International Journal of Environment, Ecology,

Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS)

ISSN(P): 2250-0065; ISSN(E): 2321-0109
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 103-116
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

ILLUSTRATION OF SOME COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS FACED

BY THE FARMERS AND FARM WOMEN COMMUNITY IN KEONJHAR DIST. OF
ODISHA AND VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS FOR OVERCOME THE DRAWBACKS
BIBHU SANTOSH BEHERA1 & BIBHUTI PRASAD MOHAPATRA2
1

Research Scholar, Department of Extension Education, College of

Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, India

Associate Professor, Department. of Extension Education, College of

Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT
Constraint means some drawbacks or in efficiency in any type of Research Constraints are the only substitute
of creating innovations in coming future for coming generations. But suggestions are the research proposals found in
miniature form may yield the noble of success. Here the researchers want to submit both constraints and suggestions in
communication system among farmers and farm women community in Keonjhar Dist.of Odisha. This is a quality

Refinement through technology transfer and hi-tech communication system pattern. The Following Constraints and
Suggestions were illustrated with live discussion mode which was carried out in 2016 under the Sponsorship of Dept. Of
Extension Education, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
KEYWORDS: Constraint, Communication, Suggestion

Original Article

intellect of Researchers for reflection of truths before Agriculture Scientists for Technology Advancement and

Received: May 23, 2016; Accepted: Jun 08, 2016; Published: Jun 15, 2016; Paper Id.: IJEEFUSJUN201612

INTRODUCTION
Keonjhar District is a Tribal dominated District and it undergoes 5th schedule area as per PESA act being
implemented by Govt. Still OBC, General and SC families were established since the rules of British and past
kingdoms. Constraints in communication system play an important role in the realm of development of a human
civilisation. Though there are many communication sources, systems, channels still the people are lagging behind
the development. The reason behind it may be due to incompatibility, in efficiency and unable to transfer the
appropriate communication to people in right time, proper place with suitable system befitted with peoples dialect,
culture and their norms. Due to constraints the communication system may fail to transcribe the message, the
latest technology so communication gap may occur. The involvement of people and interaction with source,
channel with regular manner and with effective mode may bridge the gap between communication system and
communication clients. Here the researchers have emphasized the communication system constraints being faced
by farmers and farmwomen of Keonjhar Dist. and submitting the poor farmers demand via their valuable, needy
and heartfelt suggestions for coming researchers and policymakers in order to upgrade the farming community
with best communication systems being facilitated by Govt-University-NGO-COMPANY as a role model of
Research-Academia-Extension-Farmer-Communication model being thought by them.
The objective of research is to list out the communication constraints with the farmers and farmwomen in
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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

the sample area.(Here Keonjhar Dist.)

REVIEW OF LITERATURES ON COMMUNICATION CONSTRAINTS

Communication Constraints
Preeti Sharma and N. Mahajan (2004) observed all the KVKs had VCR and TV, had sets of slides, slide projector,
tape recorder, overhead projector and public address system was available with 7 KVKs, 6 KVKs had audio and
Video cassettes available to them, 3 KVKs had film projector. Only two KVKs had set of flash cards, charts,
photographs, video camera, films and film strips etc.,
Punam Tiwari et al.,(2006) observed that traditional communication media like leaflet, pamphlets and charts,
posters were regularly utilized for training programme followed by occasional use of films, television, bulletin
boards, exhibits and flop books by majority of extension personnel. Advanced communication media like
telephone and computers were utilized to a greater extent for the purpose of training programme and most
importance was given to telephone, field demonstration and field visit regularly.
B. Dananjaya et al., (2006) found that the participant farmers were first trained using lecture method and at the
end of each topic, knowledge gain was tested. The same farmers were tested for knowledge gain. The study
revealed that there was 40 % increase in knowledge among the farmers trained using multimedia as against lecture
method.
Research Methodology
Here the researcher were followed expost facto research design and collected primary data by door to door visit,
group meeting and awareness seminars by using an Structural Interview schedule.Informal and group discussion was made
for collecting concrete data regarding communication constraints perceived by the farmers and farmwomen in Keonjhar
Dist.of Odisha.
Statistical Methods Used
Percentage: Percentage were used in description analysis for making simple comparison between two responses.
For calculating percentage, the frequency of a particular cell was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of
respondents in the particular category to which the cell belonged.
Percentage = Number of respondents X 100 / Total no. of respondents
Frequency
Number of respondents under a particular category
Rank Order
On the basis of mean score rank order was made. The item securing highest mean score was given first rank and
then next highest was given second rank and so on. ) Ranking is an expression of peoples priority about their thoughts and
feelings. Ranking was done by assigning the first rank to highest percentge and the second rank to the next highest
percentage and so on.

