See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261142475

Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the

Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia
ARTICLE in RESOURCE GEOLOGY APRIL 2014
Impact Factor: 1.15 DOI: 10.1111/rge.12034

READS

205

11 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Agung Harijoko

Arifudin Idrus

Gadjah Mada University

Gadjah Mada University

18 PUBLICATIONS 30 CITATIONS

21 PUBLICATIONS 28 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Anders Scherstn

Laurence Page

Lund University

Lund University

92 PUBLICATIONS 1,041 CITATIONS

38 PUBLICATIONS 744 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

SEE PROFILE

Available from: Arifudin Idrus

Retrieved on: 18 January 2016

bs_bs_banner

doi: 10.1111/rge.12034

Resource Geology Vol. 64, No. 2: 149166

Original Article

Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Trenggalek District,

East Java, Indonesia
Ryohei Takahashi,1* Yuki Shingo,1 Akira Imai,1* Koichiro Watanabe,1
Agung Harijoko,2 I Wayan Warmada,2 Arifudin Idrus,2 Lucas Donny Setijadji,2
Phouvang Phoumephone,2 Anders Scherstn3 and Laurence Page3
1

Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoa, Japan, 2Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia and 3Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Abstract
Gold-mineralized quartz veins at the Trenggalek district of the Southern Mountains Range in East Java,
Indonesia, are hosted by Oligo-Miocene volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks, and are distributed close to
andesitic plugs in the northern prospects (Dalangturu, Suruh, Jati, Gregah, Jombok, Salak, and Kojan) and
the southern prospects (Sentul and Buluroto). The plugs are subalkaline tholeiitic basaltic-andesite to calcalkaline andesite in composition. 40Ar39Ar dating of a quartz-adularia vein at the Dalangturu prospect
yielded an age of 16.29 0.56 Ma (2), and a crystal tuff of a limestone-pyroclastic rock sequence at the
southwest of the Dalangturu prospect was determined as 15.6 0.5 Ma (2). Statistic overlap of ages suggests that the gold mineralization in the northern prospects took place in a shallow marine to subaerial
transitional environment. Hydrothermal alteration of the host rocks is characterized by the replacement of
quartz, illite and adularia. Quartz veins in surface outcrops are up to 50 cm wide in the northern prospects
and up to 3 m wide in the southern prospects, showing a banded or brecciated texture, and are composed
of quartz, adularia, carbonates with pyrite, electrum, sphalerite, galena, and polybasite. Gold contents of
quartz veins are positively correlated with Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu contents in both the northern and southern
prospects. The quartz veins at the Jati, Gregah, and Sentul prospects have relatively lower gold-silver ratios
(Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to those at the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and Suruh prospects (Ag/Au = 66.8). The
quartz veins at the Dalangturu prospect are relatively rich in base metal sulfides. Ag/(Au+Ag) ratios of
electrum in the Dalangturu prospect range from 45.2 to 65.0 at%, and FeS contents of sphalerite range from
1.2 to 6.4 mol%. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates ore-forming temperatures of 190200C and
220230C at the Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. Widely variable vapor/liquid ratio of fluid inclusions indicates that fluid boiling took place within the hydrothermal system at the Sentul prospect. Salinities
of ore-fluids range from 0 to 0.7 wt% (av. 0.4 wt% NaCl equiv.) and from 0.5 to 1.4 wt% (av. 0.9 wt%) for the
Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. The boiling of hydrothermal fluid was one of the gold deposition
mechanisms in the Sentul prospect.
Keywords: 40Ar39Ar dating, andesitic plug, andesitic plugs, bulk analysis, East Java, epithermal gold deposit,
fluid inclusion, Indonesia, sulfidation state, Trenggalek.

Received 7 February 2012; Revised 7 December 2013. Accepted for publication 7 January 2014.
Corresponding author: R. Takahashi, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen,
Akita 010-8502, Japan. Email: ryohei@gipc.akita-u.ac.jp
*Present address: Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen, Akita 0108502, Japan.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

149

R. Takahashi et al.

1. Introduction
The occurrence of economic epithermal gold and base
metal deposits is well documented in the western part
of Java, Republic of Indonesia, i.e., the Pongkor,
Cikotok, Cikidang, Cibaliung, and Cirotan deposits
(e.g., Carlile & Mitchell, 1994; Harijoko et al., 2004;
Syafrizal et al., 2005; Warmada et al., 2007). The occurrence of similar deposits in East Java, however, is less
known. There are minor epithermal gold and goldbase metal skarn deposits in the Pacitan district of East
Java, some of which had small-scale mine production
by the Dutch and Japanese prior to and during World
War II, respectively (Setijadji et al., 2006; Imai et al.,
2007; Fig. 1). The Pacitan district was also investigated
for porphyry copper potential in the early years of
independence (van Leeuwen, 1994).
In the 1990s several epithermal gold-vein prospects
were identified by exploration companies in the
Trenggalek district (Fig. 2) about 100 km east of
Pacitan. An Indonesian company, PT Indonusa Mining
Service in a joint venture with Arc Exploration Limited
of Australia now explores this district. In this paper, we
present occurrences of the gold mineralization and
related igneous rocks and present an ore-forming condition based on age dating, microscopic observation,

bulk chemical composition analysis, microprobe

mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion microthermometry
and thermodynamic calculations.

2. Regional and local geology

Java island is located in the middle of the Sunda-Banda
magmatic arc. The magmatic arc extends from the
northern tip of Sumatra in the west through to the
Banda islands in the east. The eastwest oriented
Kendeng basin is located in the central part of East Java,
which is filled with a succession of volcaniclastic turbidites and pelagic mudstones (Fig. 1; Smyth et al.,
2008). The Trenggalek district is located in an older arc
segment of the present day Southern Mountains
Range, which lies in the present fore-arc region
between the Quaternary volcanic chain of the Sunda
Arc and the East Java fore-arc basin. The Southern
Mountains Range is composed mainly of OligoMiocene volcanic rocks, Middle Miocene volcaniclastic
deposits, Middle Miocene limestone and intrusive
rocks (Carlile & Mitchell, 1994; Smyth et al., 2008).
The geology of the Trenggalek district is described
by Samodra et al. (1992). It is dominated by two
interfingering Oligo-Miocene stratigraphic units,
named the Arjosari and Mandalika Formations, which

Fig. 1 Structure of East Java, Indonesia (after Bemmelen, 1949; Smyth et al., 2008). Closed circles and stars denote location of
cities, and the mineral exploration districts of Pacitan and Trenggalek stated in this study. Thick dot-lines are borders of
Central Java, East Java and Yogyakarta special provinces.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

150

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Fig. 2 Geological map of the Trenggalek district in East Java, Indonesia (Geological Research and Development Center,
1992). The bold line circles indicate the prospects. Distributions of veins were cited from Arc Exploration (2010a);
topographic anomaly is flat-topped and conical hills representing silicification and hydrothermal alteration (PT Indonusa
Mining Service, unpublished). Sampling location of intrusive rocks (YS-1525) and tuff (Tf-1) are shown.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

