Abbinanti 1

Brian Abbinanti
James Celestino
English 1010 8am
22 July 2016
Annotated Bibliography
Of the Stigma of Depression and Anxiety and its Effects on Recovery
Goldstein, Benjamin, and Francine Rosselli. "Etiological Paradigms Of Depression: The
Relationship Between Perceived Causes, Empowerment, Treatment Preferences, And
Stigma." Journal Of Mental Health 12.6 (2003): 551-563. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 20 July 2016.
How depression is viewed has changed over the past couple decades. It is shifting from a
more abstract sense, where some invisible force seems to be causing a person to be in a
depressive state, to more of a biological and physiological explanation. One where the
chemistry of the brain is taken into account. Both of these ideologies of how depression is
viewed are challenged and studied as well as treatment methods. The survey took 66
students and found their thoughts for the cause of depression. What they found was that
there were three general views for what causes depression: biological, psychological, and
environmental. Those who fell into the biological category were more likely to decrease
stigma, endorse treatment, and be more empowered. Those who fell into the more
psychological category had a higher belief that the depressed can help themselves and
increased stigma. Those who were in the environmental category yielded a mixed belief
regarding stigma.
I love this article because it doesnt call for one absolute solution. It realizes that any
adamant way of thinking about depression has its pros and cons. This will help with my
ethos. It helps illustrate that depression and anxiety are complex situations and there is no
one size fits all solution.
Han, Der-Yan, and Sue-Huei Chen. "Reducing The Stigma Of Depression Through
Neurobiology-Based Psychoeducation: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Psychiatry &
Clinical Neurosciences 68.9 (2014): 666-673. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 July
2016.
Here is discussed the effects that psychoeducation has on reducing the stigma of
depression. A random group of college students were taken into this study. Over one
hundred thirty students were taken in as a control and experimental group. The
experimental group was given a thirty-minute lecture on the detail of what depression is.
For example, how neurological pathways become altered, and hormone levels become
imbalanced, and what those do to affect the human mind. The control group received no
such education. Two weeks later both groups were given the same questionnaire
regarding depression. What was discovered was that those who received the education
about depression were much less likely to distance themselves from the afflicted.

Abbinanti 2
However, it was discovered that while the false idea that depressed people need to simply
control their emotions better, psychological blaming attitudes toward depression had little
change.
This article holds a large amount of information that I wish to use in my essay. Its ability
to put action to the problem of depression/anxiety stigmas will greatly help a call to
action that will be present in my essay. It also creates more credibility for my stance in
that it recognizes that while education can greatly improve the situation of stigmas, there
are some aspects of said stigma that still remain.
Iorfino, Frank, et al. "The Underlying Neurobiology Of Key Functional Domains In Young
People With Mood And Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review." BMC
Psychiatry 16.(2016): 1-38. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 July 2016.
This article focuses on the impact of environmental components and their relationship
with the circuitry of the brain in young adults. They researched a large database of
discussions journals about the subject and concluded that pinning specific causes is
particularly difficult with young adults and that conversation in the subject needed to
broaden up.
I thought this would be a good article to use because of its focus on young adults whereas
one of the articles that I will be mainly drawing from focuses on more mature adults.
However, this study either repeats info from other papers that I will be referencing, or is
not quite relevant to what I want to communicate, and it never seems to come to a define
conclusion. Thus, I will not be using it in my essay.

Levens, Sara M., Farrah Elrahal, and Sara J. Sagui. "The Role Of Family Support And Perceived
Stress Reactivity In Predicting Depression In College Freshman." Journal Of Social &
Clinical Psychology 35.4 (2016): 342-355.Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
Collection. Web. 20 July 2016.
Depression can not only be very impactful on an individuals life during a major
depressive episode, but can have long term effects even after mental health is restored.
This article covers the impact that major depressive disorder has on college freshman and
how their families can help prevent and heal depression. Its main study is on how
depression plays in the college environment and its relationship with a young adults
ability to respond to stress healthily. A sample of college students were given a
questionnaire asking about potential depressive symptoms and the support they receive
from their families. What was discovered was that when stress reactivity is low, family
support is effective at keeping back depressive thoughts and behaviors. However, it was
also found was that when stress reactivity is high, a families ability to protect from
depression is significantly diminished. This shows that early support from family is
crucial in preventing depressive episodes that can affect the rest of a persons life.
The focus on family support is a great tool to use to improve the pathos of my essay. The
mention of family tends to get people sentimental. I plan on using this to humanize the
depressed population, thus allowing for a more intimate argument.

Abbinanti 3
McClelland, Alastair, Shopnara Khanam, and Adrian Furnham. "Cultural And Age Differences
In Beliefs About Depression: British Bangladeshis Vs. British Whites." Mental Health,
Religion & Culture 17.3 (2014): 225-238.Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 July 2016.
Any condition, object, or idea will be viewed differently based on the audience base.
Depression is no different. Different people will have different views about depression.
What causes it, how it should be treated, if it even exists are some of the conversation
points. This paper attempts to find how depression is viewed differently among different
audiences. A group of white Brits and a group of British Bangladeshis were given a
questionnaire inquiring about their views of depression. It was discovered that older
Bangladeshis tended to view depression as a shameful condition that took dignity away
from sufferers and their families. No such increased negativity was found among older
white Brits. How depression was viewed was generally positive among the younger
crowd of both ethnic groups.
This will be of great use in my essay. It demonstrates not only that different views exist
based on cultural upbringing, but also that those views can be rewired in upcoming
generations to fit a healthier understanding. This will help my logos.

