WPO-05 WCDMA Antenna Model Selection-107

WCDMA Antenna Model Selection
ZTE University
Content
Antenna Principles and Parameters
Antenna Application and Model Selection
Basic Knowledge of Radio Wave
Transmission of radio wave
Dipole
Electric
field
Magnetic
Magn
field
etic
Electric
field
field
Transmitting direction of radio wave
Electric
field
Relation of wavelength, power and transmitting

speed of radio wave
z
It can be indicated by formula /. In the

formula, V is speed, with unit of m/s; is frequency,
with unit of Hz; is wavelength, with unit of m. It can
be easily found from the formula that, speed of the
same-frequency radio wave is different while
transmitting in different medias, thus its wavelengths
are also different.
Wavelength
Polarization of radio wave

z
When radio wave is transmitting in space, the

direction of its electric field changes with according to
certain rules, and this is called the polarization of
radio wave.
Antenna Principles
What is antenna
z Transmit the electric signal from wire to space as radio wave...
z Receive radio wave and generate electric signal
z One of the key components in radio communication system,
performance of the antenna directly affects the operation of the
whole communication system
Blah bl ah
blah bl ah
Antenna Principles
When AC is carried on the wire, radiation of electromagnetic

wave can be formed, and it is closely related to the length and
shape of the wire. When the length of wire increases and
reaches to wavelength, electric current on the wire also
incredibly increases, thus strong radiation will be generated.
Usually, straight wire that can generate obvious radiation is
called dipole.
Relations between angle of the dipole and

electromagnetic radiation
Antenna electrical parameters- 1/2

wavelength dipole
Symmetrical dipole is a classic, and the most widely used antenna till
now. A single symmetrical 1/2 wavelength dipole can be easily and
independently used or used as a parabolic antenna feed, and multiple
symmetrical 1/2 wavelength dipoles can also be used to form a
antenna array.
A dipole with the two rods of the same length is called symmetrical
dipole. With the length of the rod 1/4 wavelength, and the full length
being 1/2 wavelength dipole, it is called 1/2 wavelength symmetrical
dipole
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Operational

frequency band
Antenna is always working in a certain frequency

range.
Considering the reduction of out-band interference
signal, bandwidth of the selected antenna should be
just meeting the band requirement.
In 850MHz 1/2 wavelength

dipole is the best
In
820
MHz
In
890
MHz
Antenna
dipole
Antenna Electrical Parameters Gain of

Antenna
The definition of the gain of an antenna is related to the 1/2

wavelength dipole or the omni radiator. The omni radiator
assumes that the radiation powers in all directions are equal.
The gain of the antenna in a certain direction is a value of the
field strength generated in this direction over the intensity by
the omni radiator in this direction.
Gain of antenna is an Important parameter indicator for
antenna model selection
The selection of antenna gain is related to the size of the
coverage
2.15dB
Gain through the comparison of a

antenna and symmetrical dipole is
referred as dBd
Gain through the comparison of a
antenna and each radiator with
same direction is referred as dBi
For example: 3dBd = 5.15dBi

Antenna
The high gain of plate antenna is combined through

antenna array by multiple basic dipoles
E.g.1 symmetrical dipole
4 symmetrical dipole array
receiving power1mW
receiving power4 mW
GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Antenna
Radiation energy can be controlled and focused to one direction

through the reflecting plate
Place the reflecting surface on one side of the array to form sectorcoverage antenna
Antenna
Upward view
Omni array
E.g. 4mW in receiver
sector-coverage antenna
will be 8mW in receiver
In
Inour
oursector-coverage
sector-coverageantenna,
antenna,reflecting
reflectingside
sidefocused
focusedpower
powerto
toone
one
direction
directionand
andfurther
furtherincreased
increasedthe
theantenna
antennagain
gain
Here,
compared
with
single
symmetrical
dipole,
the
gain
Here, compared with single symmetrical dipole, the gainof
ofsectorsectorcoverage
coverageantenna
antennais
is10log(8mW/1mW)
10log(8mW/1mW)==9dBd
9dBd
Example of Antenna Gain
EIRP
(Effective radiation power) example
Antenna Gain
= + 18 dBi
EiRP = +39 + 18 = +57 dBm
jumper
-0.5dB
Ant Input
Power = + 39dBm
-3dB
Heliax
Cable
jumper
BaseStation
Transmitter
(20 watts)
-0.5dB
Convert to dBm
10Log(20) + 30 = +43 dBm
dB dBm dBi dBuv
dBit is only a relative value, dB10log (P1/P2). For example,

transmission power of base station A is 600mw, and B is
300mw, so transmission power of base station A is 10lg
(600/300)3 dB higher than that of station B. From the formula
we can see that, dB refers to the comparative value of two
powers, and it has no unit. dB is value with no unit.
dBmit is a value used to compare the absolute power value,
whose formula is dBm=10lg (power/1mW). For example, the
commonly used base station is 500mw, which is
also10lg(500mW/1mW)27dBm (means 27dB mw) after
converted to dBm. Another unit dBW is to change 1mW to 1W
in the formula, while others remain the
same.1W=30dbm;1mw=0dbm1W0dbW
dB dBm dBi dBuv
dBias explained before, it refers to a relative value.