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

105

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The communication constraints are nothing but the barriers. In day to day life we face various communication
constraints like Source related, channel related, message related and many more. The following table is reflecting about
source related constraints
Table 4.6.1: Communication Constraints
FARMERS N=120
1.Source Related
Constraints
In effective
environment
In adequate
knowledge
Improper
communication skill
Lack of empathy

FARM WOMEN N=120

Rank
Percentage
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

79

65.83

III

87

72.5

67

55.83

IV

89

84

70

II

91

75.83

POOLED DATA
Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

IV

166

69.16

III

74.16

III

156

65.00

IV

91

75.83

II

175

72.91

II

101

84.16

192

80.00

It was clear from the Table 4.6.1. that majority of farmers(75.83 percent) were admitting that Lack of Empathy
ranked one followed by Improper communication skill (70 percent) placed second rank,In effective environment
(65.83 percent) third rank and inadequate knowledge(55.83 percent) 4th rank.
Similarly, in case of Farm women the constraints were Lack of empathy(84.16 percent) ranked one followed by
Improper communication skill (75.83 percent) placed second rank,In effective environment (74.16 percent) third rank
and inadequate knowledge(72.5) 4th rank.
The findings leads to concluded that source related constraints were same for Farmers and farm women..So it was
therefore suggested that for execution of smoother communication systems among farmers and farm women the trainers
should have empathy on them, the communication skill must be fitted with the local culture and dialect which should be
very simple and generalization must be in proper manner. Effective environment and climate setting should be given
priority during imparting training. Adequate knowledge regarding topic to be delivered was very important. In this way we
could overcome the draw backs of source related constraints. The graphical presentation of source related constraints was
as below.

Figure 1

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Table 4.6.2
2. Message Related
Constraints
No need based message
Un time message
Inadequate message
content
In applicable message
Ambiguous message
Less understood message

87
96

72.5
80.00

V
III

103
99

85.84
82.5

I
II

190
195

79.16
81.25

IV
II

89

74.16

IV

85

70.84

IV

174

72.50

84
98
101

70
81.67
84.16

VI
II
I

78
94
103

65
78.34
85.84

V
III
I

162
192
204

67.50
80.00
85.00

VI
III
I

The Table 4.6.2 depicted that the majority of farmer respondents (84.16 percent) were giving first rank to
Less understood message. The second and third major constraints were Ambiguous message (81.67 percent) and Un
time message (80 percent).The other topmost constrains in order of importance were Inadequate message content
(74.16 percent), No need based message (72.5 percent), and In applicable message (70 percent) ranked fourth,fifth and
sixth respectively.
Simillarly incase of farmwomen the message related constraints were Less understood message(85 percent)
ranked one followed by Un time message (81.25 percent) placed second rank, Ambiguous message (80 percent) third
rank, No need based message (74.16 percent) fourth rank.,In adequate message content(72.50 percent) fifthrank and
In applicable message(67.50 percent) sixth rank resp[ectively.
The study therefore concluded that all the parameters contained in the table may be considered as important
constraint and all possible remedial measures including convey of appropreate message to farmers and farm women is
desirable along with proper treatment and transmission of messages for achieving communication by effective
message.The graphical presentation was presented as below.

Figure 2
Table 4.6.3
3. Channel related
constraints
In appropriate channel of
message delivery
Unreached channel
No information on channel
In ability to use the channel
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

98

81.66

105

87.5

203

84.58

88
78
84

73.33
65
70

II
IV
III

91
68
89

75.83
56.66
74.16

II
IV
III

179
146
173

74.58
60.83
72.03

II
IV
III
NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

107

From the above table 4.6.3 we might be concluded that majority of the farmer were facing In appropriate channel
of message delivery (81.66 percent) constraint which was ranked first followed by the other constraints in order of
importance were Unreached channel(73.33 percent) ranked second,Inability to use the channel(70 percent) ranked
third and No information on channel(65 percent) ranked fourth and perceived as last constraint among all. According to
the findings obtained from the farmers who were facing much problem in channel related constraints by above means
which should be considered with possible remedial majors by appropreate channelization and treatment of channel in a
sustainable way.
Simillarly in case of farm women the following channel related constraints were described as below
In appropriate channel of message delivery(87.5 percent) ranked one followed by Unreached channel(75.83 percent)
ranked second, In ability to use the channel(74.16 percent) placed third rank and the last ranked constraint was No
information on channel(56.66 percent).
Henceforth the study concluded that the channel related constraints faced by farmers and farm women were same
and this constraints can be minimized by using best and appropreate channels.The graphical presentation was given below.

