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Phase
Table of Contents
27
Parameter
Youngs modulus (E)
Poissons ratio (v)
Length (L)
Width (w)
Value
5000 MPa
0.01
1m
0.1 m
Joint properties
Height (h)
Normal stiffness (knn)
End condition
0.4 m
100 GPa/m
Open
The case of a rock column containing two joints with differing properties was also
considered. Figure 27-2 shows this situation as modeled in Phase2 and Table 27-2
summarizes the input parameters used. This second case was studied using extended
finite element analysis (XFEM) in [2].
Parameter
Youngs modulus (E)
Poissons ratio (v)
Length (L)
Width (w)
Applied pressure (P)
Value
5000 MPa
0.01
100 mm
50 mm
10 MPa
Joint 1 properties
Height (h1)
Normal stiffness (knn1)
Shear stiffness (ks1)
Cohesion (c1)
Friction angle (1)
End condition
42 mm
30 GPa/m
100 GPa/m
2 MPa
30
Open
Joint 2 properties
Height (h2)
Normal stiffness (knn2)
Shear stiffness (ks2)
Cohesion (c2)
Friction angle (2)
End condition
72 mm
9 GPa/m
30 GPa/m
1 MPa
20
Open
(y) =
P
Py
+ H
E
km
where P is the applied pressure, E is the elastic modulus of the column, and knn is the
normal stiffness of the joint. H is a form of the Heaviside function; it takes on the value
of its argument when y exceeds the height of the joint and otherwise returns zero.
27.3 Results
Figure 27-3 shows the displacement field of the single-jointed bar along its vertical axis
as produced by Phase2. The analytical solution is shown for reference.
0.25
0.2
Displacement (mm)
0.15
Analytical
Phase2
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
-0.05
Height (m)
Figure 27-3: Analytical and numerical displacement fields along vertical axis
The discontinuity due to the joint at y = 0.4 has a magnitude of approximately 0.01 mm.
Evidently, the results from Phase2 are in good agreement with the analytical approach.
Figure 27-4 shows the vertical displacement of the bar containing two joints, as well as
the analytical solution.
1.8
1.6
1.4
Displacement (mm)
1.2
1
Analytical
Phase2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Height (mm)
Figure 27-4: Analytical and numerical displacement fields along vertical axis of two-jointed rock
column
Again, the Phase2 results are very similar to the analytical solution. Note the larger
discontinuity at y = 72 mm due to the weaker Joint 2.
27.4 References
1. Deb, Debasis & Das. Kamal Ch (2009), Extended finite element method for the
analysis of cohesive rock joint. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 68,
pp. 575-583.
2. Deb, Debasis & Das. Kamal Ch (2010), Extended finite element method for the
analysis of discontinuities in rock masses. Geotech. Geol. Eng., Vol. 28, pp. 643-659
27.5 Data Files
The input data files stress#027_01.fez and stress#027_02.fez can be found in the Phase2
installation folder.
Figure 28-1: Phase2 model of a jointed rock column with 3 = 70 MPa and a joint angle of 45
Table 28-1: Model parameters
Parameter
Youngs modulus (rock)
Aspect ratio of column
Poissons ratio (rock)
Secondary stress (3)
Cohesion (c)
Friction angle ()
Normal stiffness
Shear stiffness
Case 1
35 MPa
Joint properties
11.135 MPa
Case 2
100 GPa
2:1
0.3
70 MPa
0.2749 MPa
30
100 GPa
100 GPa
1 = 3 +
2( 3 tan + c )
(1 tan cot )sin 2
where c and are the cohesion and friction angle of the joint and 3 is the secondary
principal stress.
28.3 Results
The results of Phase2 computations for both test cases are shown in Figure 28-2 and
Figure 28-3. Phase2 is in close agreement with both the analytical solution and the
results obtained from XFEM modeling in [1]. A maximum value of = 63 was tested.
At higher joint angle values, the shear plane intersected the top and bottom surfaces of
the column; a higher column aspect ratio would allow larger joint angles to be tested. As
the compressive strength of each column was determined by applying a progressively
finer range of stresses, the Phase2 strength results are in the form of a small range of
values. Both upper and lower limits of this range are plotted.
400
350
300
250
Analytical
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Figure 28-2: Case 1 - Difference between principal stresses (1 - 3) as determined analytically and
using Phase2
600
500
400
Analytical
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Figure 28-3: Case 2 - Difference between principal stresses (1 - 3) as determined analytically and
using Phase2
28.4 References
1. Deb, Debasis & Das. Kamal Ch (2010), Extended finite element method for the
analysis of discontinuities in rock masses. Geotech. Geol. Eng., Vol. 28, pp. 643-659
28.5 Data Files
The input data file stress#028.fez can be found in the Phase2 installation folder.
Table 29-1 summarizes the material and joint properties supplied to Phase2. A six-noded
triangular mesh was used; the discretization density was increased in the region
surrounding the tunnel.
