Lecture 1

Introduction to the Constitutive

Modeling of Materials

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

The way a scientist looks at the materials world is changing

dramatically

Advances in high-resolution microscope and sophisticated
devices allows the observation and characterization of
assemblies of atoms and molecules at a tiny level

Advances in large-scale computation for modeling, predicting
and simulation of a wide range of physical structures and
phenomena

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction
Modeling in Materials Science and Engineering
(Multiscale Modeling)

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction
Electronic scale

Atomic scale

Understanding of superconductivity,
magnetism, dielectric properties, requires
detailed knowledge of electronic structure
of materials

Extensive used of Schrdinger equation of
Quantum Mechanics

Understanding of the role of defects on

optical, electrical and mechanical
properties, requires detailed knowledge of
atomic structure of materials

Extensive used of Molecular Dynamics and
Monte Carlo Simulation

Microstructural scale

Continuum scale

Many useful properties of materials are

governed by the microstructure

Most critical level for materials design

Extensive used of Monte Carlo and Finite
Element Simulation

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Analysis and estimation of materials

performance and durability in service

Often requires access to microstructures

Extensive used of Continuum Elasticity,
Internal State Variable and Finite Element
Simulation

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

Continuum Mechanics
(Mechanics of a Continuous Medium)

Branch of Mechanics that concerns with the stress, deformation

and flow in solids, liquids and gasses

Continuum
(Continuous Medium)

Ignoring the molecular structure of matter. Picture it as being

distributed throughout, without a gap or empty spaces

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

Mathematical functions

All mathematical functions entering the theory, e.g.
density, temperature, displacement, are supposed to
be continuous functions

The derivative of these functions are continuous too
The concept of a continuous medium allows the definition of
stress at a point, i.e. material particle

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

Why Continuum Mechanics approach?

A powerful and effective tool to explain various physical phenomena, e.g.
constitutive relation, without detailed knowledge of the complexity of
materials internal microstructure

What are required?

Most quantities in Continuum Mechanics can only be described in

terms of vectors and tensors
Sufficient mathematical background in vector and tensor algebra is
needed

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

Continuum scale: constitutive modeling

Mathematical description of how materials respond to
various loading, i.e. stress-strain relation
Example: Hookes Law
(isotropic linear elastic materials)

= E

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

E : Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction
Uniaxial tensile test

Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 4th Edition,

by William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, 2006 McGraw-Hill

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction
Stress-strain curve
Metals

Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 4th Edition,

by William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, 2006 McGraw-Hill

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Natural Rubber (NR)

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th Edition,

by William D. Callister, 2007 John Wiley and Sons

Dr. A. Andriyana

Introduction

Why constitutive modeling?

Strong demands for new, lightweight, cheap, environmentally
friendly, high performance materials for many engineering
applications

Experiments are often costly and time consuming

Time constraint during the design phase of new components
in a highly competitive industry

The need to predict durability and reliability of engineering
materials in service

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Life time analysis of tires: crack nucleation and propagation

http://www.offroaders.com

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Stress analysis of fuselage

http://www.nenastran.com

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Stress analysis of pipe system

http://www.deskeng.com

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Metal forming of engineering components

http://www.meta-synthesis.com

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Prediction of mechanical properties

http://www.meta-synthesis.com

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

Industrial Applications
Reliability analysis of chip solder bumps

Yang and Ume (2008)

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana

KMEB 4349 Continuum Mechanics

Dr. A. Andriyana