Figure 3
Table 4.6.4
4.System constraints
Systematic distoration
of message
Fog distoration
Mirage distoration
Over lapping of
message
EntropyDisorganization of
message
Problem in treatement
of message

37

30.83

VI

39

32.5

76

31.66

VI

43
50

35.83
41.66

V
IV

34
53

28.33
44.16

VI
IV

77
103

32.08
42.91

V
IV

101

84.16

98

81.66

II

199

82.91

84

70.00

III

88

73.33

III

172

71.66

III

89

74.16

II

102

85

191

79.58

II

The above Table 4.6.4 reflected the expression of respondents in terms of System constraints, amongst which rank
one goes to Over lapping of message(84.16 percent) because from many study we found that overlapping of message
creates problems during communication and another expressions submitted by respondents were Problem in treatement of

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

message(74.16 percent) placed second rank followed by Entropy-Disorganization of message(70 percent) placed third
rank, Mirage distoration(41.66 percent) placed fourth rank,Fog distoration(35.83 percent) placed fifth rank Last and
most important constraints found in every where was Systematic distoration of message (30.83 percent) placed sixth rank.
Simillarly incase of farmwomen the system related constraints were overlapping of message(85 percent) ranked
one followed by Problem in treatement of message(81.66 percent) placed second rank, Entropy-Disorganization of
message(73.33 percent) third rank, mirage distoration(44.16 percent) fourth rank., Systematic distoration of message
(32.5 percent) fifthrank and fog distoration(28.33 percent) sixth rank respectively.
Therefore from the above findings,we might be suggested that the suitable measures should be taken for avoiding
the system related constraints.The graphical presentation of system related constraints were as below.

Figure 4
Table 4.6.5
5. Miscellaneous
constraints
Technical jargons
Confusion to encode and
decode message
Humiscical attitude for
cope up with
understanding the message
Low profile mental ability
for clarifying message

100

83.33

II

110

91.66

210

87.5

102

85

108

90

II

192

80.00

II

74

61.66

IV

81

67.5

IV

155

64.58

IV

84

70

III

93

77.5

III

177

73.75

III

The above Table 4.6.5 reflected the expression of farmer respondents in terms of Miscellaneous constraints,
amongst which rank one goes to Confusion to encode and decode message(85 percent).Similarly another expressions
submitted by respondents were Technical jargons(83.33 percent) ranked second followed by Low profile mental ability
for clarifying message(70 percent) ranked third.The Last and most important constraints found in every where was
Humiscical attitude for cope up with understanding the message(61.66 percent).
Simillarly incase of farmwomen the miscellaneous constraints were Technical Jargons(91.66 percent)ranked one
followed by Confusion to encode and decode message (90 percent) placed second rank, Low profile mental ability for
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

109

clarifying message (77.5 percent) third rank, and Humiscical attitude for cope up with understanding the message (67.5
percent) placed fourth and least perceived miscellaneous constraint among all.
From the study we might be concluded that farmers and farm women perceived most important constraints were
technical jargons and confusion to encode and decode the message as the respondents were less prompt and educated
regarding this cumbersome work.So here the suggestion was made for creating natural and general form of messages
which would befitted to them.The graphical presentations of the miscellaneous constraints were as below.

Figure 5
Table 4.6.6: Nature of constraints :- (Communication of Message to Respondent)
A. Physical
Constraints

FARMERS N=120

FARM WOMEN N=120

POOLED DATA

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank Order

81

67.5

III

100

83.33

II

181

75.41

II

67

55.83

IV

89

74.16

IV

156

65

IV

83

69.16

II

97

80.83

III

180

75

III

88

73.33

103

85.83

191

79.58

Training place
is not suitable
Inaudible voice
of
communicator
Improper
timing of
communication
Improper
arrangement

The Table 4.6.6. depicted about various physical constraints with respect to communication being opined by
farmers and farmwomen.
Farmers were giving Rank one constraints to Improper arrangements(73.33 percent) during imparting training
and related activities followed by other important. constraints were Improper timing of communication(69.16 percent)
ranked second, training place is not suitable(67.5 percent) placed third rank and the last ranked constraint was
Inaudible voice of communication(55.83 percent).
Simillarly

incase

of

farmwomen

the

constraints

in

order

of

importance

were

described

as

Improperarrangement(85.83 percent) ranked one followed by training place is not suitable(83.33 percent) ranked
two.Simillarly another important constraints were Improper timing of communication(80.83 percent) ranked third and
the last constraints was Inaudible voice of communicator(74.16 percent)

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Therefore from the above study we might be concluded that physical facilities should be provided as per the
requirement of farmer and farmwomen.The graphical presentation of constraints were as below.

