7 Geometry PDF

Objectives
After studying this section you will be able to:

1. Understand the fundamental geometric concepts of point, line, and plane.
2. Describe the concepts of line segment, ray, and half line.
3. Understand the concepts of plane and space.
4. Describe the relation between two lines.
5. Describe the relation between a line and a plane.
6. Describe the relation between two planes.
A. POINT, LINE, AND PLANE

1. Introduction
In this chapter we will look at the fundamental concepts we need in order to begin our study
of geometry.
Definition
geometry
The word geometry comes from two Greek words, geo and metric, which together mean to
measure the earth. Geometry is now the branch of mathematics that studies space, shape,
area, and volume.
Nature displays an infinite array of geometric shapes,
from the smallest atom to the biggest galaxy. Snowflakes,
the honeycomb of a bees nest, the spirals of seashells,
spiders webs, and the basic shapes of many flowers are
just a few of natures geometric masterpieces.
The Egyptians and Babylonians studied the area and
volume of shapes and established general formulas.
However, the first real book about geometry was written by
a Greek mathematician, Euclid. Euclids book, The
Elements, was published in about 300 BC. It defined the
most basic concepts in geometry and proved some of their
properties.
Geometry as a science has played a great role in the
development of civilization. Throughout history, geometry
has been used in many different areas such as
architecture, art, house design, and agriculture.
Geometriy 7
The three most basic concepts of geometry are point, line,

and plane. Early mathematicians tried to define these
terms. In fact, it is not really possible to define them using
any other concepts, because there are no simpler
concepts for us to build on. Therefore, we need to
understand these concepts without a precise definition.
Let us look instead at their general meaning.
2. Point
When you look at the night sky, you see billions of stars, each represented as a small dot of
light in the sky. Each dot of light suggests a point, which is the basic unit of geometry.
Concept
point
A point is a position. It has no size, length, width, or thickness, and it is infinitely small.
We use a dot to represent a point. We name a point with a capital letter such as A, B, C, etc.
Natures Great Book is

written in mathematical symbols.
Galileo Galilei
All geometric figures consist of collections of points, and many terms in geometry are defined
using points.
3. Line
Concept
line
A line is a straight arrangement of points. It is the second fundamental concept of geometry.
There are infinitely many points in a line. A line has no width or thickness, and extends
without end in both directions.
Geometric Concepts
A line is usually named by any two of its points, or by a lower-case letter.

Look at the diagram. The line that passes through points A and B is written AB. We say it is
line AB. The line on the right is simply called line .
Let none unversed in

geometry enter here.
Plato
The arrows at each end of a line show that the line extends to infinity in both directions.
If any point C is on a line AB or a line d, we write C AB, or C d.
C
C AB
A, B, C d
Property
There exists exactly one line passing through any two distinct points.
By this property, a line is determined by two distinct points. However, remember that a line
consists of more than just two points. There are infinitely many points on a line.
4. Plane
Concept
plane
A plane is the third fundamental concept of geometry. A plane has length and width but no
thickness. It is a flat surface that extends without end in all directions.
A plane is suggested by a flat surface such as a table top, a wall, a floor, or the
surface of a lake. We represent a plane with a four-sided figure, like a piece of
paper drawn in perspective. Of course, all of these things are only parts of
planes, since a plane extends forever in length and in width.
We use a capital letter (A, B, C, ...) to name a plane. We write plane P, or (P),
to refer to a plane with name P.
10
Geometriy 7
We can now understand the meaning of the terms point, line, and plane without a formal
definition. We can use these undefined terms to define many new geometric figures and
terms.
5. Collinear Points
collinear points
Definition
Points that lie on the same line are called collinear points.
A
For example, in the diagram above, points A, B, and C lie on the same line d. Therefore A, B,
and C are collinear points. However, point P is not on line so M, P, and N are not collinear
points. We say that, M, P, and N are noncollinear points.
EXAMPLE
Look at the given figure.

a. Name the lines.
b. Write all the collinear points.

c. Give two examples of noncollinear points.
Solution
a. There are three lines, AC, CN, and SR.
c. The points A, N, C and the points M, T, N

are not on the same line. They are examples of noncollinear points.
Geometric Concepts
N
R
b. The points A, B, C, the points S, T, R, and

the points C, M, N are on the same line, so
they are collinear.
Now consider the three noncollinear points in

the figure on the right. Since we know that two
distinct points determine a straight line, we
can draw the lines AB, AC and BC passing
through A, B, and C. Therefore, there are three
lines that pass through three noncollinear points.
d
B
m
C
l
11
triwise points
Definition
If three points are noncollinear then they are also called triwise points.
When we say, n triwise noncollinear points,
we mean that any three of n points are
noncollinear.
A
B
E
For example, the diagram opposite shows five

triwise noncollinear points. Any set of three
points in the diagram is noncollinear.
Theorem
n ( n 1)
different lines pass through n triwise points.
2
EXAMPLE
Solution
How many different lines pass through each number of triwise noncollinear points?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 9
d. 22
a.
4 (4 1) 4 3
=
= 6 lines
2
2
b.
5 (5 1) 5 4
=
= 10 lines
2
2
c.
9 (9 1) 9 8
=
= 36 lines
2
2
d.
22 (22 1) 22 21
=
= 231
2
2
Check Yourself 1
1. Describe the three undefined terms in geometry.
A
2. Name the collinear points in the figure.
B
C
3. Look at the figure.

a. Name the lines.
b. Name all the collinear points.
c. Give two examples of noncollinear points.
12
A
F
D
C
E
B
Geometriy 7
4. How many different lines can pass through each number of triwise noncollinear points?
a. 8
b. 14
c. 64
d. 120
Answers
1. Point: A point is a position. It has no size, length, width, or thickness, and it is infinitely
small. Line: A line a straight arrangement of points. There are infinitely many points in a
line. A line has no width or thickness, and extends without end in both directions. Plane:
A plane has length and width but no
surface that extends without end in all directions.
thickness.
It
is
is
flat
2. The points A, B, C and the points D, B, E are collinear points.

3. a. The lines: AC, AB, DG b. The points A, E, B, the points D, B, G are collinear points c.
The points A, F, G, and the points D, B, C are non collinear points.
4. a. 28 b. 91 c. 2016 d. 7140
B. LINE SEGMENT, RAY, AND HALF LINE

1. Line Segment
Definition
line segment
The line segment AB is the set of points
consisting of point A, point B, and all the
points between A and B. A and B are called the
endpoints of the segment. We write [AB] to
refer to the line segment AB.
B
line segment
AB or [AB]
This definition describes one type of line segment: a closed line segment. There
are three types of line segment.
a. Closed Line Segment

A line segment whose endpoints are included in the
segment is called a closed line segment.
[AB] in the diagram is a closed line segment.

Physical model of a line
segment: a piece of string.
b. Open Line Segment

A line segment whose endpoints are excluded from the
segment is called an open line segment.
The line segment AB in the diagram is an open line segment and denoted by ]AB[.
We use an empty dot ( ) to show that a point is not included in a line segment.
Geometric Concepts
13
c. Half-Open Line Segment

open line segment.
A line segment that includes only one of its endpoints is called a half-o
A
half-open line segment AB

[AB[
EXAMPLE
half-open line segment AB

]AB]
Name the closed, open and half-open line segments in the figure on the right.
Solution Closed line segment: [AB]

Half-open line segments: [AC[, [BC[, and [BD[
Open line segment: ]CD[
Property
If C is a point between A and B, then
[AC]
[CB]
[AC] + [CB] = [AB].

A
Using this property, we can conclude that if

three points are collinear, then one of them is
between the other points.
A
[AB]
Point B is between the points A and C.
2. Ray
Definition
ray
The ray AB is the part of the line AB that contains point A and all the points on the line
segment that stretches from point A through point B to infinity. The ray AB is denoted by [AB.
In the diagrams, each ray begins at a point and extends to infinity in one direction. A is the
endpoint of [AB, and C is the endpoint of [CD.
A
B
ray AB, or [AB
14
C
[CD
Geometriy 7
B
half line AB
]AB
A half line extends to infinity in one direction. A half line is like a ray,
but it begins at an open endpoint.
C. PLANE AND SPACE

1. Plane
We can think of the floor and ceiling of a room as parts of horizontal planes. The walls of a
room are parts of vertical planes.
vertical planes
A point can be an element of a plane.
D
B
A
C
horizontal planes
In the diagram, point A is an element of plane P. We can write

A (P). Similarly, B (P), C (P), D (P), and E (P).
plane P: (P)
a. Coplanar Points
Definition
coplanar points
Points that are in the same plane are called coplanar points.
In the figure, points A, B, and C are all in the plane P. They
are coplanar points. Points K, L, and M are also coplanar
points. A, K, and M are not coplanar points, because they
do not lie in the same plane.
Geometric Concepts
A
C
P
K
15
b. Coplanar Lines
Definition
coplanar lines
Lines that are in the same plane are called coplanar lines.
For example, in the figure, the lines m and n are both in

the plane P. They are coplanar lines.
Theorem
For any three points, there is at least one plane that contains them. For any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane that contains them.
In the figure, the plane P is determined by the
noncollinear points A, B, and C.
A
B
2. Space
Definition
space
Space is the set of all points.
We have seen that lines and planes are defined by sets of points.
According to the definition of space, all lines and planes can be considered as subsets of space.
D. RELATION BETWEEN TWO LINES

1. Intersecting Lines
d
Two lines that intersect each other in a plane are called

intersecting lines, or concurrent lines.
In the figure on the left, line d and line l intersect each
other at point A. They are intersecting lines.
16
l
A
Geometriy 7
2. Parallel Lines
Two lines are parallel if they are in the same plane and
do not have a common point.
d l and d l =
In the figure on the left, line d and line l are parallel

lines. We write d l to show that lines d and l are parallel.
3. Coincident Lines
Two lines are coincident if each one contains all the
points of the other.
In the figure on the left, line d and line l are coincident

lines. We write d = l to show that lines d and l are
coincident.
d=l
4. Skew Lines
l
Two lines are skew if they are non-coplanar and they do

not intersect.
In the figure on the left, E and F are two non-parallel
planes. Hence, lines d and l are in different planes, and
since they do not intersect, they are skew lines.
EXAMPLE
d
F
In the figure there are three intersecting lines. Decide whether each statement is true or
false.
m C
a. point A is the intersection of l and d
b. point C is the intersection of d and l

c. point B is the intersection of l and m
Solution
a. True, since point A is the common point of l and d.

b. False, since point C is not a common point of d and l.
c. True, since point B is the common point of l and m.
Geometric Concepts
17
E. RELATION BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE

We have seen the different possibilities for the relation between two lines. Let us look at the
possible relations between a line and a plane.
1. The Intersection of a Line and a Plane

A line can intersect a plane at one point.
In the diagram on the left, the line d intersects the plane

E at point A.
d (E) = {A}
2. Parallelism of a Line and a Plane

A line can be parallel to a plane.
In the diagram on the left, there is no common point
between line d and plane E. They are parallel.
E
d (E) =
3. A Line Lies in a Plane

If at least two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line
lies in the plane. We write d (E) to show that line d lies
in plane E.
In the diagram, points A and B are in plane E, so the line
AB lies in the plane E.
d
B
A
A, B d
A, B (E)
d (E)
F. RELATION BETWEEN TWO PLANES

1. Parallel Planes
If two planes have no common point, they are called
parallel planes. We write (A) (B) to show that two
planes are parallel. The opposite walls of a room are an
example of parallel planes.
P Q
(P) (Q)
18
E
F
(E) (F)
Geometriy 7
2. Intersecting Planes
If two planes have only one common line, they are called
intersecting planes.
F
(E) (F) = d
3. Coincident Planes
If two planes have three noncollinear points in common,
they are called coincident planes. (P) and (Q) in the
figure are coincident planes. We write (P) = (Q) to show
that planes P and Q are coincident.
A
Q
P
A, B, C (P)
A, B, C (Q)
(P) = (Q)
4. Half Planes
A line in a plane separates the plane into two disjoint
regions that are called half planes. (E1) and (E2) in the
figure are half planes of (E).
half plane
(E1)
half plane
(E2)
E
boundary of two half planes
(E1) (E2) =
(E1) (E2) l = (E)
Geometric Concepts
19
EXERCISES
1 .1
1. Explain why the concepts of point, line, and plane
10. Name all the lines, rays, line segments, and half
lines in the given figure.
cannot be defined in geometry.
2. Draw five points on a piece of paper, and make
sure that no three are of them collinear. Draw all

the lines passing through these points. How many
lines can you draw?
4. At least how many points determine a line?

5. At least how many noncollinear points determine
a plane? Why?
H
L
E
3. Explain the difference between a ray and a half

line.
11. Write the meaning of the following.

a. [CD] b. [PQ[
c. ]AB[
d. [KL
e. ]MN
f. EF
12. Describe the intersection of the line and the
6. Give examples from daily life to illustrate the

concepts of point, line, and plane.
plane in each figure.

a.
b. m
7. Write words to complete the sentences.

a. A point has no __________ and no __________.
A
E
c.
C
b. Two points determine a ___________ .

c. Three noncollinear points determine a _____ .
d. Two lines that lie in different planes and do
not intersect are called ___________ lines.
8.
13. Write the coplanar points

in the given figure.
D
A
L
K
14. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of

two planes can be a line.
Determine whether the statements are true or

false for the given figure.
15. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of

three planes can be a point.
a. A, B, and C are collinear points

b. points D and E are not in the line l
c. B l
16. Look at the figure.
a. How many planes are

there?
d. E l
e. C, D, and E are noncollinear
S
DR
number of triwise noncollinear points?
b. Write the intersection

of the planes.
a. 5
c. How many lines pass through each point?
9. How many different lines can pass through each
20
b. 7
c. 21
d. 101
P
A
Q
B
Geometriy 7
1A
CHAPTER REVIEW TEST
1. Which concept is precisely defined in geometry?

A) point
B) line
D) space
C) plane
E) ____
5. According to the figure,
which statement is
false?
B
A
d
m
A) l d = {C}
B) l m = {A}
C) l d m = {A, B, C}
D) m d = {B}
E) ____
2. A plane has no
A) thickness.
B) length.
D) surface.
C) width.
E) ____
6. ABCD is a rectangle in a plane P. E is a point such

that E (P). How many planes are there that
include point E, with one or more of points A, B,
C, and D?
A) 7
3. A ray with an open endpoint is called

A) a line.
B) a half line.
C) a line segment.
D) an open line segment.

E) ____
B) 8
C) 9
D) 10
E) ?
7. How many lines do five points determine if no

three of the points are collinear?
A) 15

which statement is true?
D
B E
B) 12
C) 10
E) ?
d
C
8. Space is
A) A, B and E are collinear points
A) the intersection of two planes.
B) l d = {B}
B) the set of all points.
C) C l
C) a subset of a plane.
D) D, B, and E are noncollinear points
D) a very large plane.
E) _
E) ?
Chapter Review Test 1A
D) 9
21

which statement is
false?
A) C (E)
12. Let [AB] + [BC] = [AC], and [MN] + [NK] = [MK].
Which points are between two other points?

d
C
A
B) l (E) = {A}
A) A and M
B) B and M
C) C and K
D) B and N
E) ____
C) l d = {B}
D) l and d are skew lines
E) ?
10. Which figure shows ]AB?

A)
C)
B)
D)
E) ____
which statement is false?

l
A) (P) l = l
B) (P) m = m
C) (P) n = n
D) l m n = {A}
E) ?
22
Geometriy 7
Objectives

1. Define the concept of angle and the regions an angle forms.
2. Measure angles.
3. Classify angles with respect to their measures.
4. Classify angles with respect to their positions.
5. Classify angles with respect to the sum of their measures.
A. REGIONS OF AN ANGLE
1. Angle
One of the basic figures in geometry is the angle.
A television antenna is a physical model of an angle.
Changing the length of the antenna does not change the
angle. However, moving the two antennae closer
together or further apart changes the angle.
Definition
angle
An angle is the union of two rays that have a common endpoint. The rays are called the sides
of the angle. The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.
Look at the diagram. [BA and [BC are the sides of the
angle. The vertex is the common endpoint B.
e
vertex
sid
The symbol for an angle is . We name the angle in the

diagram ABC, or CBA, and say angle ABC, or angle
CBA. We can also name angles with numbers or
lower-case letters, or just by their vertex.
side
B
Note
In three-letter angle names the letter in the middle must always be the vertex.
24
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
Solution
Name the angles in the diagrams.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. AOB or BOA
c. 1
b. A
d. a
interior and exterior region of an angle
Definition
The region that lies between the sides (arms) of an angle is called the interior region of the angle.
The region that lies outside an angle is called the exterior region of the angle.
EXAMPLE
Answer the questions for the angle ABC on the right.

A
a. Which points are in the interior region of the angle?

b. Which points lie on the angle?
c. Which points are in the exterior region of the angle?

Solution
D
H
B
F
a. The points D and E are in the interior region of the angle.

b. The points A, B, C, and H lie on the angle.
c. The points G and F are in the exterior region of the angle.
B. MEASURING ANGLES
Angles are measured by an amount of
rotation. We measure this rotation in units
called degrees. One full circle of rotation is
360 degrees. We write it as 360.
Babylonian astronomers chose

the number 360 to represent one
full rotation of a ray back on to
itself.
B
360
We can show the size of an angle on a diagram

using a curved line between the two rays at the
vertex, with a number. When we write the size
of an angle, we write a lowercase m in front of
the angle symbol.
Why this number was chosen?

It is because 360 is close to the
number of days in a year and it is
divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10,
12, and many other numbers.
45
For example, mAOB = 45 means that angle AOB measures 45 degrees.

Look at some more examples of angle measures in the diagrams.
10
mA = 10
Angles
30
mB = 30
90
mC = 90
150
D
mD = 150
E
360
mE = 360
25
60
70
80
90 100
110
50
Notice that the symbol for a 90 angle is a small square at the vertex. A 90 angle
is also called a right angle in geometry.
120
130
90 80 70
110100
140
120
60
50
130
30
150
40
140
30
150
20
160
160
20
10
170
170
10
It is important to read angles carefully in geometry problems. For example, an

angle in a problem might look like a right angle (90). However, if it is not labelled
as a right angle, it may be a different size. We can only use the given information
in a problem. We calculate other information using the theorems in geometry.
40
180
180
10
protractor
Definition
The geometric tool we use to measure angles on paper is called a protractor.

A protractor has a semi-circular shape and a scale with units from 0 to 180.
To measure angles with a protractor, follow the three steps below.
60
70
80
90 100
50
110
60
120
120
40
180
110
130
90 80 70
110100
140
120
60
50
130
30
150
40
140
30
150
20
160
160
20
10
170
170
10
90 80 70
110100
140
120
60
50
130
30
150
40
140
30
150
20
160
160
20
10
170
170
10
180
90 100
50
130
40
80
70
10
180
180
10
1. Place the central hole (dot) of the protractor on the vertex of the angle.
2. Place the zero measure on the protractor along one side of the angle.
3. Read the measure of the angle where the other side of the angle crosses the protractors scale.
Notice that there are two semicircular scales of numbers on the protractor. If the angle
measure is smaller than 90 then we read the angle using the scale with the smaller number.
If the angle measure is greater than 90 then we use the scale with the larger number.
EXAMPLE
Read the protractor to find the measure of

each angle.
a. mAOB
b. mAOC
d. mAOE
e. mAOF
g. mCOF
h. mDOE
D
E
c. mAOD
80
90 100
50
110
120
130
90 80 70
110100
40
140
120
60
50
130
30
150
40
140
30
150
20
160
160
20
10
170
170
10
f. mBOC
F
180
26
60
70
O
3
B
A
180
10
Geometriy 7
Solution
a. mAOB = 22
b. mAOC = 68
c. mAOD = 90
d. mAOE = 140
e. mAOF = 175
f. mBOC = mAOC mAOB = 68 22 = 46
g. mCOF = mAOF mAOC = 175 68 = 107

h. mDOE = mAOE mAOD = 140 90 = 50
A
For example, let us use a protractor to draw an angle of 56.
1. Draw a ray.
C
A
2. Place the centre point of the protractor on the endpoint (A) of the ray.
Align the ray with the base line of the protractor.
C
A
56
3. Locate 56 on the protractor scale. Make a dot at that point and label it as C.
mBAC = 56
4. Remove the protractor and draw [AC.
After learning to how use a protractor we can easily draw and measure angles.
Check Yourself 1
1. Name the following angles.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3
2. Find the following sets of points in the figure.

a. L {X}
b. int L {X}
c. ext L L
X
T
M S
K
L
Y
d. int L ext L
e. int L {S}
f. L {T, S, }
g. int L {Z, Y}
h. ext L {Z, Y}
Angles
27
3. Measure each angle using a protractor.

a.
b.
c.
B
d.
C
4. Draw the angles.

a. 45
b. 83
c. 174
d. 180
e. 225
Answers
1. a. AOB b. A c. 3 d. b
2. a. b. {x} c. d. e. f. {S, K} g. h. {Z, Y}
C. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR MEASURES

We can classify angles according to their measures.
1. Acute Angle
An angle that measures less than 90 is called an acute
angle.
The angles on the left are all examples of acute angles
because they measure less than 90.
25
45
80
2. Right Angle
An angle that measures exactly 90 is called a right angle.
The angles on the left are all examples of right angles
because they measure exactly 90. We use a special
square symbol at the vertex to show a right angle.
3. Obtuse Angle
An angle that measures between 90 and 180 is called
an obtuse angle.
The angles on the left are all obtuse angles.
Y
91
120
165
O
4. Straight Angle
An angle that measures exactly 180 is called a straight
angle. In the diagram, A is a straight angle.
28
180
A
Geometriy 7
5. Complete Angle
An angle that measures exactly 360 is called a complete
angle. In the diagram, E is a complete angle.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Classify the angles according to their a.

measure.
b.
180
a. 180 is a straight angle.
360
c.
360
125
d.
b. 360 is a complete angle.
e.
35
c. 125 is between 90 and 180, so

it is an obtuse angle.
d. 90 is a right angle.
e. 35 is less than 90, so it is an acute angle.
D. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR POSITION

1. Adjacent Angles
adjacent angles
Definition
Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side, but do not have any interior points in common.
In the diagram, the angles AOC and BOC have a
common vertex and a common side ([OC) with
non-intersecting interior regions.
Therefore, AOC and BOC are adjacent angles.
B
C
Theorem
If two angles are vertical then they are also congruent, i.e. they have equal measures.
EXAMPLE
Determine whether the pairs of angles are vertical or not,

using the figure.
a. a, b
b. a, c
c. d, a
d. b, d
l
c
Solution The lines l and k intersect at one point. Therefore,

a.
b.
c.
d.
Angles
b
d
a
k
a and b are not vertical angles,

a and c are vertical angles, because they are in opposite directions,
d and a are not vertical angles, and
b and d are vertical angles.
29
E. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THE SUM OF

THEIR MEASURES
1. Complementary Angles
complementary angles
Definition
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90, then the

angles are called complementary angles.
Each angle is called the complement of the other angle.

For example, in the diagram opposite, ANB and CMD
are complementary angles, because the sum of their
measures is 90:
30
60
N
mANB + mCMD = 30 + 60 = 90.
2. Supplementary Angles
supplementary angles
Definition
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180, then the angles are called supplementary
angles. Each angle is called the supplement of the other angle.
In the diagram, XYZ and MNO are supplementary
angles because the sum of their measures is 180:
40
mXYZ + mMNO = 40 + 140 = 180.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Find x if the given angles are

complementary.
a. If x and 2x are
complementary, then
M
X
O
Y N
a.
140
b.
3x+30
2x
2x+10
x + 2x = 90.
Therefore, x = 30.
b. 2x + 10 + 3x + 30 = 90
2x + 3x + 10 + 30 = 90
5x = 50
x = 10
30
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
Solution
Find x if the given angles are

supplementary.
a.
b.
a. If 2x and 4x are supplementary, then
4x
2x
2x+60
3x+50
2x + 4x = 180.
Therefore, x = 30.
b 2x + 60 + 3x + 50 = 180
2x + 3x + 60 + 50 = 180
5x + 110 = 180
5x = 70
x = 14
Check Yourself 2
b.
c.
15
3x+
4x
2x+
30
a.
1. Find x if the given angles are complementary.
2x+20
x 20
2. Find x if the given angles are supplementary.

a.
b.
6x
3x
c.
2x 10
4x+40
5x 12
2x
18
Answers
1. a. 18 b. 30 c. 9
2. a. 20 b. 25 c. 30
Angles
31
Objectives

1. Identify corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, and alternate exterior angles.
2. Identify interior angles on the same side of a transversal.
3. Describe the properties of angles with parallel sides.
4. Define an angle bisector.
A. CORRESPONDING ANGLES AND ALTERNATE ANGLES

Definition
supplementary angles
Let m and n be two lines in a plane. A third line l that intersects each of m and n at different
points is called a transversal of m and n.
In the diagram, line AB is a transversal of m and n.
Let us look at the types of angle formed in the figure of two parallel lines with a transversal.
Remember the notation for parallel lines: m n means that m is parallel to n.
1. Corresponding Angles
Definition
corresponding angles
In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the
angles in the same position at each intersection are
called corresponding angles.
m//n
2
3
In the diagram, 1 and 5 are corresponding angles.

Also, the angle pairs 2 and 6, 3 and 7, and 4 and
8 are corresponding angles.
6
7
Property
Corresponding angles are congruent.

Therefore, in the diagram, m1
m2
m3
m4
=
=
=
=
m5,
m6,
m7, and
m8.
m//n
3
6
7
32
Geometriy 7
2. Alternate Interior Angles

Definition
alternate interior angles

In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the interior angles between the parallel
lines on opposite sides of the transversal are called alternate interior angles.
m//n
In the diagram, the angles 4 and 6 are alternate
interior angles. Also, 3 and 5 are alternate interior
angles.
Property
Alternate interior angles are congruent.
m//n
Therefore, in the diagram,
m4 = m6, and m3 = m5.

6
3. Alternate Exterior Angles

Definition
alternate exterior angles

In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the angles outside the parallel lines on
opposite sides of the transversal called alternate exterior angles.
l
m//n
In the diagram, the angles 1 and 7 are alternate
exterior angles. Also, 2 and 8 are alternate exterior
angles.
3
6
7
4
5
Property
Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
m//n
2
Therefore, in the diagram,

m1 = m7, and m2 = m8.
7
Angles
m
n
33
4. Interior Angles on the Same Side of a Transversal

alternate interior angles
Definition
In a figure of two parallel lines intersected by a

transversal, interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
m//n
m
x
Therefore, in the diagram, mx + my = 180.

y
EXAMPLE
In the digaram, [BA DE.
100
Find mBCD.
30
D
Solution
B
100
80
30
B
100
30
30
If [BA [CF then ABC

and x are supplementary.
mABC + mx = 180
100 + mx = 180
mx = 80
EDC and y are

alternate interior
angles.
mEDC = my
my = 30
mBCD = mx + my
= 80 + 30
= 110
5. Angles with Parallel Sides

Theorem
The measures of two angles with parallel sides in the same direction are equal.
Proof
Consider the diagram on the right.
[OA [LK
1. AOB and LTB are corresponding angles.
[OB [LM
A
AOB LTB
mAOB = mKLM
34
2. LTB KLM (corresponding angles)

AOB KLM
M
O
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
Solution
In the figure, [AC [DF, [AB [DE, mCAB = 2x + 40,

and mFDE = 6x 20. Find mCAB.
C
D
mCAB = mFDE
2x + 40 =
40 + 20 =
60 =
15 =
F
6x 20
E
2x + 40
6x 20
6x 2x
4x
x
So mCAB = 70.
Theorem
The measures of two angles with parallel sides in opposite directions are equal.
Proof
1. KLM BPL (corresponding angles)

2. AOB BPL AOB KLM
[OA // [LM
[OB // [LK
Property
In the figure, if d k and B is the intersection of [BA and

[BC, then
mb = ma + mc.
a
b
EXAMPLE
10 In the figure, [AE [BF, mA = 40, and mB = 30.
Find mAOB.
Solution
mAOB = mOAE + mOBF

mAOB = 40 + 30
= 70
Angles
E
40
?
30
F
35
Property
In the figure, if d k and B is the intersection of [BA and

[BC, then
EXAMPLE
11 In the figure, AB CD, mAEF = 5x, mEFH = 3x, and
3x
mFHC + mFHD = 180 (supplementary angles)

mFHC = 180 2x
mAEF + mEFH + mFHC =
5x + 3x + 180 2x =
6x + 180 =
6x =
x=
E
5x
mFHD = 2x. Find x.

Solution
ma + mb + mc = 360.
2x
H
360
360
360
180
30
Property
In a figure such as the figure opposite, the sum of the

measures of the angles in one direction is equal to the
sum of the measures of the angles in the other direction.
A E
mx + my + mz = ma + mb + mc + md
AB CD
EXAMPLE
12 In the figure, [AE [DF, mEAB = 35, mBCD = 25,

and mABC = 4 mCDF. Find mABC.
Solution
35 + 25 = 4x + x
60 = 5x
x = 12
35
4x
B
25
x
Therefore, mABC = 48.

36
Geometriy 7
Two lines are called perpendicular lines if they intersect

at right angles. We write AB CD to show that two lines
AB and CD are perpendicular.
A
C
D
O
B
Property
In the diagram, if [OA [LK and [OB [LB then

mAOB + mNLB = 180.
K A
N
L
EXAMPLE
13 In the figure, [BA [FD, [BC [FE, [BA [FG,
mABC = 60, and mGFE = x. Find x.
Solution
mABC + mDFE = 180

60 + mDFE = 180
mDFE = 120
mGFD
mGFD + mGFE + mDFE
90 + mGFE + 120
90 + x + 120
x + 210
x
EXAMPLE
60
=
=
=
=
=
=
90
360
360
360
360
150
14 In the figure, [AC [ED, mABE = 23,

Let us draw a line [BF parallel to [ED.
mDEB + mEBF = 180 (interior angles on the same
118 + mEBF = 180 side of a transversal)
mEBF = 62
mBAC + mABF = 180
mBAC + 85 = 180
mBAC = 95
E
23
and mBED = 118, Find mBAC.
Solution
118
B
C
A
E
23
62
118
D
F
Angles
37
EXAMPLE
15 In the figure, [AD [CE, mDAB = 112,
and mBCE = 120.
Find mABC.
120
A
112
?
B
Solution
Let us draw a line [BK parallel to [AD.

mDAB + mABK = 180
112 + mABK = 180
mABK = 68
C
D
112
68
mBCE = mABC + mABK

120 = mABC + 68 mABC = 52
120
A
?
B
6. Bisector of an Angle
angle bisector
Definition
A ray that divides an angle into two congruent angles is called the bisector of the angle.
In the figure, [OB is the bisector of AOC:
mAOB = mBOC
=
EXAMPLE
1
AOC.
2
16 In the figure, [BE and [BF are the bisectors of ABD and
CBD respectively. Find mEBF.
Solution
a
a
D
F
mABD + mCBD = 180

mEBF =
mABD m CBD
+
= 90
2
2
Definition
The bisectors of two adjacent supplementary angles are perpendicular to each other.
38
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
17 In the figure, [OE is the bisector of FOD.
mBAD = a, mEBC = b, and mFCG = c.