dBi is the definition of the antenna gain, but not a
unit, and I is the abbreviation of isotropic Actually it
is dB.
dBuVsame definition as dBm. It is right the field
strength unit we see from field strength analyzer and
mobile testing mode. Its relation with dBm is: dBm
10lg(power/1mW)
dBuV: 20lg(voltage/1uV), powersquared
voltage/50 ohms (the same for common systems
when port impedance is 50 ohms)
ThereforedBuv = dBm + 107 dB
Difference between dBd and dBi
A single symmetrical
dipole has donut-shaped
pattern of radiation
2.15dB
Gain of symmetrical dipole is 2.15dB
A isotropic radiator has

the same radiation at all
the directions
The
Thegain
gainof
ofthe
theantenna
antenna
compared
comparedwith
withthe
the1/2
1/2
wavelength
wavelengthdipole
dipoleisis
indicated
indicatedwith
withdBd.
dBd.The
Thegain
gain
of
ofthe
theantenna
antennacompared
compared
with
withthe
theisotropic
isotropicradiator
radiatorisis
indicated
indicatedwith
withdBi.
dBi.
E.g.:
E.g.: 3dBd
3dBd == 5.15dBi
5.15dBi
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Direction f

Antenna
Direction of antenna refers to the capability that

antenna radiates electromagnetic wave to a certain
direction. For receiving antenna, direction means the
receiving capability antenna to electric waves that
from different directions. Characteristic curve for
direction of antenna is usually illustrated by direction
diagrams.
Direction diagram can be used to indicate the
capability antenna transmit and receive
electromagnetic wave at all directions in the space.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Direction f

Antenna
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Directional Antenna

Directional antenna
3dB beamwidth
- 3dB
60
(eg)
Peak
- 3dB
Omni antenna
Cell
coverage
Horizontal lobe angle
Neighbor cell
interference
Gain of antenna
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Vertical lobe

angle
Directional antenna
Peak - 3dB
15
(eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Omni antenna
Narrower vertical lobe angle will cause more blind coverage areas;
For specific coverage target, larger vertical lobe angle should be used
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Beamwidth
Antenna Electrical Parameters - Lobe width
On the direction diagram of horizontal (vertical) antenna, angle

between the two points where the gain reduces 3dB compared
to that of the power at maximum point of the main lobe can be
defined as the horizontal (vertical ) lobe width. (3dB width, can
be other definitions).
Most of the antenna radiation energy is gathered in lobe width,
and the size of lobe width indicates the concentration of
antenna radiation.
The horizontal lobe width of an Omni antenna is all 360, while
for directional antenna, it can be 20, 30, 65, 90, 105, 120,
180 etc, and 65, 90 are usually used.
The vertical lobe width of antenna is usually 380, and
antennas of 518 are mostly used by base stations.
Gain of antenna is closely related to horizontal and vertical
lobe width. Generally, the smaller the lobe width, the bigger the
gain. When we define these three factors, all of them need to
be considered.
Antenna Electrical Parameters - Lobe width
For different transmitting environment and topography, the

selection of the horizontal and vertical lobe width of antenna
can generally follow the principles below:
Horizontal lobe width
z For areas with large number of base stations, small
coverage radius and wide traffic distributions, horizontal
lobe width should be smaller.
z For areas with big coverage radius and little traffic
distributions, horizontal lobe width should be larger.
Vertical lobe width
z For areas with plain topography, sparse buildings and low
average height, vertical lobe width should be smaller.
z For areas with complex topography and big gap, vertical
lobe width can be larger.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Antenna

Diversity
Space diversity
z Space diversityWhen there is certain distance between
the two receiving antennas, the same signal with different
fading will be received. If the correlation coefficient of these
two signals is less than 0.7, the requirement of diversity
reception will be satisfied. The requirement of space
diversity to antenna installation are:
z D>10
h/D11
z h is the antenna height, while D is the antenna distance.
z Space diversity antenna only support distance on horizontal
directions.
Polarized diversity
z Polarized diversity: Each sector of each carrier frequency
uses a 45dual-polarization antenna to complete diversity
reception.
z The two vertical 45polarizations are orthogonal
polarization, which has better diversity reception capability.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Polarization

