Chemical Reactions

Identify that all matter is composed of atoms has mass

Identify a range of compounds using their common names and chemical formula
Common Names

Chemical Formula/ Systematic

Names
Ammonium
NH4+
Carbonate
CO32Hydrogen Carbonate
HCO3
Hydrogen Phosphate
HPO42Hydrogen Sulphate
HSO4Hydroxide
OHNitrate
NO3Nitrite
NO2Phosphate
PO43Sulphate
SO42Sulphite
SO32Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Water
H2O
Ammonia
NH3
Nitric Acid
HNO3
Water
Dihydrogen Monoxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen Trihydride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen monochloride
Sulphuric acid
Dihydrogen Sulphate
Nitric Acid
Hydrogen Nitrate
Classify compounds into groups based on common chemical characteristics
o Ionic- when an anion and cation bond to form a particle
o Covalent- when electrons are shared between two particles
Investigate a range of types of important chemical reactions that occur in non-living
systems and involve energy transfer, including:
o Combustion- Combustion usually occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
o Acids including metal/carbonates- Acids will react with reactive metals, such
as magnesium and zinc, to make a salt and hydrogen. Acids react with
carbonates to produce carbon dioxide, water and a salt
o Corrosion/ oxidation- When oxygen reacts with a substance to form an oxide
o Precipitation- Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in
aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate
o Neutralisation- When an acid and a base react to form water and a salt
o Decomposition- When a more complex molecule decomposes to form several
simpler substances
Balance chemical equations
Deduce that new substances are formed during chemical reactions by rearranging
atoms rather than creating or destroying them
Distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds

Explain the law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed;
the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the product
Identify (research) some examples of important chemical reactions that occur in living
systems and involve energy transfer, including respiration and reactions involving
acids such as occur during digestion
o Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration- C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O (aerobic)
o Magnesium and Sulphuric Acid- Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
Researc h ways that are used to prevent corrosion of submerged objects
o Coating a substance with paint or enamel to prevent physical contact being
made between the object and water
o Sacrificial coating- oxidises a metal coating rather than the actual object- zinc
in particular is used for this
o Cathodic protection- continuously feeds an electrical charge (negative) to
make a sacrificial metal more reactive
Factors that affect reaction rate: Surface area, temperature, concentration
Define and classify endothermic and exothermic reactions
o Endothermic- a reaction which absorbs energy; usually, but not always, heat
o Exothermic- A reaction which releases energy in the form of heat, light or
sound
Name two reactions that release CO2 as a product
o Combustion and Acid on Carbonate reactions
Construct an electrochemical cell and describe energy transfer
o Energy transfer involved the movement of electrons from the anion to cation
and the resulting ionisation on the Cathode side (Cu+2 side in the diagram)
leaves ions travelling across the salt bridge to the Anode side.

o List the factors that affect reaction rate in terms of particle theory of matter
and collision theory
Collision theory states that a reaction speeds up if more combinations
of particles collide. This is regulated by intermolecular forces, such as

those which make honey viscous and soft drinks less so, temperature,
pressure and density of the particles.
Particle theory of matter states that the higher the density of two
reacting substances, the faster the reaction rate
Define catalyst
o A substance which aids, but does not take part in, a reaction
Identify enzymes as biological catalysts
Plan an investigation to determine the factors that affect reaction rate
Identify the differences between oxidation and reduction reactions
o Oxidation- A gain of oxygen in a reaction
o Reduction- A loss of oxygen in a reaction
Define a polymer and classify polymers based on their thermal properties
o A polymer (/plmr/; Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "parts") is a large
molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
o polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), and polystyrene
Propose how advances in technology have helped scientists improve the production of
chemical products
o Advances in technology have made manufacturing in materials science easier
and have also improved our understanding of the properties of substances
Analyse how the development of new materials can be influenced by social, ethical
and environmental considerations
o These considerations govern the development of new materials by placing
restrictions on what is feasible

Motion

Use appropriate SI units

o Kg, m, s etc.
Describe the motion of a car using the terms: distance, speed, time, displacement,
velocity: instantaneous and constant, and acceleration
o A moving car travels a certain distance. This distance is governed by the speed
the vehicle is travelling at and the time for which it travels at this speed.
Displacement is a quantity which takes into account direct distance between
two points as the crow flies. The cars velocity may be constant- that is,
travelling at the same speed for a length of time. Instantaneous velocity
describes the speed at which a car is travelling at any given time. Velocity is a
vector quality- it describes the total movement of the vehicle. Acceleration
describes whether the car is gaining or losing speed and by how much
List devices that measure speed
o Airspeed indicator
o Radar gun, a Doppler radar device, using the Doppler effect for indirect
measurement of velocity.
o LIDAR speed gun
o Speedometer
o Tachometer (speed of rotation)
o Tachymeter
o Variometer

Analyse various motion graphs

Identify systematic and random errors
o Random error is always present in a measurement. It is caused by inherently
unpredictable fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus or in the
experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading. Random errors show
up as different results for ostensibly the same repeated measurement. They can
be estimated by comparing multiple measurements, and reduced by averaging
multiple measurements. Systematic error cannot be discovered this way
because it always pushes the results in the same direction. If the cause of a
systematic error can be identified, then it can usually be eliminated.

The best way to eliminate random error is to take as many measurements as possible and then
average the score. However, this does not work for systematic error as it will always give the
wrong answer by the same amount. To eliminate systematic errors it is sometimes possible to
work out the degree to which the result is flawed and thus work out the correct answer.
o Systematic error, however, is predictable and typically constant or proportional
to the true value. If the cause of the systematic error can be identified, then it
usually can be eliminated. Systematic errors are caused by imperfect
calibration of measurement instruments or imperfect methods of observation,
or interference of the environment with the measurement process, and always
affect the results of an experiment in a predictable direction. Incorrect zeroing
of an instrument leading to a zero error is an example of systematic error in
instrumentation.