151

R. Takahashi et al.

Fig. 3 Outcrops and samples in the Trenggalek district. (a) A perspective of the andesitic plug, referred to as Linga, in the
northern part of The Trenggalek district (cf. YS-1921 in Fig. 2), (b) 10 cm width quartz vein in the Dalangturu prospect,
(c) 15 cm width quartz vein in the Gregah prospect, (d) 3 m width quartz vein in the Sentul prospect, (e) silicified
hydrothermal breccia in the Dalangturu prospect, (f) interbedded limestone and volcaniclastic rocks, (g) silica sinter with
hydrothermal vent in the Suruh prospect, (h) cut slab of (g) silica sinter (scale is 3 cm).

comprise andesitic lavas, flow breccia, polymictic breccias, and sedimentary rocks at the base. These units are
overlain by a unit of the Middle Miocene limestone
and volcaniclastic rocks including mudstone, siltstone,
sandstone, and crystal tuff (Fig. 2). The crystal tuff is
interbedded with limestone, which is partly silicified
and mineralized in the Dalangturu, Suruh, and Jati
prospects (Figs 2, 3f). Andesitic plugs, minor dikes,
and sills intruded the units. The intrusive rocks are up
to 13 km in diameter; and among them the andesitic
plugs locally form cylindrical pinnacles up to 100 m
high, showing distinctive columnar jointing (Fig. 3a).
Some of these intrusions are weakly altered and host
quartz, calcite and zeolite veins. The andesitic plugs
intruded the rock units that host the mineralized veins.

The study area in this paper, about 10 km 20 km,

located 1020 km southwest of Trenggalek city,
includes several gold prospects comprising the northern prospects (Dalangturu, Suruh, Jati, Gregah,
Jombok, Salak, and Kojan) and the southern prospects
(Sentul and Buluroto) (Fig. 2). Some prospects are
topographically manifested by flat-topped and conical
hills representing silicified hydrothermal breccias at
the Dalangturu and Gregah prospects (Fig. 2). There
are currently a kaolin mine at the Jati prospect, and
three feldspar mines in fresh rhyodacite plugs or flowdomes located 2 km east and southeast of the Gregah
prospect. NE- and NW-trending normal faults that cut
the Trenggalek district form a basin-and-range like
topography in the district (PT Indonusa Mining
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

152

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Service, unpublished). Gold-bearing quartz veins

found at the Trenggalek district fill mainly NNW to
NW-, ENE to NE-trending fractures, with minor subsidiary NS and EW veins. In the northern part of the
Trenggalek district, most intrusive rocks including
andesitic plugs show columnar joints, and are weakly
altered. An andesitic plug of about 800 m in diameter is
located between the Kojan and Jati prospects (Fig. 2).
Andesitic plugs of 200300 m in diameter are present
close to the prospects such as one in the Jombok prospect, one in south of the Jombok prospect, one in northwest of the Dalangturu prospect, and two in the Jati
prospect (PT Indonusa Mining Service, unpublished).
In the southern part, an andesitic plug about 2 km in
diameter is located 1.5 km east of the Sentul prospect.
The prospects such as the Sentul, Kojan, Dalangturu,
Jati, and Suruh prospects are characterized by goldbearing quartz vein systems, and some of those have
several kilometers of cumulative strike-length such as
the Sentul and Kojan prospects (Fig. 2). The veins are
dominated by quartz with massive, banded and breccia
textures. Individual veins are generally narrow (<1 m
wide) in the northern part (i.e., the Jati, Salak, Jombok
and Kojan prospects) and wider (up to >10 m wide) in
the southern part of the Trenggalek district (i.e., the
Sentul and Buluroto prospects) (Fig. 3b, c, d). Silicification zones are extended in the northeastern part
of the district (i.e., Dalangturu, Suruh, and Gregah).
Silicified hydrothermal breccias are distributed in the
Dalangturu prospect. Residual float boulders of silica
sinter are present in the Suruh prospect. Hydrothermal
alteration is recognized as silicification, argillic, and
propylitic alteration in all the prospects.

3. Samples and analytical methods

3.1 Location and description of samples
Most of the samples described in this study were collected from surface outcrops at the northern prospects
(Dalangturu, Suruh, Jati, Gregah, Jombok, Salak, and
Kojan) and the southern prospects (Sentul and
Buluroto; Fig. 2; Tables 13).
The quartz veins sampled are up to 50 cm wide in the
northern prospects and up to 3 m wide in the southern
prospects (Fig. 3b, c, d). Scout drilling undertaken by
Arc Exploration at the Sentul prospect indicated that
the vein is at least 10 m thick at 150 m depth below the
3 m thick vein in surface outcrop (Fig. 3d; Arc
Exploration, 2010b). Some quartz-vein float samples
were collected from the ridges in the Sentul prospect.
The sample used for age dating was taken from a quartz

vein from the Dalangturu prospect (YS-05 in Table 3). A

silicified hydrothermal breccia sample was collected
from the top of a hill in the Dalangturu prospect
(Fig. 3d). The silica sinter boulders in the Suruh prospect consist of white to translucent chalcedonic quartz,
and show a hot-spring vent structure (Fig. 3g, h).
Intrusive rock samples were collected in the gold
prospects and their vicinity, while the other three
samples were taken outside the prospects; i.e., two of
them (YS-23, 24) were from 2 km northeast of the
Dalangturu prospect and one (YS-25) from 5 km east of
the Suruh prospect (Table 1, Fig. 2). The andesitic plugs
from the Trenggalek district show a holocrystalline
porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of plagioclase
(0.51 mm) and augite (0.51 mm) in a groundmass,
which is mainly composed of 9095 vol% mediumgrained plagioclase and 510 vol% augite. Plagioclase
in a groundmass often shows a pilotaxitic texture. The
opaque minerals are magnetite and ilmenite (20 m in
size) and are of less than 1 vol%. The rocks are weakly
altered and veined with secondary minerals such as
zeolites (laumontite, heulandites, or mordenite identified based on XRD analysis), clay minerals, calcite,
prehnite, and apophyllite.
A sample of the hornblende-bearing crystal tuff
(Tf-1) that belongs to the top sequence of the Middle
Miocene limestone and volcaniclastic rocks unit was
collected 1 km southwest of the Dalangturu prospect
(Table 1, Figs 2, 3f). On the basis of the microscopic
observation, the crystal tuff sample used for age dating
is unaltered. The crystal tuff consists of volcanic glass
(87%), quartz (8%), hornblende (3%), plagioclase (2%),
and opaque minerals (<1%), with 23 mm thick layers
by the alignment of pumice and hornblende. The
groundmass and pumice (<0.5 mm) are composed
mainly of volcanic glass. The hornblende shows prismatic crystal shapes of 0.52 mm length, and quartz
and plagioclase are 0.11 mm across.