Mode
The polarization direction of the antenna refers to the direction of the electric
field intension in antenna radiation. Base station antenna usually uses linear
polarization. With ground as the benchmark, it is vertical polarization (VP)
when electric field vector is vertical to the ground, and horizontal polarization
when it is horizontal (HP). For dual-polarization antenna, +45and 45orthogonal dual-polarizations are commonly used.
HP
VP
V/H
+ 45 polarization
tilted (+/- 45)
- 45 polarization
Using dual-polarization
antenna in urban areas
can greatly reduce
antenna numbers, simplify
antenna installation, lower
cost, and save antenna
spaces.

Mode
Dual-polarization antenna is assembled by combining two antennae

with orthogonal polarization packed in the same antenna cover , the
number of the antennae installed will be greatly reduced if apply dualpolarization antenna, which will result in the simplification of the
antenna installation process, the reduction of the cost and the saving
of the space for antenna installation. For dual-polarization antenna,
+45and -45orthogonal dual-polarizations are commonly used.
V/H
Tilted (+/- 45)

Mode
For urban areas, there is a large number of base

station, and each base station with a small coverage
radius. Considering the simple installation, and base
stations in urban area has a big adjustment
probability, dual-polarization antenna is
recommended to ensure the diversity efficiency.
As to suburban and rural areas, there is a small
number of base station, and each station with a
large coverage radius. Reception will be improved if
space diversity is applied. Here the singlepolarization antenna of space diversity can be used.
Generally, if there is no specific requirement, the
complete use of dual-polarization antenna is
recommended, as it is good for implementation and
the future adjustment.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Front-to-back

suppression ratio
In antenna direction diagram, comparison of the

maximum electrical level for front and back lobe is
called the front-to-back ratio.
Back
power
Front power
To avoid interference to the neighbor cell from the back lobe, it is

better for WCDMA system to choose antennas with larger front-toback ratio. The front-to-back ratio of outdoor antenna should better
be larger than 25dB.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode
Antenna downtilt is divided into mechanical downtilt and

electrical downtilt, and electrical downtilt can be further divided
into fixed electrical downtilt and adjustable electrical downtilt.
z Mechanical downtilt antenna is to decline antennas while
constructing, which is cheaper and mainly used in the
environment when downtilt angle is less than 10.
z Electrical downtilt antenna is relatively expensive, who has
a larger downtilt scope (can be bigger than 10). There is
no obvious change for the antenna direction diagram when
downtilt angle is large, and the back lobe declines at the
same time.
z For circumstances of large downtilt angle requirement,
small-angle fixed electrical downtilt and mechanical downtilt
are commonly used.
When the antenna downtilt angle is larger than 10 degree, the

antenna direction diagram will be seriously changed, and it is suitable
to choose antennas with electrical downtilt.
No downtilt
Electrical
downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
Urban area antennas are generally using (fixed)

electrical downtilt + mechanical downtilt
The main purpose of downtilt is to decline the main beam, so as to

reduce the radiation level to the neighbor areas. This way, the carrier
wave level is reduce at the edge of the area, but interference level is
reduced much more than the carrier wave level.
No downtilt
Electrical
downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
No downtilt
Electrical downtilt
No downtilt
Mechanical downtilt
10electrical
downtilt
6 electrical
downtilt
+ 4 mechanical
downtilt
10mechanical
downtilt
Electrical downtilt antenna can be used for the following

environment
z Urban station that needs very small coverage, very big
downtilt angle, the use of electrical downtilt antenna will
reduce interference to the neighbor cells.
z High urban station; To reduce interference to the neighbor
cells, it is better to choose side lobe suppression and
fulfillment at zero point, moreover, with big-angle or
adjustable electrical downtilt antenna.
z Compared with the relatively high stations around (E.g.
station at the top of the hill, or along the river), electrical
downtilt antenna can be chosen to control coverage.
z For a very high Omni station, electrical downtilt antenna
should be selected according to different conditions.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Front-to-back

ratio
The comparison of maximum front and back lobe

value
Back power
F/B = 10 log(front power/back power
Front power
typically 25dB
Antenna Electrical Parameters- Input

impedance
The ratio of signal current at the input end of

antenna and the signal current is called impedance
of antenna. Input impedance is divided to resistance
and reactance. The reactance of input impedance
will reduce the effective signal power that entered
from antenna to feeder. Therefore, reactance should
be zero to make input impedance of the antenna
become pure resistance.
For any antenna, make adjustment through the
antenna impedance. Within the required work
frequency range, the real part of impedance is very
small and imaginary part is very close to 50 , so
that the antenna impedance is Zin = Rin = 50 .
This is necessary to ensure the impedance of
antenna and that of feeder to be well matched.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-VSWR
VSWR: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

