DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

1)Heating in a dry
test tube:
A small amount of the
salt is heated in a dry
test tube

a) Smell of ammonia
b) Grey sublimate
c) Turns black on strong
heating.
d) Yellow when hot, white
when cold.
e) Yellow when hot, Yellow
when cold.
f) Brown when hot, brown
when cold.
g) Steel grey sublimate,
garlic smell.
a) Bluish green.
b) Golden yellow through
racked eye and colourless
through cobalt glass.
c) Violet through racked
eye and pink through
cobalt glass.
d) Brick red flame or
yellowish red flame.
e) Yellowish green or pea
green.
f) Crimson red.
g) Livid blue (Pale blue)

a) NH4+
b) Hg+2
c) May be Cu+2, Mn+2, Ni+2,
CO+2
d) Zn+2

a) White malleable bead

without in cru station.
b) Salt grey bead with
yellow incrustation.
c) No bead, substance
turns yellow when hot,
white when cold.
d) Greyish black metallic
particles attracted by
magnet.
e) The substance volatises
or disappear.
f) Substance remains white
and infusible.

a) Ag+2

2) Flame test:
A pinch of the given salt
is taken by the tip of
clean platinum wire
moisture with conc. HCL
and put into nonluminous Bunsen flame.

3) Charcoal test:
A mixture of salt and
anhydrous Na2CO3 in the
ratio 1:2 is taken in a
charcoal acuity and
heated the mixture by
pointing a luminous and
reducing flame over it by
blowing through a pipe.

e) Pb+2
f) Cd+2
g) As
a) Cu+2
b) Na+

c) K+
d) Ca+2
e) Ba+2
f) Sr+2
g) Pb+2

b) Pb+2
c) Zn+2

d) Fe+2
e) Na+, K+ or NH4+
f) May be Al+3, Mg+2, Sr+2,
Ca+2

EXPERIMENT
4) Cobalt
Nitrate test: We
moisten the cold
white infusible
mass of charcoal
test with a drop of
cobalt nitrate and
heat as before
5) Borax bead
test: It is
performed only
for coloured salt)
First a transparent
bead is prepared
by taking borax
on a small
platinum wire
loop and heated
in the nonluminous flame. A
pinch of the salt is
taken on the bead
and heated as
before

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

a) Mass turns green.

a) Zn+2

b) Mass turns pink.

b) Mg+2

c) Mass turns blue.

c) Al+3

Oxidising flame

Reducing
flame

a) CO+2

a) Blue, hot & cold.

a) Blue, hot &

cold.

b) Cu+2

b) Green when hot, blue

when cold.

c) Yellow when hot,

yellow
When cold.
d) Violet when hot and
cold.

e) Reddish brown when

hot and cold.
6) Ammonia radical
test:
Boil the salt with NaOH
soln

b) Colourless
when hot; reddish
or colourless
opaque when
cold.
c) Green, hot and
cold.

d) Mn+2

d) Colourless
when hot & cold.

e)Ni+2

e) Grey or black &

opaque when
cold.
Smell of ammonia which
NH4+
turns red litmus blue.

c) Cr+3

WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL:Systematic group separation:-

The soln of the given salt is made in

1> Cold water

2> Hot water. 3> Dil. HCL. 4> Conc. HCL.

5) Aquaregia. i.e. 3 volume of HCL+ 1 volume of conc. HNO 3

EXPERIMENT
1) We add dilute HCL
to watch extract
OR
2) Cool and dilute if
the soln is made in
hot and conc. HCL
2) Above soln or filtratewarm and pass H2S.

OBSERVATION
1) If ppt. appears filter
and analyse the residue
as per table 1.

INFERENCE
1) Group I present
(Chlorides of Hg, Pb, Ag)

2) If ppt. appears filter &

analyse the residue as
per table 2.

2) Group II present
(sulphides of Hg, Bi, Pb,
Cu, Cd, As, Sb, Sn)

3) Above soln or filtrateboil off H2S gas add 2 or

3 drops of conc. HNO3,
boil and cool and then
add NH4Cl & NH4OH to
make the soln alkaline.
(N.B:- conc. HNO3 is
added if Fe is present
otherwise not)
4) Above soln or filtratepass H2S gas.

3) If ppt. appears filter &

analyse the residue as
per table 3.

3) Group III A present

(hydroxides of Fe, Mn, Al,
Cr)

4) If ppt. appears filter &

analyse the residue as
per table 3 B.

3) Group III B present

(sulphides of Co, Ni, Mn,
Zn)

5) Above soln or filtrateboil off H2S & add NH4OH

& a few ml of
(NH4)2Co3soln
6) Above soln or filtrate
add few ml of Na2HPO4
sol2. Stretch the sides of
the test by the glass rod.

5) If ppt. appears filter &

analyse the residue as
per table 4.

4) Group IV present
(carbonates of Ca, Ba,
Sr)

6) If ppt. appears filter &

analyse the residue as
per table 5.

5) Group V present
(Mg)

Test of Fe: Salt soln+ K4[Fe(CN)6] soln _ -> a deep blue ppt. - Fe
Analysis of Group I:Take the ppt. in a test tube and add a few ml of water boil and filter hot.