3.2 Analytical methods

Bulk chemical compositions of quartz vein, altered
andesitic lava and intrusive rock samples were determined. The samples were crushed using an iron mortar
and then pulverized using a vibrating mill. Pressedpowder pellets were then prepared from the pulps
using a 20 t load. Concentration of major elements of
the sample pellets were analyzed using a RIGAKU
ZSX-Primus II of X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
(XRF) at Kyushu University, Japan, with a fundamental
parameter (FP) sensibility calibration method using

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

153

154

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

50.94
18.95
9.51
3.65
8.29
3.30
0.48
0.73
0.22
0.18
3.6
99.9
2.0
<0.1
18.6
2.1
29
2.4
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
77
6.4
19.8
362.2
<1
18.9
0.2
16.4
1.9
2.0
<1
0.1
0.6
0.2
128
<0.5
65.5
0.6
1.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.1
15.3
2.22
10.9
2.73
1.04
3.19
0.56
3.37
0.71
2.11
0.33
2.06
0.32
1.08

62.31
15.33
6.88
2.17
5.72
3.50
0.47
0.80
0.12
0.15
2.4
99.9
1.0
<0.1
38.7
0.9
60
4.4
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
190
7.1
34.0
205.1
<1
18.2
0.5
15.6
4.0
1.8
1
<0.1
2.0
0.6
182
<0.5
122.9
0.3
7.7
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
7.5
17.8
2.78
12.8
3.69
0.96
4.61
0.84
5.35
1.16
3.36
0.54
3.32
0.53
0.71

YS-17
YS080517-10
Jombok
volcanic rock
51.11
18.43
9.47
3.30
8.00
2.97
0.82
0.71
0.23
0.20
4.6
99.8
1.1
<0.1
11.2
2.3
45
1.0
<0.1
<0.01
0.7
72
8.7
24.6
789.3
<1
17.0
0.2
15.9
2.3
2.0
<1
0.1
0.7
0.2
109
<0.5
82.1
0.4
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
5.9
16.0
2.46
12.9
3.37
1.19
3.83
0.67
4.09
0.85
2.52
0.40
2.49
0.40
1.01

YS-18
YS080517-12
Salak
volcanic rock
52.91
18.75
9.45
3.62
8.09
3.22
0.47
0.80
0.18
0.18
2.2
99.9
1.4
<0.1
17.7
2.0
43
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
0.6
75
4.5
22.3
333.9
1
20.5
<0.1
16.3
2.5
2.2
<1
0.1
0.7
0.2
152
<0.5
86.1
0.3
1.0
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.2
15.6
2.35
11.7
2.94
1.11
3.44
0.61
3.78
0.79
2.43
0.38
2.39
0.38
1.07

YS-19
YS080518-01
Jati
volcanic rock
52.39
18.05
9.00
3.60
8.94
3.19
0.51
0.77
0.17
0.23
3.0
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
19.0
2.0
43
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
74
5.1
24.4
327.8
<1
18.9
<0.1
16.1
2.7
2.1
<1
0.1
0.6
0.2
147
<0.5
85.3
0.3
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.4
15.8
2.36
10.8
2.92
1.07
3.49
0.63
3.76
0.82
2.57
0.41
2.51
0.40
1.03

YS-20
YS080518-02
Jati
volcanic rock
53.28
18.46
8.76
3.15
7.68
3.25
0.56
0.73
0.21
0.17
3.6
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
13.2
1.4
51
2.0
<0.1
<0.01
1.1
88
8.3
22.7
353.7
1
16.4
0.3
16.2
2.8
2.2
<1
0.2
0.7
0.2
124
<0.5
88.6
0.4
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.9
16.7
2.58
12.3
3.11
1.12
3.73
0.65
3.97
0.81
2.35
0.37
2.43
0.39
1.01

YS-21
YS080518-03
Jati
volcanic rock
58.80
15.14
6.75
3.67
4.74
3.28
2.67
0.64
0.11
0.07
4.0
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
29.7
2.5
41
1.1
0.1
<0.01
0.9
128
66.3
19.5
221.7
<1
20.0
0.5
12.7
2.7
1.4
<1
0.1
2.2
0.5
159
<0.5
85.9
0.2
18.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.7
15.9
2.31
10.7
2.55
0.79
2.98
0.55
3.26
0.71
2.20
0.34
2.13
0.33
0.88

YS-22
YS080518-05
Salak
volcanic rock
58.25
16.67
6.75
2.31
6.50
3.12
0.48
0.60
0.15
0.16
4.9
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
9.2
2.6
26
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
120
9.4
20.6
469.5
<1
10.4
0.3
12.8
2.4
1.8
<1
<0.1
1.2
0.3
80
<0.5
85.3
0.2
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
6.8
15.4
2.40
10.8
2.71
0.97
3.15
0.55
3.42
0.73
2.15
0.34
2.22
0.36
1.01

YS-23
YS080518-06
*1
volcanic rock
57.09
16.55
7.04
2.48
6.67
3.14
0.49
0.60
0.15
0.16
5.5
99.9
1.7
<0.1
11.1
3.6
29
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
85
9.5
20.1
398.2
<1
11.3
0.2
12.9
2.7
1.8
<1
<0.1
0.9
0.3
82
<0.5
87.2
0.3
1.0
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
5.9
15.3
2.27
9.8
2.53
0.91
2.94
0.54
3.05
0.69
2.15
0.34
2.13
0.35
1.02

YS-24
YS080518-07
*1
volcanic rock
56.27
18.01
8.22
3.17
7.41
3.35
0.52
0.89
0.24
0.19
1.6
99.9
2.6
<0.1
17.5
1.4
35
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
0.7
76
14.6
29.4
253.2
<1
17.3
0.9
16.6
3.0
1.5
<1
<0.1
1.0
0.3
157
<0.5
91.2
0.2
1.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.1
16.0
2.60
13.4
3.65
1.25
4.59
0.84
5.03
1.11
3.27
0.50
3.19
0.50
0.94

YS-25
YS080518-08
*2
volcanic rock

*1: 2 km northeast of the Dalangturu prospect, *2: 5 km east of the Suruh prospect. The degree of Eu depletion was calculated using Chondrite normalized EuN, SmN and GdN values; (Eu/Eu*)N = (EuN)/((SmN + GdN)/2).

ppb
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm

51.92
18.56
8.77
3.65
8.58
2.75
0.53
0.73
0.20
0.18
4.0
99.9
2.6
<0.1
18.7
1.9
26
1.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
81
8.7
18.3
406.2
<1
18.4
0.2
14.9
2.2
2.0
<1
0.1
0.9
0.3
136
<0.5
75.6
0.3
1.7
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.5
15.8
2.26
10.8
2.68
1.00
2.94
0.53
3.11
0.66
1.95
0.32
1.98
0.31
1.09

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2 O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*

wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
%

YS-15
YS080517-03
Dalangturu
volcanic rock

Sample No.
Lab-ID
Location
Rock

YS-16
YS080517-04
Jombok
volcanic rock

Table 1 Bulk chemical compositions of intrusive rocks in the Trenggalek district

R. Takahashi et al.

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Table 2 Result of 40Ar-39Ar dating for adularia in quartz vein (YS-05: YS080519-11), and hornblende in tuff (Tf-1: YS090329-01)
from the Dalangturu prospect and vicinity
Sample

Run No.