z When feeder matches antenna, high frequency energy is
completely absorbed by loading, and there is only incident wave
but no reflection wave on the feeder. However, when feeder does
not match antenna, that is when antenna impedance not equal
with specific feeder impedance, loading cannot completely absorb
the high frequency energy transmitting on feeder, but just part of
them. Part of incident wave was reflected to form reflection wave.
The bigger the VSWR, the bigger the reflection, and the worse the
match.
front: 10W
50 ohms
back: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
Antenna VSWR is the index indicating how much

the antenna feeder is matched with BS (transceiver).
The generation of VSWR: because the incident
wave power is transmitted to the antenna input end
and is not completely absorbed (radiation).
Reflection wave is generated and stacked to
generate VSWR. Assume the transmission power of
a BS is10W, and 0.5W is reflected, thus loss of the
reflection wave can be calculated: RL
10lg(10/0.5)=13dB, and the reflection coefficient:
RL=-20lg, 0.2238
VSWR=(1+)/(1- )1.57
Generally, VSWR is required to be less than 1.5.
VSWR is the less the better, but it is unnecessary to
expect for a small VSWR while engineering.

VSWR
Loss of
Transmission
reflection
loss(dB)
wave(dB)
Reflection
power (%)
Transmission
Power (%)
1.00
0.00
0.0
100.0
1.10
26.4
0.01
0.2
99.8
1.20
20.8
0.04
0.8
99.2
1.30
17.7
0.08
1.7
98.3
1.40
15.6
0.12
2.8
97.2
1.50
14.0
0.18
4.0
96.0
2.00
9.5
0.51
11.1
88.9
VSWR is required to be less than 1.5
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Side lobe

suppression and fill-in
Up side lobe (dB)
Down side lobe (dB)



Side lobe on the main antenna lobe not only wastes the energy of antenna
radiation, but also forms interference to the neighbor cells, thus the side lobe
should be suppressed, especially the first big side lobe.
Side lobe under the main antenna lobe need to enable effective coverage to
areas around, thus the zero point should be filled in.
Electrical level of the first side lobe on main lobe should be less than18dB
Electrical level of the first zero point under the main lobe should be larger than
20dB
First upward side
lobe
0
-5
-10
First zero point
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
310
320
330
340
350
10
20
30
40
Antenna Electrical Parameters - Cluster

antenna, Multi-frequency antenna
Cluster antenna
Multi-frequency
antenna
Antenna Electrical Parameters - Cluster antenna,

Multi-frequency antenna
During the implementation of 3G, the

finding of new base station will be
harder than that in 2G, and the rate is
also increasing
Due to the improved consciousness
of environment protection, citizens
and communities more and more
dislike so many antennas being built
around them.
Demand of station sharing and
antenna feeder sharing will be largely
raised in 3G planning.
Multiple-frequency antenna supports
radio sending and receiving on at
least two frequency bands.
board
High frequency stream
Low frequency
stream
Input interface
Decline
adjustment
(independent
adjustment)
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Connector

Type
7/16DIN
SMA
Advantage of DIN connector:

Improve the intermodulation products, can
stand 4 times more power than N type
connector, has consistent and the best VSWR
performance.
Antenna Electrical Parameters-Antenna

holding pole
Content
Antenna Principles and Parameters
Antenna Application and Model Selection
Antenna Model Selection
During antenna selection, many parameters will be

involved, among which:
z
Parameters such as radiation direction diagram, gain,

horizontal lobe width, vertical lobe width, downtilt, etc.
need to be selected in accordance with the
topography, physical objects, base station height, and
coverage radius in the area;
Selection for other parameters are relatively simple,
and will be determined according the system design.
BS Antenna Feeder System

1 Antenna adjustment mount
Holder50~114mm
3 Joint seals
Sealed insulating tape, PVC
insulating tape
GSM/CDMA
Plate antenna
4 Grounding equipment
Main feeder7/8
9 Indoor super-soft feeder
2
Outdoor
feeder
6 chute
5 Feeder
nail
7 Feeder line
window
8 Lightning protector
BS main equipment
Antenna adjustment mount