Show that a + c = 2 b.
Angles
C
c
O
Let [OH AG.

mHOC = mGCF = c
mHOB = mCBE = b
mHOD = mBAD = a
Let mCOB = mBOA = x.
c+x=b x=bc b+x=a
b+bc=a
Therefore, a + c = 2 b.
Solution
F
E
a
A
39
EXERCISES
1. Using the given figure, find each set of

points.
P
M
K
N
a. O {P}
b. O {N}
c. O {K, O, M}
d. int O {P}
e. int O {N}
f. int O {K, O, M} g. ext O {N}

h. ext O {P}
i. O int O
j. O ext O
k. int O ext O O
4. Draw the angles.

a. 20
b. 35
c. 75
d. 120
e. 175
f. 210
g. 240
h. 330
5. Classify the types of angle.

a.
b.
c.
135
45
d.
e.
360
2. Find each set of

points for the given
figure.
B
A
H
a. ABC ACD
D F
G
b.
complementary.
a.
4x+30
15
x+
2x+25
c. ABC int CAD
c.
35
3x
b. int ABC CAD
6. Find x in each figure if the angles are
3x5
d. ext ABC CAD

e. ABC ext CAD
7. Find x in each figure if the angles are
3. Measure the angles using a protractor.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
supplementary.
a.
3x
b.
2x+20
3x+15
c.
4x+25
125 + 2x
45 x
8. In the figure, m n,
g.
h.
i.
l is a transversal and
m7 = 115.
Find the measures.
a. m1
b. m2
c. m3
d. m4
e. m5
f. m6
3
4
7
8
g. m8
40
Geometriy 7
9. Given [BA [DE, find
mx.
10. In the figure,
x
E
[BA [ED,
[BC [EF,
mABC = 3x 30, and
mDEF = 4x 70.
Find x.
D
4x70
25
3x
40
Find x.
x
2x
50
x
l
C
18. In the figure,
d l.
Find mx.
105
17. In the figure, d l.
115
12. In the figure,
30
3x30
d l.
Find mx.
100
[BA [EF,
mBCD = 100,
mCDE = 25, and
mFED = 105.
Find mABC.
80
11. In the figure,
16. In the figure,
B
30
100
[BA [DE,
[BC [DF and
[BC [BD], and
mGDE = 40.
Find mABC.
A B
E
G
19. In the figure,

13. In the figure,
A
x
[BA [DE,
mBCD = 40, and
mCDE = 120.
Find mABC.
40
Find mx.
15. In the figure,

[BA [ED] and
[CD] [EF.
Find the relation
between x, y, and z.
Angles
120
14. In the figure,

[BA [FG,
mEFG = 120, and
mABC = 130.
[BC [DF,
[BA [DG, and
[ED] is the angle
bisector of mGDF.
Find mABC.
G
B
20 . In the figure,
x
F
B
130
2x
E
2x
4x
C
60
[AB [CD.
Find mAEC.
D
F
120
140
E
E
G
40
21 . In the figure,
AB CD.
Find mBFC.
70
41
CHAPTER REVIEW TEST
1. The complement of an angle x is 10 more than

three times mx. Find the measure of the bigger
angle.
A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80
2. The sum of the measures of the supplementary

and complementary angles of an angle x is 250.
Find mx.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
7. In the figure,
m n,
mKAB = 130, and
mLCD = 40.
Find mABC.
A) 100
B) 90
bisectors of two adjacent supplementary angles?

B) 60
C) 75
D) 90
4. In the figure, [OA [OB,
C) 80
D) 70
8. In the figure,
A) 40
3x
d l. Find x.
6x10
4x20
B) 30
C) 20
9. In the figure,
[AB] [BE.
Find mx.
D) 10
B
x
70
D
C
60
130 E
A) 30
b
a
a 2 . Find b.
=
b 3
B) 36
C) 54
D) 60
5. The ratio of two complementary angles is 2 . Find

the measure of the supplementary angle
of the smaller angle.

A) 170
mCOB = b, and
A) 30
mAOC = a,
x
C
40
D) 40
3. What is the measure of the angle between the
A) 45
A
130
B) 160
C) 150
D) 110
B) 40
C) 50
10. In the figure,
[BC [DE and

[BA [DF.
What is the relation
between mx and
my?
Find mx.
115
x 35
F
B
y
C
A) mx + my = 90
B) mx + my = 180
C) mx = my
D) mx my = 30
11. In the figure,

6. In the figure, l k.
D) 60
[BC is the angle

bisector of ABC.
Find mx.
x
85
125
B
C
A) 110
42
B) 100
C) 90
D) 80
A) 65
B) 55
C) 50
D) 45
Geometriy 7
Objectives

1. Define a triangle.
2. Name the elements of a triangle.
3. Describe the types of triangle accordin to sides.
4. Describe the types of triangle according to angles.
A. THE TRIANGLE AND ITS ELEMENTS

The roofs of many buildings have a triangular cross-section. A triangle makes a simple musical instrument, and many traffic signs have a triangular shape. These are just some examples of how triangles are used in the world around us.
Challenge!
Without lifting your pencil,
join the following four
points with three segments
to form a closed figure.
Making a Poster - Triangles
Activity
Make a poster to show how triangles are used in everyday life. You can take photographs,
make drawings or collect pictures from magazines or newspapers to show buildings,
designs, signs and artwork which use triangles.
In this section we will consider the main features of triangles and how we can use them to
solve numerical problems.
1. Definition
The word triangle means three angles. Every triangle has three angles and three sides.
Definition
triangle, vertex, side

A triangle is a plane figure which is formed by three line segments joining three noncollinear
points. Each of the three points is called a vertex of the triangle. The segments are called the
sides of the triangle.
The plural of vertex is

vertices.
44
We name a triangle with the symbol

followed by three capital letters, each
corresponding to a vertex of the triangle. We
can give the letters in any order, moving
clockwise or counterclockwise around the
triangle.
Geometriy 7
For example, we can refer to the triangle shown at the right as ABC. We can also call it BCA,
CAB, ACB, BAC or CBA. The vertices of ABC are the points A, B and C. The sides of ABC
are the segments AB, BC and CA.
interior and exterior angles of a triangle
Definition
Notice that a triangle is

defined as the union of
three line segments. Since
an angle lies between two
rays (not two line segments),
a triangle has no angles by
this definition. However,
we can talk about the
angles of a triangle by
assuming the existence
of rays: for example, the
rays AB and AC form
angle A of a triangle ABC.
A
a
In a triangle ABC, the angles BAC, ABC and

ACB are called the interior angles of the
triangle. They are written as A, B and C,
respectively. The adjacent supplementary
angles of these interior angles are called the
exterior angles of the triangle. They are
written as A, B and C, respectively.
A
B
We can refer to the sides of a triangle ABC by

using the line segments AB, BC and AC, or by
using the lower-case form of the vertex
opposite each side.
For instance, in ABC at the right:

a is the side opposite vertex A,
b is the side opposite vertex B, and

c is the side opposite vertex C.
EXAMPLE
Look at the figure.
a. Name all the triangles in the figure.

b. Name all the interior angles of MNE.
c. Name all the vertices of NEP.
d. Name all the sides of MNP.
e. Name all the exterior angles of ENM.

Solution
Triangles and Construction
a. MNE, NEP and MNP

b. M (or NME), MNE and MEN.
d. segment MP, segment PN and segment

NM
c. points N, E and P
e. E, N and M
45
perimeter of a triangle
Definition
The sum of the lengths of the three sides of a triangle is called the perimeter of the triangle.
We write P(ABC) to mean the perimeter of a triangle ABC.
Challenge!
Move exactly three
toothpicks in the following
arrangement to make five
triangles.
For instance, the perimeter of the triangle

ABC in the figure is
P(ABC) = BC + CA + AB = a + b + c.
A
b
EXAMPLE
Solution
In the figure, P(ABC) = P(DEF). Find x.
P(ABC) = P(DEF)
D
10
x+2
14
16
x + 2 + x +10 = 16 + 14 + x (given)
2x + 12 = x + 30
x = 18
Check Yourself 1
1. Three distinct points K, M and N lie on a line m, and a fourth point T is not on the line
m. Point T is joined to each of the other points. Find how many triangles are formed and
name each one.
D
F
C
2. Find and name all the triangles in the figure at the right.
G
3. Polygon ABCDE is a regular polygon and its diagonals are

shown in the figure. Name
Triangles in the world
around us
a. all the triangles whose three vertices lie on the polygon.

b. all the triangles which have exactly one vertex on the
polygon.
A regular polygon is a
polygon in which all sides
have the same length and
all angles are equal.
46
c. all the triangles which have two sides on the polygon.
D
N
C
L
K
A
d. the sides of all the triangles which do not have a side on the polygon.
4. The side AC of a triangle ABC measures 12.6 cm, and the two non-congruent sides AB and
BC are each 1 cm longer or shorter than AC. Find P(ABC).
Geometriy 7
5. Point X is on the side KN of a triangle KMN. Find the length

of MX if the perimeters of the triangles KXM, XMN and KMN
are 24, 18, and 30, respectively.
Answers
1. Three triangles are formed: KMT, MNT and TKN.
2. AEL, LEB, LBC, AKL, AGK, ALB, ABC, AFC,
ADF, AGL, ADC
The picture shows the food

triangle of different types of food.
Can you see what the different
regions mean?
3. a. ABC, BCD, CDE, DEA, EAB

b. BKL, CLM, DMN, ENP, APK
c. ABC, BCD, CDE, DEA, EAB
d. sides of BKL: BK, KL, BL; sides of CLM: CL, ML, CM; sides of DMN: DM, MN, DN;
sides of ENP: EN, NP, EP; sides of APK: AP, KP, AK
4. 37.8 cm
5. 6
2. Regions of a Triangle
Any given triangle ABC separates the plane which contains it into three distinct regions:
1. The points on the sides of the triangle form the triangle itself.
2. The set of points which lie inside the triangle form the interior of the triangle, denoted
int ABC.
3. The set of points which lie outside the
triangle form the exterior of the triangle,
denoted ext ABC.
The union of a triangle with its interior and
exterior region forms a plane. In the figure
opposite, the plane is called E. We can write
exterior
interior
B
E = int ABC ABC ext ABC.

EXAMPLE
Write whether each statement is true or false

according to the figure opposite.
a. Point T is in the interior of DFE.

b. M ext BDE
c. ADF BED =
d. ext FDE int FCE = FCE
e. Points T and K are in the exterior of DFE.

Solution
a. false
b. true
c. false
d. false
e. true
47
Check Yourself 2
A
Answer according to the figure.
a. Name five points which are on the triangle.
J
N
b. Name three points which are not on the triangle.

c. Name two points which are in the exterior of the triangle.
S
C
d. What is the intersection of the line ST and the triangle ABC?

A physical model of a
triangle with its interior
region
e. What is the intersection of the segment NS and the exterior of the triangle ABC?
Answers
a. points A, B, C, T and S b. points J, L and N c. points J and L d. points S and T
e.
3. Auxiliary Elements of a Triangle

Three special line segments in a triangle can often help us to solve triangle problems. These
segments are the median, the altitude and the bisector of a triangle.
a. Median
Definition
median
In a triangle, a line segment whose endpoints are a vertex and the midpoint of the side
opposite the vertex is called a median of the triangle.
In the figure, the median to side BC is the
line segment AD. It includes the vertex A and
the midpoint of BC.
Va
Auxiliary elements are

extra
or
additional
elements.
We usually use the capital letter V to indicate

the length of a median. Accordingly, the
lengths of the medians from the vertices of a
triangle ABC to each side a, b and c are
written as Va, Vb and Vc, respectively. As we
can see, every triangle has three medians.
48
Va
Vb
B
Vc
D
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
Name the median indicated in each triangle and indicate its length.
a.
b.
Solution
c.
a. median MD, length Vm

b. median TE, length Vt
c. median PF, length Vp
Paper Folding - Medians
Activity
1. Follow the steps to construct the median of a triangle by paper folding.
Take a triangular piece of paper

and fold one vertex to another
vertex.
This
locates
the
midpoint of a side.
Fold the paper again from the

midpoint to the opposite vertex.
DM is the median of EF.
2. Cut out three different triangles. Fold the triangles carefully to construct the three
medians of each triangle. Do you notice anything about how the medians of a triangle
intersect each other?
Definition
centroid of a triangle
The medians of a triangle are concurrent. Their common point is called the centroid of the
triangle.
49
Concurrent lines are lines

which all pass through a
common point.
The centroid of a triangle is the center of gravity of the triangle. In other words, a triangular
model of uniform thickness and density will balance on a support placed at the centroid of
the triangle. The two figures below show a triangular model which balances on the tip of a
pencil placed at its centroid.
b. Angle bisector
Definition
triangle angle bisector

An angle bisector of a triangle is a line segment which bisects an angle of the triangle and
which has an endpoint on the side opposite the angle.
In the figure, AN is the angle bisector which
divides BAC into two congruent parts.
We call this the bisector of angle A
because it extends from the vertex A.
Since AN is an angle bisector, we can write
m(BAN) = m(NAC).
We usually use the letter n to indicate the
length of an angle bisector in a triangle.
Hence the lengths of the angle bisectors of a
triangle ABC from vertices A, B and C are
written nA, nB and nC, respectively. As we can
see, every triangle has three angle bisectors.
50
A
a a
nA
A
nA
nB
B
nC
N
Geometriy 7
Paper Folding - Angle Bisectors
Activity
Follow the steps to explore angle bisectors in a triangle.

1. Cut out three different triangles.
2. Fold the three angle bisectors of each triangle as shown below.
3. What can you say about the intersection of the angle bisectors in a triangle?
Folding the angle bisector of A.
Definition
The inscribed circle of a

triangle is a circle which
is tangent to all sides of
the triangle.
AN is the angle bisector of A.
BM is the angle bisector of B.
incenter of a triangle
The angle bisectors in a triangle are concurrent
and their intersection point is called the
incenter of the triangle. The incenter of a
triangle is the center of the inscribed circle of
the triangle.
A
L
N
C
O is the incenter of DABC
As an exercise, try drawing a circle centered at the incenter of each of your triangles from
the previous activity. Are your circles inscribed circles?
We have seen that nA, nB and nC are the bisectors of the interior angles of a triangle ABC. We
can call these bisectors interior angle bisectors. Additionally, the lengths of the bisectors of
the exterior angles A, B and C are
written as nA, nB and nC respectively. These
K
bisectors are called the exterior angle
bisectors of the triangle.
nK
In the figure at the right, segment KN is the
exterior angle bisector of the angle K in
KMT and its length is nK.
51
excenter of a triangle
Definition
The bisectors of any two exterior angles of a

triangle are concurrent. Their intersection is
called an excenter of the triangle.
An escribed circle of a
triangle is a circle which is
tangent to one side of the
triangle and the extensions
of the other two sides.
EXAMPLE
In the figure, ABC is a triangle and the bisectors

of the exterior angles A and C intersect at
the point O. So O is an excenter of ABC. In
addition, O is the center of a circle which is
tangent to side AC of the triangle and the
extensions of sides AB and BC of the triangle.
This circle is called an escribed circle of
ABC.
A
T
C
S
As we can see, a triangle has three excenters and three corresponding escribed circles.
Find all the excenters of KMN in the figure

by construction.
N
M
Solution
To find the excenters, we first construct the

bisector of each exterior angle using the
method we learned in Chapter 1. Then we
use a straightedge to extend the bisectors
until they intersect each other.
E2
K
E1
The intersection points E1, E2 and E3 are the

excenters of KMN.
N
M
E3
52
Geometriy 7
c. Altitude
altitude of a triangle
Definition
An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular line segment from a vertex of the triangle to the
line containing the opposite side of the triangle.
In the figure, AH is the altitude to side
BC because AH is perpendicular to BC.

ha
In a triangle, the length of an altitude is called a height of the triangle.

The heights from sides a, b and c of a triangle
ABC are usually written as ha, hb and hc,
respectively. As we can see, every triangle has

three altitudes.
hb
B
EXAMPLE
Name all the drawn altitudes of all the

triangles in the figure.
ha
hc
C
Solution
There are eight triangles in the figure. Let us look at them one by one and name the drawn
altitudes in each.
53
D
altitude AK
altitude BK
altitudes BK and CK
altitudes
AK and BK
D
altitude DK
Activity
C A
K
C
D
altitude CK
altitudes CK and DK
D
altitudes
AK and DK
Paper Folding - Altitudes
To fold an altitude, we fold a triangle so that a side matches up with itself and the fold
contains the vertex opposite the side.
Cut out three different triangles. Fold them carefully to construct the three altitudes of
each triangle. What can you say about how the altitudes intersect?
54
Geometriy 7
orthocenter of a triangle
Definition
The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. Their common point is called orthocenter of the
triangle.
Since the position of the altitudes of a
triangle depends on the type of triangle, the
position of the orthocenter relative to the
triangle changes. In the figure opposite, the
orthocenter K is in the interior region of the
triangle. Later in this chapter we will look
at two other possible positions for the
orthocenter.
hb
B
K
ha
hc
H
C
K is the orthocenter of DABC
Once we know how to draw an altitude of a triangle, we can use it to find the area of the
triangle.
area of a triangle
Definition
The area of a triangle is half the product of the length of a side (called the base of the
triangle) and the height of the altitude drawn to that base. We write A(ABC) to mean the
area of ABC.
For example, the area of ABC in the figure
BC AH a h
=
. Area is usually
is A( ABC ) =
2
2
expressed in terms of a square unit.

B
C
a
EXAMPLE
Find the area of each triangle.

a.
b.
12 cm
4 cm
B 3 cm H
Solution
7 cm
a. A( ABC ) =
BC AH
2
10 4
2
= 20 cm2
2 cm
T
c.
6 cm
5 cm
8 cm
(Definition of the area of a triangle)

(Substitute)
(Simplify)
55
FT DE
2
5 14
=
2
= 35 cm2
KM MN
c. A( KMN ) =
2
6 8
=
2
= 24 cm2
b. A( DEF ) =

(Substitute)
(Simplify)
(Substitute)
(Simplify)
perpendicular bisector of a triangle
Definition
In a triangle, a line that is perpendicular to a side of the triangle at its midpoint is called a
perpendicular bisector of the triangle.
The picture below hangs

straight when the hook
lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the pictures
top edge.
In the figure, HN, DN and EN are the

perpendicular bisectors of triangle ABC.
Perpendicular bisectors in a triangle are
always concurrent.
A
E
D
N
circumcenter of a triangle
Definition
The intersection point of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle is called the circumcenter
of the triangle. The circumcenter of a triangle is the center of the circumscribed circle of the
triangle.
The circumscribed circle
of a triangle is a circle
which passes through all
the vertices of the triangle.
EXAMPLE
Find the circumcenter of each triangle by construction.

a.
56
b.
c.
Geometriy 7
First we construct the perpendicular bisector of each side of the triangle. Their intersection
point is the circumcenter of the triangle.
Solution
a.
b.
c.
Perpendicular Bisector of a Triangle
Activity
There are three main faculties on
a university campus. The university
wants to build a library on the
campus so that it is the same
distance from each faculty.
1. Make a geometric model of the
problem.
2. Find the location of the library in
the picture opposite.
As an exercise, draw three more triangles on a piece of paper and construct their
circumcenters. Check that each circumcenter is the center of the inscribed circle.
Check Yourself 3
1. Name the auxiliary element shown in each triangle using a letter (n, h or V) and a vertex
or side.
a.
b.
d.
N
B
c.
C N
e.
P
H
f.
M
N
57
2. In a triangle MNP, the altitude NT of side MP and the median MK of side NP intersect at
the point R.
b. Name two altitudes of MTN.
a. Name all the triangles in the figure formed.
3. In a triangle DEF, EM is the median of side DF. If DE = 11.4, MF = 4.6 and the perimeter
of DEF is 27, find the length of side EF.
4. In a triangle KLM, LN is the altitude of the side KM. We draw the angle bisectors LE and
LF of angles KLN and MLN respectively. If the angles between the angle bisectors and the
altitude are 22 and 16 respectively, find m(KLM).
A
5. In the figure, A(ABH) = A(AHC). Find x.
10
6. Write one word or letter in each gap to
H
A
make true statements about the figures.
a. Point O is a(n) __________ .
b. Segment ________ is a median.
c. Point _______ is an excenter.
d. Segment ________ is an altitude.
e. Point B is a(n) _____________.
f. Segment ER is a(n) __________
___________.
V
Z
M
T
g. Point _________ is a circumcenter.
h. Line TM is a(n) __________

__________.
i. Point ________ is a centroid.
Answers
1. a. nB b. hp c. Vx d. Vl e. hn f. nL
2. a. MNK, MKP, MNT, NTP, MRT, MNR, RNK, MNP

3. 6.4
4. 76
6. a. incenter
g. M
58
b. NT, TM
5. 5
b. ET
c. K
d. AB (or BC)
h. perpendicular bisector
e. orthocenter (or vertex)
f. angle bisector
i. G
Geometriy 7
B. TYPES OF TRIANGLE
Some triangles are given special names according to the lengths of their sides or the
measures of their angles.
1. Types of Triangle According to Sides

A triangle can be called scalene, isosceles or equilateral, depending on the lengths of its sides.
Definition
scalene triangle
A triangle is called scalene if all of its sides
have different lengths. In other words, a
scalene triangle has no congruent sides.
A
b
a b c, so DABC is a scalene triangle
Euler Lines
Activity
The Euler line of a triangle is the line which passes through
the orthocenter, circumcenter and centroid of the triangle.
centroid
orthocenter
circumcenter
Draw a scalene triangle and find its Euler line using

Euler line
Dynamic
geometry
software is a powerful tool
for studying geometric
concepts.
Geometry
programs allow us to
change and manipulate
figures, so that we can
explore and experiment
with
geometrical
concepts instead of just
memorizing them.
a. a ruler and set square.
b. a compass and straightedge.
c. dynamic geometry software.
Which method was easier?

Definition
isosceles triangle
A triangle is called isosceles if it has at least
two congruent sides.
B
C
a
b = c, so DABC is isosceles
59
In an isosceles triangle, the congruent sides

are called the legs of the triangle. The third
side is called the base of the triangle.
vertex
angle
A
legs
The two angles between the base and the

legs of the triangle are congruent. They are
called the base angles of the triangle.
base
The angle opposite the base is called the

vertex angle.
base angles
B
Golden Triangles
Activity
The head of this knee
hammer forms an isosceles
triangle.
Line segments AB and

BC are in the golden
ratio if
a+ b a
= ,
a
b
=
1+ 5
1.6180339...
2
A golden triangle is a triangle in which the

ratio of the length of the legs to the length
of the base is the golden ratio. The angle
between the two legs of a golden triangle is
always 36.
36
golden
triangle
72
72
To construct a golden triangle, first draw a

square ABCD and mark the midpoint E of
AB. Find the point F on the extension of AB
by making EF = EC. Then find G by making
AF = AG and BA = BG. Finally, draw FG
and AG. Then BGF is a golden triangle.
The sides of the Great Pyramid

of Giza are golden triangles.
F
E
D
1. Construct a golden triangle using a straightedge and compass.

2. Repeat the construction using dynamic geometry software.
3. In both constructions, check the measures of the interior angles.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Segment EM is a median of an isosceles

triangle DEF with base DF. Find the length of
EM if the perimeter of EMF is 65 and the
perimeter of DEF is 100.
Let us draw an appropriate figure.
In the figure opposite,

in DEM, a + b + x = 65,
(1)
in DEF, 2(a + b) = 100. So a + b = 50.
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives us 50 + x = 65; x = 15. So EM = 15.

60
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
10
In KMN, K . Given that KN is 4 cm

less than MN and MK is 2 cm more than
three times KN, find the perimeter of KMN.
x4
Solution
We begin by drawing the figure opposite.

If MK = x then KN = x 4. Also, MK = MN
because K N.
Also, we are given
MN = 3KN + 2
x = 3(x 4) + 2
10 = 2x
5 = x.
Since P(KMN) = 3x 4, P(KMN) = (3 5) 4 = 11 cm.
EXAMPLE
11
In ABC opposite, O is the intersection point

of the bisectors of the interior angles of the
triangle. Given that OE BC, OD AB,
AD = 4 cm, DE = 5 cm and EC = 6 cm, find
P(EOD).
A
4
D
5
O
E
6
Solution
Let us join points A and C to O. We know

from the question that OA and OC are the
bisectors of A and C, respectively.
A
4
Since OD AB,
m(OAB) = m(AOD).
(Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem)
So ODA is an isosceles triangle and

AD = OD = 4 cm. (1)
E
6
C
Similarly, since OE BC,

m(EOC) = m(OCB). (Alternate Interior Angles Theorem)
So EOC is also an isosceles triangle and OE = EC = 6 cm. (2)
By (1) and (2), P(EOD) = OE + OD + DE = 6 + 4 + 5 = 15 cm.
61
equilateral triangle
Definition
A triangle is called equilateral if it has three

congruent sides.
a
How many equilateral
triangles can you see in
the figure below?
In an equilateral triangle, all of the interior

angles are congruent and measure 60.
Notice that an equilateral triangle is also an
isosceles triangle, but an isosceles triangle is
not always equilateral.
A
60
60
You will probably see two

triangles, one on top of the
other. This is actually an
optical illusion, though,
as the white triangle is
not actually drawn.
60
Toothpick Triangles
Activity
Find six toothpicks and try to do each thing below. Some things may not be possible.
Can you explain why?
1. Make one equilateral triangle with six toothpicks.
2. Make two equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
3. Make three equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
4. Make four equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
EXAMPLE
12
Solution
The three sides of a triangle measure 5n + 8, n+12 and 3n+10 with n N. Which value of
n makes this triangle equilateral?
If the triangle is equilateral, all the sides must be congruent.
So 5n + 8
5n + 8
4n
n
=
=
=
=
n + 12 = 3n + 10. Let us solve the first equality to find n:

n + 12
4
1.
If we substitute 1 for n, the side lengths become (5 1) + 8 = 13, 1 + 12 = 13 and

(3 1) + 10 = 13. So the triangle is equilateral when n = 1.
62
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 4
A
1. In ABC opposite, DE BC and point O is the incenter of the

triangle. If BD = 6 and EC = 4, find DE.
O
2. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 18.4 and its base measures 4 units more than the
length of one leg. Find the length of a leg of this triangle.
3. The sides of an isosceles triangle have lengths in the ratio 4 : 5 : 5. Find the length of the
base of the triangle if its perimeter is 28.
4. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 22.8. An equilateral triangle is drawn such that one
side is congruent to the base of the isosceles triangle. If the perimeter of the equilateral
triangle is 24.6, find the length of one leg of the isosceles triangle.
5. In an isosceles triangle NTM, MN = NT, MN = 35, TN = 4x +15 and MT = 40 x2. Find
MT.
6. In the figure, all triangles are equilateral,
AG = 24.12 cm and AC = 3CE = 2EG. Find
The picture shows a puzzle
the perimeter of each triangle.
called the Three Companions
Puzzle. Get your own and
try to free one of the triangles
from the string. Can you do 7.
it?
F
C
The three sides of a triangle measure 3a,

a+10 and 6a 15. Which value of a makes the triangle equilateral?
8. Construct an isosceles and an equilateral triangle.

Answers
1. 10
2. 4.8
3. 8
4. 7.3
5. 15
6. 12.6 cm, 6.3 cm, 4.2 cm
7. 5
2. Types of Triangle According to Angles

A triangle can be called acute, right or obtuse, depending on the measures of its angles.
Definition
acute triangle, right triangle, obtuse triangle

A triangle is called an acute triangle if all its angles are acute.
A triangle is called a right triangle if it has a right angle.
A triangle is called an obtuse triangle if it has an obtuse angle.
63
Challenge!
Try to change the
equilateral triangle in the
figure so that it points
upwards by moving only
three balls.
Then try to make the

triangle in this figure
point downwards by using
the least number of balls
possible.
In a right triangle, the sides adjacent to the

right angle are called the legs of the triangle.
The side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse of the triangle.
A
legs
hypotenuse
Note
Notice that a triangle can be only one of obtuse, acute or right.
Triangles
Obtuse
Acute
Scalene
EXAMPLE
13
Solution
EXAMPLE
14
Isosceles
Scalene
Equilateral
Right
Isosceles
Name all the right triangles in the figure.
Scalene
There are four smaller right triangles (ABK,

BKC, CKD and DKA) and four larger
triangles (ABC, BCD, CDA and DAB).
Classify each triangle according to its side lengths and angle measures.
a.
b.
c.
80
80
45
Solution
64
Isosceles
45
a. isosceles right triangle
70
30
b. scalene acute triangle
50
50
c. isosceles acute triangle

Geometriy 7
Tangram
Activity
Tangram is a fun puzzle and a good way to exercise your brain. The name comes from
tan, which means Chinese, and gram, which means diagram or arrangement. The
puzzle first appeared in China thousands of years ago, and it is now known all over the
world. There are seven pieces in a tangram set: five triangles, one square and one
parallelogram. The challenge of the puzzle is to use the seven pieces together to make
different shapes. You must use all the pieces, and they must all touch but not overlap.
All seven tangram pieces are made up of right triangles with this shape:
The first tangram challenge is to make a square with all seven pieces. The solution is
shown below.
1
2
6
4
7
Find a tangram set, or copy the figure above to make your own.
1. Make one right triangle using all of the pieces.
2. Can you make an obtuse triangle by using all of the pieces?
3. Can you make an acute triangle by using all of the pieces?
EXAMPLE
15
Draw a right triangle and divide it using

a. two parallel lines which are perpendicular to one of the legs.
b. two parallel lines which are not perpendicular to legs.
c. two perpendicular lines to create two more right triangles.
d. two intersecting lines which are not perpendicular to each other to create two more right
triangles.
65
Solution
EXAMPLE
16
a.
b.
d.
Draw each triangle and use a set square to find its orthocenter. Write the orthocenter as an
intersection of lines or line segments.
a. acute scalene
Solution
c.
b. right scalene
c. obtuse scalene
Remember that the orthocenter of a triangle is the intersection point of its altitudes. We draw
the altitudes in each triangle by using a set square.
A
a. orthocenter K,
E
K = AF BD EC
30
60
K
B
b. orthocenter A,
D
C
A = AB CA AD
a 30-60 set square
c. orthocenter T,
45
45
C
A
T = AT BT TC
B
a 45 set square
Ealier in this chapter we said that the position of the orthocenter of a triangle depends on
the type of triangle. One position is in the interior of the triangle. Can you see what the other
two possible positions are, after studying the example above? How do they correspond to the
types of triangle shown?
66
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 5
1. Classify each triangle according to its angle measures.
a.
b.
A
40
c.
d.
K
20
80
50
70
60
60
60
120
2. Name all the right triangles in the figure.
This sharks fin forms a

right triangle with the
water.
e.
C
E
A
3. At most how many of each type of angle can one triangle have?
a. acute angle
b. right angle
c. obtuse angle
(Hint: Try to draw a suitable figure for each case using a protractor.)
4. Draw a right triangle and divide it using
a. two intersecting lines which are perpendicular to each other.
b. two intersecting lines which are not perpendicular to each other, to make three more
right triangles.
5. Construct a right isosceles triangle.
Answers
1. a. right triangle
d. obtuse triangle
How many triangles?
b. acute triangle
c. acute triangle
e. obtuse triangle
2. DKB, KAB, KBC, KCD, KDA

3. a. three b. one c. one
4. a.
b.
67
EXERCISES
3 .1
A. The Triangle and Its Elements
8. In a triangle ABC, two points different to A and B

on the side AB are joined to the vertex C by line
segments. Similarly, three points different to B
and C on side BC are joined to the vertex A by line
segments. How many regions inside the triangle
are formed by the intersection of these segments?
1. Find and name all the

triangles in the figure.
K
F
2. How many triangles can be formed by joining any

three points D, E, F and G if no three of the given
points are collinear? Name each triangle.
6
of AC, AB = BC and
5
AC = 15 cm. Find P(ABC).
9. In an isosceles triangle DEF, DF is the base

and FT is a median. Given that P(DEF) = 23 cm
and P(EFT) is 1 cm more than the perimeter of
triangle DTF, find DF.
3. In a triangle ABC, AB is
18
cm, MN is 75% of
5
KM and KN is 0.1 cm more than KM. Find
4. In a triangle KMN, KM =
P(KMN).
which is 2.6 cm less than the sum of the lengths

of the other sides. Find the perimeter of this
triangle.
6. Answer according to
the figure.
E
F
A
b. Name a point which is in the interior of

ADC.
c. What is the intersection of ABC and ADC?
as in the figure and

construct each element
separately, using a compass
and straightedge.
a. ha
5. The side AC of a triangle ABC measures 12.8 cm,
a. Name four
collinear points on
ABC.
10. Draw three triangles ABC
b. Va
c. nA
11. Draw four triangles KMN as in

the figure and find each
point separately using
only a compass and
straightedge.
a. centroid
b. incenter
c. orthocenter
d. circumcenter
12. Repeat question 11 with a protractor and ruler.