Mineral

n*

Age (Ma)

39

Ar (%)

Ca/K

MSWD

YS080519-11
090329-01

09C814-24/1B8-09
KY-14/1805-01

adularia
hornblende

9
6

16.29 0.56
15.6 0.5

100
72.5

0.15
74.8

9
4

0.49
0.94

*Number of incremental heating steps. Calculated plateau age. The error of the age is presented as 2. Fraction of 39Ar released on steps in
age plateau. Ca/K values are calculated as weighted mean for the plateau age. Number of incremental heating steps used in age plateau.
MSWD, mean squared weighted deviation.

15 standards of the Geological Survey of Japan (JB-1a,

JB-2, JB-3, JGb-2, JH-1, JA-1, JA-2, JA-3, JG-1a, JG-2,
JG-3, JSy-1, JCh-1, JSd-2, JSd-3, JLs-1, and JMn-1). The
spectrometer is equipped with an Rh X-ray tube and
was run at a voltage of 50 kV and a current of 50 mA.
Peak overlap was examined and overlap correction
coefficients were used in the quantitative calculation in
the FP sensibility calibration. Loss on ignition (LOI)
was measured by the weight difference after ignition at
105C for 1.5 h first, followed by 500C for 1 h and
900C for 2 h. The pulp samples were also sent to
ACME Analytical Laboratories in Vancouver, Canada,
for the analysis of minor and trace element compositions using inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICPMS) in their commercial package of 4A
+ 4B. Lower limits of detection are 0.1% for LOI; 0.04%
for Fe2O3; 0.01% for SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O,
TiO2, P2O5, and MnO; 8 ppm for V; 1 ppm for As, Ba, Be,
Sn, and Zn; 0.5 ppm for Ga, Se, Sr, and W; 0.3 ppm for
Nd; 0.1 ppm for Ag, Bi, Cd, Cs, Cu, Hf, Hg, Mo, Nb,
Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Ta, Tl, U, Y, Zr, La, and Ce; 0.05 ppm
for Sm, Gd, Dy and Yb, 0.03 ppm for Er; 0.02 ppm for
Pr, Eu and Ho; 0.01 ppm for Tb, Tm, and Lu; 0.5 ppb
for Au.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was done to determine constituent minerals of veins and altered rocks
using a RIGAKU RINT2100 instrument at Kyushu University with measurement conditions of an accelerating voltage of 40 kV, a current of 20 mA, a scanning
speed of 2 degree min1 and a sampling step of 0.01
degree.
Polished thin sections and doubly polished thin sections were used for microscopic analysis and electron
probe microanalysis. The chemical compositions of
minerals were determined using a Shimadzu Super
Scan SS-550 scanning electron microscope with a
Genesis 2000 energy dispersion spectrometer (SEMEDS). The measurement condition was an accelerating
voltage of 20 kV, a current of approximately 0.6 nA, a
beam diameter of 3 m, a working distance (WD) at

3536 degree take-off angle and a live time of 100 s. All

the data were corrected with a ZAF matrix-correction
program. Nine synthesized AuAg alloy standards (10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 wt% Au) were used for
the quantitative calibration for electrum.
Fluid inclusion microthermometry was done on vein
materials (YS-38, 39 and 31 in Table 3; YS-090328-04)
using 100200 m thick, glass-free doubly polished
thin-sections of about 7 mm 7 mm size. Homogenization and final ice-melting temperatures were measured
from two-phase liquid-vapor inclusions using a
LINKAM LK-600FTIR heating-cooling stage (LINKAM
Scientific Instruments, Surrey, UK) and temperature
controlling devices. Primary, pseudosecondary and secondary inclusions (defined by, e.g. Roedder, 1984) were
distinguished under the microscope, and the former
two types were measured. The heating rate was 0.10.3
and 13C min1 for the final timing of ice melting
and homogenization, respectively. The temperature
was calibrated using standards of decane: 29.7C,
dodecane: 9.6C, tridecane: 5.8C, pure water: 0.0C,
a Fluid Inc. (Pearisburg, VA, USA) synthetic fluid inclusion no. 4: 0.0C, dodecanediol: 82.0C, benzanilide:
163.0C, sodium nitrate: 306.8C. The NaCl-equivalent
salinity (CNaCl) of the fluid inclusions was calculated
using a degree of freezing point depression () by the
equation;

C NaCl ( wt % ) = 0.00 + 1.78 0.0442 2 + 0.000557 3

(Bodnar, 1993).
The ages of adularia in a mineralized vein sample
and hornblende in a crystal tuff sample were determined using 40Ar/39Ar dating. The presence of adularia
in the quartz vein was confirmed by staining using
hydrofluoric acid (HF) and sodium cobaltinitrite
(Na3[Co(NO2)6]). The samples were crushed and sieved
to collect the 150 to 300 m grain fractions. The adularia and hornblende crystals were then separated from
the respective samples using sodium polytungstate
(3Na2WO49WO3H2O) heavy liquid. After that, each

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

155

R. Takahashi et al.

Table 3 Bulk chemical compositions of quartz vein, silica sinter and silicified rock in the Trenggalek district.
Sample
No.
Lab-ID
Location
Rock
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm

YS-26

YS-27

YS-28

YS-29

YS-01

YS-05

YS-06

YS-07

YS-08

YS-30

YS-31

YS09032717A
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS09032717B
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS09032717C
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS09032717D
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS08051701
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS08051911
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS08051913
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS08051914
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS08051915
Dalangturu
quartz vein

YS09032805A
Kojan
quartz vein

YS09032805B
Kojan
quartz vein

82.712
5.739
2.431
0.691
0.8
0
2.841
0.224
0.03
0
2.5
97.9
0.6
100.0
40.3
115.3
137.0
169.0
19.4
0.0
1.0
356.0
43.2
4.3
47.6
1.4
<1
4.5
1.5
4.3
0.6
0.3
<1
<0.1
0.3
0.1
50.0
<0.5
27.4
0.9
1.4
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
1.0
2.6
0.39
2.0
0.51
0.10
0.63
0.12
0.69
0.15
0.49
0.08
0.52
0.10

92.765
2.175
1.501
0.556
0.397
0
0.673
0.063
0.026
0
1.3
99.5
1.7
72.5
16.4
18.2
77.0
153.8
5.0
<0.01
1.3
187.0
12.4
1.8
38.7
1.3
<1
1.6
1.2
2.2
0.2
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
17.0
<0.5
8.7
0.6
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.9
1.7
0.24
1.0
0.27
0.12
0.26
0.06
0.31
0.06
0.17
0.03
0.20
0.04