z Use for the adjustment of antenna tilting angle, which is
generally015
Outdoor jumper cable
z Use for the connection between antenna and the 7/8main
feeder. The frequently used jumper is of 1/2feeder, with a length
of 3 M.
Joint seals
z Used for the connector sealing at two ends of outdoor jumper
cable (connected with antenna and the main feeder). Materials
that frequently used are insulted waterproof tape (3M2228) and
PVC insulating tape (3M33+).
Grounding equipment (7/8Feeder grounding component)
z Mainly used for lightning protection and discharge, which is
directly connected with the outer conductor of main feeder while
installation. Generally, there are three units for each feeder, and
located respectively on the top, middle and bottom position of the
feeder.
z Direction for the grounding point must be the same as current.
7/8Feeder nail
z Used to fix the main feeder, with 1 for every 1.5 m on vertical direction
and every 1 m on horizontal direction. (For indoor main feeder, feeder
nail is not essential, but usually bundled and fixed with white nylon
cable ties.)
z Two types of 7/8feeder nails are generally used: double connection
and triple connection.
z 7/8double connection nail can fix two feeders, while triple
connection one can fix three feeders.
Chute
z Used for distribution & placement of main feeder, transmission line,
power line, and the installation of feeder nail.
Feeder window
z Mainly used to pass through all kinds of cables, and prevent the
entering of rain, birds, mouse and dust.
Lightning protector(Lightning arrester)
z Mainly used for lightning protection and discharge. It is installed
between the main feeder and indoor super-soft jumper cables.
Passing through off-line window, its grounding cable is leaded outdoor
and connected with the tower body or directly connected with the
grounding network.
Indoor super-soft jumper cable

z Use for connection between main feeder (via lightning arrester)
and BS main equipment. The frequently used jumper cable is of
1/2super-soft feeder, with a length of about 2~3m. Due to the
different interface and interface directions of BS equipment from
various manufactures, the connectors of indoor super-soft jumper
cables for main equipment are also different. The frequently used
connectors are of 7/16DIN model and N model, with both straight
and tilted ones.
There are two main functions for black nylon bundling tie:
z 1Temporarily bundle and fix the main feeder during
installation. It can then be cut and removed when feeding nails are
installed.
z 2At the turning point of main feeder, it is inconvenient to use
feeder nails, thus nylon bundling tie will be used for the fixing.
Black nylon bundling tie is also used for the fixing of outdoor
jumper cables.
White nylon bundling tie: Used for the bundling and fixing and of the
indoor main feeder part and indoor super-soft jumper cables.
According to the type of BS coverage, it is divided

into:
z
z
z
z
1
2
3
4
High-density urban areas

Cities and towns
Suburban areas
Railway, express way, and countryside
Antenna Working Frequency Band and

Polarization
The selection of antenna working band must subject

to the designed system frequency band.
Considering the reduction of out-band interference
signal, bandwidth of the selected antenna should
just meet the frequency band requirement.
BS antenna usually applies polarization. Singlepolarization antenna uses vertical polarization, while
dual-polarization antenna uses 45 dual
polarization.
Antenna Working Frequency Band and

Polarization
For urban area, there is a large

number of BS, and coverage radius of
each BS is relatively small.
Considering the convenient
installation and big probability of BS
adjustment in urban areas, dualpolarization antenna is recommended.
As to suburban and rural areas, there

is a small number of base station, and
each station with a large coverage
radius. Reception will be improved if
space diversity is applied. Here the
single-polarization antenna of space
diversity can be used.
Direction Diagram of Antenna Radiation
BS antenna can be divided into Omni

antenna and directional antenna according to
the radiation direction diagram.
z Omni antenna has the same radiation
strength in the same horizontal plane. It is
suitable for coverage of the whole cell.
z Directional antenna has directional
radiation in the same horizontal plane,
and radiation energy is relatively
concentrated. It is suitable for coverage of
sector cells.
Antenna Lobe Width and Gain
On the direction diagram of horizontal (vertical) antenna, angle

between the two points where the gain reduces 3dB compared
to that of the power at maximum point of the main lobe can be
defined as the horizontal (vertical ) lobe width. (3dB width, can
be other definitions). Most of the antenna radiation energy is
gathered in lobe width, and the size of lobe width indicates the
concentration of antenna radiation.
The horizontal lobe width of an Omni antenna is all 360, while
for directional antenna, it can be 20, 30, 65, 90, 105, 120,
180 , etc
The vertical lobe width of antenna is usually 380, and
antennas of 518 are mostly used by base stations.
Gain of antenna is closely related to horizontal and vertical
lobe width. Generally, the smaller the lobe width, the bigger the
gain. When we define these three factors, all of them need to
be considered.
Horizontal Lobe Width, Vertical Lobe Width

and Gain
For different transmitting environment and

topography, the selection of the horizontal and
vertical lobe width of antenna can generally follow
the principles below:
z
Horizontal lobe widthFor areas with large number of

base stations, small coverage radius and wide traffic
distributions, horizontal lobe width should be smaller;
For areas with big coverage radius and little traffic
distributions, horizontal lobe width should be larger.
Vertical lobe widthFor areas with plain topography,
sparse buildings and low average height, vertical lobe
width should be smaller. For areas with complex
topography big gap, vertical lobe width can be larger.
Following are suggestions to three different situations:

