751 )
Barium stearate (1737)
Barium naphthenate (1725)
Calcium stearate (1028, 1517)
Calcium oleate (1060, 1580)
Calcium linoleate (1726)
Calcium ricinoleate (1518)
Calcium naphthenate (1531 )
Copper oleate (1550)
Copper naphthenate (1727)
Iron stearate (15 72)

259

SURFACTANT AND POLYMER SPECTRA

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

Iron naphthenate (1532)

Lead stearate (1519)
Lead naphthenate (172 8)
Magnesium stearate (1566)
Manganese naphthenate (1729)
Nickel oleate (1730)
Zinc palmitate (1520)
Zinc stearate (1521)
Zinc oleate (1731 )
Zinc linoleate (1565)
Zinc Resinate (1522)
Sulfated esters, salts
a. Estersof simple alcohols
Sulfated propyl oleate, Na salt (1533)
Sulfated isopropyl oleate, Na salt (1732)
Sulfated butyl oleate, Na salt (1607)
Sulfated amyl oleate, Na salt (1534)
b. Sulfated glycerides
Sulfated glycerol trioleate, Na salt (1606)
Sulfated castor oil, 2.0% organic sulfate (1600)
Sulfated cod oil, Na salt (1535)
Sulfated rice brand oil (1734)
Sulfated soybean oil, 4.0% organic sulfate (1597)
Sulfated tallow, Na salt (1594)
Sulfated amides, salts
a. Sulfated alkloamine-carboxylic acid condensates
Sulfated ethanolamine-lauric acid condensate, Na salt (1843)
Sulfated ethanolamine-myristic acid condensate, Na salt (1524)
b. Sulfated amides of unsaturated carboxylic acid
Sulfated alcohols, salts
a. Alkyl sulfates
Sodium n-octyl sulfate (1536)
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate (1537)
Sodium lauryl sulfate (1079)
Sodium sec-tetradecyl sulfate (1538)
Sodium cetyl sulfate (1528)
Sodium oleyl-stearyl sulfate (1539)
Magnesium Lauryl Sulfate (1540)
Ammonium lauryl sulfate (1746)
Diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate (1596)
Triethanolammonium lauryl sulfate (1541 )
Miranol SM salt of lauryl sulfate (1738)
Miranol C2M salt of lauryl sulfate (1739)
Sulfated ethers
a. Sulfated alkylphenyl ethers of P.O.E. glycols
Sulfated polyoxyethylated octylphenol, Na salt (1563)
Sulfated polyoxyethylated nonylphenol, Na salt (1542)
Sulfated carboxylic acids, salts
Sulfated castor oil fatty acid, Na salt (1544)
Sulfonated petroleum, salts
Sodium petroleum sulfonate, M.W. 340-360 (1545)
Sodium petroleum sulfonate, M.W. 513 (1740)
Calcium petroleum sulfonate, ave. M.W. 900 (1556)

260

SURFACTANT GROUPS

8.

9.
10.

11.

12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

Barium petroleum sulfonate, ave. M.W. 1000 (1741 )

Ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ave. M.W. 445 (1742)
Isopropylamine salt--sulfonated petroleum (1546)
Triethanolamine saltmsulfonated petroleum (1547)
Sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbons, salts
a. Alkylnaphthalenes and polymeric alkylnaphthalenes
Sodium diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate (1551)
Sodium dibutylnaphthalene sulfonate (1527)
Sodium mono- and diamylnaphthalene sulfonates (1787)
Sodium benzylnaphthalene sulfonate (1613)
Sodium poly-alkylnaphthalene sulfonate (1436)
Ethanolamine salt--dibutylnaphthalene sulfonate (1549)
b. Alkyldiphenyl and polymeric alkylbenzenes
c. Alkylbenzenes
Sodium toluene sulfonate (1558)
Sodium xylene sulfonate (1557)
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (1525)
Sodium kerylbenzene sulfonate (1553)
Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (1788)
Sulfonated aliphatic hydrocarbons, salts, or acids
Sulfonated esters, salts
a. Estersof hydrooxysulfonic acids
b. Estersof long-chain sulfocarboxylic acids
Propyl ester of sulfooleic acid, sodium salt (1458)
c. Estersof short-chain sulfocarboxylic acids
Sodium Iorol sulfoacetate (1561 )
Sodium diisobutyl sulfosuccinate (1454)
Sodium diamyl sulfosuccinate (1618)
Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (1624)
Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (789-790, 1453)
Sodium ditridecyl sulfosuccinate (1331)
Sulfonated amides, salts
a. Amides of short sulfocarboxylic acids
Sodium Noalkylsulfoacetamide (1452)
b. N-Acylated short aminosulfonic acids
Sodium N-methyI-N-palmitoyl taurate (1619)
Sodium N-cyclohexyI-N-palmitoyl taurate (1747)
Sodium N-methyI-N-oleyl taurate (1333)
Sodium N-methyl-N-tallow-acid taurate (1620)
Sodium N-methyI-N-tall-oil-acid taurate (1625)
Sulfonated amines, salts
Ammonium alkylbenzimidazole sulfonate (1789)
Sulfonated ethers, salts
Sulfonated carboxylic acids, salts
Sodium sulfooleate (1443)
Sulfonated phenols, salts
Sodium monobutylphenylphenol monosulfonate (1439)
Disodium dibutylphenylphenol disulfonate (1626)
Potassium monoethylphenylphenol monosulfonate (1822)
Guanidinium monoethylphenylphenol sulfonate (1627)
Sulfonated lignins, salts
Sodium lignosulfonate, 5.4% SO3Na (1621)
Sodium lignosulfonate, 14.3% SO3Na (1753)