13. Find the excenters of the triangle in question 11
by using a protractor and ruler.
d. What is the intersection of ABC and int MAC?
14. The sides AB, BC and AC of a triangle ABC measure

7. Draw four figures to show how two triangles can
intersect to form a four-sided, five-sided,
six-sided and three-sided polygon.
68
13, 14 and 15 units respectively. Given that the

length of the altitude to side BC is 12, find the
lengths of the remaining altitudes.
Geometriy 7
B. Types of Triangle
21. Write always, sometimes or never to make true

statements.
15. Look at the figure and

name
a. an isosceles triangle.
b. three right triangles.
a. If a triangle is isosceles then it is ______________

equilateral.
F
60
B
30
c. an obtuse isosceles triangle.
b. If a triangle is equilateral then it is ___________

isosceles.
c. If a triangle is scalene then it is ______________
isosceles.
d. an acute triangle.
d. If a triangle is obtuse then it is _______________

isosceles.
e. an equilateral triangle.
16. Find the circumcenter of a right triangle using a

ruler and protractor.
17. State whether each type of triangle is possible or

not.
e. An obtuse triangle is __________________ a right

triangle.
f. In a triangle DEF, if DE EF then DF is
________________ perpendicular to EF.
g. A scalene triangle ________________________ has
an acute angle.
a. an isosceles acute triangle

b. a right equilateral triangle
h. If a triangle has two complementary angles

then it is ____________________ a right triangle.
c. a scalene acute triangle

d. an obtuse isosceles triangle
e. an obtuse equilateral triangle
18. The sides of a triangle measure 2x + 8, 3x 6,
22. In each case, draw a triangle with the given
and 12 + x.
property.
a. Find the value(s) of x that make(s) the triangle

isosceles.
a. All three angle bisectors are medians.
b. Which value(s) of x make(s) the triangle

equilateral?
19. The sum of the lengths of the legs of an

isosceles right triangle is 22 cm. Find the area of
this triangle.
20. Complete the table showing the location (in the

interior, on the triangle or in the exterior) of the
intersection of the segments or lines for each type
of triangle.
Perpendicular
bisectors
Acute
triangle
Right
triangle
Obtuse
triangle
Angle
bisectors
Medians
b. No altitude is a median.
c. Only one angle bisector is the perpendicular
bisector of a side.
d. Only one altitude is in the interior region of
the triangle.
e. The medians, altitudes and angle bisectors
coincide.
f. Exactly one of the three altitudes is also a
median.
Line containing
the altitudes
23. Divide any right triangle using two lines so that
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
the figure contains a total of
i.
j.
k.
l.
a. five right triangles.
b. six right triangles.

69
Objectives

1. Identify congruent triangles
2. Construct a circle
3. Construct congruent segments
4. Find the midpoint of a segment
5. Construct perpendicular lines and parallel lines
6. Construct congruent angles and an angle bisector
7. Construct atriangle tram given information
8. Desctibe and use the properties of isosceles, equilateral and right triangles.
9. Describe and use the triangle Angle Bisector Theorem.
A. THE CONCEPT OF CONGRUENCE

In the previous section we studied triangles and their features and properties. In this section
we will look at possible relations between two or more triangles.
If we are given two triangles, how can we compare them? We might notice that they are the
same size and shape. This important relation in geometry is called congruence. Let us start
our study of congruence with a general definition of congruence in figures and polygons.
1. Congruent Figures
The world around us is full of objects of various shapes and sizes.
If we tried to compare some of these objects we could put them
in three groups:
objects which have a different shape and size,
objects which are the same shape but a different size, and
objects which are the same shape and size.
The tools in the picture at the right have different shape and size.
The pictures below show tools which have the same shape but different size. In geometry,
figures like this are called similar figures. We will study similar figures in Chapter 3.
Congruence is a basic
geometric relationship.
70
Geometriy 7
Factories often need to

produce many parts
with exactly the same
size and shape.
The pictures below show objects which are the same size and shape. In this section, we will
study figures which have this property.
congruent figures
Definition
Figures that have the same size and shape are called congruent figures. We say A is congruent
to B (or B is congruent to A) if A and B are congruent figures.
The pictures at the bottom of the previous page show some examples of congruent objects.
The pictures below show two more examples. In these two examples there is only one piece
left to fit in the puzzle. Therefore, without checking anything, we can say that each piece and
its corresponding place are congruent.
Congruence in nature:
the petals of this flower
are congruent.
Making a Poster - Congruent Figures
Activity
Make a poster to show congruent figures in everyday life. You can take photos, draw
pictures or collect pictures from magazines or newspapers that show buildings, designs,
signs and artwork with congruent parts.
EXAMPLE
17
Solution
Which piece is congruent to the empty space?

a.
b.
c.
d.
If we compare the vertices and sides, we can easily see that only c. fits into the space.
71
Congruent Dissections
Activity
When you learned common fractions, you probably learned them by working with
figures divided into congruent parts. Often the figures are circles and rectangles, as
these are the easiest to divide into any number of congruent parts.
Dividing (also called dissecting) a figure into congruent parts can also be a puzzle. As an
example, can you see how to dissect the first figure below into two congruent pieces?
Answer:
Now try the two puzzles below. The answers are at the back of the book.
1. Dissect each figure into four congruent pieces.
A car has many

congruent parts.
2. The polygon below left can be dissected into four congruent polygons, as shown in the
figure below right. There is also a way to divide this polygon into five congruent
polygons. Can you find it?
72
Geometriy 7
We can think of congruent figures as figures that are exact copies of each other. In other
words, we can put congruent figures one on top of the other so that each side, angle and
vertex coincides (i.e. matches perfectly).
corresponding elements or parts
Definition
The points, lines and angles which match perfectly when two congruent figures are placed
one on top of the other are called corresponding elements or corresponding parts of the
congruent figures.
Sometimes we need to
move or modify a figure
to see that it is congruent
to another figure. The
basic changes that we
can make to a figure are
reflection
(flipping),
rotation (turning) and
translation (sliding). We
will study these in
Chapter 3.
We can see that by definition, corresponding parts of congruent figures are congruent. We
can write this in a shorter way as CPCFC.
You are already familiar with congruent segments (segments that have equal lengths) and
congruent angles (angles that have equal measures). In the rest of this section we will look
at congruent figures which are made up of segments and angles. These figures are polygons
and especially triangles.
2. Congruent Triangles
congruent triangles
Definition
Two triangles are congruent if and only if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
We write ABC DEF to mean that ABC and DEF are congruent.
Challenge!
Remove five toothpicks
to make five congruent
triangles.
In the figure below, ABC and DEF are congruent because their corresponding parts are
congruent. We can write this as follows:
A D
AB DE
B E
and
C F
BC EF
AC DF.
We can show this symbolically in a figure as follows:

A
DABC
DDEF
73
EXAMPLE
18
Solution
A short history of the symbol:
Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz
(1640-1716)
introduced for congruence
in an unpublished manuscript in
1679.
In 1777,
Johann Friedrich
Hseler
(1372-1797)
used
(with the tilde reversed).

In 1824,
Carl Brandan
Mollweide
(1774-1825)
used the modern symbol for

congruence in Euclids Elements.
Given that MNP STK, state the congruent angles and sides in the two triangles without
drawing them.
The figure at the right shows how the
vertices of each triangle correspond to each
other. Because MNP STK and CPCTC
(corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are congruent), we can write
M S
N T
P K
DMNP
DSTK
M corresponds to S
N corresponds to T
P corresponds to K
MN ST
and
NP TK
PM KS.
As we can see, the order of the vertices in congruent triangles is important when we are
considering corresponding elements. Any mistake in the ordering affects the correspondence
between the triangles.
If two triangles are congruent then we can write this congruence in six different ways. For
instance, if ABC is congruent to DEF, the following statements are all true:
ABC DEF
ACB DFE
BAC EDF
BCA EFD
CAB FDE
CBA FED.
EXAMPLE
19
Solution
EXAMPLE
20
Complete each statement, given that PRS KLM.

a. PR _____
b. _____ K
c. _____ SP
d. S _____
e. ML _____
f. L _____
a. PR KL
b. P K
c. MK SP
d. S M
e. ML SR
f. L R
Decide whether or not the two triangles in

the figure are congruent and give a reason for
your answer.
4
60
30
74
Geometriy 7
Let us calculate the missing angles:
Solution
m(C) = 60
(Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in ABC)
m(M) = 30
(Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in KMN)
Now we can write the congruence of corresponding parts:

AB KM
(Given)
BC KN
(BC = KN = 4)
AC MN
(AC = MN = 8)
A M
(m(A) = m(M) = 30)
B K
(m(B) = m(K) = 90)
C N
(m(C) = m(N) = 60)
Therefore, ABC MKN by the definition of congruent triangles.
EXAMPLE
21
ABC EFD is given with AB = 11 cm, BC = 10 cm and EF + ED = 19 cm. Find the

perimeter of EFD.
Since ABC EFD, AB = EF, BC = FD and
AC = ED by the definition of congruence.
So by substituting the given values we get
11 = EF, 10 = FD and AC = ED.
Solution
Since we are given that EF + ED = 19 cm,

we have 11 + ED = 19 cm; ED = 8 cm.
11
11
10
10
So P(EFD) = EF + ED + FD = 11 + 8 + 10 = 29 cm.
Check Yourself 6
1. KLM XYZ is given. State the corresponding congruent angles and sides of the
triangles.
2. State the congruence JKM SLX in six different ways.
What would happen if

the blades of this ships
propellor or these wheels
were not congruent?
3. Triangles KLM and DEF are congruent. P(KLM) = 46 cm, the shortest side of KLM
measures 14 cm, and the longest side of the DEF measures 17 cm. Find the lengths of
all the sides of one of the triangles.
4. Triangles DEF and KLM are congruent. If DE = 12.5 cm, EF = 14.4 cm and the perimeter
of the triangle KLM is 34.6 cm, find the length of the side DF.
75
5. Two line segments KL and AB bisect each other at a point T. If AL = 7 and the lengths of
the segments KL and AB are 22 and 18 respectively, find the perimeter of KTB.
Answers
1. KL XY
K X
LM YZ
L Y
KM XZ
M Z
2. PKM SLN, KMP LNS, MPK NSL,

PMK SNL, KPM LSN, MKP NLS
3. 14 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm
4. 7.7 cm
5. 27
B. CONSTRUCTIONS
In this section we will construct geometric figures using only two instruments,
a straightedge and a compass.
straightedge
1. Basic Constructions
We use a straightedge to construct a line,
ray, or segment when two points are given.
A straightedge is like a ruler without numbers.
compass
r
compass
point
r
O
We use a compass to construct an arc or a

circle, given a point O and a length r
(a radius).
pencil
point
Construction 1
Constructing a congruent segment.

Given [AB],
A
construct [CD] such that [CD] [AB].
C
Use a straightedge to draw
a line.
Mark a point C on the line.
A
Set your compass
to the length of [AB].
Using C as the center,

draw an arc intersecting
line [CD]. Label the point of
intersection D.
Result: [CD] [AB].

76
Geometriy 7
Construction 2
Finding the midpoint of a given segment.

Given [AB],
B
construct M such that such that [AM] [MB].

X
X
A
B
Y
Y
Using any radius greater
than 1 |AB| , draw an
2
arc with center A.
Draw an arc with the same

radius and center B.
Label the points of
intersection of the arcs
X and Y.
Draw [XY].
Mark and name
the intersection point M.
Result: M is the midpoint of [AB].

Construction 3
Constructing a perpendicular to a line at a given point on the line.

Given point M on the line l,
l
construct [MN] l.
N
Using M as the center and

any radius, use a compass to
draw arcs intersecting
l at A and B.
Using centers A and B

and a radius greater
than |MA|, draw two arcs
and find the intersection point N.
Draw [MN].
Result: [MN] l.
77
Construction 4
Constructing a perpendicular to a given line through a point outside the given line.
N
Given line l and a point N outside the line,

construct [MN] l.
M
Using N as a center,
draw an arc that intersects
l at two points A and B.
Use A and B as centers to draw arcs

with the same radius that intersect
at a point M.
Draw [MN].
Result: [MN] l.
Construction 5
Constructing a congruent angle.
Given A, construct A such that A A.

A
B
C
Use a straightedge to draw a ray.

Name its initial point A.
Using a compass at center A,
draw BC. Keep the same
radius and draw an arc which
intersects the ray from A at point B.
B
Use |BC| as a radius and
center B to draw an
arc which intersects the
first arc at point C.
B
Draw [AC.
Result: AA.
78
Geometriy 7
Construction 6
Constructing a parallel to a line through a point outside the line.

N
Given line l with point N which is not on l,

construct a line through N which is parallel to l.
l
k
R
k
N
N
l
Q
l
At N, construct RNQ
congruent to NMP.
Draw a line k which intersects

line l at point M, and passes
through point N.
Result: l t.
Construction 7
Constructing an angle bisector.

C
Given CAB, construct the bisector of CAB.

A
C
D
Draw an arc BC with

center A.
With B and C as centers and a

radius greater than 1 |BC|,
2
draw arcs intersecting at D.
B
Draw [AD.
Result: [AD bisects A

79
EXAMPLE
22
a. Construct two congruent line segments.
d. Construct an isosceles triangle.
b. Construct an obtuse angle and bisect it.
e. Construct an equilateral triangle.
c. Construct two parallel line segments.

Solution
a.
B
A
Use a straightedge to
draw [AB].
Set the compass at the
points A and B.
A
Draw another line l.
Choose any point on
line l and label it A.
b.
l
A
B
Use the radius |AB| and set
the compass point at A. Draw
an arc intersecting l.
Label the point of intersection
B. Now [AB] [AB]
B
C
Draw any obtuse angle ABC. Use B as the
center, and draw an arc AC. Next, draw two arcs,
one with center A and the other with center C.
B
C
Label the point D where the two
arcs intersect. Draw [BD.
[BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
c. Look at construction 6.
d.
l
A
B
Draw a line segment [AB]. Use any radius greater
1
than 2 | AB| and draw two arcs with centers A
and B. Name the intersection point C.
e.
A
B
Draw the triangle ABC.
|AC| = |BC|, so the triangle is

isosceles.
C
l
A
B
Use a straightedge to draw [AB]. Next, open
the compass to |AB| and draw two arcs, one
with center A and the other with center B.
80
l
A
B
Label the intersection point C. Draw [AC]
and [BC]. All the sides have equal length,
so ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Geometriy 7
Practice Problems 7
1. Construct a 30 angle. (Hint: construct a 60 angle and bisect it.)
2. Construct a right triangle with legs which are congruent to [AB]
and [CD] in the figure.
3. Construct a right triangle whose legs are in the ratio 2:1.

4. Construct a line segment and divide it into four equal parts.
Answers
C
1. By constructing equilateral triangles:
30
2.
Use a straightedge
to draw [AB]
Open your compass

more than [MA] and
draw two arcs, one
with center M, te
other with center N.
Draw a line from A
to the point of
intersection.
Open your compass

to [CD] and draw an
arc with center A.
Label the point of
intersection D. Draw
[AD] and [DB.
3.
Find the midpoint of

[AD] (see construction 2)
B A
B A
Draw a perpendicular
line to [AB] from A.
(see construction 3)
Open your compass

to as [AC] then draw
[AD] and [DB].
4.
Find the midpoint of [AB].
Find the midpoint of [AC]

and the midpoint of [CB].
Label the new points D and

E.
81
2. Constructing Triangles
We can construct basic geometric figures using only a straightedge and a compass. However,
to construct triangles we need a compass, a ruler and a protractor. We use the ruler to
measure the sides of triangle, and the protractor to draw the angles.
We have seen that a triangle has six basic elements: three angles and three sides. To
construct a triangle, we need to know at least three of these elements, and one of these three
elements must be the length of a side. Let us look at the possible cases.
Note
In any triangle, the sum of any two given angles is less than 180 and the sides satisfy the
triangle inequality.
a. Constructing a Triangle from Three Known Sides

Let us construct ABC,
B a C
where |AB| = c, |BC| = a, and |AC| = b, given that
a < b < c.
C
B
Construction 1
Draw a line d.
Construction 2
Locate point A on d.
Construction 3
Open the compass as much as length c and put the

sharp point of the compass on A. Then draw an arc.
Name the intersection point B.
Construction 4
Again open the compass as much as length b and put the

sharp point on A. Then draw an arc on the upper side of
d.
82
Geometriy 7
Construction 5
Finally, open the compass as much as length a and put

the sharp point on B. Then draw an arc which intersects
the other arc drawn before. Name the intersection point
C.
C
c
Construction 5
After determining the point C, draw [AC] and [BC]. The

result is the constructed triangle.
a
c
Note
Remember that in a triangle, side a is opposite A, side b is opposite B, and side c is
opposite C. When we talk about side b we mean the side opposite B, or the length of this
side.
EXAMPLE
23
Construct ABC given |AB| = 10 cm, |BC| = 8 cm, and |AC| = 6 cm.
Solution
C
8 cm
6 cm
A
10 cm
Draw a line and

locate points A and B.
10 cm
8 cm
6 cm
C is the intersection point

of the two arcs.
10 cm
Connect the vertices.
b. Constructing a Triangle from Two Known Angles and a Known Side

Let us construct the triangle ABC, where A, B, and the side c are given.
Construction 1
Draw a line d.
Construction 2
Locate point A on the line.

83
Construction 3
Using a protractor, take the point A as a vertex and draw

a ray [AX to construct A.
X
d
Construction 4
Using a compass, locate the point B on d such that

|AB| = c.
X
c
Construction 5
Using a protractor, take the point B as vertex and draw a

ray [BY to construct B. Label the intersection point of
[AX and [BY as C. The construction is complete.
24
EXAMPLE
Construct ABC given mB = 40, mC = 70, and |BC| = 12 cm.
Solution
40
B
70 C
40
40
B
Mark the point

B and draw B.
Y
A
C
12 cm
Using a compass
and ruler, find C.
12 cm
Draw C to find
the point A on [BX.
3. Constructing a Triangle from Two Known Sides and a Known

Angle
Finally, let us construct ABC given
|AB| = c, |BC| = a and the known angle B.
A
B
c
a
B
C
Construction 1
Draw a line d and use a compass to locate the points B

and C such that |BC| = a.
84
Geometriy 7
Construction 2
Use a protractor to construct B and the ray [BX.
Construction 3
Use a compass or ruler to locate the point A on [BX such

that |AB| = c.
c
a
Construction 4
Join the points A and C. The result is the constructed

triangle.
EXAMPLE
25
Construct ABC given |BC| = 5 cm, |AB| = 10 cm, and mB = 70o.
Solution
A
10 cm
70
B 5 cm C
Locate the points B and
C and draw B.
70
A
10 cm
70
B 5 cm C
B 5 cm C
Locate A on [BX.
Join A and C.
85
Practice Problems 8
1. State the things you need to know in order to construct a triangle.
2. Draw an equaliteral triangle with sides 6 cm long.
3. Construct ABC given a = 5 cm, b = 4 cm and c = 2 cm.
4. Construct ABC given a = 7 cm, b = 6 cm and c = 8 cm.
5. Construct DEF given d = 6 cm, e = 8 cm and f = 10 cm.
6. Construct ABC given mA = 40o, mB = 65o and |AB| = 10 cm.
7. Construct KLM given mM = 45o, mL = 70o and |ML| = 7 cm.
8. Construct PQR given mR = 40o, mQ = 60o and |RQ| = 4 cm.
9. Construct MNP given mM = 30o, mN = 65o and |MN| = 15 cm.
10.Construct ABC given mB = 90o, |AB| = 5 cm and |BC| = 12 cm.
11.Construct PQR given mQ = 80o, |PQ| = 7 cm and |QR| = 4 cm.
12.Construct GHK given mH = 50o, |GH| = 6 cm and |HK| = 9 cm.
13.Construct XYZ given mY = 110o, |XY| = 3 cm and |YZ| = 5 cm.
14.Can you draw a triangle from only three given angles?
C.
ISOSCELES, EQUILATERAL AND RIGHT TRIANGLES

Isosceles, equilateral and right triangles are useful triangles because they have many special
properties. If we can identify one or more of these triangles in a figure then we can often use its
properties to solve a geometric problem. In this section we will look at some fundamental
theorems about isosceles, equilateral and right triangles, and some useful additional properties.
1. Properties of Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

a. Basic Properties
Theorem
Isosceles Triangle Theorem

If two sides of a triangle are congruent then the angles opposite these sides are also
congruent.
Proof

Given: AB = AC
Prove: B C
B
86
Geometriy 7
Let AN be the bisector of A.

Statements
Reasons
1. AB AC
1. Given
2. BAN CAN
2. Definition of an angle bisector
3. AN AN
3. Reflexive property of congruence
4. ABN ACN
4. SAS Congruence Postulate
5. B C
5. CPCTC
Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Theorem
If two angles in a triangle are congruent then the sides opposite these angles are also
congruent.
Proof

Given: B C
Prove: AB AC
We begin by drawing the bisector AN, and
continue with a paragraph proof.
Since AN is the angle bisector,
BAN CAN.
It is given that B C.
By the reflexive property of congruence, AN AN.
So ABN ACN by the AAS Congruence Theorem.
Since CPCTC, we have AB AC.
EXAMPLE
26
Solution
In a triangle DEF, T DF such that DT = DE. Given m(EDT) = 40 and m(DEF) = 85,
find m(TEF).
Since DE = DT, DET is an isosceles triangle.
40
So by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem,

m(DET) = m(DTE).
So by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in
DET,
m(EDT) + m(DET) + m(DTE) = 180
T
F
40 + 2m(DET) = 180
m(DET) = 70.
So m(TEF) = m(DEF) m(DET) = 85 70 = 15.
87
Corollary of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Corollary
If a triangle ABC is equilateral then it is also equiangular. In other words,

if a = b = c then m(A) = m(B) = m(C).
Corollary of the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Corollary
If a triangle ABC is equiangular then it is also equilateral, i.e. if m(A) = m(B) = m(C)
then a = b = c.
EXAMPLE
27
In the figure, ABC and DEF are equilateral

triangles. If BF = 17 cm and EC = 3 cm, find
AB + AH + DH + DF.
A
D
Solution
In the figure,
m(HCE) = 60 and m(HEC) = 60.
(ABC and DEF are equilateral)
So in HEC,
m(H) + m(E) + m(C) = 180
(Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem)
m(H) = 60.
So HEC is equiangular.
(m(C) = 60, m(E) = 60, m(H) = 60)
Therefore HEC is equilateral.
(By the previous Corollary)
So HE = HC = EC = 3 cm.
Let a and b be the lengths of the sides of ABC and DEF, respectively.
In ABC, AB = a, BE = a 3 and AH = a 3. (EC = 3 cm, given)
In DEF, DF = b, CF = b 3 and DH = b 3. (EC = 3 cm, given)
So
A
D
a
60
= 2(a + b) 6. (1)
Moreover, BF = a 3 + 3 + b 3 (Segment
Addition Postulate)
17 = a + b 3
20 = a + b. (2)
AB + AH + DH + DF = a + a 3 + b 3 + b
60
B
a3
60
60 60
E 3 C
60
b
60
b3
Substituting (2) into (1) gives us AB + AH + DH + DF = 34 cm.

88
Geometriy 7
Practice Problems 9
1. In a triangle ABC, the interior angle bisector at the vertex A makes an angle of 92 with
the side opposite A and has the same length as one of the remaining sides. Find all the
angles in ABC.
A
2. In the figure, CE is the angle bisector of C, HD BC and

HD = 5 cm. Find the length of AC.
E
H
3. In the figure, DCE is an equilateral triangle and DC = BC.

m( A )
1
is given. Find m(A).
=
m( B) 13
E
D
Answers
1. 8, 84 and 88
2. 10 cm
3. 5
b. Further properties
Properties 6
1. For any isosceles triangle, the following statements are true.

a. The median to the base is also the angle bisector of the vertex and the altitude to the
base.
b. The altitude to the base is also the angle bisector of the vertex and the median to the
base.
c. The angle bisector of the vertex is also the altitude and the median to the base.
In other words, if AB = AC in any triangle ABC then nA = Va = ha.
2. In an equilateral triangle, the medians, angle bisectors and altitudes from the same
vertex are all the same, i.e., ha = nA = Va, hb = nB = Vb, and hc = nC = Vc.
Moreover, all of these lines are the same length:
ha = hb = hc = nA = nB = nC = Va = Vb = Vc.
In other words, if AB = BC = AC in ABC then ha = hb = hc = nA = nB = nC = Va = Vb = Vc.
3. If AB = AC in any triangle ABC then nB = nC, Vb = Vc and hb = hc.
4. If ha = nA or ha = Va or nA = Va in ABC then ABC is isosceles.
89
5. a. If ABC is an isosceles triangle with

AB = AC, P BC, E AC, D AB,
PE AB and PD AC,
then PE + PD = b = c.
b. If P, E and D are any three points on

the sides of an equilateral triangle ABC
such that PE and PD are parallel to
two distinct sides of ABC, then
PE + PD = AB = BC = AC.
E
B
6. a. In any isosceles triangle ABC with

AB = AC, the sum of the lengths of two
lines drawn from any point on the base
perpendicular to the legs is equal to
the height of the triangle from the
vertex B or C. In other words, if
AB = AC, P BC, H AC, D AB,
PH AC and PD AB, then
PH + PD = hc = hb.
D
B
b. In any equilateral triangle ABC, the sum of the lengths of two lines drawn from any
point on any side perpendicular to the other sides is equal to the height of the triangle
from any vertex. In other words, if AB = BC = AC, P BC, H AC, D AB, PH AC
and PD AB, then PH + PD = ha = hb = hc.
7. In any equilateral triangle ABC,
if P int ABC and points D, E and F
lie on the sides of ABC such that
PE AB, PD AC and PF BC, then
PE + PF + PD = AB.
A
D
P
90
Geometriy 7
8. In any equilateral triangle ABC,

if P int ABC and points D, E and F lie
on the sides of ABC such that PE AB,
PD AC and PF BC,
then PD + PE + PF = AH where
AH BC.
A
D
E
P
EXAMPLE
28
Solution
An isosceles triangle TMS has base TS which measures 8 cm and perimeter 32 cm. The
perpendicular bisector of leg TM intersects the legs TM and MS at the points F and K,
respectively. Find the perimeter of TKS.
Since hk = Vk in TKM, TKM is isosceles

by Property 6.4.
So TK = KM.
29
Solution
6
F
(1)
By the Segment Addition Postulate,

MK + KS = MS.
(2)
EXAMPLE
Since TMS is isosceles and

P(TMS) = 32 cm,
TM = MS = 12 cm.
(3)
So P(TKS) =
=
=
=
(By (1))
(By (2))
(By (3))
TK + KS + ST
KM + KS + ST
MS + ST
12 + 8 = 20 cm.
6
T
In the figure,
AB = AC,
PD AC and
PE AB.
Given AB + AC = 32 cm, find PD + PE.
Since AB + AC = 32 cm and
AB = AC, we have AB = AC = 16 cm.
So by Property 6.5b, PD + PE = AB = 16 cm.
K
S
A
E
D
91
EXAMPLE
30
Solution
In the figure opposite, H, A and B are

collinear points with CH HA,
PE AC, PD AB and AB = AC.
PE = 6 cm and HC = 10 cm are given.
Find the length of PD.
10
By Property 6.6a, PE + PD = CH.
So 6 + PD = 10 and so PD = 4 cm.
EXAMPLE
31
In the equilateral triangle ABC shown

opposite, PD BC, PE AB and PF AC.
PE = 6 cm, PF = 5 cm and
P(ABC) = 42 cm are given.
Find the length of PD.
A
E
6
D
P
5
Solution
EXAMPLE
32
Solution
42
=14 cm.
3
By Property 6.7, PD + PE + PF = AB. So PD + 6 + 5 = 14 and so PD = 3 cm.
Since ABC is equilateral and its perimeter is 42 cm, AB =
Prove that in any isosceles triangle, the median to the base is also the angle bisector of the
vertex and the altitude to the base.
A
Look at the figure.