Urban area
z
S111 BS in urban area usually selects antennas with

horizontal lobe width of 65, vertical lobe width of 7
10, and gain of the antenna is 1518dBi. For S110 or
directional single-sector station, antennas with horizontal
of 65, 90 or even more can be selected according to
the actual condition; selection of vertical lobe and gain of
the antenna is the same as that of S111 station. As to
Omni station, antennas with relatively small gain and
electrical downtilt should be selected.
Suburb and townships

z For these areas, traffic is
not large, and big coverage
is the main concern; BS
distance is quite long; we
can select the
65directional antennas
(triple-sector) with single
polarization, space diversity
and higher gain (17dB) or
17dB 90directional
antennas (double sector, as
shown below).
Suburban and rural areas

z
We can select directional antennas with horizontal

lobe width of 90, vertical lobe width of 57, and
the gain is of 1518dBi. And also, we can select
Omni antennas with vertical lobe width of 57, and
the gain is of 912dBi.
Water surface (large lake, sea, etc.), Gobi, and

desert
z
Directional antenna: If the target coverage area is

relatively broad, we can consider to use antennas with
horizontal lobe width of 90 or 105, vertical lobe
width of 57, and the gain is of 1418dBi; For
areas with long coverage distance but small width
(long and narrow lake, topographical effects, etc.), we
can consider to use narrow-beam antennas of 65,
etc..
Omni antenna: Antennas with vertical lobe width of
57 and gain of 912dBi will be selected.
Roads, railway and other panhandles

z
Antenna model selection for roads and railways

should be determined in accordance with the distance
and shape of roads and railways.
For straight route, we can select to use high-gain
antennas with horizontal lobe width of 2030,
vertical lobe width of 57.
For big-bending route, we can consider the specific
condition and select to use antennas with horizontal
lobe width of 65, 90 or even more, and the vertical
lobe width can be 57.
Antenna for railway and towns: For small-traffic area that covers
railway, road, and towns, configuration for Omni station will be
used. Weak directional antenna with 21013dBi will be
selected for the requirement of coverage for railway, road and
the roadside townships. The direction diagram is
Area with complex terrain and large gap

z
In the actual practice of network planning, we do

encounter the large-gaped areas. There are two kinds
of situations. When antenna should be higher than the
coverage area, antennas with vertical lobe width of
1018 can be selected if necessary; when large
part of the coverage area is higher than the antenna
height, then antennas with large vertical lobe width of
1830 can be selected.
Antenna downtilt
In the city with dense BSs, the BSs may easily interfere with
each other. To ensure most power to radiate in the coverage
area, and decrease the interference on adjacent cells, while
setting the initial declination angle of antenna, the half power
point on the major plan of the antenna should point to the edge
of coverage area. is the initial declination angle of the
antenna; H indicates the valid height of BS; L indicates the
edge distance needed to be covered from the antenna of the
BS to the sector ; indicates the vertical lobe width of the
antenna, and e indicates the declination angle of the antenna.
= arctg(H/L) + /2 e
Antenna downtilt
In the suburb, countryside, country road, and sea

surface etc., to make the coverage as wide as
possible, decrease the initial declination angle, point
the max. gain point of main lobe to the edge of
coverage area. The formula of declination angle is
follows:
= arctg(H/L) e
H
/2
+e
L
Antenna Downtilt Mode
Antenna downtilt is divided into mechanical downtilt and

electrical downtilt, and electrical downtilt can be further divided
into fixed electrical downtilt and adjustable electrical downtilt.
z Mechanical downtilt antenna is to decline antennas while
constructing, which is cheaper and mainly used in the
environment when downtilt angle is less than 10.
z Electrical downtilt antenna is relatively expensive, who has
a larger downtilt scope (can be bigger than 10). There is
no obvious change for the antenna direction diagram when
downtilt angle is large, and the back lobe declines at the
same time.
z Small-angle fixed electrical downtilt and mechanical
downtilt are commonly used for their advantage on
performance and cost.
Antenna Downtilt Mode
Following are the conditions that need to use electrical downtilt:

