abstract

The administration has faced in modern-day case of a challenge as a result of the

scientific revolution, and technological In all fields; and the resulting complexity of
management and performance requirements of the task, and therefore the means
Conventional adopting just personal experience and trial and error methods are no
longer able to achieve the goals Organization that require informed decisions in the
field of optimal investment of human resources, material and financial available.
As the decision-making process has become the essence of the administrative
process, the basic device at the achievement of the objectives Organization, where
they are considered a common factor among all administrative functions (planning,
organizing, directing and controlling) Ted to finance all aspects of the organizational
structure of the facility; and thus increasing the importance of this process for goals
Enterprise, aspects of its activities, the size that we have reached, its capital, as
well as numerous executive operations within it, and here is the inevitable
managers to focus on the principles and methods of decision-making, as well as the
Grounds and procedures for the implementation of the decisions.
The technological evolution of the organizations in this day and age, as well as the
large size of institutions And geographic expansion into multiple areas and the
transition to multi-nationality and the global emergence of the concepts of phase
Totalitarianism and globalization, and the attendant complexity of relations little by
little, both among members of the same organization Or between the organization
and others, are all factors that have made an important decision-making in the
modern enterprise more Difficult, and increased the workload and responsibility of
P; technological advances create some sort of Acceleration in the economic
environment and heightened competition, and became a time factor is critical,
creating A kind of nervous and mental stress and pressure on the responsibility and
the decision-maker.
As far as accelerated Technological developments in the field of production as
much as the evolution of its owner in the means and methods of communication
and transport Information, and growing competition organizations have become
forced to take quick and effective decisions even You can continue to compete on
the market, which requires the provision of updated information, Accurate and
appropriate increase the effectiveness of decisions and thus the effectiveness of the
regulator's performance; departments of information Necessary sufficient quantity,
quality and appropriate at the appropriate time and using appropriate
communication channels The lowest cost is one of the first priorities of the decisionmaker today. The face of the vast amount of data The information circulating in the
organization made it necessary to adopt information to ensure control of the
systems Size storage, processing and deployment, ensuring the availability of all
data and information to the various subsystems, And various administrative levels
so that they can improve their performance and increase the effectiveness of its

decisions. These vary Data and information by type of activity and size and the
circumstances surrounding it, and the environment in which it operates, so It
became required to have the appropriate amount available Director of facts relating
to the organization for which the management, And other establishments that
operate in the same area and compete with them, and perhaps by the onion does
not directly linked but Within the public sphere, which are dealing with the business,
and he have a lot of information and facts that facilitate the His decision-making .

Importance of the study:

- Important information gained in this day and age, as they come to represent an
important resource and a strategic element Organizations rely on it in making its
decisions and try competitive conditions, and adapt to the environmental conditions
Rapidly changing.
- The importance of the decision-making process in the economic institution today,
as the core of the administrative process and its axis Basic and effective.
- The importance of the use of both technology and management information
systems for more effective decisions.
- The importance of security and control over information and their impact on the
effectiveness of the decisions and competitive advantage of the company.
- The importance of communication and the flow of data and information between
the various administrative levels and to the various sections And the interests of the
institution, and the extent effective in clarifying the picture to decision makers
contribution of communications, and therefore Increase the quality and
effectiveness of the decisions.

The Decision Making Process

The whole purpose of indulging in the decision making process is to
make a rational decision. Rational decision making means a tendency
that is suitable to the already existing goals within the given conditions
and constraints.

Management thrives on the rationality of decisions and here is where it is important for
the Project manager to have a process which enables him and his team decide
rationally about different aspects of the project.
Let us take a look at what really helps to make decisions
Facts
If you want to make a decision, the basic requirement for the same is gathering relevant
information. Appropriate use of this information will be helpful in deciding about ways to
reach to the goal or an objective.
Values
Decisions are primarily based on situations. An action to a particular situation is
determined by values.
Means
It is the way you reach your objective based on already devised values and
significances
Ends
These are the intermediate goals which add up to a final objective. Here, you can see
that decision making is an iterative process.
In simple words, there are four steps in the process of decision making pertaining to the
above points

Identify the problem, gather relevant information

Look out for the constraints and limitations

Find, analyse all the alternatives and select the best of them

Implement the same and establish a control and valuation system.

Here are some of the most commonly used decision making models in Project
Management

SWOT Analysis

This is a very common decision making model specifically used during feasibility study
of the project. SWOT analysis brings unsorted issue to a conclusion when the project is
gauges based on Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat.
The steps for SWOT analysis are the same as mentioned above, but there is one
caution which needs to be followed which is the emphasis on deep analysis of strength
and weaknesses similarly, opportunities and threats.

Maslows Pyramid

Maslows Pyramid of hierarchical need has been very well spoken and discussed in the
HR industry which is an integral part of Project Management. Deduced in 1943, by
Abraham Maslow, this decision model speaks volumes about basic human needs and

their effect on human behaviour. While working on the projects the most inconsistent
variable which a project manager faces is a human resource. Understanding Maslows
pyramid helps project manager to identify problems related to human resources.
Maslow typically says that there are five levels of human needs and it is through their
accomplishment one by one that the human can reach self-actualization.
The pyramid consists of physiological needs, security requirements, social relationships,
recognition and self- actualization.
This theory of understood properly can help a project manager a great deal while
working with human resources.

Pareto Principle

This is also called as 80-20 rule wherein you prioritize your problems and then find out
solutions. In order to understand the concept, this 80-20 rule can be described as an
example of problems in organization created by people. We can say that the 80% of the
problems are created by 20% of the people in any organization.

Let us say you have a BPO and 5 of the problems in your organization are due to lack of
promptness, 3 problems are due to poor linguistic ability and 2 problems are due to poor
organization skills. So you can say that major problem here is caused by the lack of
training and development because if you impart training to your employees
automatically promptness and linguistics will be taken care.

Monte Carlo Simulation

Now here is a cache, Monte Carlo simulation is a model which essentially focusses on
the numerous simulations over random sampling yielding results which are approximate.
It just tells us that even models can be random and have very less reality attached to it.
This Monte Carlo simulation model is interesting because of the random sampling and
use of probability and statistics to determine the result. In project management Monte
Carlo simulation method is used for quantitative risk analysis wherein you will be able to
identify quantitative impact of a risk on projects objective.
Decision Tree Analysis

This decision model is used while performing procurement analysis. The question of
whether to build or buy is answered using this decision tree analysis. You can give each
of the possibility a chance of yes and no in percentages and calculate the amount

invested against the amount received. Based on the profits you can decide whether to
build or buy for a particular project.
There are many more decision making models and those can be effectively used in
professional as well as personal life. These tools are sometimes regarded highly in the
sphere of project management as their capacity of backing up decisions taken by
project manager is enormous. A good project manager can understand the need of
these effective tools which can be used all through the life cycle of project management.