410

EXTENDED BINET FORMS FOR GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

[Dec.

A. Dalzell. "Book Review of Duckworth1s Structural

Patterns
. . . ." Phoenix3 The Canadian Classical
Journal
17 (1963):314-16.
5. G. Duckworth. Structural
Patterns
and Proportions
in Vergil1 s Aeneid.
Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962.
6. R. Fischler. "Theories mathematiques de la Grande Pyramide." Crux Mathematicorum 4 (1978):122-29.
7. R. Fischler. "What Did Herodotus Really Say? or How To Build (a Theory of)
the Great Pyramid." Environment
and Planning
6 (1979):89-93.
8. R. Fischler. "The Early Relationship of Le Corbusier to the 'Golden Number.!"
Environment
and Planning B. 6 (1979):95-103.
9. R. Fischler. "An Investigation of Claims Concerning Seurat and the 'Golden
Number.'" To appear in Gazette des Beaux
Arts.
10. R. Fischler & E. Fischler. "Juan Gris, son milieu et le nombre d?or." Canadian Art Review 7 (1980):33-36.
11. R. Fischler. "On Applications of the Golden Ratio in the Visual Arts." Leonardo 14 (1981):31-32.
12. G. Hardy & E. Wright. An Introduction
to the Theory of Numbers.
4th ed.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1960.
13. H. Hedian. "The Golden Section and the Artist." The Fibonacci
Quarterly
14
(1976):406-18,
14. H. Kyburg. Probability
Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1969.
15. I. Niven & H. Zuckerman* Introduction
to the Theory of Numbers.
New York:
Wiley, 1960.
16. H. Shiffman & D. Bobko. "Preference in Linear Partitioning: The Golden Section Reexamined." Perception
and Psychophysics
24 (1978):102-3.
17. A. Zeising. "Uber die Metamorphosen in den Verhaltnissen der menschilichen
Gestalt von der Gerburt bis zur Vollendung des Langenwachsturns."
Deutsche
Akademie der Naturforscher
Nova Acta Leopoldine
26 (1857):781-879.
4.

EXTENDED BINET FORMS FOR GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

A. L. IAKIN
University

of New England,

Armidale,

Australia

In a prior article [4], the concept of a higher-order quaternion was established and some identities for these quaternions were then obtained. In this
paper we introduce a "Binet form" for generalized quaternions and then proceed to
develop expressions for extended Binet forms for generalized quaternions of higher order. The extended Binet formulas make possible an approach for generating
results which differs from that used in [4].
We recall from Horadam [1] the Binet form for the sequence Wn(a9 b; p, q),
viz. ,
Wn = Aan - SB n
where
W0 = a,
W1 = b
.
A

b - a$

7T-9

b - aa

'
D

a - 3

7T-

a - 3

and where a and 3 are the roots of the quadratic equation

xz

- px + q = 0.

We define the vectors a, and _3 such that

a = 1 + ia + ja 2 + to3 and
3 = 1 + i& + J*32 +

k$3,

1981]

EXTENDED BINET FORMS FOR GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

411

where i9 j 9 k are the quaternion vectors as given in Horadam [2].

Now, as in [4]9 we introduce the operator Qi
= Wn + iWn + 1 + jWn + 2 + kWn + 3

Wn

- Aa" - S 3 n + i(Aan+1

- B$n+1)

+ jG4a n + 2 - 5 g n + 2 ) + i a n + 3 - S 3 n + 3 )

= , 4 a n ( l + i a + j a 2 + to3) - 3 n ( l + i 3 + j ' 3 2 + k$3)

Therefores
(1)

Wn

= Aa n a - 3n(3.

This is the Binet formula for the generalized quaternion of order one. Consider
AWn = Wn + iqWn_1 + J ^ n _ 2 + kq3Wn_3
= Aa" - 53 n + iqiAa"-1
= Aan(l

+ iqa-1

- B3 n _ 1 ) 4- jqHAa"'2

+ jq2a"2 +

fo?3a"3)

- B3 n " 2 ) + fo^CAa*'3 '- B&n~3)

- S3n(l + i ^ 3 _ 1 + jq23~2 +

kq3&~3)

but
a3 = q
1

i.e. 9 a = qfi'

and 3 = got" ; hence,

bHn = Aan(l

+ i3 + J*32 + &3 3 ) - B3n(l + ia + ja 2 + to3).

Therefore9
Afc/n = Aan_3 ~ 53 n a.

(2)

Thus we see that the quaternion formed by the A operator, that proved so useful in [3] and [4], has a Binet form which is a simple permutation of result (1)
above.
We now examine quaternions of order X (for X an integer) and prove by induction that
QxWn = Aanax

(3)
?h.OO^i

- S3"3_A.

When X = 1, the result is true because

Q1Wn = Wn

= ^x n a - #3n_3*

Assume that the result is true for X = m3 i.e.,

QmWn = Aana - B3n3_m.
Now, for X = m + 1,
ttm

+1

Wn = Q m Wn + i f i . X + l
= W

^X + 2 +

^X+3

- 53 3. + i W a n + 1 a m - B g n + 1 j H + <?Wa n+2 a m - B3 n + 2 jf)

+ W ^ a " + V - B3 n+3 jf)

= Aan(l + ia + ja 2 + to3)oT - 3n(l + i3 + j'32 + k33)J>m

= Aanaam

- 53n_3_^

= ^ a n a m + 1 - B3n_3m+1.
Since the result is true for X = 1 and also true for X = m + 1 whenever the
result holds for X = m, it follows from the principle of induction that the result
is true for all integral X. Similarly, it can be shown that
(4)

^Wn = Aan^

B&nax,

412

EXTENDED BINET FORMS FOR GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

[Dec.