z As to urban area stations with quite small coverage radius,
a very large declination angle is required to reduce
interference to neighbor cells;
z For urban area stations with large height, in order to reduce
interference to neighbor cells and the possibility of
darkness under light, it is better to select first upward side
lobe suppression and fulfillment at zero point, moreover, to
use big-angle or adjustable electrical downtilt antennas.
z Compared with the relatively high stations around (E.g.
station at the top of the hill, or along the river), electrical
downtilt antenna can be chosen to control coverage.
z As Omni station does not support mechanical downtilt,
therefore, for a very high Omni station, electrical downtilt
antenna should be selected according to different
conditions.
Areas with Dense Traffic
The distance between the BSs is about 300 to 500

meters in the high-density areas with dense traffic,
and is about 1019. Directional antenna with
9inside electrical downtilt and +45dualpolarization, 1/2 power horizontal lobe width of 65
will be selected. Added with a mechanical adjustable
angle of 15, there will be no change for 1/2 power
horizontal width on direction diagram when main
lobe declines1019. It has been proved to be
able to meet the requirement of dense-traffic area
coverage with no interference.
Areas With Moderate Traffic
The distance between the BSs is more than 500

meters, and is about 616. Directional
antenna with 6inside electrical downtilt and
+45dual-polarization, 1/2 power horizontal lobe
width of 65 will be selected, and there will be no
change for 1/2 power horizontal width on direction
diagram when main lobe declines 616. It is
able to meet the requirement of moderate-traffic
area coverage with no interference.
Areas with Relatively Sparse Traffic
The distance between the BSs is much bigger, and

is about 313. Directional antenna with
3inside electrical downtilt and +45dualpolarization, 1/2 power horizontal lobe width of 65
will be selected, and there will be no change for 1/2
power horizontal width on direction diagram when
main lobe declines 313. It is able to meet the
requirement of sparse-traffic area coverage with no
interference.
Suggestions for Regular Antenna Model

Selection
Area type
Horizontal lobe angle
Downtilt mode
Gain
Dense urban
area
3-sector: 65o directional

antenna
Electrical downtilt +
mechanical downtilt
15~20dBi
Suburban and
township
3-sector: 65o or 90o

directional antenna
Mechanical downtilt
15~18dBi
Rural area

antenna
Omni cell: Omni antenna
10~18dBi
Directional antenna:
mechanical downtilt
Omni antenna: electrical
downtilt
Railway or
high way

antenna
Mechanical downtilt
Tunnel
8-mesh antenna, leakage cable
20dBi
Antenna Selection Principle for Indoor

Distributed System
Following are the antenna selection principles for

indoor distributed system
z
Not only meet the indoor coverage requirement, but

also reduce coverage for outdoor areas, and avoid
interference
Antenna should be beautiful, and its shape, color, size
should be harmonious with the indoor environment
Antennas for Indoor Distribution System

Ceiling antenna
Ceiling antenna is an Omni antenna,

which is installed at the ceiling of rooms,
halls, and corridors. The gain of ceiling
antenna is generally 25dBi, with
horizontal lobe width of 360, and
vertical lobe width of around 65.
Ceiling antenna is of small gain and
beautiful outlook. When installed at
ceiling, the indoor field strength is
averagely distributed, which should be
first choice for indoor antenna selection.
Ceiling antenna should be installed as
much as possible at the middle ceiling
in the room, but to avoid areas beside
window or gate, where signals would be
easily leaked to outdoor areas.

Wall-mounted antenna
Wall-mounted antenna is a directional antenna,

which is installed on the wall of rooms, halls,
corridors, etc..
The gain of wall-mounted antenna is 610dBi, with
horizontal lobe width of 65, 45, etc., and vertical
lobe width of around 70.
Mostly used in long and narrow indoor spaces.
While installing, there should be no blocking object
in front of them, and it should not directly face
windows or gates where signals would be easily
leaked to outdoor areas.
Antennas for Indoor Distribution System8mesh antenna
8-mesh antenna is a directional

antenna with relatively high gain,
and which is usually 914dBi.
Mainly used for the coverage of
elevators.
Antenna for Indoor Distribution System

Leakage cable
Leakage cable can be considered as one kind of

antenna, which averagely send and receive signals
along its vertical direction through series of open
interfaces on outer conductor of the cable. Leakage
cable is suitable for environments like tunnel,
subway, etc..

Other antennas
Some other indoor antennas include small-gain

spiral, rod-shaped antennas, and so on. There gain
are generally around 2, 3dBi; As these antennas
look not so good after installation, they are seldom
used.