Figure 6
Table 4.6.7
B. Psychological
Constraints

Language not
understood
Lack of empathy
by the sender
Lack of
communication
between sender
and receiver
Lack of need
based message

FARMERS N=120

FARM WOMEN N=120

POOLED DATA

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

86

71.66

IV

89

74.16

IV

175

72.91

IV

87

72.5

III

98

81.66

II

185

77.08

III

91

75.83

II

97

80.83

III

188

78.33

II

95

79.16

104

86.66

199

82.91

The Table 4.6.7 reflected the expression of farmer respondents in terms of Psychological constraints, amongst
which rank one goes to Lack of need based message(79.16 percent) Similarly another expressions submitted by
respondents were Lack of communication between sender and receiver(75.83 percent) ranked second followed by Lack
of empathy by the sender(72.5 percent) ranked third and the last perceived constraint was Language not understood(71.66
percent).
Simillarly incase of farmwomen the topmost constraints were described as Lack of need based message(86.66
percent) ranked one followed by Lack of empathy by sender(81.66 percent) placed second rank, Lack of communication
between sender and receiver(80.83 percent) ranked third and the last perceived rank was Language not understood
(74.16 percent) ranked fourth among all constraints.
The above findings leads to concluded that whenever conducting communication between farmers and
farmwomen psychological entities should be taken as priority and accordingly the easier communication might be
conducted by considering Intelligent quotient,mind mapping and emotional quotient.
The graphical presentation of psychological constraints was as below.

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

111

Figure 7
Table 4.6.8
C. Cultural
constraints

FARMERS N=120

FARM WOMEN N=120

POOLED DATA

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

41

34.16

III

103

85.83

144

60

III

67

55.83

II

89

74.16

III

156

65

II

81

67.5

102

85

II

183

76.25

Restricted family
values
Lack of
cosmopoliteness
Lack of family
support

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
order

The Table 4.6.8 depicted about various cultural constraints with respect to communication being opined by
farmers and farmwomen.
Farmers opined about their cultural constraints inorder of importance were Lack of family support(67.5 percent)
ranked one followed by Lack of cosmopoliteness (55.83 percent) and the last perceived constraint was Restricted family
values(34.16 percent) placed third rank.
Simillarly the cultural constraints were expressed by farmwomen were Restricted family values(85.83 percent)
ranked one followed by Lack of family support(85 percent) and Lack of cosmopoliteness ranked third as per their
opinion.
Therefore from the above study it might be concluded that for maintaining proper communication we should
follow acculturazitation policy and providing flexibility in order to achieve Happy Index in humanbeings.The graphical
presentation of cultural constraints were presented as below.

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Figure 8
State Suggestion for Growth and Development of Communication System among Farmers and Farm Women
Table 4.6.9
Suggestions From
Respondents

Information regarding
input, latest technology
and market should be
given in time
Regular visit of
Scientists/Govt.official
s for helping them
A trustworthy
information and
communication system
is desirable
Village level
information kiosks and
common service centre
is needed
More exposure visits,
exhibition and
demonstration is
needed
Local languages should
be given priority and
local resource persons
needed for imparting
training
Quality support service
should be provided
during training and out
station visit
Need based and timely
training and
demonstrations, trials
should be given
priority
Zero discrimination
and avoid of ego
should be followed by
resource person
Resource materials
should be simple with
local language and
more pictures with
illustrations will be
added

FARMERS N=120

FARM WOMEN N=120

POOLED DATA

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

100

83.33

VI

102

85

VII

202

84.16

IX

110

91.66

II

113

94.16

223

92.91

II

100

83.33

VI

106

88.33

VI

206

85.83

VIII

101

84.16

108

90

209

87.08

VII

103

85.83

IV

97

80.83

IX

200

83.33

113

94.16

111

92.5

III

224

93.33

110

91.66

II

100

83.33

VIII

240

87.5

VI

105

87.5

III

109

90.83

IV

214

89.16

IV

99

82.5

VII

112

93.33

II

211

87.91

110

91.66

II

112

93.33

II

222

92.5

III

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
Order

Frequency

Percentage

Rank
order

The table 4.6.9. presented the opinions,views and suggestions of Farmers and Farmwomen being collected by
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

113

open discussion and interview method.