Residue: Take the ppt. in a test filtrate tube & worn with little N+ 4OH Filter.
Residue: Dissolve the

Filtrate: Divide into

Filtrate: Divide into two

black ppt. in boiling

aquaregia & evaporate
to dryness.
Extract with water.
Divide into two parts: -

three parts: -

parts:-

1) 1st part + dilute HNO3

white ppt. ->Ag+

1) 1st part + KI soln>yellow ppt. Pb+2

2) 2nd part + KI soln ->

pole yellow ppt. Ag+

2) 2nd part + K2CrO4soln

-> yellow ppt. Pb+2

1) 1st part + KI aln->red

ppt. of Hg soluble in
excess of KI.

3) 3rd part + K2CrO4 ->

Brick red ppt. Ag+

2) 2nd part + Sncl2->

white ppt. of Hg2Cl2
changing to grey- Hg+

Analysis of Group II ppt.:Take the ppt. in a beaker add few ml of yellow ammonium sulphide sol n Test
warm for 3-4 minutes and filter.

Residue: Group II A. Analyse

Filtrate: Acidify with Dil. HCL. If

according to table II A.

yellow or orange ppt. group II B.

Analyse according to table II B.

Analysis of Group II A: Take the ppt. in a beaker, add half a test tube of 1:3 HNO 3, heat gently, filter.

Residue: Black (Hg5) Filtrate: Make alkaline with NH4OH, Filter.

Dissolve in
aequauegia, uaparate
to dryness, cool, boil
wish water and divide
into two partsn

1) Add SnCl2sol white

ppt. Hg+2

Residue: White ppt. pour few

Filtrate:

ml of NaOH soln on the residue

Filter.

1) Blue in colour
Cu+2 is present
Acidify with
CH3COOH and add
K4Fe(CN)6 soln
chocolate ppt. Cu+2
is confirmed.

Residue:

Filtrate:

Black (BI)
confirmed

Acidify with
CH3COOH add
K2CrO4solnyello
w ppt. Pb+2

2) Add KI soln
beautiful red ppt.
results Ag+2

2) Colourless- H2S is
passed- yellow ppt.
Cd+2
4

Analysis of IIB:-Transfer the ppt. in a beater, add few ml of conc. HCL, boil for
some time and filter.

Residue: Dissolve in strong NH4OH

Filtrate: Divide into two parts:

soln Add 3 ml H2O2 warm and add

Magnesia mixture white ppt. as
confirmed.

1) Make alkaline with NH4OH add 2gm

oxalic acid boil and pass H2S gasorange ppt.- Sb+3 confirmed.
2) 2nd part + NH4OH add a clean
iron/zinc wire and allow reaction to
continue for one minute. Filter into a
test tube containing Hgcl2soln- white
ppt.- confirm Sn+2

Analysis of Group IIIA: -Transfer the ppt. in a beaker add mixture of 5 ml of

NaOH and 5ml of H2O2 Boil gently and filter.

Residue: Divide into two parts:

Filtrate:

Part 1: Dissolve in dil. HCL & divide

into two parts-

Case 1: Colourless Cr+3 is absent. Add

NH2Cl & boil-white ppt. Al+3
confirmed.
Case 2: Yellow in colour-Cr+3 is present
Acidify with CH3COOH and add lead
acetate soln- yellow ppt.- Cr+3
confirmed.

1) Add K4[Fl(CN)6] solna deep blue

ppt.- Fe+3
2) Add NH4SCN or KSCN soln blood red
colour- Mn+2
Part II: Dissolve in 1:1 HnO3 Add two
drops of H2O2-boil, cool well-add a
pinch of Na-bismathate-a pink colourMn+2

Analysis of Group IIIB:

Dissolve the ppt. in 1:10 HCL, warm and filter.

Residue: Black (cosorNiS)

Filtrate: Boil to remove H2S Add excess of

Dissolve in aquaregiaevaporate to dryness-cool,

NAOH soln fall med by 1ml H2O2soln Boil for 3

minutes and filter.

boil with H2O, divide into

two parts1) Add Ch3COOH and then
add a nitro-B-naphtha red
ppt.- CO+2
2) Add NH4OH and then add
dimethylglyoxine soln-bright
pink ppt.-Ni+2

Residue: Dissolve
st

in 1 HNO3 Add two

drops of H2O2soln Boil
and cool & add a
small amount of
sodium Bismuth ate.
Allow to stand A pink
colour of supernatant
liquid confirmed Mn+2

Filtrate: Acidify with

CH3COOH Pass H2S-a
dirty white ppt.
confirmed. Zn+2

Analysis of Group IV ppt.: -Dissolve the ppt. in hot CH3COOH and divide
into three parts:
1) 1st part + KrCrO4soln- a yellow ppt. ineli ales Ba+2.
2) 2nd part + (NH4)2SO4soln- warm- white ppt.-confirmed Sr+2
3) 3rd part + ammonium oxalate soln- white colour ppt. confirms Ca+2

Analysis of Group V: The ppt. is dissolved in dil. HCL. Then it is divided into
two parts1) 1st part- 2 drops of Magnusson reagent followed by several drops of NaOH sol n
until alkaline a blue ppt. confirmed Mg+2
2) 2nd part + NaOH soln- with ppt. Mg+2

Special tests for Na+, K+, NH4+:

1) Salt soln + zinc uranyl acetate soln- a yellow crystalline ppt. confirmed Nat.
2) Salt soln + Nesseleras reagent-brown ppt. NH 4+
3) Soln + Na- cobaltinitrite soln- a yellow ppt.- K+
4) Salt soln + Tartaric acid white ppt.- K +