International Journal of Environment, Ecology,

Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS)

ISSN(P): 2250-0065; ISSN(E): 2321-0109
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 91-102
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A GENDER COMPARATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY WITH RESPECT TO

SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, MEMBERSHIP STATUS AND OUTWARD
ORIENTATION AMONG THE FARMERS AND FARMWOMEN IN KEONJHAR
DISTRICT OF ODISHA
BIBHU SANTOSH BEHERA1 & BIBHUTI PRASAD MOHAPATRA2
1
2

Research Scholar, Department .of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India

Associate Professor, Department .of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India

ABSTRACT
God is the only creator of gender. Gender is the only client of society for every aspect of development and
activities. Gender is socially constructed and biologically defined concept being used by humans. For real upliftment of
society Gender equity and equality is mandatory. To maintain gender balancing in a sustainable and holistic way Gender
comparative study is necessary and acting as only panacea by framing Gender fast policies. Like farmers first policy
gender fast policy may be taken into consideration for the welfare of society. Here the researchers were conducting a
research entitled as A Gender comparative socio-economic study with respect to social participation, membership status

document to policy makers and researchers for the future action research and execution of programs and projects
successfully in that thrust area. Socio-economic status can be achieved by social participation which brings social
recognition and take the human being in to a new hight. Membership status and outward orientation will help the human
to live with prosperity in win-win situation. This paper emphasizes on comparative study among Farmer and farmwomen
with respect to social participation in Keonjhar Dist. Of Odisha. So lets see the impact through out the paper which was
conducted in Keonjhar District in the month of March 2016 to May 2016.

Original Article

and outward orientation among the Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha for giving a policy

KEYWORDS:-Gender, Social Participation, Membership Status, Outward Orientation, Farmers, Farm Women

Received: May 12, 2016; Accepted: May 31, 2016; Published: Jun 15, 2016; Paper Id.: IJEEFUSJUN201611

INTRODUCTION
Gender Play a Vital role in the Society. In the era of Research, now-a-days every country and also whole
world follow the thumb rule of Gender Studies. As Gender may be classified 3 types such as 1.Male 2.Female and
3.Transgender, so we can make gender comparative studies in every aspects like Gender in various field of studies.
Sociologists make a distinction between gender and sex. "Gender" refers to a person's perceived or projected social
location within culturally established designations between masculine and feminine behaviors (e.g., gender refers
to a person's attempt to signify a masculine or feminine self as well as a person's attempt to categorize someone
else in terms of their presentation (intentional or otherwise) of masculine or feminine selfhood). Sex, however,
refers to a person's assignment, usually by medical, religious, familial, and / or governmental authorities, into
categories socially constructed on the basis of perceived genetic and biological factors (e.g., social elites place
people into sex categories by interpreting genetic and biological components of said people).
Farmers and farmwomen both belong to the Gender varsity. For their socio-economic welfare, social

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

participation is acting as fuel in all aspects where membership status and outward orientation act as catalyst like energy
booster. As we are all residing in society, so we need badly the recognition and status.
Problem Selection
Before Conducting this Research an idea came to the mind and this was being refined and accessed through the
Chairman and Advisory Committee members. The Problem was selected purposively with some valid reasons. As Gender
is the thrust area of Research, a new burning Concept so selected as Qualitative Research by blending with socio-economic
status which is an emerging concept for Quantitative mode of research. Here Comparative study was being conducted for
achieving the Real meaning of Sustainable Development Goal as per the paraphonia of UNEP. Finally the suitable
suggestions and policy document will be Submitted for Future Research and Development of Farmers and Farm Women in
the Sample area of Research.This research was made exclusively for fulfilling the UGC guidelines in order to complete
PhD.I have taken Keonjhar District purposively as my research place as i am residing in this District and for easy
execution of my work i have selected this. As per 2011 Census Kendujhar is the 4th district in terms of size and 8th in terms
of population. In terms of population per Sq. Km Kendujhar is 18th densely populated district in the state. Kendujhar has
12th rank in terms of sex ratio in the state. So for achieving sustainable development goal socio-economic status is
necessary for gender comparative research.
objective for Study
Analysis of socio-economic situation of the farmers and farm women of the sample area.

