Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Choice of luminaire
Inspect the installation upon completion
(If possible, a few months after occupation, to determine what worked
and what didnt. This is the only way to build up experience to apply to
future designs)
The five initial stages are considered in more detail in the following lines.
IL luminance
Glare
Lifetime
Physical size
Surface brightness / glare
Color characteristics
Electrical characteristics
Requirement for control gear
Compatibility with existing electrical system
Suitability for the operating environment
A number of factors also affect luminaire choice:
Characteristics of the light source and control gear
Luminaire efficiency (% lamp light output transmitted out of the
fixture)
Light distribution
Glare control
Finish and appearance
Size
Accessibility of components for maintenance
Ability to handle adverse operating conditions
Aesthetics
Thermal management
3.
Visualization
Where:
F the initial bare lamp flux (lumens)
n the number of lamps per luminaire
N the number of luminaires
LLF the total light loss factor
UF(s) the utilization factor for the reference surface s of the
chosen luminaire
Utilization factors can be determined for any surface or layout of
luminaires. The UF symbol is normally shown followed by an extra
letter in brackets, to denote the surface, for example, UF (F) is the
utilization factor for the floor cavity and UF (W) is the utilization
factor for the walls.
Utilization factors are, in practice, only calculated for general lighting
systems with regular arrays of luminaires and for three main room
surfaces. The highest of these surfaces, the C surface (for ceiling
Room Index
The Room Index is a measure of the angular size of the room, and is
the ratio of the sum of the plan areas of the F and C surfaces to the area
of the W surface. For rectangular rooms the room index is given by:
Where:
L the length of the room
W the width of the room
Hm the height of the luminaire plane above the horizontal
reference plane.
If the room is re-entrant in shape, for example L shaped, then it must
be divided into two or more non-re- entrant sections, which can be
treated separately.
Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR)
4.3 Visualization
These are programs that create a perspective rendering of the space
in levels of detail that vary from a block representation of the space, to
photographic quality renderings, depending on the sophistication of the
program and the level of detail of the interior to be entered.
controls
for
incandescent
lights (including
halogens). This can save energy and also increase bulb life. Most
standard fluorescent lamps cannot be dimmed, but special dimmers
and lamps are available. If lamps are to be dimmed it is important to
ensure that the correct equipment is used, especially when
retrofitting more energy efficient lamps.
6. Choice of Luminaire
The performance of a luminaire should be considered just as carefully
as its cost. In the long term a well-designed, well-constructed luminaire
will be cheaper than a poor quality unit; and the salient features of a
good quality luminaire are:
Sound mechanical and electrical construction and a durable finish
Adequate screening of high luminance lamps to minimize
discomfort and glare
Adequate heat dissipation to prevent over-heating of the lamp,
wiring and ancillary equipment
High light output ratio with the appropriate light distribution
Ease of installation, cleaning and maintenance
An example of calculating the number of indoor lighting fixtures
Input information
These are the input data for the following calculation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation in 8 steps
1. Total wattage of fixtures:
Total wattage of fixtures = Number of lamps x each lamps watt.
Total wattage of fixtures = 2 32 = 64 Watt.
3. Number of fixtures
Required number of fixtures = Required Lux x Room area / MF x UF x Lumen per fixture
Required number of fixtures = (250 x 20 x 10) / (0.63 0.69 5440)
We will need 21 fixtures
5 things to conclude
Electrical Notes
Lumen Method
where,
N =
E =
A =
F =
UF=
Example 1
A production area in a factory measures 60 metres x 24 metres.
Find the number of lamps required if each lamp has a Lighting Design Lumen
(LDL) output of 18,000 lumens.
The illumination required for the factory area is 200 lux.
Utilisation factor = 0.4
Lamp Maintenance Factor = 0.75
N
=
( 200 lux x 60m x 24m )
lumens x 0.4 x 0.75 )
N
=
53.33
N
=
54 lamps.