Needham, B L, et al. "Depression, Anxiety And Telomere Length In Young Adults: Evidence
From The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey." Molecular
Psychiatry 20.4 (2015): 520-528. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 July 2016.
With an increasing discussion on what causes depression, this study takes a look at one of
those potential biological component. Telomeres are a protective buffer zone at the end of
chromosomes. They decrease in size as an organism ages and when the telomeres run out
the cell will die. This study examines the potential correlation between telomere length
and depression, anxiety, and panic disorder. A large random sample group was taken and
evaluated to see if individuals of the group displayed signs of depression or anxiety. They
then took the statistics of who did or did not exhibit symptoms and crossed them with
their telomere length. What was discovered was that telomere length had little to no
correlation in young adults, but showed a distinct link in older adults. What was
interesting was that women with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) had shorter
telomeres than those who did not show symptoms of GAD. This correlation did not exist
among men. It was also found that anyone that showed signs of major depression (MD)
to the point of being on anti-depressants also had shorter telomere length than those
without symptoms or on antidepressants.
This is a fantastic study that clearly illustrates how biological components are linked with
depression and anxiety thus contributing to my logos.
Reali, Florencia, Tania Soriano, and Daniela Rodrguez. "How We Think About Depression: The
Role Of Linguistic Framing." Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologa 48.2 (2016): 127136. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 July 2016.
Here the authors observe how mental illness is viewed and how that view changes the
stigmas that may exist with it. The idea is that in recent years the way mental illness has

Abbinanti 4
been perceived and discussed has changed and that, in turn, the stigmas behind it have
changed as well. They study how different linguistics affect the general observation of
depression. They observed that depression is being less referred to as a psychological
disorder, and more as a physiological problem from chemical imbalances in the brain.
They also studied how that vernacular affected a populations treatment of individuals
suffering from depression. They found that when it was framed physiologically, people
were more willing to accept that depression is not in the control of the sufferer.
The fact that this article challenges the actual behavior of when stigmas are challenged
gives me good reason to use it in my essay. I can take it from two angles. One being the
benefits of understanding that depression cannot simply be fixed by getting over it, and
another being that this diffusion of responsibility may actually cause depressed
individuals not to take responsibility for their actions.
Vilagut, Gemma, et al. "Screening For Depression In The General Population With The Center
For Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): A Systematic Review With MetaAnalysis." Plos ONE 11.5 (2016): 1-17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 July 2016.
This article tackles the topic of screening for diagnosis of depression. It aimed to analyze
existing knowledge to discover the validity of a screening test called the CES-D in
general practitioner settings by taking data from other scientific journals and crossing
them with data from other, more in depth, depression diagnoses tests. They took 28
studies and after meta-analyzing them, found that the CES-D was in fact effective in prescreening for general practitioners to use for potential depression patience. However, it is
not to be used for official diagnosis of depression. They also found that a more effective
cut-off point for depression would be stricter than what was traditionally thought suitable.
This article will be used in my essay for reference when I will be discussing the ideas that
there may be an over diagnosing culture when it comes to depression and anxiety. It
clearly addresses the validity of one of the most common screening procedures for the
mental illness.
Xia, Wang, et al. "How Depression Stigma Affects Attitude Toward Help Seeking: The
Mediating Effect Of Depression Somatization." Social Behavior & Personality: An
International Journal 43.6 (2015): 945-953. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 July
2016.
The article explores how depression stigma affects how the depressed seek help for their
condition. Not only does it address public stigma, it discusses the internal stigma that
people may have with themselves. The study focused on 357 Chinese undergraduate
students and the stigmas they faced and how they went about treatment for their
condition. What they found was that perceived stigma for depression somatization was a
large road block to a willingness to seek help.
I find this article of use along the same lines of the Japanese study. Its frank discussion of
the effects of stigma is very understandable and relevant to the subject matter I wish to
present in my essay.
Yosuke, Tanabe, Hayashi Kunihiko, and Ideno Yuki. "The Internalized Stigma Of Mental Illness
(ISMI) Scale: Validation Of The Japanese Version." BMC Psychiatry 16. (2016): 1-8.

Abbinanti 5
Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 July 2016.
This article discusses the validity of a test used to determine internalized mental stigmas
of mental disorders appropriately called the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale
(ISMI) in Japan. The original ISMI was developed in north America and adapted and
adopted by Japan. This study took 173 outpatients who were regularly attending clinics
and retested 51 of them to measure the effectiveness of the ISMI. What they found was
that the Japanese ISMI was not only effective at discovering and measuring the mentally
ills stigma of themselves, but that it was just as effective as the original.
This study demonstrates not only that stigmas of mental illness exist, but that it is cross
cultural. The cultures of north America and far eastern Asia can be quite different, but
stigma and mental illness seems to be global. This is what I want to bring into the essay.