Combiner
Combiner is used to combine base stations of two or more

different frequency bands. It is divided into double-frequency
combiner and triple-frequency combiner according to number
of the stations.
double-frequency
combiner
triple-frequency
combiner

Splitter
Reactive splitter is generally of coaxial design,

power splitting and output port properties are
achieved through changes of impedance. As comon
splitters, reactive splitters are divided into 2-splitter,
3-splitter, 4-splitter, and so on.
2-splitter
3-splitter

Bridge
3dB bridge is a combiner and splitter of same

frequency. The isolation between its input port and
output port are usually larger than 20dB.
Out2
Out1
In1
In2
Specific Antenna Model Selection

Beautified antenna
AC-shaped installation
Respectively place one or two directional plate
antennas and BS into an imitative AC shell made by
special materials. Then fix it on the house roof,
eaves, or other places similar to conventional civilian
AC installation.
FeaturesFirst choice for large-scope and flexible
installation.

Beautified antenna
Antennas were hidden and

installed inside the ball of street
lights, while BSs in the base poles,
while makes the integration of both
BSs and antenna.
FeaturesMainly used for highlevel and multi-floor residential
areas with convenient installation.
Attention need to be paid to the
coordination with street lights
inside the area, and big contrast
need to be avoided. This
installation is relatively expensive.
Moreover, for some residential
areas, cabling will be complex.

Beautified antenna
Cactus-type
Fix BS to the green ground
with bracket, and then cover
the whole BS using cactus
with antenna inside to
achieve the purpose of
landscaping and hidden
installation.
FeaturesFor the real
landscaping and
camouflage installation,
which are suitable for villa
groups and high-level, multifloor residential areas with
landscaping.

Beautified antenna
1Plate antenna is placed inside

the glass cover, with beautiful
outlook and harmony with
environment, which is mainly
placed against the wall in dense
urban area buildings. (Color of the
cover can be determined by that
of the wall)
z The gain of antenna: 12dBi
z Horizontal beam width
65,90
z vertical beam width
56,34.
z Downtilt of the main lobe20 +20.
z Output port8
Installation place for the covered antenna series is relatively broad, and
coverage inside the cell is about 150m.

Beautified antenna
A bucket-shaped
antenna is placed inside
the light ball, and BS is
in the fake stone. With
beautiful outlook and
harmony with
environments around,
hidden communication,
decoration and lighting
are all achieved. This is
mainly used in
residential areas and at
the roadside.

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna
Installing
position
for
directional
plate antenna
Installing
position
for
directiona
l
plate
antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna
After testing, plastic fake leaves have less effect to the antenna,
and performance of the antenna is not affected.

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

Beautified antenna

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WCDMA Antenna Model Selection

Basic Knowledge of Radio Wave

Transmission of radio wave

Basic Knowledge of Radio Wave

Relation of wavelength, power and transmitting

It can be indicated by formula /. In the

Basic Knowledge of Radio Wave

Polarization of radio wave

When radio wave is transmitting in space, the

When AC is carried on the wire, radiation of electromagnetic

Relations between angle of the dipole and

Antenna electrical parameters- 1/2

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Operational

Antenna is always working in a certain frequency

In 850MHz 1/2 wavelength

Antenna Electrical Parameters Gain of

The definition of the gain of an antenna is related to the 1/2

Gain through the comparison of a

Antenna Electrical Parameters Gain of

The high gain of plate antenna is combined through

E.g.1 symmetrical dipole

4 symmetrical dipole array

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Antenna Electrical Parameters Gain of

Radiation energy can be controlled and focused to one direction

Example of Antenna Gain

EiRP = +39 + 18 = +57 dBm

dB dBm dBi dBuv

dBit is only a relative value, dB10log (P1/P2). For example,

dB dBm dBi dBuv

dBias explained before, it refers to a relative value.

Difference between dBd and dBi

A isotropic radiator has

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Direction f

Direction of antenna refers to the capability that

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Direction f

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Directional Antenna

Horizontal lobe angle

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Vertical lobe

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Beamwidth

Antenna Electrical Parameters - Lobe width

On the direction diagram of horizontal (vertical) antenna, angle

Antenna Electrical Parameters - Lobe width

For different transmitting environment and topography, the

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Antenna

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Polarization

tilted (+/- 45)

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Polarization

Dual-polarization antenna is assembled by combining two antennae

Tilted (+/- 45)

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Polarization

For urban areas, there is a large number of base

Antenna Electrical Parameters-Front-to-back

In antenna direction diagram, comparison of the

To avoid interference to the neighbor cell from the back lobe, it is

Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode

Antenna downtilt is divided into mechanical downtilt and

Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode

When the antenna downtilt angle is larger than 10 degree, the

Urban area antennas are generally using (fixed)

Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode

Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode

The main purpose of downtilt is to decline the main beam, so as to

Antenna Electrical Parameters-downtilt mode