/ ( 18,000
Spacing
The aim of a good lighting design is to approach uniformity in illumination over
the working plane. Complete uniformity is impossible in practice, but an
acceptable standard is for the minimum to be at least 70% of the maximum
illumination level.
This means, for example, that for a room with an illumination level of 500 lux,
if this is taken as the minimum level, then the maximum level in another part
of the room will be no higher than 714 lux as shown below.
500 / 0.7 =
714 lux
Data in manufacturer's catalogues gives the maximum ratio between
the spacing (centre to centre) of the fittings and their height( to lamp centre)
above the working plane (0.85 metres above f.f.l.)
Example 2
Using data in the previous example show the lighting design layout below.
The spacing to mounting height ratio is 3 : 2.
The mounting height (Hm) = 4 metres.
The spacing between lamps is calculated from from Spacing/Hm ratio of 3 : 2.
If the mounting height is 4 m then the maximum spacing is:
3/2 =
Spacing / 4
Spacing
=
1.5 x 4 = 6 metres
The number of rows of lamps is calculated by dividing the width of the building
(24 m) by the spacing:
24 / 6 = 4 rows of lamps
This can be shown below. Half the spacing is used for the ends of rows.
The number of lamps in each row can be calculated by dividing the total
number of lamps found in example 1 by the number of rows.
Total lamps 54 / 4
= 13.5 goes up to nearest whole number = 14
lamps in each row.
The longitudinal spacing between lamps can be calculated by dividing the
length of the building by the number of lamps per row.
Length of building 60 m / 14 = 4.28 metres.
There will be half the spacing at both ends = 4.28 / 2
= 2.14 metres
This can be shown below.
= 24 / 5
=
60 / 11
= 4.8 metres
= 5.45 metres
Installed Flux
Sometimes it is useful to know the total amount of light or flux, which has to
be put into a space.
Installed flux (lm) = Number of fittings (N) x Number of lamps per
fitting x L.D.L. output of each lamp (F)
Example 3
A factory measuring 50m x 10m has a lighting scheme consisting of 4 rows of
25 lighting fittings each housing 2No. 65-Watt fluorescent lamps.
(a)
(b)
The output of the lamps in the above example may be found from catalogues.
For a 65-Watt fluorescent lamp the Lighting Design Lumens (LDL) is 4400 lm.
(a)
Installed flux (lm) =
N x no. lamps/fitting x F
=
4 x 25 x 2 x 4400
=
880,000 lumens
(b)
The floor area
=
50 x 10 = 500 m2.
Installed flux per m2
=
880,000 / 500
=
1760 lm/m2.
Example 4
A room measures 15m x 7m x 3.6m high and the design illumination is
200 lux on the working plane (0.85 metres above the floor).
The Utilisation factor is 0.5 and the Maintenance factor is 0.8.
If the LDL output of each fitting is 2720 lumens, calculate;
(a)
the number of fittings required.
(b) the fittings layout.
(c) If the spacing/mounting height ratio is 1 : 1 determine whether the
current design is acceptable.
(a) Number of fittings.
N
=
( 200 x 15 x 7 ) / ( 2720 x 0.5 x 0.8 )
N
=
19.3
N
=
20 lamps
Hm
Hm
=
=
3.6 - 0.85
2.75 metres
Therefore ratio is
Therefore ratio is
0.85 : 1.0
0.78 : 1.0
Example 5
A room, as shown below, has a design illumination is 500 lux on the working
plane (0.85 metres above the floor).
The Utilisation factor is 0.5 and the Maintenance factor is 0.8.
If the LDL output of each fitting is 2720 lumens, calculate;
(a)
the number of fittings required.
(b) the fittings layout.
(c) If the spacing/mounting height ratio is 1 : 1 determine whether the
current design is acceptable.
(a)
N
N
N
=
=
=
(b)
Spacing,
say 8 lamps x 7 rows.