Given: AT is a median and AB = AC.
Prove: AT bisects A and is an altitude of
ABC.
We will write a two-column proof.
B
Proof:
Statements
92
Reasons
1. AC AC
1. Given
2. ABC ACB
2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
3. BT TC
3. AT is a median.
4. ABT ACT
4. By 1, 2, 3 and the SAS Congruence Postulate
5. m(TAB) = m(TAC)
5. By 4 (CPCTC)
6. AT bisects A
6. Definition of angle bisector
7. m(ATB) = m(ATC)
7. By 4 (CPCTC)
8. m(ATB) = m(ATC) = 90
8. Linear Pair Postulate
9. AT is also an altitude of ABC
9. Definition of altitude
Geometriy 7
Practice Problems 10
A
1. In the figure, AD and BE are the interior angle

bisectors of A and B, respectively.
AC = BC and BE + AD = 12 cm are given.
Find the value of BE AD.
2. In an equilateral triangle ABC, H BC, N AC, BN is the interior angle bisector of B,

and AH is the altitude to the side BC. Given BN = 9 cm, find AH.
A
3. In the figure, BH = HC,

m(HAC) = 20 and
m(BCD) = 30.
Find m(BDC).
20
?
B
30
C
A
4. In the figure, AB = AC = 13 cm,

PE AC, PF AB and PE = 4 cm.
Find the length of PF.
E
4
B
5. In the figure, AB = AC, PE HB,
C
H
PF AC and BH HC.
Given CH = 12 cm,
find the value of PE + PF.
12
C
A
6. In the figure, AB = BC,

PD = x + 3, PH = 3x 1, and
AE = 14. Find the value of x.
D
P
5. 12 cm
6. 3
Answers
1. 36
2. 9 cm
3. 80
4. 9 cm
93
2. Properties of Right Triangles

a. The Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most famous theorems in Euclidean geometry, and
almost everyone with a high school education can remember it.
Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle ABC with m(C) = 90,
the square of the length of the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs, i.e.
2
c =b +a.
C
Proof
There are many proofs of the Pythagorean

Theorem. The proof we will give here uses
the dissection of a square. It proves the
Pythagorean Theorem for the right triangle

ABC shown opposite.
Imagine that a large square with side length

a + b is dissected into four congruent right
triangles and a smaller square, as shown in
the figure. The legs of the triangles are a and
b, and their hypotenuse is c. So the smaller
square has side length c.
a
b
We can now write two expressions for the area S of the larger square:
ab
2
2
S= 4
+ c and S = (a + b) .
2
Since these expressions are equal, we can write
ab
2
2
4
+ c = ( a + b)
2
2ab + c2 = a2 + 2ab + b 2
c2 = a2 + b 2 .
This concludes the proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.
94
Geometriy 7
Try the following activity to discover two more proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem.
The Pythagorean Theorem
Activity
1. Cut out a square with side length c, and cut out four identical right triangles with
hypotenuse c and legs a and b. Place the four triangles over the square, matching the
hypotenuses to the sides and leaving a smaller square uncovered in the centre. Try
to obtain the Pythagorean Theorem by considering the area of the original square
and the areas of the parts that dissect it.
2. Cut out or construct two squares with sides a and b. Try

to dissect these squares and rearrange their pieces to
form a new square. Then use the areas of the original
squares and the new square to write the Pythagorean
Theorem. (Hint: Start by cutting out two right triangles
with legs a and b.)
EXAMPLE
33
In the figure, ST SQ. Find x and y.
S
13
Solution
First we will use the Pythagorean Theorem

in SKT to find x, then we can use it in
SKQ to find y.
SK 2 + KT 2 = ST2
x2 + 122 = 132
x
T
12
(Pythagorean Theorem in SKT)

(Substitute)
x + 144 = 169
x2 = 25
x = 5 is not an answer
because the length of a
segment cannot be negative.
So the answer is x = 5.
From now on we will
always consider only
positive values for lengths.
x=5
SK2 + KQ2 = SQ2
2
5 +y =6
y2 =36 25
(Simplify)
(Positive length)
(Pythagorean Theorem in SKQ)
(Substitute)
(Simplify)
y = 11
95
EXAMPLE
34
Solution
In the figure,
PT = TS = KS,
PM = 4 cm and KM = 3 cm. Find ST.
Let PT = TS = KS = x.
So SM = KM KS = 3 x and TM = PM PT = 4 x.
In TMS,
Quadratic formula
The roots x1 and x2 of
the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
x1,2 =
b b2 4ac
.
2a
TS2 = TM2+ MS2

2
(Pythagorean Theorem)
x = (4 x) + (3 x)
2
(Substitute)
2
x = 16 8x + x + 9 6x + x
(Simplify)
x 14x + 25 = 0
x1, 2 = (7 24) cm
(Quadratic formula)
Since 7 + 24 is greater than 3 and 4 which are the lengths of the sides, the answer is
x = |ST| = 7 24 cm.
EXAMPLE
35
In the figure,
m + k = 3 n.
Given A(KMN) = 30 cm2,
find the value of n.

M
Solution
m + k = 3 n (1)
(Given)
A(KMN) = 30 cm2
km
= 30
2
(Given)
k m = 60
(2)
In KMN, n2 = k2 + m2
n2 = (k + m)2 2km
(Binomial expansion: (k+ m)2 = k2 + 2km + m2)
n2 = (3n)2 2 60
(Substitute (1) and (2))
8n = 120
(Simplify)
n = 15
n = 15 cm.
Theorem
Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

If the square of one side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides,
then the angle opposite this side is a right angle.
96
Geometriy 7
Proof
We will give a proof by contradiction.

Suppose the triangle is not a right triangle,
and label the vertices A, B and C. Then there
are two possibilities for the measure of angle
C: either it is less than 90 (figure 1), or it is
greater than 90 (figure 2).
a
figure 2
A
c
a
figure 1
By the Pythagorean Theorem in BCD,

BD2 = a2 + b2 = c2, and so BD = c.
However, in figure 3 we have
Let us draw a segment DC CB such that

DC = AC.
So ACD is isosceles (since DC = AC) and

ABD is also isosceles (AB = BD = c). As a
result, CDA CAD and BDA DAB.
c
b
b
a
figure 3
figure 4
m(BDA) < m(CDA) and m(CAD) < m(DAB), which gives m(BDA) < m(DAB) if
CDA and CAD are congruent. This is a contradiction of BDA DAB. Also,
in figure 4 we have m(DAB) < m(CAD) and m(CDA) < m(BDA), which gives
m(DAB) < m(BDA) if CAD and CDA are congruent. This is also a contradiction.
So our original assumption must be wrong, and so ABC is a right triangle.
EXAMPLE
36
Solution
In the triangle ABC opposite, K AC and

AN is the interior angle bisector of A.
AB = 16 cm, AN = 13 cm, AK = 12 cm and
NK = 5 cm are given. Find the area of
ABN.
H
16
N
13
Let us draw an altitude NH from the vertex

N to the side AB.
5
K
12
To find the area of ABN we need to find NH, because A( ABN ) =

as 16 cm.
NH AB
and AB is given
2
132 = 122 + 52, so m(NKA) = 90.
(Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem)
Also, NH = NK = 5 cm.
NH AB 5 16
So A( ABN ) =
=
= 40 cm 2 .
2
2
(Angle Bisector Theorem)

(Substitution)
97
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to prove other theorems. Here is one example.
Theorem
Carnots Theorem
If a triangle ABC with P int ABC has
perpendiculars PK, PN, and PT drawn to the
sides BC, AC and AB respectively, then
AT 2 + BK 2 + CN 2 = AN2 + BT 2 + CK2.
A
N
T
P
Proof
Let us join the point P to the vertices A, B

and C and use the Pythagorean Theorem in
the six right triangles that are created.
A
N
T
P
In ATP, AT2 + TP2 = AP2.
In ANP, AN + NP = AP ,
AT2 + TP2 = AN2 + NP2. (1)
(Transitive property of equality)
In BKP, BK2 + KP2 = BP2.
In BTP, BT + TP = BP ,
BK + KP = BT + TP . (2)
In CNP, CN2 + NP2 = CP2.
In CKP, CK2 + KP2 = CP2,
CN + NP = CK + KP . (3)
From (1), (2) and (3) we get

AT2 + TP2 + BK2 + KP2 + CN2 + NP2 = AN2 + NP2 + BT2 + TP2 + CK2 + KP2 (Addition property
of equality)
AT 2 + BK 2 + CN 2 = AN2 + BT2 + CK2.
98
(Simplify)
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
37
Find the length x in the figure.
Solution
AT2 + BK2 + CN2

x2 + 42 + (2x)2
5x2
x2
x
=
=
=
=
=
AN2 + BT2 + CK2

22 + 42 + 62
40
8
22
2x
(Carnots Theorem)
(Substitute)
(Simplify)
Practice Problems 11
1. Find the length x in each figure.
a.
A Pythagorean triple is a
set of three integers a, b
and c which satisfy the
Pythagorean Theorem.
The smallest and
best-known Pythagorean
triple is (a, b, c) = (3, 4, 5).
b.
D
x
d.
6
L
N
5
x
17
10
24
7
E
9
e.
17
c.
f.
x
15
15
x
N 19 K
2. In the figure, TN = NK, ST = 12 cm
12
and SN = 69 cm. Find the length of TK.

12
69
T
3. In a right triangle ABC, m(A) = 90, AB = x, AC = x 7 and BC = x + 1. Find AC.

Answers
1. a. 15 b. 25 c. 9 d. 53 e. 20 f. 10
2. 10 cm
3. 5 cm
99
b. Further properties
Activity
Paper Folding - Median to the Hypotenuse
Fold a corner of a sheet of paper, and cut along the fold to get a right triangle.
Label the vertices A, B and C so that m(B) = 90.
Fold each of the other two vertices to match point B.
Label the point T on the hypotenuse where the folds intersect.
What can you say about the lengths TA, TB and TC? Repeat the steps with a different
right triangle, and see if your conclusions are the same.
Properties 7
1. The length of the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to half of the length
of the hypotenuse.
2. a. In any isosceles right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the length of
45-9
90 Triangle Theorem.)
a leg. (This property is also called the 45-4
b. In any right triangle, if the hypotenuse is 2 times any of the legs then the triangle is
45-9
90
a 45-45-90 triangle. (This property is also called the Converse of the 45-4
Triangle Theorem).
3. In any 30-60-90 right triangle,
a. the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the leg opposite the 30 angle.
b. the length of the leg opposite the 60 angle is 3 times the length of the leg opposite
60-9
90 Triangle Theorem.)
the 30 angle. (These properties are also called the 30-6
4. In any right triangle,
a. if one of the legs is half the length of the hypotenuse then the angle opposite this leg
is 30.
b. if one of the legs is 3 times the length of the other leg then the angle opposite this
60-9
90
first leg is 60. (These properties are also called the Converse of the 30-6
Triangle Theorem.)
A
5. The center of the circumscribed circle of
any right triangle is the midpoint of the
hypotenuse of the triangle.
100
r
B
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
38
In the figure,
m(BAC) = 90,
m(C) = 60 and
BD = DC.
Find BC if AD = 2x + 3 and AC = 6x 1.
C
60
6x 1
D
2x + 3
Solution
Since AD is a median and the length of the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
1
is equal to half the length of the hypotenuse, AD = BC.
2
By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in ABC, m(B) = 30.
By the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, AC =
hypotenuse.
1
BC because m(B) = 30 and BC is the
2
So by the transitive property of equality, AC = AD, i.e. 6x 1 = 2x + 3 and so x = 1.

Finally, BC = 2 AC = 2 AD = 2 (2x + 3) = 10.
EXAMPLE
39
Solution
In the figure at the right, find m(ADC) if

m(BAC) = 90,
m(BAD) = 2x,
m(ACB) = 3x and
BD = DC.
A
2x
3x
B
1
BC.
2
So AD = BD = DC. Hence DCA and BDA are isosceles triangles.
Since AD is a median, by Property 7.1 we have AD =
Since DCA is isosceles, m(DAC) = m(ACD) = 3x.

Additionally, m(BAC) = m(BAD) + m(DAC) by the Angle Addition Postulate.
So 2x + 3x = 90 and x = 18.
By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in DCA, m(ADC) + 3x + 3x = 180.
So m(ADC) = 180 (6 18), i.e. m(ADC) = 72.
101
EXAMPLE
40
Solution
One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 16. Find the angle between the
bisector of the right angle and the median drawn from the same vertex.
Let us draw an appropriate figure. We need
to find m(NAT).
A
45
According to the figure,

AN is the angle bisector, AT is the
median, and m(BAC) = 90.
16
m(ACB) = 16 by Property 5.3.

Property 5.3:
Since AT is median to hypotenuse, AT = CT = BT.
In any triangle ABC, if

m(B) > m(C) or
m(B) < m(C) then
ha < na < Va.
So ATC is isosceles.
Therefore, by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, m(TAC) = m(ACT) = 16.
Since AN is an angle bisector and m(BAC) = 90, m(NAC) = 45.
So m(NAT) = m(NAC) m(TAC)= 45 16 = 29.
EXAMPLE
41
In the figure, AB AC and AH BC.
Given m(C) = 30 and BH = 2 cm, find the

length of HC.
30
B
Solution
In ABC, since m(C) = 30,

A
m(B) = 60.
In ABH, since m(B) = 60,
4 30
m(BAH) = 30.
In ABH, by Property 7.3,
AB = 2 BH = 2 2 = 4 cm.
This set square is in the
form of a 30-60-90
triangle.
In ABC, again by Property 7.3,
60
60
B
30
H
C
8
BC = 2 AB = 2 4 = 8 cm.
So HC = BC BH = 8 2 = 6 cm.
102
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
42
Find the value of x in the figure.
60
10
Solution
Let us draw an altitude from C to AB.
45
In BHC,
BC = 2 BH
AB = AH + HB
Solution
60
(Segment Addition
Postulate)
(Substitute)
(Simplify)
In AHC,
AC = 2 AH
AC = 2 4
AC = x = 8.
43
(Substitute)
(Simplify)
10 = AH + 6
AH = 4.
EXAMPLE
62
(45-45-90 Triangle
Theorem)
62 = 2 BH
BH = 6.
This set square is in the

form of 45-45-90 right
triangle.
45
B
62
(30-60-90 Triangle Theorem)

(Substitute)
(Simplify)
Construct a 30 angle by using the Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem.

We will construct a right triangle in which one leg is half of the hypotenuse. Then by the
Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, the angle opposite this leg will measure 30.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
A
r
6.
B
r r Kr Cr
2 2
2
2
B
n
r K r C
2
2
30
A
r
B
r K r C
2
2
103
1. Draw a line m.
2. Construct a perpendicular to the line at any point. Name the line n and label the
intersection point of these lines B.
3. Draw an arc with center B and any radius r. Label the intersection point C of this arc and
the line m.
4. Construct the midpoint K of the segment BC and draw the line k perpendicular to m
through this point.
5. Draw an arc with center K and radius BC. Label the intersection point A of the arc and line n.
6. Join A and K to make AK = 2 KB.
7. By the Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, m(BAK) = 30.
EXAMPLE
44
Solution
Construct the circumscribed circle of a given right triangle.

1.
2.
3.
1. Label ABC with m(A) = 90 and m(B) > m(C).

2. Construct the perpendicular bisector of each side and label their point of intersection M.
3. Draw a circle with center M and radius MB. This is the circumscribed circle.
Activity
Unsolved Problem - Kobon Triangles
The Kobon triangle problem is an unsolved problem in

geometry which was first stated by Kobon Fujimura. The
problem asks: What is the largest number of non-overlapping
triangles that can be produced by n straight line segments?
This might seem like a simple question, but nobody has yet
found a general solution to the problem.
The mathematician Saburo Tamura proved that the largest
integer below n(n 2) / 3 is an upper bound for the number of
non-overlapping triangles which can be produced by n lines. If
the number of triangles is exactly equal to this upper bound,
the solution is called a perfect solution. Perfect solutions are
known for n = 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13 and 15, but for other n-values
perfect Kobon triangle solutions have not been found.
A perfect Kobon solution with

15 lines and 65 triangles
(T. Suzuki, Oct. 2, 2005)
The perfect Kobon solution for five lines creates 5 (5 2) / 3 = 5 triangles. Can you find
this solution?
Make Kobon patterns with seven lines. Can you find the perfect solution for seven lines?
104
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 12
1. In an isosceles right triangle, the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and the altitude
drawn to the hypotenuse is 27.3. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
C
2. In the figure, ABC is a right triangle with

m(ABC) = 90 and CF = FE, and CE is the
angle bisector of C. If m(ADB) = 102, find
102
the measure of CAB.

A
3. One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 48. Find the angle between the
median and the altitude which are drawn from the vertex at the right angle.
4. In a triangle ABC, m(B) = 135, AC = 17 cm and BC = 82 cm. Find the length of AB.
5. In a right triangle, the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and the shorter leg is 2.4.
Find the length of the hypotenuse if the biggest acute angle measures 60.
A
6. In the figure,
m(C) = 60,
HC = 4 cm and
DH = 23 cm. Find the length AC = x.
x
23
60
4
H
A
7. ABC in the figure is an equilateral triangle with

DH BC,
x
D
BH = 5 cm and
HC = 3 cm.
Find the length AD = x.
B
8. The distance from a point to a line k is 10 cm. Two segments non-perpendicular to k are
drawn from this point. Their lengths have the ratio 2 : 3. Find the length of the longer
segment if the shorter segment makes a 30 angle with k.
9. CAB is a right triangle with m(A) = 90 and m(C) = 60, and D is the midpoint of
hypotenuse. Find the length of the hypotenuse if AD = 3x + 1 and AC = 5x 3.
10.The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle measures 18 cm. Find the distance from the
vertex at the right angle to the hypotenuse.
Answers
1. 18.2
2. 22
3. 6
4. 7 cm
5. 1.6
6. 5 cm
7. 2 cm
8. 30 cm
9. 14 10. 9 cm
105
D. THE TRIANGLE ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

Theorem
Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem

1. The bisector of an interior angle of a
triangle divides the opposite side in the

same ratio as the sides adjacent to the
angle. In other words, for a triangle ABC
and angle bisector AN,
AB BN
=
.
AC CN
2. In any triangle ABC, if the bisector AN of
the exterior angle A cuts the extension

of side BC at a point N, then
B
AB BN
.
AC CN
Proof of 1
We begin by drawing two perpendiculars NK

and NL from N to the sides AB and AC
respectively, then we draw the altitude
AH BC.
L
K
AH BN
BN
A( ABN )
2
=
=
(1) (Definition of the area of a triangle and simplify)

A( ANC )
AH NC CN
2
Now let us find the same ratio by using the sides AB and AC and the altitudes NK and NL.
Since N is the point on the angle bisector, by the Angle Bisector Theorem we have NK = NL.
NK AB
AB
A( ABN )
2
=
=
AC
A( ANC )
NL AC
2
106
AB BN
=
AC CN
(By (1), (2) and the transitive property of equality)
Geometriy 7
Proof of 2
We begin by drawing two perpendiculars NK

and NL from N to the extension of the sides
AB and AC respectively, then we draw the
altitude AH BN.
AH BN
BN
A( ABN )
2
=
=
A( ACN )
AH CN CN
2
Now let us find the same ratio by using the sides AB and AC, and the altitudes NK and NL.
Since N is the point on the angle bisector, by the Angle Bisector Theorem we have NK = NL.
NK AB
AB
A( ABN )
2
=
=
AC
A( ACN )
NL AC
2
AB BN
=
AC CN
EXAMPLE
45
Solution
(By (1), (2) and the transitive property of equality)

12 6
=
8
x
3 6
=
2 x
x=4
(Triangle Angle Bisector
12
Theorem)
B
107
EXAMPLE
46
Solution

A
12
4
=
12+ x x
x
4
(Triangle Angle Bisector

Theorem)
12
3
1
= ; 3x =12+ x ; x = 6.
12+ x x
Properties 8
1. In any triangle ABC, if AN is an interior

angle bisector then
AN2 = (AB AC) (BN NC).
2. In any triangle ABC, if AN is an

exterior angle bisector then
47
Solution
AN2 = (BN CN) (AB AC).
EXAMPLE
By the Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem,

6 3
=
y 2
y = 4.
By Property 8.1,
x2 = 6 4 3 2 = 18
x = 32.
108
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
48
In the figure, m(CAB) = 2 m(ABC).

Given that AC = 4 cm and AB = 5 cm, find
the length of BC.
Solution
Let AD be the bisector of angle A.

Then m(B) = m(DAB) = m(DAC), since m(CAB) = 2 m(ABC).
So DAB is an isosceles triangle. Let AD = DB = x. If BC = a then CD = a x.
By the Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem in BAC,
5
x
=
4 ax
5(a x) = 4x
5a
. (1)
x=
9
Now we can use Property 8.1:
ax
D
4
x
A
x2 = 5 4 x(a x)
x2 = 20 ax + x2
ax = 20. (2)
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
5a
a
= 20 ; a2 = 36 ; a = 6 cm.
9
Check Yourself 13
1. In a triangle ABC, N is on side BC and AN is the angle bisector of A. If AB = 8 cm,
AC = 12 cm and BC = 10 cm, find AN.
2. In a triangle KMN, points M, Z, N and T are collinear, KZ is the angle bisector of the
interior angle K, and KT is the angle bisector of the exterior angle K. If MZ = 5 cm and
ZN = 3 cm, find NT.
3. MP is the angle bisector of the interior angle M of a triangle KMN. Find MN if
KP : PN = 3 : 4 and KM = 15 cm.
4. In a triangle ABC, point D is on side BC and AD is the bisector of the angle A. Find BD if
BA : AC = 5 : 3 and BD + DC = 8 cm.
5. ET is an angle bisector in a triangle DEF. Find the length of ET if DE = 14, EF = 21 and
DF = 15.
Answers
1. 62 cm
2. 12 cm
3. 20 cm
4. 5 cm
5. 415
109
EXERCISES
3. 2
A. The Concept of Congruence
5. Two triangles ABC and CMN are congruent to

each other with AB = 8 cm, CN = 3 cm, and
CM = AC = 6 cm. Find BC and MN.
1. Find two pairs of congruent figures in each

picture. Draw each pair.
a.
b.
B. Constructions
6. Construct each angle.
a. 15
b. 105
c. 75
d. 37.5
e. 97.5
7. a. Construct an isosceles triangle with base 5 cm

and perimeter 19 cm.
2.
70
A
D
C
10 b
(x+10)
20y 3
M
a+2
M
(n+10)
E
b. Construct an equilateral triangle with perimeter

18 cm.
c. Try to construct a triangle with sides of length

2 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm. What do you notice?
Can you explain why this is so?
7
80
P
10y+7
In the figure, polygon ABCDE is congruent to

polygon KLMNP. Find each value, using the
information given.
a. x
b. y
c. n
d. a
d. Construct a triangle ABC with side lengths

a = 5 cm and c = 7 cm, and m(B) = 165.
e. Construct a right triangle ABC in which
m(C) = 90, b = 5 cm and the hypotenuse
measures 7 cm.
e. b
f. Construct ABC with angles m(C) = 120

and m(B) = 45, and side b = 5 cm.
3. ADE KLN is given. List the congruent

corresponding segments and angles of these
triangles.
g. Construct an isosceles triangle PQR with

vertex angle m(Q) = 40 and side QP = 3 cm.
4. A triangle ABC is congruent to a second triangle

KMN. Find the unknown value in each statement,
using the properties of congruence.
a. AC = 5m 25, KN = 11 m
8. In each case, construct a triangle using only the
three elements given.
b. m(BCA) = 45 v, m(MNK) = 2v 15,
a. a, b, Vc
b. a, b, hc
c. m(B) = 18, m(M) = u 4,
c. a, b, nC
d. ha, hb, hc
d. BA = 22x 30, MK = 3 2x
e. A, a, ha
f. Va, Vb, Vc
110
Geometriy 7
C. Isosceles, Equilateral and Right

Triangles
9.
14. In the figure,
KMN is an isosceles triangle with base KN. The

perpendicular bisector of the side MK intersects
the sides MK and MN at the points T and F,
respectively. Find the length of side KN if
P(KFN) = 36 cm and KM = 26 cm.
ABC is an equilateral
triangle, PE AC,
PD BC, and PF AB.
Given P(ABC) = 45,
find the value of
PD + PE + PF.
15. In the figure,

10 . In the figure,
AB = BC,
AD = DB
and BE = EC.
If DC = 3x + 1 and
AE = 4x 1,
find the length x.
BH = HC,
AB = DC and
m(B) = 54.
Find m(BAC).
A
D
11. In a triangle DEF, m(E) = 65 and m(F) = 15,

and DK is an angle bisector. Prove that DEK is
isosceles.
m(LMK) = 70 and m(KLM) = 80.

O int KLM and KO = LO = MO are given.
Find m(OKM), m(OML) and m(OLK).
13. In the figure,
3
P
triangle.
E
PE BC, PD AC,
5
PE = 3 and
PD = 5 are given.
B
D
C
Find the length of one side of the equilateral
triangle.
?
54
B
16. In the figure,

BE = EC and
AD bisects the interior
angle A.
Given AB = 12 and
AC = 7, find the
length of ED.
A
12
O is the center of the

inscribed circle of
ABC, OB = CD,
AB = AC and
m(ECD) = 20.
Find the measure of
BEC.
7
D
17. In the figure,

12. In a triangle KLM, m(LKM) = 30,
E
O
D
20
18. In a right triangle ETF, the perpendicular

bisector of the leg ET intersects the hypotenuse at
the point M. Find m(MTF) if m(E) = 52.
19. In triangle DEF, DE = EF, m(DEF) = 90 and

the distance from E to DF is 4.8 cm. Find DF.
111
20 . TF is the hypotenuse of a right triangle TMF, and

the perpendicular bisector of the hypotenuse
intersects the leg MF at the point K. Find
m(KTF) given m(MTF) = 70.
21.
25. In the figure,
AB = AC,
AD = DB and
CD = 8 cm.
Find the length of DB.
8
D
26. In a triangle ABC, BC = 72, m(BAC) = 30 and

m(BCA) = 45. Find the length of the side AB.
15
In the figure, PMN is a right triangle, MH PN

MH
and m(N) = 15. Find
.
PN
(Hint: Draw the median to the hypotenuse.)
22 . In the figure,
?
A
BC = 12,
m(BAC) = 90,
m(ADC) = 90 and
60
m(ABC) = 60.
B
If AC is the angle
12
bisector of C, find the length of AD.
23. In the figure,
28. In the figure,
112
m(AHC) = 90,
m(B) = 30 and
HC = 1 cm.
Find the length of BH.
30. In the figure,
60
A
N
150 33
2
m(BAC) = 90,
m(M) = 150,
LM = 2 and
MN = 33.
Find the length of KL.
29. In the figure,
m(A) = m(B) = 60,

AD = 7 and
BC = 4.
Find DC.
30
24. In the figure,
ABC measures 45. The altitude drawn from the

obtuse angle B divides the opposite side into two
segments of length 9 and 12. Find the length of
the side BC.
m(A) = 30 and
AB = AC = 16 cm.
Find the value of
PH + PD.
27. The larger acute angle A in an obtuse triangle
C
4
60
B
m(DBA) = 30,
m(ABC) = 60 and
AD = 4. Find the
length of BC.
30
?
D 4
1 C
30
60
B
Geometriy 7
31. ABC in the figure is
an equilateral triangle.
BH = 5 cm and
HC = 3 cm are given.
Find the length
AD = x.
36. In a right triangle KLM, m(KLM) = 90 and the

perpendicular bisector of the leg LM cuts the
hypotenuse at the point T. If m(LMK) = 20,
find m(TLK).
32. In the figure,
37. In the figure,
m(C) = 90,
m(BAD) = m(DAC),
BD = DA and
DC = 3 cm. Find the
length of BD.
m(A) = 90,
m(ADC) = 60,
m(B) = 30 and
BD = 4 cm.
Find the length of AD.
60
39. In the figure,
E
triangle, PE AC and
PD AB.
PD = 5 cm,
PE = 3 cm and
D
P(ABC) = 48 cm are B
given. Find the length of PH.
24
In the figure, NK is the bisector of the interior

angle N and NL = LK. m(NMP) = 90 and
m(P) = 24 are given. Find m(PSM).
m(BAE) = m(DAE) = 60,

CB = 6 cm and
CE = 3 cm.
Find the length of CD.
30
C
35. In the figure,
?
N
34. In the figure,
E
B
triangle, BD = 4 cm
and AE = 6 cm. Find
the length of EC.
B
30
38.
33. In the figure,
ABC is an isosceles
triangle, AB = AC,
m(BAC) = 30 and
2PE = PD = 4.
Find AC.
60 60
B
6
C 3 E
40. In the figure,
3
?
5
C
AB = BC
m(ADB) = 30 and
AC = 6.
Find the length of CD.
D
30
113
41. The base and a leg of an isosceles triangle

measure 14 cm and 25 cm respectively. Find the
height of the altitude drawn to the base.
42. A rectangular opening in a wall has dimensions

21 cm by 20 cm. Can an empty circular service
tray with a diameter of 28 cm pass through the
opening?
43. Two ships are in the same port. One starts to

travel due west at 40 km/h at 3 p.m. Two hours
later the second ship leaves port, traveling due
south at 60 km/h. How far apart will the ships be
at 7 p.m.?
48. In the figure,
ED = AC,
BD = DC and
m(C) = 63. Find
m(EDC).
angle of a right triangle divides the right angle in

the ratio 13 : 5. Find the smallest angle in this
triangle.
45. In a triangle DEF, m(DEF) = 120, DE = 25
63
?
B
49. In the figure,
AB = AC = 18 cm,
PH = 5 cm and
PD = 4 cm.
Find m(HPD).
5
B
50. In the figure,

44. The median drawn from the vertex at the right
triangle, AH = ED,
AE = EC and
CD = 4 cm.
Find the length of
AB.
and DF = 8. Find the length of the side EF.
51. In the figure,

46. In the figure,
BD = DC and
BC = 12.
Find the length of AD.
?
B
47. In the figure,

AD = EB,
CD = DB and
m(DEB) = 80. Find
the measure of ACB.
114
AB = AC,
AH = HB,
m(A) = 120 and
PB = 8 cm. Find
the length of CP.
?
P
8
120
A
52. In the figure,
C
?
AT = DB = DC and
m(A) = 36.
Find m(DBT).
80
A
36
T
E
B
Geometriy 7
53. A line m divides a segment KN with the ratio 2 : 3

at the point M. Find the distances from the points
K and N to m if KN = 40 and the angle between
m and the segment KN is 30.
59. In the figure,
NL = LK and
K
NK is the bisector
L
120
of N. If
S
m(NMP) = 90 N
and m(MSP) = 120, what is m(P)?
54. In a triangle KMN, T is the intersection point of

the three angle bisectors and the distance from T
to the side MN is 4. Find the distance from T to
the vertex K if m(K) = 60.
55. Prove that in a right triangle ABC with m(A) = 90

and acute angles 15 and 75, the altitude to the
1
hypotenuse measures
of the length of the
4
hypotenuse.
60. In the figure,

BE = EC, BD AC,
m(A) = 45,
m(D) = 30 and
DC = 6. Find the
length x.
D
A
45
30
E
D. The Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem

56. In the figure,
AC BD,
CE = 2AB and
m(C) = 15.
Find m(CAF).
61. In a triangle ABC, D AB and CD is the interior
15
angle bisector of C. Given AC = 9 cm, BD = 8 cm,

AD = m and BC = n, find the value of m n.
?
A
62. In a triangle ABC, D lies on the side BC and AD is

57. Prove that if AH is an
altitude and AD is a
median of a triangle
ABC then
|b2 c2| = 2a HD.
the interior angle bisector of A. If AC = BD,

AB = 9 cm and DC = 4 cm, find the length of BD.
63. In a triangle ABC, D lies on the side AC and BD is

B
58. In the figure,
triangle, m(BCE) = 15,
EF = FC, DF EC and
AD = 2 cm are given.
Find AE.
2
D
64. In a triangle ABC, points C, A and D are collinear
E
F
B
the interior angle bisector of B. If AD = 5 cm,

DC = 6 cm and the sum of the lengths of the sides
a and c is 22 cm, find the value of a.
15
and C, B and E are also collinear. BD is the angle

bisector of EBA. If AC = AD and AB = 6 cm,
find the length of BC.
115
65. In a triangle EFM, points F, N and M are collinear
71. In a triangle ABC, D AB, E BC and AE and CD
and EN is the interior angle bisector of E.