HYPOTHESIS SETTING
Hypotheses: 1
H0: There is no difference in terms of social participation between farmers and farmwomen.
H1: The farm women are having less social participation than the farmers or there is difference in terms of social
participation among the farmers and farm women.
Hypotheses: 2
H0: There is no difference in terms of membership status between farmers and farm women.
H1: The farm women are having more membership status than farmers or there is difference in terms of
membership status among the farmers and farmwomen.
Hypotheses: 3
H0: There is no difference in terms of outward orientation between farmers and farm women.
H1: The farmers are having more outward orientation than the farm women or there is difference in terms of
outward orientation among farmers and farm women.
Theoritical Framework
Farmer: Farmer is a person whose occupational livelihood income is more than 50 percent farm sector and main
occupation is farming.
Farmwomen: Either women cultivator and women agriculture labourer.
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

A Gender Comparative Socio-Economic Study With Respect to Social

Participation, Membership Status and Outward Orientation among the
Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha

93

Social Participation:-Social participation in this study refers to the involvement in social activities and
membership of respondent in various formal and informal organizations, either as member or as an office bearer. It was
measured in terms of membership or official status in any formal or informal organizations, along with the frequency of
participation and type of organization in which she is a member using the scale developed by Trivedi (1963) with slight
modifications. Social participation was expected to have positive relationship with the dependant variable.

RELEVANT LITERATURES DISCUSSED FOR STUDY

Reviews on Gender
Yaqoob et al. (2009) in their study on the Gender Equity in Agriculture found that the maximum participation
of rural women in different sub-sectors of agriculture but further analysis reflected clear cut discrimination in land
ownership, tenure, access to inputs, trainings, and credit facility. The finding of research study highlighted the immediate
attention of Government, policy makers and law and order authorities to have a glance over such discrimination and
reframe their rules and regulation, and mode of implementation.
Mrunalini and Snehalatha (2010) had expressed that gender studies are predominantly undertaken to identify the
gender gaps as per the development issue and work towards equalizing the development benefits. Drudgery of gender in
crop activities has been the issue of concern for 34 delivering technology benefits among them. Drudgery in crop activities
were differently prioritized men and women. The principal factors contributing to the set priorities are found as work
demand on time and posture at work for men and work demand on time, posture, work exertion, perceived difficulty and
workload for women. The results guide in selection of suitable technology that can reduce the factors of drudgery.
Lal and Khurana (2011) in their paper examine the ways in which greater integration through agriculture impact
women and men differently and ensure implications for growth and creation of many jobs for women in agriculture sector.
Jobs that bring many household resources under women control leads to greater earnings in the family. Although, women
are more than ever finally employed, differences in wages earned by women and men persist in all countries. Women also
have less access to productive resources especially in developing countries. Due to these reasons and womens lower
education level compel the women have a greater tendency to remain in subsistence agriculture. Professional women
continue to discrimination in hiring and promotion. The impact of liberalization and globalization on women is important
not only because they represent almost half of the total population, but also because they face constraints, which make
them less beneficial from the liberalization
Reviews on Social Participation and Socio-Economic Status of Farmers and Farm Women
Umunna Nnaemeka Opara (2008): In his study reveales that farmers, follow fellow farmers (44.8 percent) and
contact farmers (35.3 percent).
Natarajan and Santha Govind (2008): Have stated that majority of the farmers have taken self decision in most
of the tapioca cultivation practices. Further, the decision making pattern among farmers is found to be high when compared
to women.
Yeshwanth Kumar Naik (2008): Reports that 58 per cent of the groundnut FFS participants have high level of
cosmopoliteness followed by medium (36.00%) and of low level (6.00%) cosmopoliteness category.
Kumari (1996): States that with regard to the personal cosmopolite channels, 80-90 percent of the opinion leaders
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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

seek information from assistant agricultural officers and 60 - 70 percent from farmer demonstrations, exhibitions,
campaigns, demonstration and field tours. With regard to personal locality channels, majority of respondents seek
information from contact farmers of their own village and from impersonal-cosmopolite channels, 20 percent seek
information from radio and eight percent from television also.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY USED

Research Matrix

Figure 1: Research Matrix

Research Design
The present research project was formulated on the basis of ex-post facto. Accordingly, specific objectives were
set to provide the basis of inquiry. In the light of objectives, the scope of study was oriented and due techniques of
investigation were followed; tools used and pattern of statistical analysis decided. Then the study was outlined from
observation levels up to interpretation of observation, giving correct operational definitions of concept used. The study was
then carried out in the light of objectives set and within the frame work of selected outlines.
Plan of Work
The researcher has made all attempts to make a detail survey of all related aspects of the study before actual
investigation. A good number of interaction sessions were organized through seminars, focused group discussion
workshops, meetings at the institutional level as well visit to the proposal areas of investigation in the depth discussion
with the farmers and field level functionaries. In spite of time constraints as being a part course curriculum, all adequate
attention was made to make the study as realistic as possible.
Locale of Study ( Keonjhar Dist. Map