10
Parameter
Youngs modulus (E)
Poissons ratio (v)
Length (L)
Width (w)
Tunnel radius (a)
Field stress (horizontal)
Field stress (vertical) (p)
Value
5000 MPa
0.3
122 m
122 m
4m
4 MPa
8 MPa
Joint properties
100 GPa/m
Open
32
n =
=
a2
3a 4
p
(1 + k )1 + 2 + (1 k )1 + 4
2
r
r
2a 2 3a 4
p
(1 k )1 + 2 4
2
r
r
cos 2
sin 2
where p is the primary field stress (8 MPa), and k is the field stress ratio (in this case 0.5).
Of primary interest is the stress ratio / n, from which the minimum angle of friction
without joint slip can be calculated.
Because these equations assume a homogenous material and do not account for the
presence of a joint, when calculating normal and shear stresses along the joint in Phase2
it was necessary to use a material query as opposed to a joint query. The axial stresses
obtained from the joint query were then converted to normal and shear stresses using the
stress transformation equations:
1
( xx + yy ) + 1 ( yy xx )cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
1
= xy cos 2 + ( yy xx )sin 2
2
n =
29.3 Results
Figure 29-2 shows the stress ratio / n as computed by Phase2, which is in good
agreement with the analytical solution.
11
2.5
Stress Ratio
Analytical
Phase2
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
Figure 29-2: Variation of stress ratio with relative distance from hole centre
From Figure 29-2 it can be determined that the maximum stress ratio is approximately
0.283. Assuming negligible cohesion and according to the equation below, this
corresponds to a critical friction angle of 15.8.
tan =
29.4 References
[1] Deb, Debasis & Das. Kamal Ch (2010), Extended finite element method for the
analysis of discontinuities in rock masses. Geotech. Geol. Eng., Vol. 28, pp. 643-659
29.5 Data Files
The input data file stress#029.fez can be found in the Phase2 installation folder.
12
Parameter
Modulus number (KE)
Unloading Modulus(Kur)
Modulus exponent (n)
Failure ratio (Rf)
Cohesion (c)
Friction angle ()
Poissons ratio (v)
13
Figure 30-1: Mesh, boundary conditions and loads for axisymmetric Phase2 analysis
30.3 Results
Figure 30-2 and Figure 30-3 show the plots of a q obtained in numerical simulations
using Phase2 in comparison with the observed behavior and the numerical results
obtained by Duncan and Chang (1970). There is a good agreement between the
experimental data and the numerical results. The difference between the numerical results
of Phase2 and the ones presented by Duncan and Chang is because in Phase2 the elastic
parameters, from load step n to n+1, are calculated based on the state of material at step n
while in the latter they are averaged over the increment.
14
Figure 30-2: Triaxial test on dense Silica sand, variation of deviatoric stress with axial strain
Figure 30-3: Triaxial test on loose Silica sand, variation of deviatoric stress with axial strain
30.4 References
1. J. M. Duncan and C. Y. Chang (1970), Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in
soils, J. of Soil Mech. and Foundation Division, ASCE, 96 (SM5), pp. 1629-1653.
15
Value
2m
40000 MPa
30 MPa
0.2
10 MPa
30
30, 5 MPa
30
The Phase2 model constructed uses a radial mesh with 12060 4-noded quadrilateral
elements and an in-situ hydrostatic stress field of 30 MPa. The opening is discretized
16
into 90 segments; infinite elements are used on the external boundary, which is located
40 m from the centre of the hole.
31.2 Analytical Solution
According to [1], the radial and tangential stresses in the elastic zone are given by:
r = q (r r )2 [(k 1)q + c ] (k + 1)
c = q + (r r )2 [(k 1)q + c ] (k + 1)
where
k=
1 + sin
1 sin
c =
2c cos
1 sin
r = ( p + p )(r / ro ) k 1 p
= k ( p + p )(r / ro ) k 1 p
where
p = c (k 1)
k=
1 + sin
1 sin
p = stress at r = ro
31.3 Results
Figure 31-2 and Figure 31-3 compare the stress distributions calculated by Phase2 with
the analytical solution. Figure 31-4 compares the radial displacements calculated by
Phase2 with the analytical solution.
17
90
80
70
60
50
Analytical
40
Phase2.8
30
20
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
140
120
100
Analytical
Phase2.8
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
12
14
18
16
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
Analytical
0.08
Phase2.8
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
10
12
14
16
Figure 31-5, Figure 31-6, and Figure 31-7 illustrate the radial stress, tangential stress, and
displacement contour plots produced by Phase2.
19
20
31.4 References
1. Reed, M. B., (1986) Stress and Displacements around a Cylindrical Cavity in Soft
Rock, IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, 36, pp. 223-245.
31.5 Data Files
The input file stress#031.fez can be found in the Phase2 installation folder.
21