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SURFACTANT AND POLYMERSPECTRA

Sodium lignosulfonate, 2 moles SO3Na (1332)

Sodium lignosulfonate, 3 moles SO3Na (1752)
17. Acylated amino acids, salts
n-Stearoyi-palmitoyl sarcosine (1623)
n-Oleoyl sarcosine (1461, 1824)
Sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate (1628)
18. Acylated polypeptides, salts
19. Phosphatesand Phosphatides
a. Phosphated glycerides
Soy phosphatides, lecithin (1608)
b. Alkyl polyphosphates
Sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (1602)

Cationic Surfactants
These include the following.
1. Amines
a. Primary
Tertiary-C11-14H23-29 amine (1468)
n-Octadecylamine (1748)
Oleyl amine (1583)
Coco amine (1642)
Hydrogenated tallow amine (1632)
Tallow amine (1582)
Soya amine (1633)
b. Secondary
Dicoco amine (1581 )
Dihydrogenated tallow amine (1634)
c. Tertiary
Dimethyl hexadecyl amine (1643)
Dimethyl octadecyl amine (1457)
Dimethyl coco amine (1744)
Dimethyl soya amine (1441 )
d. Diamines
n-Coco-propylenediamine (1440)
n-Soya-propylenediamine (1638)
n-Tallow-propylenediamine (1437)
2. Amine salts
Acetic acid salt of dodecylamine (1429)
Acetic acid salt of hexadecylamine (1749)
Acetic acid salt of octadecylamine (1636)
Acetic acid salt of oleylamine (1574)
Acetic acid salt of hydrogenated coco amine (1750)
Acetic acid salt of hydrogenated tallow amine (1612)
Acetic acid salt of tallow amine (1635)
Acetic acid salt of soya amine (1615)
3. Trialkylamine oxides
Cetyl dimethylamine oxide (1825)
N-polyoxyethylated (P.O.E.)long-chain amines
Polyoxyethylated tertiary amine, 5 moles EtO (1645)
P.O.E. Tertiary aminemC12-14H25-29NH(C2H40)sH (1462)

262

SURFACTANT GROUPS

P.O.E. Stearyl amine, 5 moles EtO (1434)