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

A Gender Comparative Socio-Economic Study With Respect to Social

Participation, Membership Status and Outward Orientation among the
Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha

95

Figure 2
Pretesting of Interview Schedule
Based on the objective of study an interview schedule was pre pared. Initially the schedule was pretested with ten
percent farmers and farm women to test the reliability. Here the questions are remaining close ended because the research
is specific in nature. In order to collect the broad data from their open mind the format is very common and general. Later
the interview schedule was modified based on the experience gained at field level and to be modified with proper scaling
techniques as per the requirement.
Sampling Technique
The following sampling procedure was followed for the sampling in this Research Study.

Selection of the District

The purposive sampling procedure has been followed for selection of Sample District. The State of Odisha is

comprised of 30 Districts. Out of which Keonjhar District. Was selected for study purposively as the Researcher belongs to
the Sample District. And it will help in collection of Data Properly. As per 2011 Census Kendujhar is the 4th district in
terms of size and 8th in terms of population. In terms of population per Sq. Km Kendujhar is 18th densely populated district
in the state. Kendujhar has 12th rank in terms of sex ratio in the state.

Selection of the Blocks

The Keonjhar District is Comprised of 13 Blocks, out of which 2 Blocks namely Patana and Champua were

selected at Random for the Study.

Selection of Grampanchayats
The Block Patana is Composed of 20 Panchayats, out of which Turumunga and Rajanagar G.P. are selected at

Random. Simillarly; the Champua Block is composed of 23 Gramapanchayats out of which Jajaposi and Bhanda G.P. were
selected at Random.

Selection of Villages
From Turumunga Grampanchayat Turumunga and From Rajanagar Grampanchayat Rajanagar were selected at

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Random. Simillarly, from Jajaposi Grampanchayat Jajaposi and from Bhanda Grampanchayat Nandapur villages were
selected at random.All total of 4 villages were selected at Random.

Selection of Sample Respondents

From each selected villages the total no. List of farmers and farm women was prepared; out of which the farmers

and farm women sample was drawn through Proportionate Random Sampling.
Table 1
TOTAL
MALE
FARMER
POPULATIO
N(P1)

SAMPLE
MALE
FARMERS
(S1)

TOTAL
FEMALE
FARMER
POPULATIO
N(P2)

SAMPLE
FEMALE
FARMERS
(S2)

TURUMUNGA

264

44

121

28

RAJANAGAR
JAJAPOSI
NANDAPUR
TOTAL

166
163
141

27
26
23

134
145
112

31
34
27

DISTRICT

NAME OF
THE
BLOCK

NAME OF THE
GRAMPANCHAYAT

NAME OF THE
VILLAGE

KEONJHA
R

PATANA

TURUMUNGA

CHAMPUA

RAJANAGAR
JAJAPOSI
BHANDA

743

120

512

120

Figure 3

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SAMPLING DESIGN

Pilot Study and Data Collection
The study was conducted in keonjhar district of odisha. The twp blocks namely patana, champua were selected at
random for the study. Two grampanchayat two from each block were selected & two villages from each grampanchayat
were selected for study. The datas are collected by door to door visit method Then liasioning with various line departments

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

A Gender Comparative Socio-Economic Study With Respect to Social

Participation, Membership Status and Outward Orientation among the
Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha

97

like Agriculture dept. Horticulture dept.,I.T.D.A office,J.D.A office, Panchayatraj inst. & peoples organisation like
PRADAN,WOSCA,KIRDTI,CYSD Etc. available in keonjhar districts.
Consultation made with Scientists of CIWA, Bhubaneswar, DDM NABARD Keonjhar, Sr. Scientist, KVK, AAO,
AHO& Social Activist Padmashree Tulashi Munda of Adivasi kalyan vikas samiti Keonjhar.
Scaling Techniques and Statistical Methods Used
For conducting this Research Likerts Type scale was being used for administering the Interview Schedule and
analysis work.
Statistical measure provides the investigator with the opportunity of expressing the facts in an imperial way.
The statistical measurement which had been used in this study were,

Percentage

Critical ratio.