81.806
6.793
2.631
0.719
0.98
0.811
2.028
0.253
0.048
0.024
2.4
98.5
0.4
4.1
22.0
6.0
37.0
418.4
1.4
<0.01
<0.5
315.0
33.6
6.9
61.1
2.0
<1
5.0
1.3
5.2
1.0
0.6
4.0
<0.1
0.5
0.2
44.0
0.7
34.9
0.6
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
1.6
4.3
0.64
3.2
0.88
0.17
1.03
0.19
1.11
0.23
0.78
0.12
0.74
0.13

90.612
3.107
1.759
0.647
0.353
0
0.647
0.107
0.012
0
1.8
99.0
0.2
5.2
9.6
17.9
23.0
61.8
1.1
<0.01
<0.5
49.0
15.4
2.6
16.7
2.6
<1
2.4
3.0
5.6
1.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
38.0
<0.5
54.5
15.2
2.6
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.7
1.5
0.22
1.2
0.27
0.07
0.33
0.06
0.35
0.08
0.34
0.05
0.34
0.06

95.08
1.90
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.03
0.27
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
2.4
100.0
5.3
23.6
44.7
110.0
363.0
21.7
1.8
0.0
0.5
85.0
5.7
0.3
24.3
20.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.04
<0.3
<0.05
0.03
<0.05
0.01
0.07
<0.02
<0.03
0.01
0.05
0.02

87.07
3.10
5.49
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.85
0.08
0.08
0.02
3.2
100.0
0.0
0.3
20.6
2.5
8.0
510.6
7.6
0.0
0.5
161.0
17.7
3.9
24.6
20.0
1.0
2.3
0.7
6.1
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
64.0
0.5
15.5
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
1.6
3.2
0.51
2.1
0.55
0.21
0.61
0.13
0.78
0.16
0.48
0.08
0.61
0.09

88.40
4.94
1.71
0.42
0.13
0.01
0.04
<0.01
0.02
0.18
4.2
100.1
4.4
26.6
22.7
45.8
71.0
27.8
0.3
0.0
0.5
149.0
1.5
2.9
18.7
20.0
1.0
32.4
0.2
6.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
9.0
0.5
2.7
0.2
2.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.0
9.3
0.34
1.5
0.43
0.17
0.47
0.09
0.56
0.10
0.32
0.05
0.33
0.05

93.76
2.23
1.03
0.04
0.12
0.02
0.33
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
2.5
100.1
1.3
43.6
18.2
6.1
6.0
25.5
0.6
0.0
0.5
170.0
6.7
1.0
25.3
20.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
1.6
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.8
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.13
0.6
0.17
0.05
0.16
0.03
0.13
0.03
0.09
0.01
0.09
0.02

93.82
1.26
1.82
0.04
0.11
0.03
0.09
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
2.7
99.9
4.7
26.9
13.8
63.7
195.0
321.8
8.4
0.1
0.5
1236.0
2.9
1.8
58.4
20.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.0
11.5
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.5
2.0
1.1
0.38
1.3
0.32
0.20
0.37
0.06
0.30
0.05
0.16
0.02
0.14
0.02

96.267
1.109
0.961
0.567
0.331
0
0.212
0.015
0.002
0
0.5
100.0
0.7
24.6
4.5
4.3
9.0
13.3
0.4
0.3
<0.5
11.0
5.4
0.4
14.4
1.0
<1
0.5
0.5
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.9
0.2
1.0
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.3
0.06
0.3
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.01

97.099
0.436
0.659
0.521
0.326
0
0.144
0.011
0
0
0.8
100.0
0.6
15.1
3.8
2.6
6.0
5.9
0.3
0.5
<0.5
9.0
4.2
0.3
7.2
0.8
<1
0.4
0.3
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
0.3
0.1
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.2
0.03
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

mineral fraction was washed in dilute acid (5% HF and

5% HNO3) and ethanol, and then both were repeatedly
rinsed in distilled water. The adularia sample was analyzed at Oregon State University, USA, and irradiated
with the FCT-3 biotite standard (28.04 0.12 Ma; Renne
et al., 1994). The dating method basically followed the

incremental heating method of Duncan and Hogan

(1994). The hornblende sample was analyzed at Lund
University, Lund, Sweden, and irradiated with the
Taylor Creek Rhyolite (TCR) sanidine standard (28.34
0.16 Ma; Renne et al., 1998) at the NRG-Petten
HFR RODEO facility in the Netherlands. The mineral
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

156

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Sample
No.
Lab-ID

YS-32

YS-33

YS-34

YS-42

YS-09

YS-02

YS-03

YS-04

YS-35

YS-36

YS-37

Location
Rock

YS09032805C
Kojan
quartz vein

YS09032805D
Kojan
quartz vein

YS09032805E
Kojan
quartz vein

YS09033101
Jati
quartz vein

YS08052001
Jati
quartz vein

YS08051711
Salak
quartz vein

YS08051903
Suruh
quartz vein

YS08051907
Suruh
quartz vein

YS09032903
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09032904
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09032905
Sentul
quartz vein

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

94.459
2.489
0.866
0.58
0.342
0
0.446
0.013
0
0
0.8
100.0
0.3
3.6
6.1
3.2
11.0
17.0
0.3
0.2
<0.5
14.0
12.8
0.6
12.2
1.3
<1
1.0
1.6
3.4
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
29.0
<0.5
0.2
0.3
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.4
0.4
0.08
0.3
0.08
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.01

96.02
1.422
0.694
0.556
0.313
0
0.329
0.012
0
0
0.6
100.0
0.3
5.2
3.6
2.8
9.0
10.6
0.3
0.2
<0.5
14.0
11.2
0.3
9.7
1.3
<1
0.5
1.0
2.3
<0.1
0.3
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
21.0
<0.5
1.0
0.2
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.2
0.05
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

97.215
0.703
0.659
0.545
0.321
0
0.19
0.013
0
0
0.3
100.0
0.2
2.7
3.4
1.0
4.0
8.8
0.3
0.1
<0.5
11.0
5.4
0.1
13.9
0.8
<1
0.5
0.6
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
<0.1
0.2
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

93.292
2.078
1.737
0.748
0.425
0
0.345
0.07
0.014
0
1.2
99.9
0.0
0.5
11.6
1.5
7.0
96.1
0.8
0.1
<0.5
236.0
9.0
2.3
26.8
3.6
<1
2.1
1.0
2.4
0.2
0.2
<1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
16.0
<0.5
8.0
0.2
3.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.9
1.0
0.24
1.0
0.31
0.08
0.35
0.07
0.31
0.08
0.22
0.04
0.25
0.04

95.23
1.48
0.67
0.04
0.11
0.02
0.25
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
2.3
100.1
28.1
11.5
0.5
0.1
1.0
2.5
0.2
0.0
0.5
7.0
11.0
0.1
21.6
20.0
1.0
0.4
2.5
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.03
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
<0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01