Since
QAWn = Wn

+ iAJ/ n + 1 + j'Atfn + 2 + MWn+3

AWn

+ iqWn_1

and
= Wn

+ jq2QWn_2

kq3Wn_3,

we secure, using equations (2) and (1), respectively,

(5)

QAWn = 4ana3_ - S3n_3a

(6) '

AfiJ/ = Aan$a

- B&na&

If we let X = 2 in equations (3) and (4) and also use equations (5) and (6),
we can derive the six permutations for quaternions of order 3 involving both Q, and
A operators, namely
Q2AJ*V = Aana2l

(7)

- B3nJ>2a

(8)

A QWn = Aa^a

- 5g*a2 _3

(9)

QA2Wn = Aana_2

- a n _3a 2

(10)

Ati2Wn = ia*J3a 2

(11)

QAWn = 4aaj3 a - 3*3 a JS

(12)

AQAJ/n = 4a n j3a_3 - 3 n a_3 a

B$na$_2

We now p a u s e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t s of o p e r a t o r s Q* and
forms. Note from [4] t h a t

and

Q*AWn = AWn + AWn + 1 i + AWn + 2 J + q3^n

A*WW

+3 * * =

A* on t h e B i n e t
A W

+ qfi^.! i + <7 W n _ 2 J + q 3 W n _ 3 fc = QAWn

and thus the operators Q* and A* provide no new results for quaternions of order
2. Since equations (7) to (12) and equations (3) and (4) for X = 3 provide every
possible triad of combination of ot and J3, it is unlikely that quaternions of order
3 involving the starred operators will produce any Binet form distinct from those
given. A close inspection of the modus operandi
of Q* and A* verifies that this
is indeed the case. For example, it is easily calculated that
ft*&Wn = Aan&a2

- SBnaj32

which is the same expression as that for AQ2Wn.

We can generalize these statements to say that the operators Q* and A* yield
no results that cannot be obtained solely by manipulating the operators 0, and A.
From equations (3) and (4), it can be readily shown that, for y an integer,
AAft*Vn = Aan^xa^
- B3 n a A _3^
(13)
u
) XA
Ay W
n

(14)

= Aa n a x _3 y

Bn3xay

The pattern between the higher-order quaternions and their related Binet forms
being clearly established, we deduce, for integral Xi> i = ls ... 777, the ensuing
extended Binet formulas of finite order:
Am
Q) Am
Wn -

n A

ftAlA

(16)

QX*AX2

. . . AA"Wn - 4 a n a X l j 3 A 2

(17)

A Al ft A2

. QXmWn = Aane>xiax>

(18)

A Xl ft A2

Xx

X2

aXm

s
AannaiRAie>

(15)

. . . kXmWn = ^ a n B A l a A 2

Al
2 n ftA

aA
a Am

.
. . . aA* -

B$naxi$x*

3;

B3naAl3A2

n A

Xrr,

1981]

EXTENDED BINET FORMS FOR GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

413

From equations (2.6) and (2,7) of Horadam [1], we derive the following Binet
formulas:
(19)

QxUn = [a n + 1 a A - Bn+1(3A]/<i

(20)

AxUn = [an+1JBx - 6 n + 1 a A ] / ^

(21)

QxVn = a*aA + 6n_gA

(22)

A A 7 n - a*J3A + (3naA

We now use the extended Binet formulas to e s t a b l i s h some i d e n t i t i e s .

example, consider a simple generalization of equation (28) in [ 4 ] : '

As an

S7 A F P ^X = (a p a A + erj3A) (ia"a^ - B$nfP)

Therefore,

= 4a + r a*+n - 53n+2,_BA + y + a r B r a a n - p B y - 5en-paxj3y)

QxVrQuWn ftX+lVn+r + ^AXQ*Vn_P

(23)
This, in t u r n ,
mula, v i z . ,
(24)

can e a s i l y be further extended to provide a most generalized forQXlAx*

. . . ^ X m 7 r ^ y i A y 2 . . . QVWn

= ftXlAXz . . . QX">+^Ay2 . . . Q^mWn+r + qpAXlax>

. . . A Xm ^ yi A y2 . . . SlVmWn_r

I t i s obvious to the reader t h a t other similar generalizations of the r e s u l t s

in [4] can be procured by t h i s method.
We now look a t an equation not contained in [3] or [ 4 ] . Consider
QXV + dttxU
A\ "
n - i

/anaX

+ 3 n 3 x + a n a x - Bn3x

->

(a n a A ) m = a m n a

Thus

(25)
This is a De Moivre type identity for higher-order quaternions.
Thus we see that the extended Binet formulas not only permit direct verification of the identities contained in [3] and [4], and extensions of these as we
have shown, but also facilitate the attainment of new results.
REFERENCES
1. A. F. Horadam. "Basic Properties of a Certain Generalized Sequence of Numbers." The Fibonacci
Quarterly
3 (1965):161-75.
2. A. F. Horadam. "Complex Fibonacci Numbers and Fibonacci Quaternions." Amer.
Math. Monthly 70 (1963):289-91.
3. A. L. Iakin. "Generalized Quaternions with Quaternion Components." The Fibonacci Quarterly
15 (1977):350-52.
4. A. L. lakin. "Generalized Quaternions of Higher Order." The Fibonacci
Quarterly 15 (1977):343-46.