Percentage
Percentage were used in description analysis for making simple comparison between two responses. For
calculating percentage, the frequency of a particular cell was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of
respondents in the particular category to which the cell belonged.
Percentage = Number of respondents X 100 / Total no. of respondents
Critical Ratio
This test was carried out to know the significant association between two percentages.
C.R = C.R = P~Q/ PQ(1/N1+1/N2), P=N1P1+N2P2 / N1+N2,where,
N1=Size of 1st sample,N2=Size of 2nd sample
P1=Percent of 1st sample, P2=Percent of 2nd sample

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Social Participation of the Respondents
Social participation in this study refers to the involvement in social activities and membership of respondent in
various formal and informal organizations, either as member or as an office bearer. It was measured in terms of
membership or official status in any formal or informal organizations, along with the frequency of participation and type of
organization in which she is a member using the scale developed by Trivedi (1963) with slight modifications. Social
participation was expected to have positive relationship with the dependant variable

Table 2

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

Social
Participation

Sl.No.
1.
2.

Male Farmer N1=120

Female Farmer N2=120

Pooled Data

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

53
67

44.16
55.83

47
73

39.16
60.83

100
140

41.66
58.33

Yes
No

CR
Value
Critical
Ratio
0.70(NS)
0.78(NS)

In the whole research as comparative study between 2 sample proportion was occurring so Z test can also
be used for assessing the significance of differences between 2 independent larger proportions with the help of
normal curve.As here the sample size is N=240 was taken for study at n-2 degree of freedom so 238 population was
under consideration of study.
For large sample Z value
5%=Z0.05=1.960
1%=Z0.01=2.576
0.1%=Z0.001=3.29
If calculated Value(Zc>Z0.05 or Z0.01 OR Z

0.001

the mean difference is significant and Null hypothesis has to be

rejected..
This table showed the level of social participation of farmers and farm women in various fields in society. Among
the farmers 44.16 percent respondents were having social participation and 55.83 were not attending the Social activities as
they want to remain in active and neutral. It was due to illiteracy, superstition, lack of awareness and interest due to
communication gap. Similarly from farm women 39.16 percent respondents having social activities and 60.83 percent farm
women had not that previlage.It is due to their overburdening of their productive roles in the family by getting less freedom
and lower privilege to access all social activities due to family norms, shyness and taboos along with non preference in
decision making due to male headed family and society.
Here my findings are matching with the research and findings with Natarajan and Santha Govind (2008) have
stated that majority of the farmers have taken self decision in most of the tapioca cultivation practices. Further, the decision
making pattern among farmers is found to be high when compared to women.
As here CR Value is Non-significant in all cases in terms of social participation, it reveals from the study that
there is no relationship between social participation and communication systems among the farmers and farm women in
that sample area. Because it is up to the respondents willing power to utilize communication system.

Figure 4

It shows the degree and extent of membership of the individual with various institutions, groups and informal
Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

A Gender Comparative Socio-Economic Study With Respect to Social

Participation, Membership Status and Outward Orientation among the
Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha

99

bodies. Hypothetically a person will have more development through more social participation.
Table 3: Membership Status of the Respondents

Sl.No.

1.
2.
3.

Membership
Status
Ordinary
Member
Office
Bearer
No
Membership

Farmer
Frequency

Farmwomen

Pooled Data

CR
Value
Critical
Ratio

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

59.16

83

69.16

154

64.16

1.61(NS)

29

30.83

27

22.5

46

23.34

1.45(NS)

12

10.00

10

8.33

22

9.16

0.44(NS)

71

Table.3.indicated the distribution of the farmers and farm women as per their social participation. The farmers
were categorized into membership status and were found to be 59.16 percent ordinary members, 30.83 percent office
bearers and 10 percent farmers had no membership. Further it was observed that out of the farm women 69.16 percent
belong to ordinary members only 22.5 percent had the position of office bearer in institutions and 8.33 percent farm
women had no membership. This was indeed a good symbol that both farmers and farm women were now coming to the
formal leadership chores. Among the farmers and farm women ordinary membership status was high in case of farm
women due to invade of Self Help Groups in the operating area.
On the other hand both farmers and farm women were having social participation due to introduce of FIG/SHG
concepts being implemented by IWMP, NABARD-TDF, ITDA-OTELP programmes. This may be the somehow success
strategies in remote rural areas due to invasion of civic & social organizations voluntarily.
As here CR Value was Non-significant in all cases in terms of membership status, it revealed from the study that
there was no significant relationship between membership status and communication systems among the farmers and farm
women in that sample area. Because they were unable to access the communication system due to constraints in
communication and a wide gap occurance in between communication system and respondents.