51.56
18.42
8.56
3.00
7.93
2.61
1.02
0.66
0.21
0.18
5.7
99.9
0.0
0.1
8.0
2.7
45.0
1.8
0.1
0.0
0.5
143.0
28.0
28.6
719.5
20.0
1.0
14.7
1.6
14.9
2.1
1.9
1.0
0.1
0.6
0.2
104.0
0.5
76.9
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.0
15.1
2.63
13.1
3.40
1.23
4.14
0.73
4.17
0.93
2.75
0.43
2.63
0.41

96.90
0.44
0.81
<0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
<0.01
1.7
100.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.2
1.0
7.1
4.8
0.0
0.5
17.0
1.0
0.7
2.8
20.0
1.0
0.4
0.2
4.2
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.08
0.4
0.07
<0.02
0.12
0.01
0.09
<0.02
0.04
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01

97.28
0.28
0.65
0.02
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.8
100.1
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.0
2.6
3.9
0.0
0.5
109.0
0.3
0.5
2.9
20.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
3.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.6
2.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.04
<0.3
0.06
<0.02
0.06
0.01
<0.05
<0.02
0.04
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01

93.794
2.88
0.855
0.638
0.309
0
0.617
0.012
0
0
0.9
100.0
1.4
3.6
6.4
0.5
2.0
4.8
0.2
<0.01
<0.5
30.0
15.7
0.2
12.3
1.2
<1
0.8
2.0
3.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
19.0
<0.5
0.4
0.2
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

91.835
4
0.811
1.026
0.331
0
0.498
0.012
0
0.05
1.4
100.0
0.0
0.3
10.6
53.7
46.0
22.4
0.2
<0.01
<0.5
24.0
12.2
1.1
12.4
0.8
<1
1.0
1.2
5.8
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
11.0
<0.5
<0.1
0.5
0.8
0.6
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
0.8
0.23
1.0
0.14
0.05
0.18
0.02
0.11
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.01

93.84
2.274
1.366
0.682
0.307
0
0.457
0.04
0.006
0
1.0
100.0
17.1
34.7
13.5
93.3
68.0
49.7
2.1
<0.01
3.0
19.0
13.8
1.1
10.6
2.1
<1
1.2
1.3
3.9
<0.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.1
15.0
<0.5
1.8
0.9
2.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.4
0.6
0.11
0.4
0.14
0.06
0.17
0.03
0.13
0.03
0.12
0.01
0.12
0.02

fractions were step-heated using a defocused IR

laser and analyzed with the electron multiplier on a
Micromass-5400 gas source mass spectrometer following the incremental heating method of Hermansson
et al. (2008).

4. Results
4.1 Geochemistry of intrusive rocks
The bulk chemical composition of intrusive rocks is
shown in Table 1. The results show relatively higher

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

157

R. Takahashi et al.

Table 3 Continued
Sample
No.
Lab-ID

YS-38

YS-39

YS-40

YS-41

YS-43

YS-44

YS-45

YS-10

YS-11

YS-12

YS-13

Location
Rock

YS09032906A
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09032906B
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09032906C
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09032906D
Sentul
quartz vein

YS09040104A
Gragah
quartz vein

YS09040104B
Gragah
quartz vein

YS09040104C
Gragah
quartz vein

YS08051901
Suruh
silica sinter

YS08051904
Suruh
silica sinter

YS08051906
Suruh
silica sinter

YS08051909
Dalangturu
silicified rock

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

95.277
1.818
0.995
0.639
0.321
0
0.378
0.023
0
0
0.5
100.0
0.1
0.3
8.0
6.2
12.0
78.2
1.5
<0.01
<0.5
28.0
7.6
0.3
12.5
1.7
<1
0.8
1.1
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.1
15.0
<0.5
0.8
0.5
1.7
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.2
0.2
0.04
0.3
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

97.217
0.449
0.791
0.529
0.307
0
0.161
0.012
0
0
0.5
100.0
0.0
5.0
7.5
4.3
3.0
44.7
0.8
<0.01
0.6
21.0
3.9
<0.1
13.0
1.4
<1
0.7
0.5
1.0
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.7
0.2
1.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

94.986
1.722
1.122
0.529
0.293
0
0.423
0.027
0.002
0
0.8
99.9
1.7
3.9
13.9
35.8
28.0
293.8
8.2
0.3
<0.5
16.0
7.5
1.4
7.8
1.1
<1
0.5
0.6
2.7
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.3
13.0
<0.5
1.3
0.3
1.1
0.5
0.1
<0.1
0.6
1.0
0.21
1.2
0.37
0.12
0.36
0.06
0.29
0.05
0.14
0.03
0.18
0.02

92.946
2.484
0.934
0.665
0.311
0
0.573
0.052
0.001
0
2.0
100.0
0.7
0.7
7.3
9.2
10.0
60.4
1.1
0.0
<0.5
31.0
17.4
5.5
12.5
1.3
<1
0.7
1.6
2.8
0.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.4
21.0
0.5
3.2
0.6
1.3
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.8
1.4
0.21
0.9
0.27
0.08
0.49
0.10
0.62
0.16
0.44
0.07
0.39
0.05

95.935
0.193
1.328
0.505
0.366
0
0.046
0.017
0
0
1.4
99.8
0.1
0.5
11.3
3.5
22.0
65.2
1.2
0.0
<0.5
41.0
0.9
0.2
16.8
2.0
<1
1.2
0.3
0.8
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.1
0.4
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.03
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.01

95.587
0.346
3.194
0.439
0.315
0
0.062
0.021
0
0
3.0
103.0
0.2
0.7
10.4
9.1
52.0
82.2
1.6
0.1
<0.5
63.0
1.4
0.3
15.4
1.9
<1
1.3
0.5
1.2
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
9.0
0.5
0.4
1.2
1.9
0.8
<0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.07
0.3
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01

90.025
0.605
1.621
0.581
0.418
0
0.068
0.019
0
0
0.7
94.0
0.3
4.7
12.6
22.8
28.0
434.1
23.0
0.6
<0.5
40.0
1.2
0.5
13.8
2.1
<1
1.4
0.4
0.8
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.1
8.9
2.1
0.5
<0.1
3.9
1.0
2.1
0.23
0.9
0.23
0.13
0.17
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01

95.60
1.16
0.93
0.08
0.07
0.01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
2.1
100.0
0.0
0.1
3.2
0.2
4.0
30.5
4.4
0.0
0.5
144.0
1.2
0.9
7.5
20.0
1.0
1.8
0.2
4.9
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
22.0
0.5
1.8
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
2.3
0.12
0.6
0.13
0.05
0.14
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.09
<0.01
0.08
0.01

97.78
0.29
0.75
0.05
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.1
100.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.0
8.2
5.6
0.0
0.5
306.0
0.5
0.2
4.2
20.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
2.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
8.0
0.5
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.04
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01