If EN = 6, NM = 3 and FN = 4, find the length
of EF.
are the angle bisectors of A and C respectively,

intersecting at the point K. If AD = 4, DB = 6 and
AK
AC = 8, find the value of
.
KE

the interior angle bisector of A. If BD = 3 cm,
DC = 4 cm and AB + AC = 14 cm, find the length
of AD.

the interior angle bisector of A. If AB = AD = 12 cm
and AC = 16 cm, find the length of BD.
68. In a triangle DEF, E, F and K are collinear and
72. In a triangle ABC, points D, B and C are collinear

and AD is the angle bisector of A. If AB = 2m,
AC = 2m + 6, BC = 2m + 2 and DB = 28, find
the value of m.
73. In the figure, AN and BE

are the angle bisectors of
A and B respectively.
If AB = 4,
AC = 6 and BC = 5,
find the length of BE.
4
?
B
DK is the exterior angle bisector of the angle D. If

DE = 4 cm, DF = 3 cm and EF = 2 cm, find DK.
BE are the angle

bisectors of A and
B, respectively,
AE 3
= and
ED 2
B
AC = 12 cm.
Find the length of segment DC.
12
74. In the triangle

69. In the figure, AD and
ABC at the right,

AD is the angle
bisector of A
N
4
2
and BN is the
angle bisector of
m
3
D
B
C
B. DB = m,
BC = 3, AB = 4 and NC = 2 are given. Find the
value of m.
70. In a triangle ABC, points B, C and D are collinear
75. In a triangle ABC, points D, B and C are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of A. If CD = 3 BC

and AB = 12 cm, find the length of AC.
and AD is the angle bisector of A. If AB = 12

and BD = 4 BC, find the length of AC.
116
Geometriy 7
Objectives
After studying this section you will able to

1. Describe and use relations between angles
2. Describe and use relations between angles
In this section we will look at some basic rules related to the basic and auxiliary elements of
a triangle.
Angles in a Triangle
Activity
Do the following activities and then try to
A. RELATIONS
BETWEEN ANGLES
find a common conjecture.
1. Cut out three identical triangles and
label their vertices K, M and N. Draw a
straight line and place the triangles
along the line as in the diagram at the
far right. What can you say about the
sum of K, M and N?
It is indeed wonderful
that so simple a figure
as the triangle is so
inexhaustible in
properties.
How many as yet
unknown properties of
other figures may there
not be?
August Crelle
(1780-1856),
civil engineer and
mathematician
K
M
N
M
N
MN K
2
2. Cut out an acute triangle, a right triangle
and an obtuse triangle. Number the

1
3
1 2 3
angles of each triangle 1, 2 and 3 and
1
tear them off. Finally, put the three
angles of each triangle adjacent to each
other to form one angle as in the

1
2
2
figures at the far right. What can you
1
say about the sum of the angles in each
triangle?
2
3
1 2 3
3. Cut out a triangle ABC and label its
longest side BC. Fold the triangle so that A lies on the fold line and C lies on BC. Label
the intersection T of BC and the fold line. Unfold. Now fold the paper so that A, B and
C coincide with T. How does this activity support the results of activities 1 and 2 above?
117
Triangle Angle-S
Sum Theorem
Theorem
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.

Proof
Given: ABC
A
4 2 5
Prove: m(1) + m(2) + m(3) = 180

We begin by drawing an auxiliary line DE
through A, parallel to BC. Then we continue
with a two-column proof.

Statements
An auxiliary line is a
line which we add to a
figure to help in a proof.
EXAMPLE
49
Solution
Reasons
1. 1 4; 3 5
1. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
2. m(DAE)=m(4)+m(2)+m(5)=180
2. Angle Addition Postulate, by the definition of straight angle
3. m(1) + m(2) + m(3) = 180
3. Substitute 1 into 2
In the figure, points A, B, F and E, B, C are

respectively collinear. Given that C and F
are right angles, m(E) = 40 and m(A) = ,
find the value of .
A
a
E
40
B
F
In EFB by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem,

m(E) + m(F) + m(B) = 180
40 + 90 + m(B) = 180
m(B) = 50.
By the Vertical Angles Theorem,
m(EBF) = m(ABC)
50 = m(ABC).
40
50
In ABC by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem,

m(A) + m(B) + m(C) = 180
+ 50 + 90 = 180
= 40.
118
Geometriy 7
50
EXAMPLE
In a triangle ABC, m(A) = 3x 10, m(B) = 2x + 20 and m(C) = 5x.

Find the value of x.
m(A) + m(B) + m(C)
3x 10 + 2x + 20 + 5x
10x + 10
x
Solution
=
=
=
=
180
180
180
17
Activity
Complete the table for the figure at the right, using the
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem and the Linear Pair Postulate.
m(4)
m(3)
75
55
m(2)
63
77
m(1)
m(3) + m(4)
1
135
46
39
85
What do you notice about the values in the last two columns of the table?
Theorem
Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle in a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of its two
nonadjacent interior angles.
Proof
Given: ABC
Prove: m(1) = m(3) + m(4)

1 2
The two interior angles
which are not adjacent
to an exterior angle in a
triangle are sometimes
called remote angles.
exterior
angle
remote
angles
Statements
1. m(1) + m(2) = 180
m(2) = 180 m(1)
Reasons
1. Linear Pair Postulate
2. m(2) + m(3) + m(4) = 180
2. Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
3. 180 m(1) + m(3) + m(4) = 180
3. Substitute 1 into 2.
4. m(1) = m(3) + m(4)
4. Simplify.
119
EXAMPLE
51
Solution
In a triangle ABC, AB AC and m(B) = 136. Find m(C).

A
m(B) = m(A) + m(C)

136 = 90 + m(C)
136
46 = m(C)
EXAMPLE
52
In the figure, AB = BD, AD = DC
C
A
and m(DAC) = 35. Find m(B).
35
B
Solution
m(DCA) = m(DAC)
(Base angles of an isosceles triangle)
= 35
m(BDA) = m(DAC) + m(DCA)
(Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem)
= 35 + 35
= 70
m(BAD) = m(BDA)
(Base angles of an isosceles triangle)
= 70
m(B) + m(BAD) + m(BDA) = 180
m(B) + 70 + 70 = 180
m(B) = 40
EXAMPLE
53
In a triangle KMN, D lies on side KM. Decide whether each statement about the figure is
possible or impossible. If it is possible, sketch an example.
a. Triangles KDN and MDN are both acute triangles.
b. Triangles KDN and MDN are both right triangles.
c. Triangles KDN and MDN are both obtuse triangles.
d. Triangle KDN is obtuse and triangle KNM is acute.
Solution
a. impossible
b. possible
c. possible
N
d. possible
N
N
10
100
120
20
30
50
120
50
55
80
45
Geometriy 7
Triangle Exterior Angle-S

Sum theorem
Theorem
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a triangle is equal to 360.
Proof
Given: ABC
Prove: m(A) + m(B) + m(C) = 360
We will give a flow-chart proof.

B
m(A) = m(B) + m(C)

m(B) = m(A) + m(C)
m(A)+m(B)+m(C) =
m(A)+m(B)+m(C) =
= 2(m(A)+m(B)+m(C))
Addition Property of Equality
=2 180 = 360
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
m(C) = m(A) + m(B)

EXAMPLE
54
In the figure, m(TCA) = 120,

m(KAB) = 5x and m(PBC) = 7x.
K
5x
a. Find the value of x.
b. Find m(BAC).
P
Solution
a. m(A) + m(B) + m(C)

5x + 7x + 120
12x
x
=
=
=
=
b. m(KAB) + m(BAC) = 180

(5 20) + m(BAC) = 180
m(BAC) = 80
360
360
240
20
120
B
7x
(Triangle Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem)
(Linear Pair Postulate)
121
EXAMPLE
55
In the figure,
m(A) = m,
m(B) = n and m(C) = k.
A
m
n
Find the value of m if m + n + k = 280.

P
Solution
m(A) + m(A) = 180
m(A) = 180 m
180 m + n + k = 360
(Triangle Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem)
n + k = 180 + m (1)
Also,
m + n + k = 280
m + 180 + m = 280
180 m
(Given)
(Substitute (1))
2m = 100
m = 50.
n
P B
C
k
Check Yourself 14
1. The two acute angles in a right triangle measure 0.2x + 6.3 and 3.8x 2.7. Find x.
2. The measures of the interior angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 6 : 8. Find the degree
measures of these angles.
3. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle measures 42. An altitude is drawn from a base
angle to one of the legs. Find the angle between this altitude and the base of the triangle.
4. In an isosceles triangle, the angle between the altitude drawn to the base of the triangle
and one leg of the triangle measures 16 less than one of the base angles of the triangle.
Find the measure of the vertex angle of this triangle.
5. Two points E and F are drawn on the extension of the side MN of a triangle MNP such
that point M is between the points E and N and point N is between points M and F.
State which angle is the smallest angle in EPF if EM = MP, NF = NP, m(PMN) = 30
and m(PNM) = 40.
122
Geometriy 7
6. In a triangle DEF, point M lies on the side DF such that MDE and DEM are acute
angles. Decide whether each statement about the figure is possible or impossible. If it is
possible, sketch an example.
a. FME is an acute triangle.
b. FME is a right isosceles triangle.
c. FME and DME are both acute triangles.
d. DME is equilateral and EMF is isosceles.
e. DME is isosceles and DEF is isosceles.
7. In the figure, KLN is an isosceles triangle in a plane,
m(KLN) = 120, and L is the midpoint of the segment KM.

A point P is taken in the same plane such that MP = KL. Find
the measure of LPM when
120
a. the distance between N and P is at its maximum.
b. the distance between N and P is at its minimum.
8. One of the exterior angles of an isosceles triangle measures 85. Find the measure of the
vertex angle of this triangle.
9. State whether each triangle is a possible or impossible figure. If it is possible, sketch an

example. If it is impossible, give a reason why.
a. A triangle with two obtuse exterior angles.
b. A triangle with one acute exterior angle.
c. A triangle with two right exterior angles.
d. A triangle with two acute exterior angles.
10.Find the value of x in each figure, using the information given.

a.
b.
A
70
105
x
115
80
c.
d.
72
x
N
40
3x
P
D
x
60
E
123
Answers
1. 21.6 2. 40, 60 and 80 3. 21 4. 74 5. PEF
6. a. possible
b. possible
65
40 45
20
60
40
7. a. 30 b. 60
c. not possible
F D
e. possible
60 30
30
50
55
d. possible
60 60
45
30
30
F D
30
8. 95
9. a. possible
b. possible
100
130 50
30
150
15
c. impossible because the third exterior angle would be 180

d. impossible because the third exterior angle would have to be more than 180
10. a. 45 b. 25 c. 27 d. 80
So far we have looked at some basic properties of angles. Now we will study some other
useful and important properties.
Properties 3
1. For any triangle, the following statements are true:

a. The measure of the angle formed by the bisectors of two interior angles of the triangle
is 90 more than half of the third angle, i.e. in the figure,
m( BAC )
A
m(BKC) = 90 +
.
S
2
b. The measure of the angle formed by
the bisectors of two exterior angles of a
triangle is 90 minus half of the third
angle, i.e. in the figure,
m( BAC )
.
m(BTC) = 90
2
c. The measure of the angle which is
formed by the bisector of one interior
angle and the bisector of a second
exterior angle is the half the measure
of the third interior angle.
90 +
a
2
a
2
90 a
2
T
We can refer to properties 1a, 1b and 1c as the Angle Bisector Relations Theorem.
124
Geometriy 7
2. In any triangle, the measure of the angle

formed by the altitude and the angle
bisector which both extend from the
same vertex is equal to the half the
absolute value of the difference of the
other two angles of the triangle.
A
x
H
x=
|m(B) m(C)|
2
3. In any triangle KLM, if N is any point in

the interior of KLM then
a. m(LNM) = m(LKM) + m(KLN)

+ m(KMN).
b. m(KNM) = m(KLM) + m(LKN)

+ m(LMN).
c. m(KNL) = m(KML) + m(MLN) + m(MKN).
EXAMPLE
56
The triangle ABC at the right has incenter O.

Find m(AOC).
O
80
B
Solution
Since the incenter is the intersection of the

angle bisectors, both AO and CO are bisectors.
C
A
By Property 3.1a,
m(AOC)= 90 +
m( B)
80
= 90 +
=130 .
2
2
O
80
B
EXAMPLE
57
In the figure, K is the intersection point of

the bisectors of the exterior angles at
vertices A and B with m(A) = 120
and m(B) = 40. Find m(BKA).
120
40
B
125
Solution
(Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in ABC)
m(A) + m(B) + m(C) = 180

120 + 40 + m(C) = 180
m(C) = 20
(1)
m( C )
m(BKA)= 90
2
20
= 90
2
= 80
EXAMPLE
58
(Property 3.1b)
(Substitute (1))
Find the value of x in the figure.
3x
x
E
Solution
m(C) + m(C) = 180

m(C) = 180 3x
m(AEB)=
x=

(1)
m( C )
2
(Property 3.1c)
180 3 x
2
(Substitute (1))
5x = 180
x = 36
EXAMPLE
126
59
In the figure at the right,

AN is an angle bisector,
m(ANC) = 100 and
m(B) = 2m(C).
100
B
x
C
Geometriy 7
Solution
m(C) = x is given, so m(B) = 2x.

A
Let us draw the altitude AH BC.

Since ANC is an exterior angle of AHN,
10
m(HAN) + m(AHN) = m(ANC)

B
m(HAN) = 100 90 = 10
| m( B) m( C )|
2
| 2x x|
10 =
2
x
10 =
2
x = m(C) = 20.
m(HAN) =
EXAMPLE
60
Solution
100
2x
m(HAN) + 90 = 100
(Property 3.2)
One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 20. Find the angle between the altitude
and the angle bisector which are drawn from the vertex of the right angle of the triangle.
Let us draw an appropriate figure. In the
figure at the right, A is the right angle, AN
is the angle bisector and
m(NAB) = m(NAC) = 45.
Let m(C) = 20, then m(B) = 70 and
m(HAB) = 20.
A
20
45
25
70
B
20
Therefore, m(HAN) = m(NAB) m(HAB) = 45 20 = 25. This is the required angle

measure.
Note that we can also solve this example by using Property 3.2. This is left as an exercise for
you.
EXAMPLE
61
In a triangle KLM, prove that if N is a point in the interior of KLM then

a. m(LNM) = m(LKM) + m(KLN) + m(KMN),
b. m(KNM) = m(KLM) + m(LKN) + m(LMN) and
c. m(KNL) = m(KML) + m(MLN) + m(MKN).
127
Solution

Given: N is an interior point of KLM
Prove: m(1) = m(2) + m(3) + m()
3+4
Proof:
L
Let us extend segment MN through N and
label the intersection point T of ray MN and segment KL.
m(LTN) = m(3) + m(4)
m(1) = m(2) + m(3) + m(4)
This means m(LNM) = m(LKM) + m(KLN) + m(KMN).

The proofs of b. and c. are similar. They are left as an exercise for you.
EXAMPLE
62
Solution
ABC is an equilateral triangle and a point D int ABC such that AD DC and
m(DCA) = 42. Find m(BAD).
A

m(B) = 60
( ABC is equilateral)
m(BCD) = 60 42
= 18
D
60
(m(BCA) = 60)
B
42
C
m(ADC) = m(B) + m(BAD) + m(BCD) (Property 3.3)

90 = 60 + m(BAD) + 18
m(BAD) = 12
128
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 15
1. Each figure shows a triangle with two or more angle bisectors. Find the indicated angle
measures in each case.
a.
b.
c.
P
50
S
x
S
x
40
Q
x=?
d.
70
x=?
e.
f.
70
Q
2x
R
x
T
x=?
K
3x+70
M
x y = ? (in terms of p)
x=?
y=?
2. In the triangle ABC at the right, AN is an angle bisector

and AH is an altitude. Given m(C) m(B) = 36, find
m(HAN).
3. A student draws the altitude and the angle bisector at the vertex of the right angle of a right
triangle. The angle between them is 18. Find the measure of the larger acute angle in the
right triangle.
4. Find the value of x in the figure.
4x
105
2x
Answers
1. a. 110
b. 80
c. 35
d. 40
e. p
f. 80
2. 18
3. 63
4. 15
129
B. RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES AND SIDES

longer side opposite larger angle
Theorem
If one side of a triangle is longer than another side of the triangle then the measure of the angle
opposite the longer side is greater than the measure of the angle opposite the shorter side. In
other words, if two sides of a triangle have unequal lengths then the measures of the angles
opposite them are also unequal and the larger angle is opposite the longer side.
Proof
Given: ABC with AB > AC

Prove: m(C) > m(B)
K
3
1
2
C
We begin by locating K on AB such that AK = AC. We then draw CK and continue with a twocolumn proof.
Statements
EXAMPLE
63
Reasons
1. AB > AC
1. Given
2. AKC is isosceles
2. Definition of isosceles triangle (AK = AC)
3. 3 2
3. Base angles in an isosceles triangle are congruent.
4. m(ACB) = m(2) + m(1)
4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m(ACB) > m(2)
5. Definition of inequality
6. m(ACB) > m(3)
6. Substitution property
7. m(3) > m(B)
7. Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
8. m(ACB) > m(B)
8. Transitive property of inequality
Write the angles in each triangle in order of

their measures.
a.
A
Solution
b.
a. Since 7 > 5 > 3, m(A) > m(B) > m(C).

b. Since 5 = 5 > 4, m(E) = m(F) > m(D).
130
Geometriy 7
larger angle opposite longer side
Theorem
If two angles in a triangle have unequal measures then the sides opposite them have unequal
lengths and the longer side is opposite the larger angle.
Proof
Given: ABC with m(B) > m(C)

Prove: AC > AB
Trichotomy property
For any two real numbers
a and b, exactly one of
the following is true:
a < b, a = b, a > b.
We will give a proof by contradiction in

paragraph form.
According to the trichotomy property, exactly
one of three cases holds: AC < AB, AC = AB
or AC > AB.
Let us assume that either AC = AB or AC < AB and look for a contradiction.

If AC < AB then m(B) < m(C) by the previous theorem. Also, if AC = AB then
m(B) = m(C) by the definition of an isosceles triangle.
In both cases we have a contradiction of the fact that m(B) > m(C). That means that
our assumption AC AB must be false. By the trichotomy property, it follows that AC > AB.
EXAMPLE
64
Order the sides of triangle in the figure

according to their length.
A
(2x + 40)
Solution
m(A) + m(B) + m(C)

2x + 40 + 20 + 3x 10
5x
x
=
=
=
=
180
180
130
26
(3x 10)
20
So m(A) = (2 26) + 40 = 92 and m(C) = (3 26) 10 = 68.

Since m(A) > m(C) > m(B), by the previous theorem we have a > c > b.
EXAMPLE
65
In the figure at the right, KN = KM.

Prove that KT > KM.
K
4
1
T
3
M
131
Solution
Given: KN = KM
Prove: KT > KM
Proof:
Statements
EXAMPLE
66
Solution
Reasons
1. KN = KM
1. Given
2. 2 3
2. Base angles of isosceles triangle KNM
3. m(2) = m(1) + m(4)
3. Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
4. m(2) > m(1)
4. By 3
5. m(3) > m(1)
5. Substitute 2 into 4.
6. KT > KM
6. By the previous theorem
Prove that in any triangle ABC, a + b + c > ha + hb + hc, where ha, hb and hc are the altitudes
to the sides a, b and c, respectively.
A
Given: ABC with altitudes ha, hb and hc

Prove: (a + b + c) > (ha + hb + hc)
D
E
Proof:
B
Look at the figure. By the previous theorem,
in right triangle BCD, BC > BD, i.e. a > hb;
(1)
in right triangle AEC, AC > CE, i.e. b > hc;
(2)
in right triangle ABH, AB > AH, i.e. c > ha.
(3)
Adding inequalities (1), (2) and (3) gives (a + b + c) > (ha + hb + hc).
EXAMPLE
67
Find the longest line segment in the figure

using the given angle measures.
62
63
B
Solution
59
60
55
61
C
In ABC, m(B) > m(A) > m(C) so AC > BC > AB. (1) (By the previous theorem)
In ADC, m(C) > m(A) > m(D) so AD > CD > AC. (2) (By the previous theorem)
Combining (1) and (2) gives us AD > DC > AC > BC > AB. So AD is the longest segment in
the figure.
132
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 16
1. Write the measures of the angles in each triangle in increasing order.
a.
b.
A
4
10
M
c.
2. Write the lengths of the sides of each triangle in increasing order.

a.
b.
80
60
40
c.
50
80
40
70
50
3. Find the longest line segment in each figure using the given angle measures.
a.
b.
A
60 62
65
60
c.
P
60
60
E
67 59 61
61
60
B
D
57 66
Answers
1. a. m(B) < m(A) < m(C) b. m(M) < m(P) < m(N) c. m(N) < m(K) < m(M)
2. a. c < b < a
b. n = m < k
c. k < s = t
3. a. CD
b. PK
Activity
c. BC
Triangle Inequality
For this activity you will need a piece of string and a ruler.
Cut the string into eight pieces of different lengths. Measure the lengths and label or
mark each piece with its length.
Take any three pieces of string and try to form a triangle with them.
Make a table to note the lengths of the pieces of string and whether or not they formed
a triangle.
Repeat the activity until you have two successes and two failures at making a triangle.
Look at your table. Which lengths of string together made a triangle? Which lengths
didnt make a triangle? What conjecture can you make about the sides of a triangle?
133
Properties 4
Triangle Inequality Theorem

In any triangle ABC with sides a, b and c, the following inequalities are true:
|b c| < a < (b + c),
|a c| < b < (a + c),
|a b| < c < (a + b).
The converse is also true. This property is also called the Triangle Inequality Theorem.
EXAMPLE
68
Solution
Is it possible for a triangle to have sides with the lengths indicated?

a. 7, 8, 9
We can check each case by using the Triangle Inequality Theorem.

a. |9 8| < 7 < (8 + 9)
EXAMPLE
69
c. 1 , 1 , 1
2 3
b. 0.8, 0.3, 1
c. This is impossible,
since
b. |0.8 0.3| < 1 < (0.8 + 0.3)
|8 9| < 8 < (7 + 9)
|1 0.3| < 0.8 < (1 + 0.3)
|7 8| < 9 < (7 + 8).
|1 0.8| < 0.3 < (1 + 0.8).
This is true, so by the

Triangle
Inequality
Theorem this is a
possible triangle.
This is true, so by the

Triangle Inequality Theorem
this is a possible triangle.
1<
Find all the possible integer values of x in the

figure.
1 1
+ .
2 3
A
10
5
B
x
4
7
D
Solution
In ABC, |10 5| < x < (10 + 5)

5 < x < 15.
In DBC, |7 4| < x < (7 + 4)
3 < x < 11.
(Triangle Inequality Theorem)

(1)
(2)
The possible values of x are the elements of the common solution of inequalities (1) and (2),
i.e. 5 < x < 11.
So x {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
134
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
70
Find the greatest possible integer value of m

in the figure, then find the smallest possible
integer value of n for this case.
A
9
m
B
6
D
Solution
In ABD, |9 6| < m < (9 + 6)
3 < m < 15.

So the greatest possible integer value of m is 14.
In ADC, |8 m| < n < (m + 8)
|8 14| < n < (14 + 8)
(m = 14)
6 < n < 22.

So when m = 14, the smallest possible integer value of n is 7.
Properties 5
1. In any triangle ABC,

a. if m(A) = 90 then
b2 + c2 = a < ( b + c).
b. if m(A) < 90 then |b c| < a <

c. if m(A) > 90 then
b2 + c2 .
b2 + c2 < a < (b + c).
2. In any triangle ABC, if P int ABC
then (BP + PC) < (BA + AC).

P
3. In any triangle ABC, if m(B) > m(C) or m(B) < m(C) then ha < nA < Va.
A
ha
nA
Va
Va
N
nA
ha
135
EXAMPLE
71
Solution
In a triangle ABC, m(A) > 90, c = 6 and b = 8. Find all the possible integer lengths of a.
Since m(A) > 90,
b2 + c2 < a < (b + c) by Property 5.1.
Substituting the values in the question gives
82 +6 2 < a < (8 + 6), i.e.
10 < a < 14. So a {11, 12, 13}.
EXAMPLE
72
Solution
In the triangle ABC shown opposite,
P int ABC, AB = 10, AC = 8 and BC = 9.

Find the sum of all the possible integer values of PB + PC.
10
In PBC, BC < (BP + PC) by the Triangle

Inequality Theorem.
So 9 < BP + PC.
(1)
In ABC, (PB + PC) < (AB + AC) by Property 5.2.

So PB + PC < 10 + 8.
(2)
Combining (1) and (2) gives 9 < (PB + PC) < 18.
So the possible integer values for PB + PC are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
The required sum is therefore 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 = 108.
EXAMPLE
73
Solution
Prove that the sum of the lengths of the medians of a triangle is greater than half of the
perimeter and less than the perimeter.
Given: ABC with centroid G

Remember!
The centroid of a
triangle is the point of
intersection of its
medians.
136
Prove:
a+ b+ c
< ( Va + Vb + Vc ) < ( a + b + c).
2
Proof:
We need to prove two inequalities.
Geometriy 7
a+ b+ c
< Va + Vb + Vc : We will use the Triangle Inequality Theorem three times.
2
c
In CEB, (CE + EB) > BC, i.e. (Vc + ) > a.
2
Proof that
a
) > b.
2
In ADC, (AD + DC) > AC, i.e. (Va +

In ABF, (BF + FA) > AB, i.e. (Vb +
b
) > c.
2

So (Vc + Va+ Vb +
c
a
b
+
+ ) > (a + b + c).
2
2
2
(Addition Property of Inequality)
So ( Va + Vb + Vc ) >
a+ b+ c
.
2
(Subtraction Property of Inequality)
(1)
Proof that Va + Vb + Vc < a + b + c:
For the second part of the inequality, let us

draw another figure as shown at the right
and extend the median AD through D to a

point K such that
AD = DK.
(2)
a
2
Then join K and B. Now,

BD = DC
Va
a
2
(AD is a median)
m(BDK) = m(ADC) (Vertical angles)

AD = DK.
Va
(By (2))
B
So by the SAS Congruence Postulate,

DBK DCA and so
a
2
|BK| = |CA| = b.
Then, in ABK,
2Va < b + c.
a
2
Va
(3) (Triangle Inequality

Theorem)
By considering the other medians in a similar way

we get 2Vb < (a + c) and 2Vc < (a + b).
(4)
Adding the inequalities from (3) and (4) side by side gives us
2(Va + Vb + Vc) < 2(a + b + c). So (Va + Vb + Vc) < (a + b + c).
Finally, by (1) and (5),
(5)
a+ b+ c
< ( Va + Vb + Vc ) < ( a + b + c) as required.
2
137
Remark
The result we have just proved does not mean that for a given triangle, the sum of the
medians can be anything between the half perimeter and full perimeter of the triangle. This
is because the lengths of the medians are directly related to the lengths of the sides. As we
will see in the next chapter, once we know the lengths of the three sides of a triangle then
we can calculate the lengths of its medians. Their sum is a fixed number.
EXAMPLE
74
Two towns K and N are on the same side of the river Nile. The residents of the two towns
want to construct a water pumping station at a point A on the river. To minimize the cost of
constructing pipelines from A to K and N, they wish to locate A along the Nile so that the
distance AN + AK is as small as possible. Find the corresponding location for A and show that
any other location requires a path which is longer than the path through A.
l
K
l
A
A
X
figure 1
figure 2
figure 3
Solution Let M and N be as in figure 1, and let be a line representing the river. Then we can use the
following method to locate A:
1. Draw a ray from N perpendicular to , intersecting at point B.
2. Locate point C on the extension of NB such that NB = BC.
3. Draw KC.
4. Locate A at the intersection of KC and , as shown in figure 2.
Now we need to show that A is really the location which makes AN + AK as small as
possible. Figure 3 shows an alternative location X on l. Notice that in KXC, (KX + XC) > KC
by the Triangle Inequality Theorem. So (KX + XC) > (KA + AC) (1) by the Segment Addition
Postulate. Since AB NC and NB = BC, NXC is isosceles with XC = NX (2). By the same
reasoning, NAC is isosceles with NA = AC (3). Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives us
(KX + XN) > (KA + AN). So A is the best location for the station.
EXAMPLE
75
Prove that for any triangle ABC,

if P int ABC and x, y and z are as shown
in the figure then
(x + y + z) < (a + b + c) < 2(x + y + z), i.e.

a+ b+ c
< ( x + y + z) < ( a + b + c).
2
138
c
x
B
P
a
b
y
C
Geometriy 7
Solution
In ABP, c < (x + z).
In APC, b < (y + z).
In BPC, a < (x + z).
So (a + b + c) < 2(x + y + z). (1)
(Addition property of inequality)
Also, (x + y) < (c + b),
(Property 5.2)
(y + z) < (a + c) and
(Property 5.2)
(x + z) < (b + a).
(Property 5.2)
So (x + y + z) < (a + b + c)
(2)
(Addition property of inequality)
As a result, (x + y + z) < (a + b + c) < 2(x + y + z), (By (1) and (2))

or equivalently,
a+ b+ c
< ( x + y + z) < ( a + b + c).
2
Remark
The example that we have just seen shows an application of triangle inequality. But the result
we obtained does not mean that the value of x + y + z can be any number less than
a + b + c. In other words, the maximum value of x + y + z may be a lot less than a + b + c.
In fact, the maximum value of x + y + z is always less than the sum of the lengths of the
two longer sides of the triangle, because as the interior point moves towards one of the
vertices, two distances increase but the third distance decreases. When this interior point
reaches the vertex point, the distance to this point becomes zero and the sum of the distances
becomes the sum of the two sides which include this vertex. So the maximum value of
x + y + z will always be less than the sum of the length of the two longer sides.
Check Yourself 17
1. Two sides of a triangle measure 24 cm and 11 cm respectively. Find the perimeter of the
triangle if its third side is equal to one of other two sides.
2. Determine whether each ratio could be the ratio of the lengths of the sides of a triangle.
a. 3 : 4 : 5
b. 4 : 3 : 1
c. 10 : 11 : 15
d. 0.2 : 0.3 : 0.6
3. The lengths of the sides DE and EF of a triangle DEF are 4.5 and 7.8. What is the greatest
possible integer length of DF?
4. The base of an isosceles triangle measures 10 cm and the perimeter of the triangle is an
integer length. What is the smallest possible length of the leg of this triangle?
5. In an isosceles triangle KLM, KL = LM = 7 and m(K) < 60. If the perimeter of the
triangle is an integer, how many possible triangle(s) KLM exist?
6. In a triangle ABC, AB = 9 and BC = 12. If m(B) < 90, find all the possible integer
lengths of AC.
Answers
1. 59 cm
2. a. yes b. no c. yes d. no
3. 12
4. 5.5 cm
5. six triangles
6. AC {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}

139
EXERCISES
3 .3
A. Relations Between Angles
3. The two acute angles in a right triangle measure
1. Each figure below shows triangles with two or

more congruent sides. Find the value of x in each
figure, using the information given.
a.
b.
4. In a triangle ABC, the angle bisector of the interior
A
48
x
B
D
T
c.
D
E
m(BAC) = x
d.
MN intersect each other at a point P. Find

m(KPN) if m(KNM) = 72 and m(NKM) = 64.
9
2x
TM = TN
e.
f.
15
x
T
g.
x
N
P
M
h.
52
T
S
P
P
x
6. In the triangle MNP
opposite,
MS = MP,
26
ST = TP,
N
m(M) = 94 and
m(N) = 26. Find m(MST).
30
angle C makes an angle of 40 with the side AB.