Spacing along 12 m wall =
12 / 8 = 1.50 m
Spacing along 10 m wall =
10 / 7 = 1.43 m
(c)
Mounting height =
3.0 - 0.85 =
2.15 m
Desired Ratio
=
1:1
Actual ratio =
1.5 / 2.15 =
0.69 Therefore ratio is
Actual ratio =
1.43 / 2.15 =
0.67 Therefore ratio is
0.69 : 1.0
0.67 : 1.0
An office area is 20meter (Length) x 10meter (width) x 3 Meter (height). The ceiling to desk height is 2 meters. The area is to
be illuminated to a general level of 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL luminaires with a SHR of 1.25. Each lamp has an initial
output (Efficiency) of 85 lumen per watt. The lamps Maintenance Factor (MF) is 0.63 ,Utilization Factor is 0.69 and space height
ratio (SHR) is 1.25
Calculation:
Calculate Total Wattage of Fixtures:
Lumen per Fixtures = Lumen Efficiency(Lumen per Watt) x each Fixtures Watt
Required No of Fixtures = Required Lux x Room Area / MFxUFx Lumen per Fixture
The ceiling to desk height is 2 meters and Space height Ratio is 1.25 so
Axial Spacing between Fixtures = Length of Room / Number of Fixture in each Row
Conclusion:
LIGHTING CALCULATION
How to Calculate Lighting for Optimal In-Home Levels
While designing your home, performing a lighting calculation will help you determine how much light
you need for each room and for various tasks. This page will teach you how to calculate lighting
levels. It might seem tricky at first but luckily there are lighting tables available that list how much light
is required for various room types and tasks. Stay with us, in the end you'll only have to multiply a few
numbers together to find the light level you'll need for each room.
Foot candles
Lux
Hallways
5-7
55-75
Entertaining
10-20
110-215
Dining
10-20
110-215
Easy reading
20-50
215-540
Bathroom
20-50
215-540
Kitchenbasic lighting
20-50
215-540
Kitchenfood prep
50-100
540-1075
50-100
540-1075
50-100
540-1075
100-200
1075-2150
For compact fluorescent lights (CFL) the illuminance tends to be about 40 to 70 lumens per Watt of
power draw (incandescent lights are more like 10-17 lumens/Watt). For our example let's use 20 Watt
CFLs rated at 1200 lumens.
So for our lowest light requirement of 2400 lumens, the calculation would be:
2400 lumens / 1200 lumens per bulb = 2 bulbs
For our brightest light requirement of 12,000 lumens, the calculation would be:
12,000 lumens / 1200 lumens per bulb = 10 bulbs
That seems like a lot of lights but if you consider all the light possibilities for a kitchen: dimmable
recessed lights, some under cabinet lights, the light on the stove top vent hood and a few track or
hanging lights right above an island or prep counter, you could reach that ten bulb level.
For some however, this level of 12,000 lumens may be simply too bright. For a more personalized
home lighting design, do a few quick calculations in your current home to determine the light level in a
given room. Compare the light level of that room to the tasks shown in the table above. If you feel the
light in that room is inadequate, bring in a few extra lamps from other rooms until the light seems
right. Add up the number of lumens from all the bulbs in the room and then calculate the number of
foot candles you now have in that room. Compare this number to the chart above to get a feel where
in each range you prefer your lighting.
Keep in mind that any kind of shade over the light fixture, whether it is a lamp shade or a colored
glass pendant over the bulb will lower the number of lumens output for that bulb.
To achieve the variation in light level required between the general kitchen lighting level and the food
prep lighting level, you can group your lights on a few different switches. Under-cabinet lights are
often on a separate switch as are the lights in the stove vent hood. You can also have any fixtures
directly over an island or peninsula style counter on their own switch.
Some or all lights can also be put on dimmer switches.
If you are doing your home lighting design and the above calculations seem too frustrating, check
out LightCalc Lighting Software which will do all the lighting calculations for you.