97.50
0.30
0.76
<0.01
0.03
0.01
0.03
<0.01
0.01
0.01
1.4
100.1
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.2
1.0
6.7
2.5
0.1
0.5
51.0
1.0
0.3
2.9
20.0
1.0
1.4
0.2
6.5
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.03
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
0.06
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01

87.08
6.73
2.08
<0.01
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.27
0.05
<0.01
3.7
100.0
0.0
0.1
8.8
1.6
3.0
60.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
39.0
1.8
5.9
126.9
20.0
1.0
0.6
0.3
15.5
1.7
0.9
2.0
0.1
1.1
0.5
57.0
3.2
52.9
0.2
0.7
0.1
1.1
0.1
4.0
8.0
1.18
5.1
1.10
0.38
0.83
0.13
0.87
0.21
0.77
0.13
1.02
0.17

LOI (loss on ignition) values ranging from 2.2 to 5.5

wt% except YS-25. Results were plotted on the Total
Alkalis vs. Silica (IUGS classification), Zr/TiO2 vs.
Nb/Y (classification by Winchester & Floyd, 1977) and
FeO/MgO vs. SiO2 (classification by Miyashiro, 1974)
diagrams, where YS-23 and 24 data with highest LOI

values (4.9 and 5.5wt%, respectively) were excluded

from the Alkalis vs. Silica and the FeO/MgO vs. SiO2
diagrams. The diagrams indicate that the samples are
sub-alkaline and mainly fall in the basaltic andesite to
andesite compositional fields, and plot in tholeiite to
calc-alkaline series fields (Figs 4, 5a, b). Chondrite
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

158

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Fig. 4 Total alkalis vs. silica diagram of IUGS classification for

the bulk chemical composition
of intrusive rocks. The dotted
line is the boundary between
alkaline-subalkaline. YS-23, 24:
andesitic plug at 2 km northeast
of the Dalangturu prospect,
YS-25: intrusive rock 5 km east of
the Suruh prospect.

Fig. 5 (a) Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y diagram of Winchester and Floyd (1977) classification. YS-23, 24 and 25 correspond to those in
Figure 4. (b) FeO/MgO vs SiO2 diagram with the tholeiitic (TH)calc-alkaline (CA) dividing line from Miyashiro (1974).

normalized rare earth elements (REE) are similar for

all samples, and show light REE enriched patterns
(Fig. 6). Two samples (YS-17 from Jombok and YS-22
from Salak), however, have Eu-negative anomalies
(Eu/Eu*) of 0.71 and 0.88, respectively (Table 1).

4.2 Age dating of adularia and hornblende

40

Ar/39Ar dating of adularia in quartz vein from the

Dalangturu prospect yielded a plateau age of 16.29
0.56 Ma ( 2; Fig. 7a; Table 2). The plateau age through

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

159

R. Takahashi et al.

the incremental heating accords to an integrated age of

16.25 0.56 Ma and the inverse isochron age of 16.29
2.87 Ma.
The hornblende from the crystal tuff yielded two
steps of 2016 Ma through the lower heating stages,
which suggest a possibility of excess argon, although a
corrective recalculation was not done as its effect is
considered to be small. An integrated age of 16.2 0.6
Ma and an inverse isochron yield an age of 16.6 0.01
Ma, while 72.5% of the gas yield a plateau age of 15.6
0.5 Ma ( 2; Fig. 7b; Table 2).

4.3 Mineralization characteristics

Fig. 6 Chondrite-normalized REE (rare earth elements)
pattern of intrusive rocks. YS-23, 24 and 25 correspond
to those in Figure 4. Chondrite normalization is
according to McDonough and Sun (1995).

The quartz veins from the Dalangturu, Jati, Suruh,

Gregah, Kojan, Salak, and Sentul prospects show
similar modes of occurrences including banded and
massive textures with white, grey to pinkish coloration
depending on the amount of fine-grained sulfides and

Fig. 7 40Ar39Ar dating of incremental heating and inverse isochron diagrams for (a) adularia in quartz vein (YS-05:
YS080519-11), and (b) hornblende in tuff (Tf-1: YS090329-01) from the Dalangturu prospect and vicinity (cf. Fig. 2; Tables 2
and 3).
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

160

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Fig. 8 AuAg and AuZn plots of bulk chemical compositions for mineralized veins in the Trenggalek district. Solid and
dashed lines are the fitting curves for the Dalangturu, Kojan, Salak and Suruh prospects (av. Ag/Au = 23.2) and the Jati,
Gregah and Sentul prospects (av. Ag/Au = 66.8), respectively.

degree of secondary oxidation. Thicker (>3 cm) quartz

veins show banded texture, which are composed
mainly of quartz with smaller amounts of adularia,
calcite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, polybasite, and trace of electrum. Thinner (<3 cm) quartz
veins are often massive and are barren. The pinkish
coloration is present in the higher-grade vein samples
(i.e., YS-09, 37 in Table 3). Some zeolites, i.e., chabazite,
stilbite and thomsonite, are locally common in lowgrade or barren veins. Hydrothermally altered sand-

stone in the Dalangturu prospect consists of quartz,

illite, and adularia. Traces of kaolinite were also
detected in the altered rocks.
The bulk chemical compositions of the quartz veins,
silica sinters and silicified rocks are shown in Table 3.
The Au content of quartz veins is weakly correlated
with Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents (Fig. 8). The Ag/Au
ratio of quartz veins from the Jati, Gregah, and Sentul
prospects, is low (Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to that from
the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and Suruh prospects

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

161

R. Takahashi et al.

Fig. 9 Photomicrographs of ore minerals in reflected light. The ores were collected from (a) the Jati prospect, (b), (c), (d), (e)
the Dalangturu prospect, and (f) the Sentul prospect. Abbreviations are: el, electrum; plb, polybasite; py, pyrite; cp,
chalcopyrite; sp, sphalerite; gn, galena; and qtz, quartz. Bars are 50 m.

(Ag/Au = 66.8). Gold grades of the samples collected

from the Sentul, Dalangturu, and Jati prospects are
more than 1 ppm. The quartz veins in the Dalangturu
prospect are relatively rich in base metals (Cu, Pb, and
Zn). The Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn contents of both the silica
sinters in the Suruh prospect and the silicified rocks in
the Dalangturu prospect are low.
The quartz veins collected from the Sentul, Jati,
Dalangturu, and Gregah prospects are characterized
by colloform-crustiform banding and multiple stages
of brecciation and quartz cementation, and they are
enriched in precious and base metals. Electrum is
intergrown with microcrystalline quartz and finegrained pyrite (Fig. 9). The size of electrum averages
about 10 m at the Jati and Sentul prospects and
2050 m at the Dalangturu prospect. Small amounts of
pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and polybasite
were observed in some of the veins. In some cases,
pyrite is partly replaced by secondary goethite. The
Ag/(Au+Ag) ratio of electrum in the quartz veins of
the Dalangturu prospect ranges from 45.2 to 65.0
at% (Fig. 10a); where sphalerite is associated with
electrum, and the FeS contents of sphalerite range
from 1.2 to 6.4 mol% (Fig. 10b).