Find the angle between the bisector of the exterior
angle C and the extension of the side AB.
5. In a triangle KMN, the altitudes to sides KM and
M
x
x
2x
+5) and ( 25) respectively. Find x and
4
3
the measures of these angles.
(
measure of the biggest angle in the triangle. The

measure of the third angle is half the measure of
the biggest angle. Find the measures of all three
angles.
140
94
?
T
7. In the triangle ABC at

the right,
BD = BE = BC and
segment EB bisects
B.
If m(ACD) = 18,
find m(ABC).
the right,
AB = AD = BE,
m(A) = 114 and
m(B) = 60. Find
m(EDC).
A
D
F
E
18

2. An angle in a triangle measures 20 less than the
A
D
114
60
B
Geometriy 7
9. In the figure,
14. x, y and z are the exterior angles of a triangle.
PQ = PS = PR and
m(SPR) = 24. Find
m(SQR).
Determine whether each ratio is a possible ratio

of x : y : z.
24
a. 2 : 3 : 5
?
10. In the figure opposite,

m(NMT) = 16,
m(TMP) = 44,
m(P) = 38 and
m(SNT) = 22.
Find m(TSN).
b. 1 : 2 : 3
c. 6 : 11 : 19
d. 12 : 15 : 21
M
16
15. Find the value of x in
44
145
38
N
T
22
a triangle DEF intersect at the point T. Find the

measure of DEF if its measure is one-third of
m(DTF).
12. a, b and b are the measures of the interior angles

of an isosceles triangle such that a and b are
integers and 24 < b < 38. Find the smallest
possible value of a.
16. In an isosceles triangle KMN, the bisectors of the

base angles K and M intersect each other at a
point T. Prove that m(KTM) = m(K).
B. Relations Between Angles and Sides

17. Each figure shows the lengths of two sides of a
triangle. Write an interval for the possible length
of the third side.
a.
Draw an appropriate figure for each of the

following, if it is possible.
a. FME is obtuse
b. FME is equilateral
c. DME is equilateral and DEF is isosceles
d. DME is isosceles and EMF is isosceles
e. DME is isosceles and DEF is equilateral
b.
A
8
13. In a triangle DEF, point M is on the side DF and

MDE and DEM are acute angles.
130
11. The bisectors of the interior angles D and F in
140
the figure.
K
3
12
c.
M
4
18. For each figure, state the interval of possible

values for the length x.
a.
6
B
b.
A
x
5
10
7
4
M
D
7
c.
12
x
8
x
5
141
19. A triangle ABC has sides a, b and c with integer

lengths. How many triangles can be formed such
that b = c and a b = 18?
20. In the figure, a, b

and c are integers.
Calculate the smallest
possible value of
a + b + c, using the
information given.
F
6
m(A) > 90 and

10
6
m(C) > 90.
B
D
If AB = 6 cm,
AD = 10 cm,
5
12
BC = 12 cm and
C
CD = 5 cm, find
the sum of the all the possible integer lengths of
the side BD.
23. In the triangle ABC
12
26. In each case determine whether it is possible for

a triangle to have sides with the lengths given.
a. 13, 9, 5
b. 5, 5, 14
c. 8, 8, 16.1
d. 17, 11, 6
e. 0.5, 0.6, 1
f. 18, 18, 0.09
27. A triangle has side lengths 2x + y, 2y + 3x and 2x.

Which one is bigger: x or y?
28. For each figure, order the numbered angles

according to their size.
a.
b.
at the right,
AD = 9 cm,
x
y
BD = 6 cm,
9
DC = 8 cm,
B
C
AC = x cm and
8
6
D
AB = y cm.
Find the sum of the smallest and largest possible
integer values of x + y.
142
AB = 8 cm,
6
BC = 12 cm,
D
CD = 6 cm and
4
DA = 4 cm.
A
Find the number
of possible integer lengths of AC.
AB = 8 cm,
10
AC = 10 cm,
8
BD = 3 cm,
2x + 1
CD = 7 cm and
B
3
BC = 2x + 1 cm.
7
D
Find the sum of
all the possible integer values of x.
25. In the figure,
AC = 9 cm,
BC = a,
c
AB = c and
m(BAC) > 90.
B
Find the smallest
possible value of a + c if a, c .
21. In the figure,
22. In the figure,
24. In the figure,
20
18
1
n1
2
n
3
n+1
20
c.
d.
1
17
4.20
15
1
16
2
82
20
Geometriy 7
29. Determine whether each statement is true or

false.
a. In a triangle ABC, if the measure of A is 57
and the measure of B is 64 then the shortest
side of ABC is AB.
b. In a triangle KMN, if the measure of K is 43
and the measure of M is 47 then the shortest
side of KMN is KM.
31. A student has five sticks, each with an integer

length. He finds that he cannot form a triangle
using any three of these sticks. What is the shortest
possible length of the longest stick, if
a. the lengths of the sticks can be the same?
b. all the sticks have different lengths?
(Hint: Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem.)
c. In a triangle ABC, if B is an obtuse angle and

AH BC then HA < AB.
d. If an isosceles triangle KTA with base KA has
TA < KA then the measure of T is always less
than 90.
32. How many distinct isosceles triangles have

integer side lengths and perimeter 200 cm?
e. An angle bisector in an equilateral triangle is

shorter than any of the sides.
f. All obtuse triangles are isosceles.
33. How many triangles can be drawn if the length of
g. Some right triangles are equilateral.
the longest side must be 11 units and all side

lengths must be integer values?
34. In the figure,
30. State the longest line segment in each figure.

a.
b.
A
(x 8)
B
10
20
(x + 10) 110
c.
20
65
80
5
8
?
12
9
D
A
d.
70 70
35. In a triangle ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = x and AC = y.
60
AD = 5 cm,
AB = 12 cm,
BC = 9 cm and
DC = 8 cm.
If m(A) > 90 and
m(C) < 90, find
all possible integer
values of BD.
10
If m(A) > 90 and x, y , find the

smallest possible value of x + y.
143
36. How many distinct triangles have integer side
38.
lengths and perimeter 11?
130
y
M
37. Prove each theorem.

a. Hinge Theorem:
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to
two sides of another triangle, and if the included
angle of the first triangle is larger than the
included angle of the second, then the third
side of the first triangle is longer than the third
side of the second.
a. 130, x
b. y, 90
c. y, x
d. KM, MN
39.
A
y
M
30
b. Converse of the Hinge Theorem:

If two sides a and b of one triangle are
congruent to two sides d and e of another
triangle, and if the third side of the first
triangle is longer than the third side of the
second, then the angle between a and b is
larger than the angle between d and e.
a. (x 10), (y + 20)
b. MB + MC, AB + AC
40. In a triangle DTF, m(D) = 90 and m(F) < 45.

a. 2 m(T), m(D)
b. FT, 2DF
c. FD, DT
Instructions for questions 38 to 42

Each question gives two quantities to be compared,
separated by a comma. In each case, use the figure or
extra information to compare the quantities. Write
d. m(F), 2m(T)
41. In a triangle DEF, m(D) > m(E) = m(F).
A if the first quantity is greater than the second,
a. m(D), 60
B if the first quantity is smaller than the second,
b. m(E), 60
C if the quantities are equal, or

D if the extra information is not enough for you to
be able to compare the quantities.
All variables represent real numbers. Figures are
generally not drawn to scale.
144
42. In a triangle DEF, m(E) = 120 and EF > DE.

a. 120, 3 m(D)
b. 2 m(E), 3 m(D)
Geometriy 7
Objectives

1. Find the distance from a point to a line.
2. Find the distance between two parallel lines.
A. DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE

Theorem
Proof
distance from a point to a line

Let A(x1, y1) be a point and d: ax + by + c = 0 be a line, then the distance from A to the
line d is
| ax1 + by1 + c |
.
l=
a2 + b 2
Let the distance of A(x1, y1) to the line
A(x1, y1)
d: ax + by + c = 0 be l = AH.
Take C(x2, y2) = AD d. x2 = x1 and y2 = CD

C is a point on the line ax + by + c = 0, so
a
O
So we have the coordinates of C, C( x1 ,
C(x1, |CD|)
ax1 + b CD + c = 0
b CD = a x1 c
a
c
CD x1 .
b
b
a
c
x1 ).
b
b
Now, is the inclination of d and = m(CBD) = m(CAH) (angles with perpendicular sides).
In the right triangle ACH, cos =
AH
AC
and AH = AC cos ...(1)
Now, lets find the equivalent expressions for AC and cos.

a
c
a
c
AC = AD CD = y1 ( x1 ), so AC = y1 x1 ...(2)
b
b
b
b
We know sec2 = 1 + tan2
a
1
so cos =
, and tan = m
2
b
1+ tan
so cos =
1
a
1+( )2
b
1
a
1 ( )2
b
...(3)
145
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1),

l = AH = AC cos , and since l is the distance,
a
c
l = ( y1 x1 )
b
b
EXAMPLE
76
Solution
77
Solution
78
Solution
a2
b2
O(0, 0) = O(x1, y1). Using the formula,

| ax1 + by1 + c |
2
a +b
|0 0+ 4|
2
1 +( 1)
4
4 2
=
= 2 2.
2
2
Find the distance from A(5, 2) to the line 3x 4y + 5 = 0.

A A(x1, y1). Using the formula,
l=
EXAMPLE
1+
Find the distance from the point O(0, 0) to the line x y + 4 = 0.
l=
EXAMPLE
a
c
y1 + x1 +
b
b = ax1 + by1 + c .
=
1 2
a2 + b 2
a + b2
b
| ax1 + by1 + c |
2
a +b
| 3 5 4 2+5|
2
3 +4
12
= 2.4.
5
The distance from A(12, 5) to the line 5x 12y + 5k = 0 is ten units. Find the possible values
of k.
l=
l=
| ax1 + by1 + c |
2
a +b
|5 12 12 5+5 k|
25+144
=10
|5k |
=10, so |5 k|=130, i.e. 5 k= 130, and so k= 26.
13
Check Yourself 18
1. Find the distance from the point P(2, 3) to the line 3x + 4y + 9 = 0.
2. Find the distance from the point A(1, 4) to the line y = 3x 4.
3. The distance between the point P(k, 3) and the line 4x 3y + 5 is 4 units. Find k.
Answers
1. 3
146
2.
10
2
3. k {4, 6}
Geometriy 7
B. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

Let d1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
d2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 be two parallel lines.
a
b
Since d1 d2, we can write 1 1 k , so a1 = k a2 and b1 = k b2.
a2 b2
Now, lets substitute these values into d1:
k a2x + k b2y + c1 = 0
c
k(a2x + b2y + 1 ) = 0.
k
c1
= 0.
k
When we compare d1 with d2, we see that their difference is a constant number.
k 0, so we get d1: a2x + b2y +
In general, we can write two parallel lines d1 and d2 as:

d1: ax + by + c1 = 0
d2: ax + by + c2 = 0.
Proof
The distance of any point A(x, y) on line d1 to the line d2 is

| ax + by + c2 |
.
a2 + b 2
In the equation of d1: ax + by + c = 0
ax + by = c1, and so l =
| c2 c1 |
2
a +b
A(x, y)
l
d1
d2
Remark
It is important to notice that to find the distance between two parallel lines, first of all we
need to equalize the coefficients of x and y.
EXAMPLE
79
Find the distance between the parallel lines x 2y + 5 = 0 and 3x 6y + 9 = 0.

d1: x 2y +5 = 0
3x 6 y +15 = 0

d1 was multiplied by 3.
d2 : 3x 6 y +9 = 0
3x 6 y +9 = 0
Solution
Now, we have c1 =15

| c1 c2 |
15 9
6
6
2 5
=
=
=
=
.
l=
2
2
5
9+ 36
45 3 5
a b
c2 = 9
Theorem
distance between two parallel lines

Let d1: ax+ by + c1 = 0 and d2: ax + by + c2 = 0 be two parallel lines. Then the distance
|c c |
between d1 and d2 is
.
l= 2 1
a2 + b 2
147
EXAMPLE
80
Solution
Find the distance between the parallel lines 3x 2y + 5 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 8 = 0.

d1: 3x 2y +5 = 0
d1: 3x 2 y +5 = 0
d2 : 3x + 2 y +8 = 0
d2: 3 x 2 y 8 = 0
So c1 = 5
| c1 c2 |
|5+8|
13
=
=
= 13.
l=
2
2
2
2
13
a b
3 +(2)
c2 = 8
There is also another way to solve the problem:

The distance between d1 and d2 is the same as the distance of any point on d1 or d2 to the
other line.
For example, A(0, 4) is one point on d2, and the distance of A to d1 is
l=
| 3 x1 2 y1 +5|
2
3 +(2)
| 3 0 2( 4)+5|
13
13
13
13. The solution is the same.
Check Yourself 19
1. Find the distance between the lines 4x 3y 5 = 0 and 12x + 9y + 4 = 0.
2. The lines x + 2y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 6y + k = 0 are parallel and the distance between
them is 5. Find k.
3. Find the area of the square whose two sides are on the parallel lines 2x + y 2 = 0 and
4x + 2y + 6 = 0.
Answers
11
1.
2. k {12, 18}
15
148
3. 5
Geometriy 7
EXERCISES
3.4
A. Distance from a Point to a Line

1. Find the distance from the point A(2, 3) to the
line 8x + 6y 15 = 0.
2. The distance between B(2, 3) and the line

12y 5x = k is
5
. Find k.
13
8. The
distance
between
the
parallel
lines
12x + 9y 2 = 0 and ax + 3y + c = 0 is three

a
units. Find the ratio , if c 0.
c
9. Write the equations of the lines which are four
units away from the line 3x + 4y + 10 = 0.
10 . The
distance
between
the
parallel
lines
3x + 4y 6 = 0 and 4x ky + 4 = 0 is p. Find
3. The distance from a line with equation

y 4 = m(x + 2) to the origin is 2. Find m.
k + p.
4. The distance between P(1, 2) and the line

7x y + k = 0 is 42 units. Find k.
5. The points A(1, 3), B(2, 1) and C(3, 1) are the

vertices of the triangle ABC. Find the length of
the altitude of BC.
1
, k) to the line
2
12x + 9y 1 = 0 is 2 units. Find k.
6. The distance from P(
B. Distance Between Two Parallel

Lines
7. Find the distance between each pair of parallel
lines.
a. 2x + 3y 4 = 0 and 2x + 3y 17 = 0
b. x y 4 = 0 and 2x + 2y 7 = 0
c. y = 2x + 1 and 2y = 4x 3
149
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST A
1. In the triangle ABC in
5. Two sides of a triangle have lengths 8 and 12.
4x
the figure,
m(A) = 4x,
x
B
m(B) = x and
m(C) = 30. Find the value of x.
30
What is the sum of the minimum and maximum

possible integer values of the length of the third
side?
A) 10
E) 30
B) 15
C) 20
A) 24
D) 25
B) 22
C) 19
6. Which is the longest

2. In a triangle MNP, the interior angle bisectors of
M and P intersect at the point S. Given that
N measures 40, find m(PSM).
A) 95
B) 100
C) 105
D) 110
side in the figure,

according to the given
angle measures?
E) 120
B) 105
?
T
C) 100
D) 95
60
C) BD
D) CD
E) BE
C) 254
C) m(E) < m(D)
D) m(E) = 60
E) m(E) = m(D)
the smallest and

largest possible integer
values of x in the
figure?
x
S
B) m(E) > m(F)
8. What is the sum of
45
25
A) DE < (DF EF)
E) 90
36
D) 248
E) 244
10
x
Chapter 3 Review Test A
60
Which statement is true?
m(P) = 45,
m(N) = 36 and
m(R) = 25. Find
the value of x.
B) 256
61
7. In a triangle DEF, DE = EF and DF > EF.
4. In the figure,
A) 260
62
opposite, N TK and
SN is the interior angle
bisector of S.
If m(T) m(K) = 40,
find m(SNK).
A) 110
B) AB
E) 16
A) BC
3. In the triangle STK
D) 18
10
C
14
A) 26
B) 24
C) 22
D) 20
E) 17
Angles
9. In a triangle ABC, D BC and AD bisects A. If
13. a, b and c are the lengths of the sides of a triangle
AB = 6 cm, BD = 3 cm and DC = 2 cm, find the

length of AD.
ABC. Given that a, b and c are integers and

a2 b2 =17, what is the sum of the minimum and
maximum possible values of c?
B) 43 cm
C) 32 cm
A) 7
E) 3 cm
D) 23 cm
B) 13
14. In the figure,

10. In the figure,
BD = DC,
AD = AE and
m(C) = 20. Find
m(EDC).
A) 70
B) 65
E
?
B
C) 60
20
D) 45
E) 30
D) 18
B) 8
60
D
2x + 3
C) 10
D) 12
15. In the figure,

11. If MNP STK, which of the following
statements is false?
A) MN ST
D) PNM STK
m(BAD) = 12,
?
8
B) 54
C) 58
D) 60
E) 64
ND = DP and
HD
3
.
=
MH
3
D
20
C) 120
16. In the figure,
80
AD = 4 cm. What is m(ABC)?

A) 52
BD bisects B,
BD = BE and
DE = EC.
If m(A) = 80 and,
m(ACD) = 20, what
is m(BDC)?
B) 110
C) NP TK
E) KT PN
12. In the figure,
A) 100
m(BAC) = 90,
E) 14
12
BC = 8 cm and
B) MP TK
E) 23
m(BAC) = 90,
m(C) = 60 and
BD = DC.
Find BC if
AD = 2x + 3 and
AC = 6x 1.
A) 6
C) 17
6x 1
A) 52 cm
D) 140
E) 150
MH
What is
?
NP
A)
3
2
B)
3
3
C)
3
4
D)
3
5
E)
3
6
151
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST B
1. In the figure,
AB = AD,
AC = BC and
m(DAC) = 15. Find
m(C).
5. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are the
15
midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively.

DE = (x + 5)/4 and BC = 8x 5 are given. What is
the value of x?
?
D
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
A) 40
B) 45
C) 50
D) 60
E) 65
6. ABC is a right triangle with m(A) = 90, and AH

A) 4 cm
in the figure,
MS = NS and
KN = KP.
If m(MRP) = 117,
what is m(MNP)?
A) 39
B) 41
is the altitude to the hypotenuse. If m(C) = 30

and BH = 2 cm, find HC.
C) 6 cm
D) 7 cm
117
B) 5 cm
E) 8 cm
?
N
C) 43
D) 45
E) 47
7. In the figure,
AB = AD.
DE
What is
?
EC
E
B
3. In a triangle ABC, D is a point on the side AB and CD

is the interior angle bisector of C. If AB = 15 cm
and 3 AC = 2 BC, find the length of DB.
A)
1
2
B) 1
C)
2
3
D)
3
2
E)
4
3
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 6 cm E) 9 cm
8. In the figure,
4. In the figure,
MN = MP and
ML = MK.
If m(PLK) = 12,
what is m(LMN)?
A) 18
B) 20
Chapter 3 Review Test B
P
12
K
C) 24
D) 30
E) 36
MS = SN and
MP = PN.
If m(P) = 20,
m(KMP) = 40 and
m(KNP) = 30,
what is m(SKN)?
A) 50
B) 45
M
40
S
?
30
20
C) 40
D) 35
E) 30
Angles
9. In the figure,
HK = KN,
m(DAC) = 40 and
m(HKB) = 20.
Find m(BKD).
40
D
?
20
A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 60
bisects angle B. Given

12
m(ADB) = 90,
DE BC,
B
AB = 12 and
BC = 16, find the length of DE.
B)
E) 70
shown opposite, point

O is the center of the
inscribed circle of
K
MNP.
6
If KS NP,
N
KN = 6 and
SP = 8, what is the length of KS?
A) 10
B) 12
C) 14
14. In the figure,
10. In the figure, BD
A) 1
3
2
C) 2
16
D)
5
2
E) 3
8
P
D) 16
E) 18
CH = HB,
AD = 3 and
DB = 8. What is the
sum of the all
possible integer values
of the length AC?
A) 30
B) 34
3 D
C) 40
D) 42
E) 51
15. In the figure,

11. In the figure,
MK = KL,
MN = m,
KN = 2m and
NL = 3m. Find
m(KNL).
A) 45
B) 50
ACDE is a square,
m(ABC) = 60 and
BD = 2 cm. Find the
length of one side of
the square.
N
?
2m
3m
C) 60
D) 70
E) 75
60
B
D
2
A) (3 3) cm B) (3 1) cm C) (3 + 1) cm
D) (4 23) cm
E) (25 3) cm
16. In the figure,
integers a, b and c such that b = c and

(a + b + c) (a + b c ) = 15.
Find the value of a.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
AE = BD = DC and
AB = AC.
What is m(FDC)?
12. The lengths of the sides of a triangle ABC are
A
F
?
B
E) 7
A) 45
B) 50
C) 60
D) 62.5
E) 67.5
153
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST C
1. In the figure,
5. In the figure, ABC,
m(KBC) = m(KCA).
and m(LKB) = 80.
What is the measure of
ACB?
80
B
A) 40
B) 60
C) 70
D) 75
E) 80
CDE, and FEG are

equilateral triangles.
If BG = 16, what is
the sum of the
perimeters of the
three triangles?
A) 32
2. Which is the largest
angle in the figure,

according to the given
lengths?
8
222
12
9
6
M
B) 36
C) 42
D) 46
N
8
E) 48
the figure, CD is the

D
F
bisector of C, AE is
50
the median to BC and
B
E
DE AC.
If m(B) = 50, what is m(BAC)?
A) M
B) N
C) S
D) SPK
E) K
A) 30
B) 35
C) 40
7. Which of the
m(X) < m(Y). What is the largest possible

integer measure of the angle Y?
following is a possible
sum of the lengths of
AB and BC in the
figure?
A) 59
A) 11
3. In an isosceles triangle XYZ, m(Y) = m(Z) and
B) 60
C) 89
D) 90
E) 110
B) 12
D) 45
10
13
E
7
C) 13
E) 50
C
6
12
D) 14
E) 37
8. In the figure,
4. In a triangle ABC, points B, C and D are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of the exterior angle
A. If AC = BC, DB = 12 and AB = 4, find the
length of BC.
A) 2
B) 3
Chapter 3 Review Test C
C) 4
D) 5
E) 8
MP = PS = SN = PT
and ST = TN.
What is m(NMP)?
A) 36
B) 60
C) 72
D) 84
E) 108
Angles
9. In the figure, ABC is
13. In the figure,
If BD = AE, what is
the measure of EFC?
AF = FB and
AE = EC.
If EH + FH = 12,
what is AB + AC?
E
D F ?
B
A) 45
B) 60
C) 75
D) 90
10. In the figure,
B) 80
B) 18
C
E
12
D) 72
11. In the figure,
D) 18 cm
E) 42
E) 36
B) 7
C) 8
D) 10
E) 12
MK = NK = PK.
What is x + y + z?
x
K
y
5 C
A) 270
B) 180
C) 90
D) 60
E) 45
C) 16 cm
E) 20 cm
16.
If PB = 16 and
PN = 10, what is the
length of AH?
N
10
P
16
C) 43
A
150
K B
D) 24
15. In the figure,
B) 15 cm
B) 33
C) 22
O is the incenter of
ABC, AB OT and
AC OV.
If BT = 6 cm,
TV = 7 cm and
B 6 T
VC = 5 cm, what is
the perimeter of the triangle OTV?
A) 23
the figure, BH is the

?
exterior angle bisector
of B and
B
AE = EC.
If m(BHC) = 90,
H
BC = 8 and
EH = 7, what is the length of AB?
A) 6
A) 12 cm
C) 78
E) 120
18
A) 82
A) 16
AC = BC and
AB = AD.
If m(CAD) = 18
and m(EBD) = 12,
what is m(AEB)?
D) 53
E) 63
In the figure, m(M) = 90, m(MST) = 150

and PM = MS = ST. What is m(N)?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 22.5
E) 30
155
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST D
the figure, BN is the

bisector of ABC and
N
110
H
H is the intersection
point of the altitudes
20
B
of ABC.
If m(AHC) = 110 and m(HBN) = 20,
what is m(BAC)?
A) 50
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75
2. In the figure,
A) 50
B) 55
C) 60
B) 60
B) 35
Chapter 3 Review Test D
C) 60
6. According to the
D) 55
A) 5
T
E) 70
B) 2
1
2
C) 2
E) 50
A
n
(2 m + n ) ?
m
12
1
2
D) 1
E)
1
2
7. The measure of one angle in a triangle is equal to

the sum of the measures of the other two angles.
Which statement about this triangle is always
true?
A) The triangle is equilateral.
B) The triangle is acute.

C) The triangle is a right triangle.
4. In the figure,
A) 30
?
S
figure, what is
the value of
C) 44
D) 30
E) 29
110
D) The triangle is obtuse.

E) The triangle is isosceles.
8. In the triangle XYZ in
AD = BD,
m(DAC) = x and
m(BCE) = 2x.
If m(EAB) = 110,
what is the value of x?
B) 65
50
A) 70
AB = AC = b,
BC = a, and a < b.
What is the largest
possible integer value
of m(A)?
E) 80
D) 65
3. In the figure,
A) 59
opposite, MK = TK,
NS = TS and
m(KTS) = 50.
What is m(MPN)?
MN = MP, KP = KT,
M
m(NMP) = m,
m
m(PKT) = k, and
?
points N, P and T are
N
P
collinear.
If m + k = 130, what is m(MPK)?
A
x
2x
C) 40
D) 45
E) 50
the figure,
m(YZX) = 90,
XZ = PK and
XP = PY.
What is m(PKZ)?
A) 120
B) 135
X
P
?
Y
C) 140
D) 150
E) 160
Angles
9. In the figure, PM is the

angle bisector of NPK,
MN = MP, NS = SP
and m(MKP) = 90.
What is m(STP)?
A) 90
B) 85
13. In the figure,
M
T
?
N
C) 80
D) 75
10. In the figure,
E) 60
D
?
A) 6
B) 8
C) 43
A) 50
B) 55
C) 60
D) 13
A) 55
B) 60
A) 76
B) 72
48
?
36
E
C) 68
K 2x
x
N
C) 65
D) 70
E) 75
A
75
30
?
D
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
E) 25
16. In the figure,
E
D
E) 52
triangle ABC in the

figure, AF = FC and
AH = BD. What is the
measure of EDC?
B) 10
D) 58
12. In the equilateral
A) 5
E) 80
70
AD and CB bisect
angles A and C,
respectively.
If m(AEC) = 75 and
m(B) = 30,
what is m(ADC)?
E) 63
AB = BC,
DE = BE
m(ABD) = 36 and
m(EDC) = 48.
What is m(ACB)?
D) 70
15. In the figure,

11. In the figure,
130
KS = KN,
m(M) = 70,
m(P) = x and
m(MKS) = 2x.
What is the value of x?
63
B
m(DAC) = m(B)
and
?
m(EAB) = m(C).
B
D
If m(AEC) = 130, what is m(ADE)?
14. In the figure,
triangle and BD = CE.
If AD = 63, what is
the length of DE?
C) 15
D) 20
E) 30
KL = LM and
LH = MH.
If NH = 5 and
m(K) = 30,
what is KM?
N
5
30
K
A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30
E) 40
157
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST E
1. In the figure,
DE = DC and
DB = BF.
If m(A) = 45,
what is m(ABC)?
A) 30
5. In the figure, points K,
A
45
F
D
B) 45
C) 50
D) 60
E) 75
A) 6
A
x+13
the right,
AB = AC,
m(A) = x + 13 and
m(B) = y 38.
B) 243
y38
C) 240
D) 233
E) 204
3. According to the
130
105
140
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
E) 30
m(BAC) = 90,
m(C) = 15 and
BC = 24. What is
the length of AH?
4. In the figure,
A) 2
B) 3
Chapter 3 Review Test E
D) 10
12
E) 12
?
6
4
R
C) 6
D) 7
E) 8
A
?
B
15
B) 5
C) 6
8. According to the
24
A) 4
triangle and
AD = EC = CF.
If BC = 12,
what is the length of
CF?
B) 5
and KM bisects RKL.

