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17-26)
Abstract
When a tall building is subjected to lateral or torsional deflections under the action of fluctuating
wind loads, the resulting oscillatory movement can induce a wide range of responses in the buildings
occupants from mild discomfort to acute nausea. As a result, lateral stiffness is a major consideration
in the design of tall buildings. Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting lateral
forces in a frame structure because the diagonals work in axial stress and therefore call for minimum
member sizes in providing the stiffness and strength against horizontal shear. In this research study,
five different types of bracing systems have been investigated for the use in tall building in order to
provide lateral stiffness and finally the optimized design in terms of lesser structural weight and lesser
lateral displacement has been exposed. For this purpose a sixty storey regular shaped building is
selected and analyzed for wind and gravity load combinations along both major and minor axes.
Key Words: Bracing System; Tall Buildings; structural weight; lateral displacement
stiffness and to avoid any redistribution of the
load to non-load-bearing partitions, infill,
cladding or glazing.
1. Introduction
The high cost of land, the desire to avoid a
continuous urban sprawl and need to preserve
important agricultural production have all contributed
to drive the residential buildings upward or in other
words, have promoted height zoning in Pakistans big
cities. To accommodate the continuous urban sprawl,
there is a need to construct tall buildings. A tall
building may be defined as a building whose design
is governed by the lateral forces induced due to wind
and earthquake [1].
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Internal planning
Material and method of construction
External architectural treatment
Location and routing of service system
Nature and magnitude of horizontal loading
Height and proportion of building
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3. TYPES OF BRACINGS
Bracing can be categorized into the following
types;
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3.2 K-bracing
The full diagonal bracing is not used in areas
where a passage is required. In such cases, k-bracings
are preferred over diagonal bracing because there is a
room to provide opening for doors and windows etc.
as shown in Fig.6.
WIND
WIND
WIND
WIND
Fig.6 K-bracing
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8
8
18 ft.
18 ft.
60
12 ft.
1
5
8 @ 18'
8 @ 18'
5.2 Bracings
Five different types of bracing systems were
studied by placing them along the major axis first and
then along the minor axis. Moreover, bracings were
distributed in different bays in both cases as
described above.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8 @ 18'
(e)
8 @ 18'
8 @ 18'
8 @ 18'
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Weight (Kips)
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4
31134
31749
32371
32195
28895
29177
28148
K/Chevron
30620
30697
31473
31384
30512
30173
30739
30607
Knee
31320
31794
32465
32780
Table 1: Total weight of structural steel corresponding to bracing along minor axis
Option
1
Weight (Kips)
Option Option
2
3
Option
4
27646
27626
27678
27553
26562
26335
26351
25789
27415
27549
27834
27774
27328
27234
27507
27333
Knee
27625
28006
28415
28585
Bracing
Type
Single
Diagonal
Double
diagonal
K/Chevron
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1.0218
1.0265
1.0212
1.0300
1.0249
1.1
1
Normalized Weight
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
Limit (H/400)
0.6
Option 4
Option 1
Option 2
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
Option 3
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
(ft)(ft)
Height
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
(ft)(ft)
Height
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
(ft)(ft)
Height
Height (ft)
24
Limit (H/400)
Single Bracing
16
Double Bracing
K Bracing
14
V Bracing
12
option 1
option 3
option 4
KNEE Bracing
10
8
6
4
15
10
100
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
option 2
option 3
500
600
700
800
Limit (H/400)
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
400
Height (ft)
Limit (H/400)
300
Height
Height
(ft)(ft)
Height (ft)
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
(ft)(ft)
Height
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
Height
(ft)(ft)
option 4
25
Limit (H/400)
option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
25
option 2
25
18
20
15
10
15
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0
0
Height (ft)
Height (ft)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height
Height
(ft)(ft)
25
25
Single Bracing
Double Bracing
20
K Bracing
V Bracing
15
KNEE Bracing
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Height (ft)
7. Conclusions
8. Acknowledgement
9. References
[1] Bungale S. Taranath; Wind and Earthquake
Resistant Buildings Structural Analysis and
Design, (2005), John A. Martin and Associates,
Inc., Los Angeles, California.
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