https://books.google.com.pk/books?

id=hZX37jfF21EC&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=active+and+passive+repeater+in+
microwave+link&source=bl&ots=WCSClswnvZ&sig=R42W_6CF7CUeL0pBCVgJExKfb
-o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNzp2ejqXOAhXLWxoKHcPC04Q6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=active%20and%20passive%20repeater%20in
%20microwave%20link&f=false
( Harvey Lehpamer book )
http://telecomfunda.com/forum/showthread.php?29080-Transmission-SystemsDesign-Handbook-for-Wireless-Networks
(Harvey Lehpamer book)

https://e68ee56d6120cbd2659fa4a0dfe436d3960b0d11.googledrive.com/host/0B1B
HwO0nuhhkUy1BazNtcFpzQ1E/Transmission-Systems-Handbook-Wireless-Networks1580532438-book.pdf
transmission system design handbook for wireless networks pdf
http://pathloss40.blogspot.com/2009/11/pathloss-40-microwave-repeaters.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_repeater

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A typical microwave repeater link setup, this one located near Salt Lake City, Utah,USA(removed in 2013)

Operation principle

Passive repeater in unknown location

A passive repeater or passive radio link deflection, is a reflective or sometimes refractive panel or other object that assists in closing a
radio or microwave link, in places where an obstacle in the signal path blocks any direct, line of sight communication.
Compared to a microwave radio relay station with active components, a passive repeater is far simpler and needs little maintenance and no
on-site electric power. It also does not require additional frequencies, unlike active repeater stations which use different transmit and receive
frequencies to prevent feedback. The corresponding disadvantage is that without amplification the returned signal is significantly weaker.
Passive radio relay link deflection systems in the vertical level can be realized by receiving the signal with a parabolic antenna and leading it
through a waveguide to a second parabolic antenna, where it is radiated. For passive microwave radio relay link deflections in the horizontal
plane, flat surfaces of metallic material are used, arranged so that the angle of incoming beam corresponds to the angle of the outcoming
signal. The resulting structure resembles a billboard.
Similar systems are used also occasionally for TV relay transmitters or as tunnel transmitters. In these cases, a Yagi antennareceives the
transmitted signal and supplies it by way of a coaxial cable to a second Yagi antenna.

Microwave System Engineering Using

Large Passive Reflectors
This paper will provide the microwave engineer with the basic techniques of microwave system engineering using large passive
reflectors and will outline the many advantages of their use. Small passive reflectors of the "periscope type" have been used for
many years on microwave systems. Large passive reflectors have also been used but to a much lesser degree. Large passives may
be used at intermediate points on long (200 miles or more) microwave links in lieu of active repeaters. Most microwave engineers
have little knowledge of system engineering using these reflectors. This paper describes their use in both the "near" and "far fields"
in line-of-sight systems and describes how they may be used on non-line-of-sight systems (tropospheric scatter and diffraction
systems). Formulas are developed and graphs provided which will enable the microwave engineer to determine the path loss of
multihop passive reflector systems. Large passive reflectors should be considered as another tool which can be used by the
microwave engineer for planning and engineering communications systems. When used effectively with line-of-sight, diffraction and
tropospheric scatter modes of propagation, communication systems may be engineered more economically, with more reliability and
with a decrease in the operating and maintenance problems.

Passive Repeater Calculations

Passive Repeater Calculations

Q: How do I compute fade margin and reliability for a passive repeater link?

A: You must first determine if the passive repeater is in the near-field of

one of the terminal antennas. If the passive repeater is in the far-field of
both antennas, you must treat the two paths as two independent links.
If either the transmitting antenna or the receiving antenna is in the nearfield of the passive radiator you treat the entire system as one link.

The calculated field factor needed for this determination is defined as 1/k

1/k

__d___

4 A cos()

where:

1/k = Field factor (unitless)

d

= Distance from the near terminal antenna to the passive reflector in feet

= Passive reflector area in square feet

= Wavelength in feet
= One-half the horizontal angle include between the two terminals in
degrees

If the field factor (1/k) is 2.5 or less, then the passive is in the near field of the
terminal.
If 1/k is greater than 2.5, the passive is in the far field.
The antenna is in the near-field of the passive repeater
If the antenna is in the near-field of the passive repeater, the entire circuit
encompassing the antenna and passive repeater may be considered as an
antenna system. An example of this is the typical fly-swatter passive with
a reflector (acting as a mirror in a periscope fashion) mounted at 45 to the
ground at the top of a tower. It is illuminated by an antenna near ground
level looking directly up. In this case it is necessary to determine the gain of
that system. The gain is proportional to the projected area of the passive
repeater and the efficiency of illumination, and is usually greater than that of
the illuminating antenna. A book entitled Passive Repeater EngineeringManual 161A showing the equations is available for download here. For
more information go to Valmont or contact them via email. They are
presently the only known passive reflector manufacturer in the U.S.
To use the Microwave Data Base Manager, you consider the system as a
single path with the path length equal to the distance from the far terminal to
the passive repeater. The antenna gain at the passive end is equal to that of
the antenna/passive system gain. A detailed methodology for this calculation
can be found in the above referenced text on page 40 in Manual
161A. All other program entries are the same as those of a normal microwave
link.
The passive repeater is in the far-field of both terminals
If the passive repeater is in the far-field of both terminals (1/k> 2.5), it is
necessary to assume that there are two independent paths. The gain of the

passive (Gp) is again dependent upon the projected area of the passive and
the illumination efficiency. The formula for the gain in dBi is:
Gp = 20 log [(4A cos) / ]

Using the SoftWright TAP Microwave Data Base Manager, this case is treated
as two paths. At the passive repeater end of each path, the gain used is that
determined from the above equation. There are no additional losses at the
passive end of the circuits since no waveguide or other
transmission elements are involved. The transmitted power (EIRP) used for
the second path (passive to far end) is equal to the Received Signal
Level determined in the calculation for the first path (near end to
passive). All other parameters entered are those you would normally enter for
a two link system.
[Thanks to Jim Hart of Hartech, Inc., a Denver area consulting firm and
longtime TAP user and Mr. Dennis Beal at Valmont for making this information
available.]