Farmers heart core feelings for development of Communication system expressed inorder of importance were
Local languages should be given priority and local resource persons needed for imparting training (94.16 percent) ranked
one where as other important constraints were Quality support service should be provided during training and out station
visit Regular visit of Scientists/Govt. officials for helping them and Resource materials should be simple with local
language and more pictures with illustrations will be added (91.66 percent) placed second followed by Need based and
timely training and demonstrations, trials should be given priority (87.5 percent) placed third rank, and More exposure
visits, exhibition and demonstration is needed(85.83 percent) ranked fourth as per their priority.
The other suggestions being opined by farmer were Village level information kiosks and common service centre
is needed(84.16 percent) ranked fifth followed by A trustworthy information and communication system is desirable
and Information regarding input, latest technology and market should be given in time(83.33 percent) placed sixth rank
jointly.The last suggestion made by farmers was Zero discrimination and avoid of ego should be followed by resource
person(82.5 percent) ranked seventh as per opinion made by them.
Simillarly the farmwomen opined their open suggestions were Regular visit of Scientists/Govt. officials for
helping them (94.16 percent) ranked one followed by Zero discrimination and avoid of ego should be followed by
resource person (93.33 percent) and Resource materials should be simple with local language and more pictures with
illustrations will be added(93.33 percent) ranked second followed by Local languages should be given priority and local
resource persons needed for imparting training (92.5 percent) ranked third, Need based and timely training and
demonstrations, trials should be given priority(90.83 percent) ranked fourth, Village level information kiosks and
common service centre is needed (90 percent) ranked fifth, A trustworthy information and communication system is
desirable(88.33 percent) ranked sixth, and Information regarding input, latest technology and market should be given in
time(85 percent) ranked seventh respectively.
The other suggestions made by farmwomen were Quality support service should be provided during training and
out station visit (83.33 percent) ranked eight followed by the last suggestion was More exposure visits, exhibition and
demonstration is needed (80.83 percent) ranked ninth.
Therefore the above findings revealed that as per the need of farmers and farmwomen the grassroot level
suggestions may be feasible for strengthening the effective communication system in the society hence be justified.
The graphical presentation of suggestions were as below.

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Figure 9

CONCLUSIONS
Constraints in communication system in peoples strata (Here farming community) can be minimized by accepting
best communication models, communication channels and communication networks which should be economically viable,
culturally compatible, socially acceptable and for people it must be suitable and feasible. So, the message for all
communication researcher and clients please follow the citation of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Man needs his difficulties
because they are necessary to enjoy success it resembles with Constraints are the Mother of Invention.
Invented Model of Communication System

Figure 10

ABOUT THE MODEL

From the above study the model have been proposed by the Researcher. For executing smoother communication
this linkage model may act as panacea for communication clients. This is meant for Farmers and Farm women. If we
togetherly follow 4C policy with Conglomeration, cooperation, collaboration and coordination work by Hyogoframe work
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Illustration of Some Communication System Constraints Faced by the

Farmers and Farm Women Community in Keonjhar Dist. of
Odisha and Valuable Suggestions for Overcome the Drawbacks

115

by integrating Research stratum from Communication sources, communication channels being refined by Research
organizations and effectively interpreted by academia means university/organization and for practically useful extension
stratum may help the clients to reach effective communication by being influenced by communication system with a
sustainable way.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to almighty for his Oceanic blessings and feel enthusiastic by contributing this article to the
Society for Devt. of Farmers and Farm women in general and Research scientist in particular.
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Department of Horticulture, Govt.of Odisha

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116

Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

PRADAN,WOSCA, CYSD,KIRDTI, ORISSA,PRAKALPA NGO, Keonjhar.

Panchayat Raj Institutes of Respective area, Block office & Collectorate, Keonjhar

Department of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, North Orissa University, Baripada

District Statistical Office, Keonjhar

ICAR-CIWA Bhubaneswar

OUAT e-library Bhubaneswar

Foot Notes:-This is an Original article From PhD Research work and thesis which is conducted by Bibhu Santosh

Behera under the guidance of Dr. Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra of Dept. of Extension Education, College of Agriculture,
OUAT, Bhubaneswar as Chairman and Chief guide of Research Committee. Dr. B. Parasar,Prof and HOD, Dr.R.K. Mishra
and Dr.A.K. Parida are the Members of the Research Committee for guidance and help in every aspects.
Endnotes:-This is a Students research work for partialfullfillment of Doctoral degree as per UGC/ICAR and
SAU rules.

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