P.O.E. Stearyl amine, 15 moles EtO (1423)
P.O.E. Oleyl amine, 5 moles EtO (1416)
P.O.E. Tertiary aminemC18-24H37-49NH(C2H40)lsH (1415)
P.O.E. Coco amine, 5 moles EtO (1414)
Polyoxyethylated coco amine, 10 moles EtO (1646)
Polyoxyethylated tallow amine, 2 moles EtO (1639)
P.O.E. Tallow amine, 5 moles EtO (1761 )
P.O.E. Tallow amine, 15 moles EtO (1413)
P.O.E. Soya amine, 2 moles EtO (1760)
P.O.E. Soya amine, 5 moles EtO (1762)
P.O.E. Soya amine, 10 moles EtO (1412)
P.O.E. Soya amine, 15 moles EtO (1763)
P.O.E. Rosin amine, 5 moles EtO (1764)
n-b-Hydroxyethyl stearyl imidazoline (1410)
n-b-Hydroxyethyl coco imidazoline (1409)
n-b-Hydroxyethyl oleyl imidazoline (163 7)
4. Quaternary ammonium salts
a. Tetraalkylammonium salts
Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (1408)
Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (1654)
Octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (1407, 1647)
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (1658)
Cetyldimethylethyl ammonium bromide (1765)
Alkenyldimethylethyl ammonium bromide (1657)
Soya trimethyl ammonium chloride (1406)
Dilauryldimethyl ammonium bromide (1766)
b. Trialkylarylammonium salts
Lauryldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (1404)
Stearyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (1648)
Alkyldimethyl-3,4-dichlorobenzyl ammonium chloride (1403)
c. Polyethoxyethylammonium salts
5. Acylated polyamines, salts
n-Oleoylethylenediamine, formate salt (1401 )
n-Stearoylethylenediamine, formate salt (1400)
a. Quaternary salts
6. Heterocyclic amines, salts
a. Quaternary imidazolinium salts
b-Hydroxyethylbenzyl "coco'imidazolinium chloride (1655)
Diethyl heptadecyl imidazolinium ethyl sulfate (1397)
b. Pyridinium and quinolinium salts
Laurylpyridinium chloride (1396)
Cetylpyridinium bromide (1660)
Laurylisoquinolinium bromide (1395, 1819)
7. Alkylolamine-fatty acid condensates (oxazolines)
Substituted oxazoline, alkaterge C (1394)
Substituted oxazoline, alkaterge A (1656)
Substituted oxazoline, alkaterge E (1393)
8. Alkyl phosphonamides

263

SURFACTANT AND POLYMER SPECTRA

Amphoterics
These are generally substituted imidazolinium salts.
Sodium n-coco-b-aminopropionate (1390)
Sodium n-lauryl-myristyl-b-aminopropionate (1661 )
Disodium n-lauryl-b-iminodipropionate (1389)

Perfluoro compounds
These are named as perfluoro surfactants, both anionic and cationic.
Perfluoro surfactant-anionic (1388)
Perfluoro surfactant-cationic (1387)

Sequestrants
These include compounds such as ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid, sodium (Na) salt.
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, 2 sodium salt (1386)
Sodium dihydroxyethyl glycinate (1652)
Trisodium nitrilotriacetate (1653)

Silicones
These include compounds such as silicone-based defoamers.
Silicone (dimethicone-based) defoamer-water dispersible (1385)

Inorganics
Common inorganic surfactants are sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate (tribasic), and sodium silicate.
Sodium borate, tetra (1384)
Sodium carbonate (1017)
Sodium phosphate, tribasic (1382)
Sodium silicate (1381 )

POLYMERS
Polymers are large molecules consisting of repeating units. The repeating units are referred to
as monomers. Polymers exist as natural polymers, such as starches or polysaccharides, and
synthetic polymers, commonly termed plastics. Polymers vary in molecular formula and molecular weight due to variation in the number of repeating units. Polymer backbone structures
often have attached molecular groups. The molecular arrangement of these groups determines
the stereochemical configuration for any given polymer. If all the attached groups are in the
identical position along the polymer backbone chain, the polymer is in an isotactic configuration. If the attached groups alternate in their attached positions with a regular pattern, the syndiotactic configuration is ascribed. When attached groups are randomly attached to the
polymer backbone, the polymer is said to have an atactic configuration. The isotactic configuration represents the most crystalline (rigid) of the configuration types.

264

POLYMERS

Copolymers involve the use of two or more monomer types in a single backbone structure to
achieve specific material performance properties. Structures are classified as alternating (-A-B-AB-A-B-), random (-A-A-B-A-B-B-A-), block (-A-A-B-B-B-B-A-A-), or graft (-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-).
B
B

B
B

Polymerization involves the reaction of the monomer building blocks into polymers. The
polymerization reaction types involve addition reactions and condensation reactions. Addition reactions typically involve the use of ethene to form polyethene and polyethylene. Condensation reactions typically involve different reaction products reacting to form a
heteropolymer and a small molecular byproduct. The reaction of 1,6-diaminoethane and
hexanedioic acid to form nylon and water is a classic example. Polymers made from one
monomer type are termed homopolymers; those formed with two different monomers are
referred to as copolymers; those formed using three monomer types are termed terpolymers.
Polymer spectra are included throughout this handbook. Note in particular that spectra numbers 204-560 (UV-Vis, 4th-overtone NIR), 811-1006 (NIR), and 1227-1326 (IR) and several
Raman spectra represent standard polymer material spectra.

265