If KL = 6,
KR = 4 and
MS = 8, what is the
length of PK?
A) 4
C) 9
7. In the figure,
figure, what is the

value of x?
A) 10
B) 8
6. In the figure, KL RS
C
What is the sum of the B
minimum integer value of y and the maximum
integer value of x?
A) 248
S, T, M, N and P are
the midpoints of the
sides on which they lie.
If AB = 12,
AC = 8 and
BC = 16, what is
P(MNP)?
figure, what is the

smallest possible value
of a + b + c if a, b
and c are integers?
D) 8
D
5
E) 12
5
C
6
E
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6
A) 7
B) 8
C) 9
D) 10
E) 11
Angles
9. In the figure,
AH = BH = HC.
If AC = 1,
what is HD?
D
?
B
A)
1
2
13. In the figure,
B) 1
3
C)
1
4
D)
1
5
B) 30
3
5
D) 45
C) 70
B) 40
?
E
A
C) 45
D) 50
A) 1
6+33
15
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
D) 75
E) 80
ABCD is a square and

ABF and BEC are
equilateral triangles.
What is m(FEC)?
A) 5
B) 10
C
F
C) 15
D) 20
E) 22.5
E) 5
M
K
?
9
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 5 cm E) 6 cm
16.In the figure, CD is the

12. In the figure,
MK = KP,
m(M) = 90,
NS = 9 cm and
SP = 3 cm. Find the
length of KS.
E) 60
15. In the figure,
B) 67.5
E) 50
an equilateral triangle
and DEFH is a square.
Find the measure of
AKD.
A) 30
m(A) = 90,
m(B) = 15 and
AB = 6 + 33.
What is the length
of AC?
140
C) 40
BD = DC,
CE = 3AE and
2AB = AC.
If m(A) = 90, what
is m(DEC)?
14. In the figure,
A) 65
E)
the figure,
CD AB and
BE AC.
If m(BFC) = 140,
what is m(A)?
A) 20
bisector of C.
If m(BAE) = 15,
m(EAC) = 60 and
m(B) = 45, what is
m(DEA)?
A) 10
B) 15
15
D
60
?
45
B
C) 20
D) 22.5
E) 30
159
160
Angles
Objectives

1. Define the concept of a circle and its basic elements.
2. Describe and use the properties of chords.
3. Describe and use the properties of tangents.
4. Describe the possible relative positions of two circles in the same plane.
A. BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Definition
You can see many circular or ring-shaped geometric figures all around you. For example,
wheels, gears, compact discs, clocks, and windmills are all basic examples of circles in the
world around us.
wheels
compact disc
gears
It is easy to recognize a circle, but how can we define it as a shape? Let us look at a
geometric definition.
Note
The word circle is derived from the latin word circus, which means ring or racecourse.
Definition
circle
A circle is the set of all the points in a plane that are at the same distance from a fixed point
in the plane. The distance is called the radius of the circle (plural radii), and the fixed point
is called the center of the circle.
All radii of a circle are congruent. A circle is named by its
center. For example, the circle on the left is named
circle O.
We write a circle with center O and with radius r as
or C(O, r).
center
O
circle
radius
In this book, the point O in a circle is always the center

of the circle.
162
Geometriy 7
To construct a circle, fix a pin on a piece of paper, connect a string of any length
to the pin, tie the other end of the string to your pencil, and turn your pencil
on the paper around the pin for one
complete revolution, keeping the string
taut. You will get a circle.
You can also use a compass to draw a circle.
Mark a point O as the center and set your compass to the
length of the radius. Turn your compass around the
center for one complete revolution. You will get a circle.
r
O
2. Regions Separated by a Circle in a Plane

A circle divides a plane into three separate regions. The set of points whose distance from the center of a circle is less than the radius of the circle is called the
interior of the circle.
interior region
circle
exterior region
For example, if R is a point in the plane and

|OR| < r, then R is in the interior of the
circle.
The set of points whose distance from the
center is greater than the radius of the
circle is called the exterior of the circle.
interior
Q
P
O
R
exterior
circle
For example, if Q is a point in the plane and |OQ| > r, then the point Q is in the exterior of
the circle. The set of points whose distance from the center is equal to the radius is called
the circle itself, and the points are on the circle. For example, if P is a point in the plane and
|OP| = r, the point P is on the circle.
Note
The union of a circle and its interior is called a circular closed region or a disc.
EXAMPLE
Name the points in the figure which are

b. on the circle.
c. in the exterior of the circle.
Solution
a. Since |OA| < r and |OB| < r, points A and B are in

the interior of the circle.
a. in the interior of the circle.
A
D
C
F
b. Since |OC| = |OD| = r, points C and D are on the circle.

c. Since |OE| > r, |OF| > r and |OG| > r, points E, F, and G are in the exterior of the circle.
Circles
163
3. Auxiliary Elements of a Circle

chord
Definition
A line segment which joins two different points on a

circle is called a chord.
B
A
C
chord
O
diameter
For example, [AB] and [CD] in the figure are chords.

diameter
Definition
A chord which passes through the center of a circle is called a diameter of the circle.
In the figure, chord [CD] passes through the center of the circle, so [CD] is a diameter.
We can see that the length of every diameter in a given circle is the same. For this reason,
we usually talk about the diameter of a circle to mean the length of any diameter in the
circle.
The length of the diameter of a circle is twice the radius. For example, if r is the radius of a
d
circle and d is the diameter, then d = 2 r, or r = .
2
The diameter of a circle is the longest chord in the circle.
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Find the length of the diameter for each

given radius.
a. 3 1 cm
b. 3x cm
2
c. 2x + 5 cm d. 7x 12 cm
1. a. d = 2 r d = 2 3
b. d = 2 (3x) = 6x cm
2. The length of the diameter of a circle is

20 cm and the radius is 2x 4. Find x.
1
= 7 cm
2
c. d = 2 (2x + 5) = 4x + 10 cm
d. d = 2 (7x 12) = 14x 24 cm
2.
164
d=2r
20 = 2 (2x 4)
2x 4 = 10
2x = 14
x = 7 cm
Geometriy 7
4. Relative Position of a Line and a Circle in the Same

Plane
A line and a circle in the same plane can have one of
three different positions relative to each other.
If the distance from the center of the circle to the line

is greater than the radius of the circle, then the line
does not intersect the circle.
In the figure, [OH] l and |OH| > r,

and l C(O, r) = .
tangent

is equal to the radius, then we say that the line is
tangent to the circle. In the figure, |OH| l,
|OH| = r, and l C(O, r) = {H}. H is the only point of
intersection of the line and the circle.
point of
tangency
tangent
Definition
A line which intersects a circle at exactly one point is called a tangent of the circle. The intersection point is called the point of tangency.
is less than the radius, then the line intersects the
circle at two points.
In the figure, [OH] and |OH| < r,

and C(O, r) = {A, B}.
secant
Definition
A line which intersects a circle at two different points is called a secant of the circle.
For example, line is a secant in the figure on the left.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Circles
Name all the radii, diameters, chords, secants, and

tangents of the circle in the figure.
[OF], [OC], and [OB] are radii.
[FC] is a diameter. l is a secant line.
[EF], [ED], and [FC] are chords. GH is a
tangent, and A is a point of tangency.
E
D
G
A
165
Check Yourself 1
1. Define the terms center, radius, chord, diameter, tangent, and secant. Show them in a
figure.
2. How many regions does a circle divide the plane into?
3. Sketch all the possible relative positions of a circle and a line in the same plane.
4. Look at the figure on the right.

a.
Name the tangents.
b.
Name the secants.
c.
Name the chords.
d.
Name the radii.
e.
Name the diameters.
E
B
A
F
O
D
Answers
1. center: a point inside the circle that is equidistant from all the
tangent
points on the circle.

radius: a distance from the center to a point on the circle.
chord: a line segment joining two different points of a circle.
secant
us
di
ra
diameter: a chord passing through the center of a circle
chord
diameter
tangent: a line intersecting a circle at exactly one point.

secant: a line intersecting a circle at two different points.
2. three parts: the interior of the circle, the circle, and the exterior of the circle.
n
3.
m B
C
l
4. a. EF, EB
166
b. BC, DB
c. [AB], [DB], [BC]
d. [OD], [OA], [OB], [OC]
e. [BD]
Geometriy 7
B. CHORDS
Remember that a chord is a line segment which joins two different points on a circle. In this
section we will look at the properties of chords.
Property
A radius that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
EXAMPLE
Solution
A chord of length 10 cm is 12 cm away from the center

of a circle. Find the length of the radius.
For example, in the figure, if [OH] [AB] then

|AH| = |HB|.
A
r
Look at the figure.
12
| AB|
2
10
5 cm
2
In AHO, r2 = 52 + 122
r2 = 25 + 144
r2 = 169
r = 13 cm.
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, two chords which are equidistant from the center
are congruent.
For example, in the figure, if |OM| = |ON|,
then |AB| = |CD|.
The converse of this property is also true:
if |AB| = |CD|, then |OM| = |ON|.
N
M
Circles
167
EXAMPLE
Solution
In the figure, |AB| = 8 cm,

|CN| = 4 cm, and
|OM| = 3 cm. Find |OC| = x.
|CD| = 8 cm, since |CN| = 4 cm. So |AB| = |CD|,
and by the property, |OM| = |ON| = 3 cm.
x
M
3 O
D
Let us use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of [OC]:

|OC|2 = |ON|2 + |NC|2
x2 = 32 + 42
x = 5 cm.
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, if two chords have different lengths, then the
longer chord is nearer to the center of the circle.
For example, in the figure,
if |CD| > |AB|, then |OF| < |OE|. The converse
of this property is also true: if |OF| < |OE|,
then |CD| > |AB|.
EXAMPLE
Solution
168
In the circle in the figure,

|OM| < |ON| and r = 9 cm.
|AB| = 3x + 2 cm and
|CD| = 5x 2 cm are given.
Find the possible integer
values of x.
O
D
O
N
A
If |OM| < |ON|, then |CD| > |AB|.

5x 2 > 3x + 2
2x > 4
x > 2 (1)
Since the longest chord is the diameter, the greatest possible value of |CD| is the diameter.
d = 2r, d = 2 9 = 18 cm
|CD| 18
5x 2 18
5x 20
x 4 (2)
From (1) and (2), the possible integer values of x are 3 and 4.
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 2
1. In the figure, the radius of the circle is 5 cm and
|AB| = |CD| = 8 cm. Find|OE|.
O
E
D
2. In the figure, |AB| = |CD|, [OM] [AB], [ON] [CD], and

|ON| = |OM| = 4 cm. Given |AB| = 5x + 1 cm and
|CD| = 4x + 2 cm, find the radius of the circle.
O
M
A
3. In the figure, |AP| = 12 cm, |PB| = 4 cm, and

|OP| = 11 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
D
A
12
O
P 4
B
4. In the figure, |AB| = 12 cm, |DC| = 2 cm,
D
A
[OD] [AB].
Find the radius of the circle.
Answers
1. 3 cm
2. 5 cm
3. 13 cm
4. 10 cm
C. TANGENTS
Remember that a tangent is a line in the plane which

intersects a circle at exactly one point. The point is
called the point of tangency. In this section we will look
at the properties of tangents.
Property
If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point
of tangency.
H
For example, in the figure, if l is tangent to the circle C

at point H, then [OH] l.
Circles
169
Property
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
A
For example, in the figure, if [PA and [PB are tangent to

the circle at points A and B respectively, then
|PA| = |PB|.
O
B
Property
Two tangent line segments from the same external point determine an angle that is bisected by
the ray from the external point through the center of the circle.
A
For example, in the figure, if [PA and [PB are tangent to

the circle then [PO is the angle bisector of APB, i.e.
mAPO = mBPO.
O
B
EXAMPLE
Solution
The circle in the figure is inscribed in the triangle ABC.

|AK| = x + 5 cm,
|BM| = 2x + 3 cm,
|CL| = 2x + 5 cm, and the perimeter of triangle ABC
is 46 cm.
Find |MC|.
A
L
K
O
M
|AK| = |AL|, |BK| = |BM|, and |CM| = |CL|.

P(ABC) = |AB| +|BC| +|AC|
= |AK| + |KB| + |BM| + |MC| + |CL| + |LA|
= 2 |AK| + 2 |BM| + 2 |CL|
= 2 (x + 5) + 2 (2x + 3) + 2 (2x + 5)
= 2x + 10 + 4x + 6 + 4x + 10
= 10x + 26
P(ABC) = 10x + 26 = 46 x = 2 cm
So |MC| = 2x + 5 = 9 cm.
170
Geometriy 7
D. RELATIVE POSITION OF TWO CIRCLES IN THE SAME

PLANE
Definition
nonintersecting circles
Two circles which have no common point are called nonintersecting circles.
If two or more circles

share the same center,
then they are called
concentric circles.
r1
O1
O1
O2
O2
O
r1
C1 C2=
r1 + r2< a
C1 C2=
a=0
C1 C2=
r1 r2> a
concentric circles
Definition
r2
r2
nonintersecting circles
tangent circles
Two circles which have only one common point are called tangent circles.
Tangent circles can be externally tangent or internally tangent, as shown in the figure.
l
O1
Circles
r1
a
r2
r1
O2
O1
a O2 r2
C C2 = {A} and r1 + r2 = a
C1 C2 = {A} and r1 r2 = a
externally tangent circles:

l is the common tangent
internally tangent circles:

l is the common tangent
171
intersecting circles
Definition
Two circles which have two common points are called intersecting circles.
A
r1
O1
r2
O1
O2
O2
a
B
C1 C2 = {A, B} and r1 + r2 > a

intersecting circles
EXAMPLE
Solution
[AB] is the common chord

[O1O2] ^ [AB] and |AH| = |HB|
The circles in the figure with centers A, B, and C are

externally tangent to each other.
|AB| = 16 cm, |BC| = 12 cm, and |AC| = 14 cm are
given. Find the radii of the circles.
Let the radii of circles A, B, and C be r1, r2 and r3
respectively. Then we can write,
C
B
A
|AB| = r1 + r2 = 16
|BC| = r2 + r3 = 12
+ |CA| = r1 + r3 = 14
2 (r1 + r2 + r3) = 42
r1 + r2 + r3 = 21
r1 + r2 + r3 = 21
r1 + 12 = 21
r1 = 9 cm.
172
r1 + r2 = 16
9 + r2 = 16
r2 = 7 cm.
r1 + r2 + r3 = 21
16 + r3 = 21
r3 =5 cm.
Geometriy 7
EXERCISES
4.1
1. Describe each line and
6. In the figure,
E
D
line segment in the

figure as an element of
the circle.
B
A
2. The points in the figure
are in the same plane as

the circle. State the
position of each point
with respect to the
circle.
|AC| = 6 cm and
|AB| = 3 cm.
Find |OB| = r.
8. In the figure,
D
|BC| = 12 cm and
|AD| = 8 cm.
Find the radius of the
circle.
of circle O is 15 cm,
|CD| = 24 cm, and
|OH| = 12 cm.
I
H
O
C
a. Find |OI|.
8
A
12
B
b. Find |AB|.
9. In the figure,
4. Complete each state-
ment about the figure

with a suitable symbol.
F
C
a. If |OE| = |OF|, then

|AB|...|CD|
O
E
|AP| = 63 cm and
mAPB = 60.
circle.
A
C
|O1O2| = 3 cm and
r1 + r2 = 11 cm.
Find r1 and r2.
5. In the figure, X, Y, and Z are
r2
r1
O1 O2
11. In the figure,

X
O
10. In the figure,
b. If |OE| > |OF|, then

|AB|...|CD|.
Circles
3. In the figure, the radius
points of tangency.
|AX| = 6 cm,
|CZ| = 4 cm, and
|BY| = 2 cm.
Find the perimeter of
ABC.
2
K
7. In the figure,
[OA] [BC],
|AK| = 2 cm, and
|KC| = 4 cm.
Find |OK|.
|AB| = 3x + 4,
|CD| = 2x + 9, and
|OM| > |ON|.
Find the greatest possible
integer value of x.
O
M
B
173
A. ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES

Definition
arc of a circle
An arc of a circle consists of two points on the circle and the unbroken part of the circle
between these two points.
Objectives
After studying this
section you will be
able to:
1. Describe the
concepts of arc and
central angle.
2. Name inscribed
angles and calculate their measure.
3. Use the properties
of arcs, central
angles, and
inscribed angles to
solve problems.
Definition
sign over two or more points to denote the
arc which includes the points. For example, in the fig-
We use the
ure, we write AB to denote the arc between A and B, and
minor arc
ACB to denote the arc ACB.
Notice that any two points of a circle divide the circle into
two arcs. If the arcs are unequal, the smaller arc is called
the minor arc and the larger arc is called the major arc.
O
In the figure on the right, AB is the minor arc and ACB

is the major arc.
central angle of a circle

An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle is called a central angle of the circle.
We use the
sign over two or more points to denote
the arc which includes the points. For example, in the

figure, we write AB to denote the arc between A and B,
and ACB to denote the arc ACB.
Notice that any two points of a circle divide the circle
into two arcs. If the arcs are unequal, the smaller arc is
called the minor arc and the larger arc is called the
major arc.
In the figure on the right, AB is the minor arc and ACB is the major arc.
174
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
Solution
Find the measure of the

indicated central angle of
each circle.
a.
b.
50
Remember that the measure

of a minor arc is equal to the
measure of its central angle.
c.
120
180
D
C
O
a. mAOB = mAB = 50
b. mCOD = mCD = 120
c. mAOB = mAB = 180
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, if two chords

are congruent, then their corresponding arcs and central angles are also congruent.
D
r
A
For example, in the figure, if [AB] [CD] then AB CD

and mAOB mCOD.
r
C
r
B
Property
If a line through the center of a circle is perpendicular

to a chord, it bisects the arcs defined by the endpoints
of that chord.
For example, in the figure, if [PK] [AB] then

[AH] [HB]
r
A
AP PB
r
H
AK KB.
B. INSCRIBED ANGLES
Definition
inscribed angle of a circle

An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides
contain chords of the circle is called an inscribed angle.
For example, angle ABC in the figure is an inscribed
angle. [AB] and [BC] are both chords of the circle.
The arc AC in the figure is called the intercepted arc of
the inscribed angle ABC.
Circles
intercepted
arc
O
A
175
Property
The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the measure

of the central angle which intercepts the same arc.
C
a O
b
Proof
In the figure, let mBCO = a and mBAO = b.
Since the triangles BOC and AOB are isosceles
triangles, we can write
a
2a
2b
b
A
mOBC = mOCB = a
mOAB = mOBA = b
mCOE = mCBO + mOCB = 2a

mAOE = mOAB + mOBA = 2b
mABC = mOBA + mOBC

= a + b
mAOC = mAOE + mEOC

= 2 (a + b)
So mABC =
mAOC
.
2
Now remember that the measure of a minor arc is the same as the measure of its central
angle. So we can write the property in a slightly different way:
Property
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to the half

the measure of its intercepted arc.
mAC
For example, in the figure, mABC =

.
2
EXAMPLE
a O
2a
2a
10 Find the measure of x in each figure.

a.
b.
C
B
50
c.
C
B
B
O
120
O
A
176
Geometriy 7
Solution
a. mABC =
mAC
b. mABC =
50 =
mAC
mx =
mAC
2
120
2
mx = 60
mAC = 100
mAOC
2
c. mABC =
90
2
mx = 45
mx = 100
Property
If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc of a

circle, then the angles are congruent.
For example, in the figure, ABC ADC, because

they both intercept AC.
B
A
D
EXAMPLE
11 Find the value of x and y in each figure.

a.
b.
A
40
40
2
x = y = 20
mCD
20 O
C
B
a. mCAD = mCBD =
x = y =
Circles
Solution
c.
50
b. mBAC =
x =
mBOC
mBC
=
2
2
y 50
=
2
2
x = 25 and y = 50
177
c. mBAC =
20 =
mBOC
2
mBDC =
y
2
x =
mBOC
2
40
2
x = 20
y = 40
Property
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
For example, in the figure,

if mALB = mAMB = mANB = 180, then
mALB = mAMB = mANB = 90 or

mL = mM = mN = 90.
EXAMPLE
12 Find the value of x in each figure.

a.
b.
B
x
A
60
x
O
c.
20
10
Solution
a. Since AC is the diameter, the arc ABC is a semicircle.

So ABC is inscribed in a semicircle, and therefore mABC = x = 90, x = 90.
b. mDAC =
mDC
60
=
2
= 30
178
y = 2 mBAC
= 2 20
= 40
mAD + mDC + mCB = 180

x + 60 + 40 = 180
x = 80
Geometriy 7
c. Let us draw the chord [BD].
mADB = 90
mCAB = mCDB = 10
mADC + mCDB = 90
10
x + 10 = 90
x = 80
Property
The measure of the angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to the half of the measure of its intercepted arc.
1
For example, in the figure, mCAB = mAOB.
2
Proof
Let us draw the diameter [AD] and the chord [BD].

[AC] [AD] (a radius is perpendicular to a tangent at
the point of tangency)
O
B
[AB] [BD] (definition of a semicircle)

D
mDAB + mBAC = 90
mDAB + mADB = 90 (in triangle ABD)
mADB = mBAC
mADB =
mBAC =
mAB
(inscribed angle rule)

2
B
O
mAB
(inscribed angle rule)

2
Rule
Let [AB] and [CD] be two chords of a circle.

If [AB] [CD], then
mABC = mBCD (alternate interior angles).

So mAC = mBD.
Circles
179
EXAMPLE
13 Find the value of x and y in each figure.

a.
b.
A
x
O
c.
B
y
B
A
15
C
C
O
30
[AB] || [CD]
Solution
a. Let us draw the radius [OA].
Then [AC] [AO]. AOB is isosceles triangle.

mOAB
mOAB + mBAC
30 + x
x
y
b.
=
=
=
=
=
mCD = 120
15
A 30 C
mC D
mDCE = x =
2
120
=
= 60
2
mAC
mABC =
mAC
2
60
= 30
2
30
r
30 + mCD + 30 = 180
mABC =
B 30
D
mAC + mCD + mDB = 180
mAC = 2 30 = 60
mBD
mBD = 2 15 = 30
c. mADC =
r 30
30 and
90
90
60
2 60 = 120
[AB] [CD] and mBAD =
30
F
C
B
O
30
D
[AD] [BC] and [AF] [AD]. So [AF] [BC]. Therefore, mABC = mBAE and
mEAB = x = 30, x = 30.
180
Geometriy 7
Rule
The measure of an angle formed by two secants, a

secant and a tangent, or two tangents drawn from a
point in the exterior of a circle is equal to half of the
difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
B
A
b O
C
mBAC + mBOC = 180

mBAC + mBC = 180
a + b = 180
C
A
A
O
P
D
mP =
mCD mAB
2
angle formed by two secants:
angle formed by a secant

and a tangent:
mP =
angle formed by two

tangents:
mACB mAB
2
mP + mAB = 180
mP =
mCB mAB
2
Rule
The measure of an angle formed by two chords that

intersect in the interior of a circle is equal to half the
sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
For example, in the figure, mAED = mBEC =
mBC
+ mAD
mAEB = mCED =
mA B + mC D
2
=
Circles
B
x
a
b
and
x+ y
a+ b
and =
.
2
2
181
EXAMPLE
14 Find the value of x in each figure.

a.
b.
A
30
E
C
Solution
c.
B
70
100
70 =
15
60
a. mBED =
mA C + mBD
2
mA C +60
( mBD
= 2 mBAD )
2
mAC = 140 60 = 80
mADC = mA C = 80 = 40, x = 40
2
2
b. mCAE =
mC E mB D
100 30
=
(mB D = 2 mBCD)
2
2
mCAE = x =
70
= 35, x = 35
2
c. mQPR + mQR = 180

60 + mQR = 180
mQR = 120
mQR + mQTR = 360
mQTR = 240
mQSR = x =
182
mQTR
240
=
= 120, x = 120
2
2
Geometriy 7
EXERCISES
4.2
1. In the figure,
mAOC = 120.
Find mABC.
7. In the figure,
x
120
mBC
mAD =
and
2
mDPC = 75.
D
75
P
x
Find mBAC.
2. In the figure,
8. In the figure,
mBAC = 30 and
mBKC = 70.
Find mOCA.
70
O
K
30
[AE is tangent to the

circle at the point B,
and mEBC = 75.
Find mA.
mAOC = mABC = 3x.

4. In the figure,
mCDB = 10
and mABD = 50.
Find mP.
10. In the figure,

mAOC = 100 and
mOAB = 70.
Find mOCB.
20
O 100
x
70
100
11. In the figure,
C
x
mAPD = 30,
mDKA = 60,
mBAC = a, and
mDCA = b.
Find a and b.
40
O
A
B
a
K
60
b
D
30
K
O
50
C
x
mDPA = 50.
Find mBCA.
12. In the figure,
10
Circles
3x 3x O
5. In the figure,
6. In the figure,
120
B
D
[AB] is a diameter and

mOCB = 40.
Find mOAC.
9. In the figure,
3. In the figure,
75
B
C
mBOC = 100 and

mACO = 20.
Find mAOC.
mCBD = 120.
Find AOC.
A
O
50
183
Objectives

1. Describe the concepts of circumference and arc length.
2. Find the area of a circle, an annulus, a sector, and a segment.
A. CIRCUMFERENCE AND ARC LENGTH

1. Circumference of a Circle
Remember from chapter 4 that the distance around a polygon is called the perimeter of the
polygon.
Note
Pi (, pronounced like the English word pie) is a Greek
letter. It is the first letter of a Greek word that means
measure around.
d
r
r
C
Definition
circumference
The distance around a circle is called the circumference of the circle.
If you measure the circumference and diameter of a circle and divide the circumference by
the diameter, you always get the same constant. This constant is approximately equal to
3.14, and denoted by .
Property
For all circles, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is always the same number. The
number is called (pronounced likepie).
So if the circumference of a circle with a diameter d is C, then we can write
C = 2 r
C
= or C = d or
d
This is the formula for the measure of the circumference of a circle.

184
Geometriy 7
1. Find five different circular objects. Use a piece of string to measure their
circumference (C), and use a ruler to measure their diameter (d). Write
the values in a table.
2. For each circular object calculate the ratio C and then calculate the
d
average of all the ratios.
3. How do the number and the formula C = d relate to this activity?
EXAMPLE
15 a.
Find the diameter of a circle with circumference 24 cm.
b. Find the circumference of a circle with radius 5 cm.

c. Find the circumference of a circle with diameter 9 cm.
Solution
a. Let the diameter of the circle be d, then the circumference of the circle is C = d:
24 = d
d = 24 cm.
b. C = 2 5 = 2 5 = 10cm
c. C = 2r = 2r = d = 9 cm
2. Arc Length
Remember that an arc is a part of a circle. The measure of an arc is equal to the measure of
its central angle.
Rule
In a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc AB to

the circumference is equal to the ratio of the measure
of the arc to 360.
arc length of A B
mA B
=
,
circumference of the circle
360
arc length of A B
so
=
.
2 r
360
We can rewrite this as
arc length of AB = 2 r
360
In the above formula the measure of the arc is given in degrees. The length of the arc is given
in a linear unit such as centimeters.
Circles
185
EXAMPLE
16 Find the length of each arc.

a.
b.
6 cm
c.
O 10 cm
d.
12 cm
E
210
18 cm
60
F
Solution
a. The length of a semicircle is half

of the circumference.
arc length of AB
180
= 2r
= 2 6
360
360
1
= 2 6
= 6cm
2
b. The length of a 90 arc is a quarter of

the circumference.
arc length of CD
90
= 2r
= 2 10
360
360
1
= 2 10
= 5cm
4
c. arc length of EF
60
= 2r
= 2 12
360
360
1
= 2 12
= 4cm
6
d. arc length of GTH
210
= 2r
= 2 18
360
360
21
= 2 18
= 21cm
36
Check Yourself 3
1. Find the circumference of the circle with the given radius.
a. r = 3 cm
b. r = 5 cm
c. r = 7 cm
d. r = 10 cm
2. Find the radius of the circle with the given circumference.
a. 12 cm
b. 24 cm
c. 36 cm
d. cm
3. Find the length of the minor arc in each figure.
a.
b.
c.
C
3 cm
120
B
O
5 cm
d.
E
8 cm 60
O
G
9 cm
200
L
K
H
Answers
1. a. 6 cm b. 10 cm c. 14 cm d. 20 cm
2. a. 6 cm b. 12 cm c. 18 cm d.
3. a.
186
1
cm
2
3
10
8
cm b.
cm c.
cm d. 8 cm
2
3
3
Geometriy 7
B. AREA OF A CIRCLE, A SECTOR, AND A SEGMENT

1. Area of a Circle
Property
The area of a circle is times the square of the radius.

A =
r2
r
O
To understand why this property is true, let us divide a

circle into 16 equal parts, and rearrange them as
follows:
C = pr
2
As the number of equal parts increases, the area of the circle gets closer and closer to the
area of a parallelogram.
C
2r
= r 2 .
The area of a parallelogram is A = r = r
2
2
So the area of a circle with radius r is A = r2.
EXAMPLE
17 a.
Find the area of a circle with radius r = 6 cm.
b. Find the radius of a circle with area 16 cm2.

c. Find the area of a circle with circumference 10 cm.
Solution
a. Let the area of the

circle be A, then
A = r2
A = 62
A = 36cm2.
Circles
b. Let the radius of

the circle be r, then
A = r2
16 = r2,
r2 = 16
r = 4 cm.
c. The formula for the

circumference of a
circle is C = 2 r:
10 = 2 r
r = 5 cm.
So the area of the
circle is
A = r2
= 52
= 25cm2.
187
2. Area of an Annulus
annulus
Definition
An annulus is a region bounded by two concentric circles.

How can we find the area of an annulus? Look at the
diagram.
R
O
an annulus
area of the big circle area of the small circle = area of the annulus
R
O
r
O
A(annulus) = R2 r2
= (R2 r2)
EXAMPLE
18 Find the area of the annulus bounded by concentric

circles with radii 5 cm and 3 cm long.
Solution
The radius of the big circle is R = 5 cm.
3 cm
5 cm O
The radius of the small circle is r = 3 cm.

A = R2 r2
A = (R2 r2)
A = (52 32)
A = (25 9)
A = 16 cm2
188
Geometriy 7
3. Area of a Sector
Definition
sector of a circle
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and their intercepted arc.
For example, in the figure, the smaller region AOB is a sec-
tor of the circle. If the degree measure of arc AB is
a
p r2 .
360
We can also calculate the area of a sector in a different
mAB = a then the area of sector AOB =
a
B
way:
Rule
The area of a sector of a circle is half the product of the length of the arc and the length of
its radius.
In the figure,
A B
a
r
360
| A B |
a
=
r
2
360
r
a
l
B
| A B | r
a
=
r2
2
360
A=
| A B| r
or
2
A=
lr
2
(|AB| = l ).
In the above formula the measure of the arc is given in degrees. The length of the arc is given
in a linear unit such as centimeters.
EXAMPLE
19 Find the area of each shaded sector.

a.
b.
5 cm
O
8 cm
72
6p
A
O
B
Circles
c.
15
6 cm O
189
Solution
a. r = 5 cm and ma = 72.
a
72
1
r2 =
5 2 = 25 = 5 cm 2
360
360
5
b. r = 8 cm and l = 6 cm.
A (sector AOB ) =
A (sector POS ) =
l r 6 8
=
= 24 cm 2
2
2
c. mBOC = 2 mBAC, so
mBOC = 30 and r = 6 cm.
A (sector BOC ) =
mBOC
30
1
r2 =
62 =
36 = 3 cm 2 .
360
360
12
4. Area of a Segment
Definition
segment of a circle
A segment of a circle is a region bounded by a chord and its intercepted arc.
A
a
h
O
A
r
B
O
area of segment =
area of
sector
=
B
area of
triangle
A = A(sector AOB) A(AOB)

A=
EXAMPLE
bh
a
r2
360
2
20 Find the area of each shaded segment.

a.
b.
c.
120
45
12 cm
12
cm
cm
190
Geometriy 7
Solution
a. Since mAOB = 90,

A (sector AOB ) =
90
1
r 2 = 36 = 9 cm 2
360
4
r 2 36
=
=18 cm 2
2
2
A(segment) = 9 18 cm2.
A ( AOB ) =
b. |OH| = 6 cm and
|AB| = 123 cm.
A(sector AOB) =
=
120
12 2
360
60 63
30
12
1
144
3
= 48 cm2.
A(AOB) =
| AB|| OH | 12 3 6
36 3 cm 2
2
2
A(segment) = 48 363 cm .
c. A(sector AOC) =
A(AOC) =
r
36
=
= 9 cm 2
4
4
45
6 O
6 6 36
18 cm 2
2
2
A(segment) = 9 18 cm2.
Check Yourself 4
1. Find the area of a circle with the given radius.
a. r = 3 cm
b. r = 5 cm
c. r = 12 cm
d. r = 16 cm
2. Find the area of a circle with the given circumference.

a. 4 cm
b. 12 cm
c. 20 cm
d. cm
3. Find the circumference of a circle with area 36 cm2.

4. The ratio of the radii of two circles is 5 : 3. What is the ratio of their areas?
R
2
5. The area of the shaded region in the figure is 32 cm and

R = 9 cm. Find r.
Circles
191
6. Find the area of the shaded region in each circle.