Figure 5
This is the degree of orientation of the respondents towards outside the social system to which she belongs. It is
measured in terms of frequency of visits to outside her village and the purpose of such visits. Cosmopoliteness was
expected to have positive relationship with the dependant variable since it provides more chance of exposure to external
information.
Cosmopoliteness shows outward orientation of an individual. A person needs to be cosmopolite to have maximum
degree of empowerment. More exposure to outside community enables a person to be more conscious, knowledgeable and
progressive leading to empowerment. Data collected on the degree of cosmopoliteness of the respondents were analyzed

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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

and presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Outward Orientation of Respondents
Sl.
No.
1.
2.

Outward
Orientation

Male FarmerN1=120

Female FarmerN2=120

Pooled Data

CR
Value
Critical
Ratio

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

61

50.83

43

35.83

104

43.33

2.342*

59

49.16

77

64.17

136

56.67

2.341*

Cosmopolit
e
Localite

The result on outward orientation revealed that 50.83 farmers were cosmopolite in nature where as 49.16 percent
were localite. It showed the positive outward orientation of farmers from remote areas to other areas in any type of official
or developmental work. Many a times the respondents were coming to the nearby towns for collection of seeds, pesticide
and fertilizer. Some of them were also had contact with district and block level extension agency for necessary guidance.
The Cosmopoliteness of respondents reflects their attitudes for progressive thinking and adoption of new technology for
higher economic returns as well, as to change their skill, knowledge, attitude, and understanding towards innovations and
to develop competencies in managing various vocations.
Similarly in case of farm women they were found to be more localite that was 64.17 percent followed by 35.83
percent were cosmopolite as because of their family burden, un defined productive roles, male dominated society somehow
due to cultural taboos and women friendly atmosphere in all aspects.
Here the above findings is related to the findings of Kumari (1996) states that with regard to the personal
cosmopolite channels, 80-90 percent of the opinion leaders seek information from assistant agricultural officers and 60 - 70
percent from farmer demonstrations, exhibitions, campaigns, demonstration and field tours. With regard to personal
locality channels, majority of respondents seek information from contact farmers of their own village and from
impersonal-cosmopolite channels, 20 percent seek information from radio and eight percent from television also.
As here CR Value was significant in all cases in terms of outward orientation, it revealed from the study that there
was a significant relationship between outward orientation and communication systems among the farmers and farm
women in that sample area. Because they were able to access the communication system due to cosmopoliteness and their
eager to adopt the communication system for their development and welfare

Figure 6

CONCLUSIONS
Prosperity of the country is linked with development of agriculture. It is imperative that the socio-economic
condition of the farmers and farmwomen to be developed through introduction of scientific agricultural innovations. A new
strategy for agricultural development was launched to improve the conditions of the farming community of our country by

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

A Gender Comparative Socio-Economic Study With Respect to Social

Participation, Membership Status and Outward Orientation among the
Farmers and Farmwomen in Keonjhar District of Odisha

101

disseminating improved agricultural know-hows by more social participation. A saying is there more you participate more
you learn, if more you learn, then more you can earn and gain For achieving the sustainable economic status and
livelihood the farmer strata need to include-empower-enable themselves in Institution building process by becoming
members in order to get group cohesiveness as per united we stand divided we fall. Outward orientation is a major arm
of social participation to get more concrete path for achieving the life in win-win situation. From analysing all tables and
testing all hypothesis we may conclude that more group and team building process by conducting conducive training and
involvement of members in every aspects of action is needed to achieve the reality of human socio-economic status along
with Human Development Index and Happiness Index hence be justified.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to almighty for his Oceanic blessings and feel enthusiastic by contributing this article to the
Society for Devt. Of Farmers and Farm women in general and Research scientist in particular.
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Bibhu Santosh Behera & Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

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APPENDICIES
INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES

Department of Agriculture,Govt.of Odisha

Department of Horticulture,Govt.of Odisha

ITDA,Keonjhar & Champua

DDM, NABARD Office,Keonjhar

PRADAN,WOSCA,CYSD,KIRDTI,ORISSA,PRAKALPA NGO,Keonjhar.

Panchayat Raj Institutes of Respective area, Block office & Collectorate,Keonjhar

Department of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, North Orissa University,Baripada

District Statistical Office,Keonjhar

ICAR-CIWA Bhubaneswar

OUAT e-library Bhubaneswar

Foot Notes
This is an Original article From PhD Research work and thesis which is conducted by Bibhu Santosh Behera
under the guidance of Dr. Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra of Dept.of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar as Chairman and Chief guide of Research Committee. Dr. B. Parasar, Prof and HOD, Dr. R.K. Mishra and
Dr. A.K. Parida are the Members of the Research Committee for guidance and help in every aspects.

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63