A
r
60
120
r
A
B
r = 8 cm
r = 5 cm
r = 5 cm
|AB| = 52 cm
r = 12 cm
A
O
R
r
A
r
O
r
120
O r
r = 5 cm
r = 8 cm
R = 10 cm
r = 8 cm
R = 10 cm
r = 7 cm
Answers
1. a. 9 cm2 b. 25 cm2 c. 144 cm2 d. 256 cm2
2. a. 4 cm2 b. 36 cm2 c. 100 cm2 d.
cm2
4
3. 12 cm
4.
25
9
5. 7 cm
6. a.
192
25
64
25 50
cm2 b.
cm2 c. 36 cm2 d.
cm2 e. 36 cm2 f. 25 cm2 g. 17 cm2 f. 16 cm2
6
3
4
Geometriy 7
EXERCISES
4.3
1. In the figure,
mAOB = 30 and
r = 6 cm.
Find the area of the
shaded region.
30
2. In the figure,
mBAC = 30 and
the radius of the
circle is 6 cm. Find the area
of the shaded region.
mAOB = 45 and
r = 10 cm.
shaded region.
8. In the figure, ABCD is a
rectangle and
A and B are the
centers of two circles.
Given |AD| = 6 cm,
find the area of the
shaded region.
45
B
O r = 10
3. In the figure,
mAOB = 120 and

r = 6 cm.
Find the length of arc
AXB.
4. In the figure, B is the
7. In the figure,
120
O 6 cm
10.
B
5. In the figure, mAOB = mCOD = mEOF = 20

E
20
C
20
20
A
6. In the figure,
Circles
are the centers of three

congruent tangent circles.
If the sum of the
circumferences of the
circles is 24 cm, find
the area of the shaded
region.
|OB| = 5 cm,
mDOB = 60, and
|BA| = 3 cm.
shaded region.
30
9. In the figure, A, B, and C
center of a circle and

ABCD is a square with
|AD| = 5 cm.
shaded region.
and r = 6 cm. Find the

sum of the areas of the
shaded regions.
C
K
B, C, P, and K are the centers of four circles in the

figure. Given |AB| = |BC| = |CD| = 4 cm,
find the area of shaded region.
square with perimeter

64 cm. Find the area of
the shaded region.
C
D
60
O
193
12. In the figure, B and D

are the centers of two
circles.
If ABCD is a square
and the shaded area
is 16 cm2, find
|DE|.
13. In the figure,

A(AOB) = 48 cm2,
|OC| = 8 cm, and
[OC] [AB]. Find r.
18. In the figure,
D
P
mOAB = 50 and
mBCO = 35.
Find mAOC.
50
O
35
C
19. In the figure,
8 cm
r
mBCD = 130 and

mOAC = 40.
Find mCBO.
C 130
40
B
14. In the figure,

|AB| = |CD| = 8 cm and
|OH| = 3 cm.
Find the radius of
the circle.
45
x 60
mAOC = 160 and

mABC = x.
Find mABC.
160
B
C
A
mAOB = 60 and
|AB| = 5 cm.
circle.
B
C
C
x
40
B is the point of
tangency and
mOAB = 30.
Find mABC.
50
23. In the figure,
22. In the figure,

mOAD = 40 and
mBOC = 50.
Find mCOD.
17. In the figure,
194
B
A
21. In the figure,
16. In the figure,
|AB| = 9 cm,
|BC| = 8 cm, and
|CA| = 5 cm.
Find the radius of
circle A.
mOAB = 45 and
mOCB = 60.
Find mAOC.
20. In the figure,
B
r
15. In the figure,

|CE| = 3x 2,
|FB| = x + 4, and
|OE| = |OF|.
Find x.
8 cm
C
x
30
Geometriy 7
24. A and C are points of tangency on the circle in the

figure.
Given mABC = 60 and
mBCD = 70,
find mBAE.
C
D
70
A
x
60
mBAD = 60 and
|AD| = |DC|.
Find mBCD.
60
of the circle is 6 cm and

the length of arc AXB is
4 cm. Find the area of
the shaded region.
r=
6c
31 . In the figure,
25. In the figure,
|OB| = r = 4 cm.
shaded region.
B
32 . In the figure,
D
A
60
8c
m
6c
mAOE = 60 and
|OA| = |DC|.
Find mACE.
|AB| = 8 cm and
|AC| = 6 cm.
shaded region.
26. In the figure,
33 . ABCD is a square with sides 10 cm long. Find the

area of each shaded region.
a.
27. In the figure,

mBAD = 30.
Find mACD.
D
E
30
c.
d.
O
20
A
C
B
E
figure,
F
C
40
30
|OA| = 6 cm,
O
mAOB = 50,
50
mCOD = 30,
and mEOF = 40.
A
B
Find the sum of the areas of the shaded regions.
Circles
b.
28. In the figure,
29. In the circle in the
30
C
mBAC = 20 and
mDFE = 30.
Find mCOD.
e.
d.
195
CHAPTER
REVIEW TEST
1. In the figure,
|OA| = 4 cm and
|OC| = 7 cm.
What is |BC|?
A) 2 cm
6. In the figure,
B) 3 cm
C) 4 cm
2. Find |AB|in the figure if
D) 5 cm
D) 5 cm
C) 16 cm
196
B) 12 cm
D) 20 cm
A
C 1 cm
m
B) 50
C) 51
mABD = 60 and
mCED = 80.
Find mCDE.
D) 52
80 x
60
A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 40
mBDC = 70.
Find mACB.
9. In the figure,
32 cm
7c
A) 49
A
70
C) 42 cm
5. In the figure,
A) 13 cm
98
O
8. In the figure,
H
|OC| = 32 cm,
|AC| = 1 cm, and
|BC| = 7 cm.
What is the length
of the radius?
|OK| = |OH| = 5 cm,

|AB| = 2a + 2 cm, and
|CD| = a + 13 cm.
What is the length of
the radius?
4. In the figure,
B) 33 cm
D) 6 cm
C) 6 cm
of the circle is 10 cm
and |OH| = 6 cm.
Find |AB|.
A) 3 cm
C) 53 cm
B) 12 cm
A) 8 cm
B) 5 cm
5 A
H
O
B) 7 cm
A) 4 cm
7. Find mABC in the figure.
|CH| = 4 cm.
A) 8 cm
line l is tangent to the

circle at point C and
|OA| = |AB| = 5 cm.
Find |BC| = x.
C
B
l
C
D) 5 cm
K
C
O
H
B) 25
C) 30
D) 40
10. In the figure, line l is
A) 20
tangent to the circle at

point A and
|AB| = |AC|.
Find mCAD.
l
A
B
80
C) 11 cm
D) 10 cm
A) 65
B) 55
C) 50
D) 45
Angles
11. In the figure,

[PE and [PD are
tangent
to
the
circle at the points
A and B, respectively.
Find mACB if
mAPB = 50.
A) 60
50
C) 70
D) 75
A
P
B) 20
35
D) 40
C) 75
14. In the figure,
A) 3 cm
B) 4 cm
A) 5 cm
B) 6 cm
3
cm
2
C) 2 cm
square with sides 6 cm

long. Find the area of
the shaded region.
D)
5
cm
2
D) 80
2 cm
B
C) 6 cm
D) 8 cm
3 cm
H
C) 7 cm
has radius 6 cm and

mABC = 75.
shaded region.
A) 6 cm
B) 9 cm
D) 8 cm
6 cm
O
75
B
C) 12 cm
20 . In the figure, ABCD is a

square. |BE| = 4 cm,
|DF| = 6 cm, and B and
D are the centers of two
circles. Find the area of
the shaded region.
O
A
C) 36 9 cm2
19. In the figure, the circle

23 cm
9
B) 16
cm2
4
D) 49 12 cm2
A) 9 2 cm
15. In the figure,

the perimeter of the
circle is 10 cm and
|OH| = 3 cm.
Find |AB|.
B)
|AB|= 2 cm and
|AC| = 23 cm.
What is the length of
the circumference?
A) cm
B) 70
60
3 cm
O
30
A) 65
mDCE = 30 and
mAB = 80.
17. Find the length of the
D) 8 cm2
C
D
C) 30
4 cm
C) 4 cm2
O
x
13. In the figure,
B) 3 cm2
55
35
arc AB in the figure if

the radius is 3 cm and
mACB = 60.
mAPC = 35 and
mBD = 100.
Find mADC.
mABC = 35,
mACB = 55, and
|BC| = 4 cm.
What is the area of the
circle?
A) 2 cm2
12. In the figure,
A) 15
O
B
B) 65
16. In the figure,
D) 15 cm2
6 cm F C
6 cm
4 cm
H
A
E 4 cm B
A) 40 10 cm2
B) 50 13 cm2
C) 36 12 cm2
D) 64 20 cm2
197
EXERCISES
1. 1
1. Because there are no simpler concepts for us to buid on. Therefore, we need to understand these concepts
without a precise definition.
3. A ray has closed enpoint but a half line has an open endpoint.
4. 2 5. 3 7. a. size, length, width, thickness b. line c. plane d. skew lines
8. a. true b. true c. true d. false e. true
9. a. 10 b. 21 c. 210 d. 5050
10. lines: HL, HG rays: [LC, [LH, [HL, [HG, [GH half lines: ]LC, ]LH, ]HL, ]HG, ]GH
11. a. line segment CD b. half open line segment PQ c. open line segment AB d. ray KL e. half line MN
f. line EF
12. a. l (E) = l
b. d (F) = {C}
c. n (G) = 13. M, N and P, R and S, and L and K, are coplanar
points.
14. l
15.
d
l
(D) (E) = m
(D) (F) = l
(E) (F) = d
m d l = {O}
E
D
16. a. 5 b. (P) (Q) = EB, (P) (S) = EA, (P) (T) = AB, (Q) (T) = BC, (Q) (R) = EC, (T) (R) = DC,
(S) (R) = ED, (T) (S) = AD
EXERCISES
c. 3 lines pass through point A, B, C, and D, 4 lines pass through point E.
2. 1
1. a. b. c. {K, O, M} d. e. {N} f. g. h. {P} i. j. k.

2. a. {A} [CD b. ]AC[ ]AD[ c. ]CD[ d. ]CE ]DF e. ]AB] [BC[ ]AH ]DG
5. a. acute angle b. right angle c. obtuse angle d. straight angle e. complete angle
6. a. 20 b. 12 c. 20 7. a. 32 b. 20 c. 10
8. a. 115 b. 65 c. 115 d. 65 e. 115 f. 65 g. 65
9. 130
10. 40 11. 25
20. 90
21. 35
196
12. 50
13. 100
14. 70
15. x = y + z
16. 160
17. 35
18. 140
19. 80
Geometriy 7
3. 1
EXERCISES
1. ADE, DEK, DKF, BDF, CKF, CKE, DEC, ADC, DFC, BDC, CEF, ABC
2.
eight triangles: GDT, DTE, ETF, FTG, GDE, GFE, GDF, DEF 3. 51 cm 4. 10 cm
5. 28.2 cm
B
D
10. a.
r1
C
E
b.
r2
c.
r1
Va
r2
ha
B
d. segment FC without
8. 12 9. 7 cm
c. segment AC and point E
endpoints
7.
6. a. B, E, F, C b. F
11. a. Hint: Construct medians for each
A
na
r2
r2
side. b. Hint: Construct angle bisectors for

C each
angle. c. Hint: Construct altitudes
for each vertex.
d. Hint: Construct perpendicular bisectors for each side.
14. hb =
56
168
; hc =
5
13
15. a. BFC b. CEF, BEF,
ABC c. BFC d. ABF e. ABF 17. a. yes b. no c. yes d. yes e. no 18. a. x {4, 9, 14} b. none 19.
121
cm 2
2
20. a. in the interior b. in the interior c. in the interior d. in the interior e. on the triangle f. in the interior
g. in the interior h. on the triangle i. in the exterior j. in the interior k. in the interior l. in the exterior
21. a. sometimes b. always c. never d. sometimes e. never f. never g. always h. always
22. a.
b.
equilateral
23. a.
Answers to Exercises
c.
scalene right
d.
isosceles
e.
obtuse triangle
f.
equilateral
isosceles
b.
197
EXERCISES
3. 2
d. 6 e. 3 3. A K; D L; E N; AD KL;
11
4. a. 6 b. 20 c. 22 d.
5. a. BC = 3, MN = 8 9. 10 cm 11. 2 12. m(OKM) =
8
5
17. 84 18. 38 19. 9.6 cm 20. 20 21.
m(OLK) = 20 13. 8 14. 15 15. 84 16.
2
24. 33 25. 4 cm 26. 14 27. 15 28. 83 29. 3 cm 30. 16 31. 2 cm 32. 6 cm
2. a. 70
b. 1
c. 60
DE LN; AE KN
10, m(OML) = 60,
1
22. 33 23. 8 cm
4
33. 2 cm 34. 2 cm
35. 43 cm 36. 70 37. 12 38. 99 39. 9 cm 40. 33 3 41. 24 cm 42. yes 43. 200 km 44. 25 45. 7 5
46. 6 47. 70 48. 57
49. 150 50. 8 cm 51. 16 cm 52. 18 53. 8 and 12 54. 8 55. 45 58. 4 cm 59. 10
60. 32 60. 72 62. 6 cm 63. 12 cm 64. 12 cm 65. 8 66. 6 cm 67. 6 cm 68. 6 cm 69. 8 cm 70. 9 cm
3
71.
72. 6 73. 2 74. 18 75. 15
2
EXERCISES
3. 3
1. a. 36 b. 114 c. 54 d. 20 e. 100 f. 50 g. 90 h. 64 2. 40, 60, 80

4. 50 5. 136 6. 60
7. 72 8. 117 9. 12 10. 8 11. 36 12. 106
13. a.
b.
c. not possible d.
E
E
20
150
70
D
40
F
60
E
80
60
80
3. x = 120, acute angles: 85, 5
20
60
e. not possible
40
80
40
M
14. a. no b. no c. no d. yes 15. 55 17. a. 2 < a < 14 b. 4 < p < 20 c. 1 < m < 7 18. a. 4 < x < 12
b. 4 < x < 11 c. 3 < x < 10 19. three 20. 9 21. 12 22. 29 23. 36 24. 9 25. five 26. a. yes b. no c. no
d. no e. yes f. yes 27. x 28. a. 1 = 2 > 3 b. 1 > 2 > 3 c. 3 > 2 > 1 d. 1 > 3 > 2 29. a. false b. false
c. true d. false e. true f. false g. false 30. a. AC b. AC c. DC d. BC 31. a. 5 b. 8 32. 49 33. 25
34. there are no values 35. 11 36. four triangles with side lengths (1, 5, 5), (2, 4, 5), (3, 4, 4), (3, 3, 5) 38. a. A
b. D c. D d. D 39. a. A b. B 40. a. A b. B c. A d. A 41. a. A b. B 42. a. D b. A
EXERCISES
1.
13
10
2. {21, 31}
3. 4
3.
3
4
4. {49, 31}
9. 3x + 4y 10 = 0 ; 3x + 4y + 30 = 0 10.
198
5.
16
29
6. {
35 25
,
}
9
9
7. a. 13 b. 15 2
4
c.
5
2
8.
12
43
53
15
Geometriy 7
EXERCISES
4. 1
1. radii: [OF], [OC], [OA], [OB] diameter: [FC] chords: [ED], [FC], [GB]
tangent: AH secant: GB center: O
2. Points C, O, and D are in the interior region of the circle. Point E is on the circle. Points A, B, G and F are in the
exterior region of the circle 3. a. 9 cm b. 18 cm
9. 6 cm 10. r1 = 4 cm, r2 = 7 cm
EXERCISES
1. 120
2. 10
4. a. = b. >
5. 24 cm
6. 3 cm
11. 4 cm
7.
9
cm
2
8. 46 cm
4. 2
3. 120
4. 30
5. 50
6. 40
7. 70
8. 60
9. 40
10. 60 11. a = 15 b = 45
12. 20
EXERCISES
1. 33 cm2 2.
25
cm2
2
8. (72 18) cm2

13. 10 cm
24. 120
4. 3
14. 5 cm
25. 20
3. 4 cm 4. (25 25 ) cm2
4
9. (163 8) cm2
15. 3
26. 120
16.
5 3
cm
3
27. 80
10. 12 cm2
17. 3 cm
28. 12 cm2
5. 6 cm2 6.
cm2 7. (6 93) cm2
11. (256 64) cm2
18. 170
19. 10
29. 12 cm2
b. (50 100) cm2 c. (100 25) cm2 d. (50 100) cm2 e. (
13
2
20. 150
30. 4 cm2
12. (82 8) cm
21. 100
31.
21. 30
25 - 48
cm2
2
22. 60
23. 50
32. a. 50 cm2
25
25
+ 25) cm2 f. (75
) cm2
4
2
199
TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D
A
B
C
C
D
C
B
TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
200
D
D
A
C
E
B
C
D
TEST
9.
10.
11.
12.
D
D
C
D
2A
E
D
A
C
A
E
B
C
TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C
A
D
C
B
B
B
B
TEST
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
C
C
B
C
D
C
E
C
2D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
E
E
C
A
A
C
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
D
E
B
C
C
A
C
C
C
C
D
2B
C
A
E
C
A
C
B
A
TEST
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
TEST
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
C
C
A
C
C
A
E
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
A
C
D
C
C
C
B
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
E
D
C
B
E
E
D
C
2C
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
A
D
C
D
A
C
C
2E
Geometriy 7
Symbol
Meaning
Symbol
is equal to
is congruent to
is not equal to
is not congruent to
is greater than
is parallel to
is greater than or equal to
is not parallel to
is less than
is perpendicular to
is less than or equal to
is similar to
is approximately equal to
|x|
absolute value of x
pi
square root
angle A
exterior angle of A in a triangle
mA
measure of angle A in degrees
ABC
Meaning
triangle with vertices A, B and C
ha
length of the altitude to side a
is an element of
is not an element of
union
intersection
is contained by
degrees
A B
A is contained by B
minutes
A B
A is not contained by B
seconds
A.S.A
angle-side-angle
right angle
S.A.S
side-angle-side
mABC
measure of angle ABC in degrees
S.S.S
side-side-side
AB
minor arc with endpoints A and B
A.A
angle-angle
mAB
measure of minor arc AB in degrees
(E)
plane E
ACB
major arc with endpoints A and B
mACB
measure of major arc ACB in degrees
AB
line AB, passing through the points A

and B
[AB]
line segment AB or segment AB, with

endpoints A and B
|AB|
length of segment AB
(int ABC)
interior of the triangle ABC
(ext ABC)
exterior of the triangle ABC
A(ABC)
area of the triangle ABC
P(ABC)
perimeter of the triangle ABC
ABCD
quadrilateral ABCD
ABCD
paralelogram ABCD
circle with center O
circumference
[AB
ray AB with initial point A, passing

through B
sin
sine
]AB
half line AB
cos
cosine
]AB]
half-open line segment AB, excluding

point A and including point B
tan
tangent
cot
cotangent
]AB[
open line segment
sec
secant
[AB]
closed line segment
cosec
cosecant
acute angle: An acute angle is

an angle with measure greater
than 0 and less than 90.
angle bisector of a triangle: An angle

bisector of a triangle is a segment that
bisects one of the angles of the
triangle. Its endpoints are points on the
triangle.
85
20
acute triangle: An acute triangle has
by the horizontal and the line of sight to

an object below the horizontal.
50 70
horizon
(horizontal)
angle of depression: The angle formed
60
three acute angles.
angle of
depression
adjacent angles: Two angles

are adjacent if they share a common vertex and side, but have
no common interior points.
adjacent sides: In a triangle or
a b
angle of elevation : The angle formed
b and c are adjacent angles

a and c are not adjacent angles
other polygon, two sides that share a common vertex are

adjacent sides.
alternate exterior angles: Two angles
are alternate exterior angles if they lie

outside l and m on opposite sides of t,
such as b and g.
a b
c d
base: The lower face or side of a geometric shape.
altitude of a triangle: An altitude of a

triangle is a segment from a vertex that
is perpendicular to the opposite side or
to the line containing the opposite side.
An altitude may lie inside or outside the triangle.
ray that divides the angle into two congruent angles.
altitude
O is the center of
the circle
circle: A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are

B
vertex: point A
sides: [AC and [AB
C
B
O
A
[OB is an angle bisector

[AN] is an angle bisector
202
center of a circle : The center of a circle is

the point inside the circle that is
equidistant from all the points on the
circle.
central angle of a circle: A central angle of a circle is an

angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
C
angle bisector: An angle bisector is a
area: The number of square units that cover a given surface.
alternate interior angles : Two angles are alternate

interior angles if they lie between l and m on opposite sides
of t, such as d and e. (See figure for alternate exterior
angles.)
rays that have the same initial point. The

rays are the sides of the angle and the initial point is the vertex of the angle.
angle of
elevation
horizontal
e f
g h
angle: An angle consists of two different
by the horizontal and the line of sight to

an object above the horizontal.
equidistant from a given point, called the center of the

circle.
circumference of a circle: The circumference of a circle is

the distance around the circle.
collinear : Points, segments,
or rays that are on the same
line are collinear.
A, B, C, and D are collinear
complementary angles: Two angles are complementary if

the sum of their measures is 90. Each angle is a
complement of the other.
concave polygon: See non-convex polygon.
Geometriy 7
concurrent : Two or more lines or segments are

concurrent if they intersect at a single point.
the same measure.
decagon: A decagon is a polygon that has

ten sides.
congruent arcs: On the same circle or on congruent circles,
degree: A unit of angle and arc measure.
two arcs are congruent if they have the same measure.
diameter of a circle: A diameter of a circle is a chord that
congruent polygons : Two polygons are congruent if there is
passes through the center. The diameter, d, is twice the

radius: d = 2r.
congruent angles: Two angles are congruent if they have
a correspondence between their angles and sides such that

corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides
are congruent. Congruent polygons have the same size and
the same shape.
diagonal : A line segment joining two
al
gon
dia
non-adjacent vertices of a polygon.
congruent segments: Two segments are congruent if they

have the same length.
consecutive interior angles : Two

angles are consecutive interior angles if
they lie between l and m on the same side
of t, such as b and e.
t
d a
c b
l
m
h e
g f
convex polygons
coplanar: Points, lines, segments or rays that lie in the same

plane.
corresponding angles: Two angles are

corresponding angles if they occupy corresponding positions, such as a and e
in the figure.
t
d a
c b
h e
g f
equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle has three congruent sides.
convex polygon: A polygon is convex if

no line that contains a side of the
polygon contains a point in the interior of
the polygon.
equiangular triangle: An equiangular triangle has three

congruent angles, each with a measure of 60.
l
m
exterior angles of a triangle :

When the sides of a triangle are
extended, the angles that are
adjacent to the interior angles of the
triangle are the exterior angles. Each
vertex has a pair of exterior angles.
exterior
angle
exterior
angle
interior
angle
exterior of an angle: A point D is in the

exterior of A if it is not on the angle or in
the interior of the angle.
concentric circles : Circles that have

different radii but share the same center
are called concentric circles.
cone: A solid figure that has a circular

base and a point at the top.
half line: A ray without an endpoint

(initial point).
]AB = half line AB
half planes: Two halves of a plane that are
separated by a line
P1
d
P2
P = P 1 P2 P
cube: A square prism that has six equal

square sides.
cylinder: A solid with circular ends and

straight sides.
hexagon: A hexagon is a polygon with six

sides.
hypotenuse: In a right triangle, the side

opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse
of the triangle.
hy
po
ten
us
203
inscribed angle of a circle: An angle is

an inscribed angle of a circle if its vertex is
O
B
on the circle and its sides are chords of the

circle.
AOB is an
inscribed angle
C
interior of an angle: A point D is in the

on each side of the angle.
then the points A and B together with the

points of the circle that lie in the exterior
of mAPB form a major arc of the circle.
Major arcs are denoted by three letters, as
in ACB.
midpoint of a segment: The midpoint
interior of A if it is between points that lie
major arc: On circle P, if mAPB < 180,
of a segment is the point that divides the

segment into two congruent segments.
intersecting lines : Coplanar lines which have only one
minor arc: On circle P, if mAPB < 180,
point in common.
then the points A and B, together with the
intersecting planes: Planes which have one common line.
points of the circle that lie in the interior of
isosceles triangle : An isosceles triangle has at least two
mAPB form a minor arc of the circle.
congruent sides.
isosceles trapezoid : A quadrilateral with one pair of
Minor arcs are denoted by two letters, such

as AB.
ACB is an major
arc of the circle
|RS| = |ST|
R
S
T
midpoint
C
P
AB is a minor
arc of the circle
parallel sides and at least two sides the same length.
noncollinear : Points, segments, or rays that are not

collinear.
kite: A convex quadrilateral with two pairs of
non-cconvex polygon : A polygon is
equal adjacent sides.
legs of a right triangle: Either of the two

sides that form a right angle of a right tri-
non-convex (concave) if at least one

line that contains a side of the polygon
contains a point in the interior of the
polygon.
non-ccoplanar : Not coplanar.
leg
leg
angle.
legs of an isosceles triangle: One of the

two congruent sides in an isosceles
leg
leg
triangle.
oblique lines: Lines are oblique if they

intersect and do not form right angles.
line: A line is an undefined term in geometry. In Euclidean
obtuse angle: An obtuse angle is an angle with measure

greater than 90 and less than 180.
geometry a line is understood to be straight, to contain an
obtuse triangle: An obtuse triangle has exactly one obtuse
infinite number of points, to extend infinitely in two direc-
angle.
tions, and to have no thickness.
octagon: An octagon is a polygon with

eight sides.
line segment : See segment.

204
Geometriy 7
postulate : A postulate is a statement that is accepted as true

without proof.
proof: A proof is an organized series of statements that show
that the statement to be proved follows logically from known
facts (given statements, postulates, and previously proven
theorems).
parallel lines: Two lines are parallel if

they are coplanar and do not intersect.
parallel planes: Two planes are parallel

if they do not intersect.
protractor: A device used to determine the
E
A and B are
parallel planes
measures of angles.
pythagorean triple: A set of three positive

integers a, b, and c that satisfy the equation
a2 + b2 = c2 is a pythagorean triple.
opposite sides parallel, and hence equal in

length.
180
pentagon: A pentagon is a polygon with
perimeter of a polygon: The perimeter of a polygon is the

sum of the length of its sides.
perpendicular lines : Two lines are

perpendicular if they intersect to form a
180
10
a
a2 + b2 = c2
pyramid: A solid figure with a

polygon base and whose other
faces are triangles that share a
common vertex.
quadrilateral: A polygon with four sides. The sum of the
right angle.
k^l
perpendicular line and plane: A line
is perpendicular to a plane if it is
angles is 360.
100
80
135
120
60
45
45
135
P
l^P
plane: A plane is an undefined term in geometry. In

Euclidean geometry it can be thought of as a flat surface that
extends infinitely in all directions.
point: A point is an undefined term in geometry. It can be

thought of as a dot that represents a location in a plane or in
space.
polygon: A polygon is a plane figure formed by three or more

segments called sides, such that the following are true:
1. each side intersects exactly two other sides, once at each
radius of circle: A radius of a circle is a segment that has

the center as one endpoint and a point on the circle as the
other endpoint.
ray: The ray AB, or [AB, consists of the
initial point A and all points on line that
lie on the same side of A as B lies.
[AB
A
[BA
B
rectangle : A rectangle is a parallelogram that has four right

angles.
rectangular prism : A solid figure

that with two bases that are rectangles
and with all other faces that are
parallelograms.
endpoint, and
2. no two sides with a common endpoint are collinear.
prism: A solid figure that has two

bases that are parallel, congruent
polygons and with all other faces
that are parallelograms.
five sides.
perpendicular to each line in the plane.
10
0
parallelogram : A quadrilateral with
80 90 100
70
110
60
120
50
130
90 80 70
110100
140
120
60
50
130
150
40
140
30
150
160
160
20
170
170
10
40
30
20
205
regular polygon : A polygon whose

sides are equal and whose angles are
equal.
square: A square is a parallelogram that

is both a rhombus and a rectangle; that
is, it has four congruent sides and four
right angles.
right prism: A prism that has two
straight angle: A straight angle is an

angle that measures 180.
special characteristics: all lateral

edges are perpendicular to the bases
and all lateral faces are rectangular.
rhombus: A rhombus is a parallelogram that has four

congruent sides.
right triangle: A triangle with exactly one right angle.
scale factor : In two similar polygons or two similar solids,

the scale factor is the ratio of corresponding linear
measures.
scalene triangle: A scalene triangle is a triangle that has no
congruent sides.
segment: A segment AB, or [AB],

consists of the endpoints A and B and
all points on the line AB that lie
between A and B.
AB or BA
A
B
[AB] or [BA]
A
similar polygons : Two polygons are similar if their

corresponding angles are congruent and the lengths of
their corresponding sides are proportional.
sine: The ratio of the length of the side
C
sin a =
opposite an angle to the length of the

hypotenuse in a right triangle.
A
surface area: The sum of all the areas of the surfaces of a

solid figure.
tangent: The ratio of the length of the

side opposite an angle to the length of the
side adjacent to the angle in a right triangle.
C
tan a =
|AC|
|AB|
a
A
tangent to a circle: A line is tangent to

a circle if it intersects the circle at exactly one point.
A
C
B
theorem: A theorem is a statement that must be proved to

be true.
transversal: A transversal is a line that
l
d
intersects two or more coplanar lines at

different points.
k
l is the tranversal
trapezoid : A quadrilateral with exactly

one pair of opposite parallel sides. The
sum of the angles is 360.
skew lines: Two lines are skew if they

do not lie in the same plane.
k
d and k
are skew lines
space: The set of all points.

sphere: A sphere is the set of all points
in space that are a given distance r from
a point called the center. The distance r
is the radius of the sphere.
supplementary angles: Two angles are supplementary if

the sum of their measures is 180. Each angle is a
supplement of the other.
|AC|
|BC|
straight angle
vertex of a polygon: A vertex of a polygon is a common

endpoint of two of its sides.
vertical angles : Two
angles are vertical if their
sides form two pairs of
opposite rays.
b
c
a and c are vertical angles

b and d are vertical angles
volume: The number of cubic units needed to occupy a

given space.

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Objectives

After studying this section you will be able to:

A. POINT, LINE, AND PLANE

The three most basic concepts of geometry are point, line,

Natures Great Book is

A line is usually named by any two of its points, or by a lower-case letter.

Let none unversed in

Look at the given figure.

b. Write all the collinear points.

a. There are three lines, AC, CN, and SR.

c. The points A, N, C and the points M, T, N

b. The points A, B, C, the points S, T, R, and

Now consider the three noncollinear points in

For example, the diagram opposite shows five

2. Name the collinear points in the figure.

3. Look at the figure.

2. The points A, B, C and the points D, B, E are collinear points.

B. LINE SEGMENT, RAY, AND HALF LINE

a. Closed Line Segment

[AB] in the diagram is a closed line segment.

b. Open Line Segment

c. Half-Open Line Segment

half-open line segment AB

half-open line segment AB

Solution Closed line segment: [AB]

If C is a point between A and B, then

[AC] + [CB] = [AB].

Using this property, we can conclude that if

Point B is between the points A and C.

C. PLANE AND SPACE

A point can be an element of a plane.

In the diagram, point A is an element of plane P. We can write

For example, in the figure, the lines m and n are both in

D. RELATION BETWEEN TWO LINES

Two lines that intersect each other in a plane are called

In the figure on the left, line d and line l are parallel

In the figure on the left, line d and line l are coincident

Two lines are skew if they are non-coplanar and they do

a. point A is the intersection of l and d

b. point C is the intersection of d and l

a. True, since point A is the common point of l and d.

E. RELATION BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE

1. The Intersection of a Line and a Plane

In the diagram on the left, the line d intersects the plane

2. Parallelism of a Line and a Plane

3. A Line Lies in a Plane

F. RELATION BETWEEN TWO PLANES

1. Explain why the concepts of point, line, and plane

cannot be defined in geometry.

2. Draw five points on a piece of paper, and make

sure that no three are of them collinear. Draw all

4. At least how many points determine a line?

3. Explain the difference between a ray and a half

11. Write the meaning of the following.

12. Describe the intersection of the line and the

6. Give examples from daily life to illustrate the

plane in each figure.

7. Write words to complete the sentences.

b. Two points determine a ___________ .

13. Write the coplanar points

14. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of

Determine whether the statements are true or

15. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of