4.4 Fluid inclusion microthermometry

Fluid inclusions were identified in mineralized quartz
vein samples collected from the Sentul and Kojan

Fig. 10 Histograms of (a) Ag/(Au+Ag) atomic fraction of

electrum, and (b) FeS contents of sphalerite. The
samples analyzed are from the Dalangturu prospect
(YS080517-01, YS090327-17B).

prospects. Two-phase liquid-vapor inclusions were

observed under the microscope and their average size
is approximately 10 m across. Inclusions are liquiddominant in the samples from the Kojan prospect. A
wider variation in liquid/vapor ratio is observed in the
samples from the Sentul prospect (Fig. 11).
Homogenization temperatures ranged from 140 to
310C in the samples from the Sentul prospect and
from 170 to 310C in those from the Kojan prospect.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

162

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

5. Discussion
5.1 Geological setting for gold mineralization

Fig. 11 Four photographs (above): doubly polished thin

sections of S-1, S-2, K-1 and K-2 samples used for fluid
inclusion microthermometry; bars are 1 mm. Photomicrograph (below): fluid inclusions in quartz showing
the coexistence of liquid-rich and vapor-rich fluid
inclusions (S-1 from the Sentul samples: YS-09032906A; see Fig. 12); bar is 20 m.

The overall data are irregularly spread, but with

slightly higher frequencies occurring at 190200C
and 220230C in the S-1 and K-1 samples from the
Sentul and Kojan prospect respectively, and both sets
show a crude positive skew toward the higher temperatures (Fig. 12).
The NaCl equivalent salinities were measured based
on ice-melting temperatures (Tm) and summarized
in Table 4. The Tm range from 0.8 to 0.3C and 0.5
to 0.0C, which correspond to calculated salinities
ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 wt% and 0 to 0.7 wt% NaCl
equiv. for the Kojan and Sentul prospects, respectively.
The measured salinity of the inclusions in quartz from
the Kojan prospect (av. 0.9 wt%) is slightly higher than
that from the Sentul prospect (av. 0.4 wt%).

The gold prospects in the Trenggalek district are

located close to and along the contacts of intrusive
rocks represented by andesitic plugs. Although only
the representative ones are shown in Figure 2, at least
seven andesitic plugs are located within 12 km from
the gold prospects. The andesitic plugs intruded in the
rock units that host the mineralized veins. This spatial
relationship suggests that the igneous activity which
formed the andesitic plugs was related to the hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Trenggalek district.
Relatively high LOI (1.65.5%) of andesitic plugs
indicates that the rocks are weakly altered (Table 1).
The plot on Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y diagram is often used to
distinguish volcanic rocks with hydrothermal alteration. The total alkalis vs. silica, Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y and
FeO/MgO vs. SiO2 diagrams of the andesitic plugs in
the Dalangturu, Salak, Jombok and Salak prospects
and YS-25 indicate sub-alkaline tholeiitic basalticandesite and calc-alkaline andesite compositions
(Figs 4, 5), which are common basaltic and andesitic
compositions in volcanic belts of island-arc. Two data
from the Jombok and Salak show relatively silicaenriched andesitic compositions (62.3 wt% and 58.8
wt% SiO2) and the Eu negative anomalies (Eu/Eu* =
0.71 and 0.88, respectively), suggesting a result of
magmatic differentiation from basaltic to andesitic
compositions (Fig. 6).
The 40Ar/39Ar dating on the hornblende-bearing
crystal tuff collected between the Dalangturu and Jati
prospects, which belongs to the Middle Miocene limestone and volcaniclastic rocks unit, yielded 15.6 0.5
Ma (Figs 2, 3f, 7; Samodra et al., 1992). This age overlaps
to the 40Ar/39Ar age of the mineralized vein (16.29
0.56 Ma) in the Dalangturu prospect. The layering
structure of the crystal tuff and its interbedded relationship with limestone suggest that the tuff was
deposited in a shallow marine environment. The occurrence of silica sinter boulders at the Suruh prospect
indicates a subaerial environment (Fig. 3g, h). On the
basis of the low salinity data (0.51.4 wt% NaCl eq.)
of fluid inclusions at the Kojan prospect, the hydrothermal fluids were not of seawater origin, but dominated
in meteoric water (Table 4). These observations suggest
that the mineralization in the Jati prospect, and
probably periphery ones, occurred in a subaerial
environment near a coastline.
Radiometric ages from most epithermal deposits in
West Java, outside of the Southern Mountain Range, are

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

163

R. Takahashi et al.

S-1

S-2

6
4

Frequency

2
0
8

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

K-2

K-1

6
4
2
0

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

Homogenization temperature (C)

Fig. 12 Histograms of homogenization temperature for fluid inclusions. S-1 and S-2 from the Sentul
prospect: YS-090329-06A and
06B, respectively, and K-1 and
K-2 from the Kojan prospect:
YS-090328-04 and 05B, respectively. S-12: different parts of
massive to translucent quartz
vein of >3 m wide (N35E70W;
see Figure 3C). K-1: float of comb
quartz (3 cm wide) near the
quartz vein outcrop, K-2: translucent to massive quartz vein of
50 cm wide in trench.

Table 4 Ice-melting temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions. Sample descriptions correspond to those in Figure 12
Prospect

Sentul
Sentul
Kojan

No.

S-l
S-2
K-l

Sample ID

YS090329-06A
YS090329-06B
YS09028-04

Numbers

11
9
10

Ice melting temperature (C)

NaCl equiv. salinity (wt%)

Minimum

Maximum

Average

Minimum

Maximum

Average

0.4
0.5
0.8

0.0
0.1
0.3

0.3
0.2
0.5

0.0
0.2
0.5

0.7
0.9
1.4

0.4
0.4
0.9

reported to be mainly Pliocene; Gunung Pongkor (2.05

Ma: 40Ar/39Ar on adularia; Milesi et al., 1999), Cikidang
(2.4 0.1 Ma: KAr on adularia; Rosana & Matsueda,
2002), Cipanglesseran (2.1 0.6 Ma: KAr on adularia;
Marcoux & Milesi, 1994) and Cirotan (1.7 0.1: KAr
on adularia; Marcoux & Milesi, 1994). The Cibaliung,
however, are of Miocene age (11.1810.65 Ma: 40Ar/
39
Ar on adularia; Harijoko et al., 2004). The ore-forming
age of 16 Ma dated at the Dalangturu prospect in this
study is significantly older than the epithermal gold
deposits in West Java. The finding of the gold prospects
in the Trenggalek district suggests a resource potential
of Miocene epithermal Au deposits in the Southern
Mountains Range.

5.2 Ore-forming conditions

The wider variation in liquid/vapor ratios of fluid
inclusions observed in the quartz veins from the Sentul
prospect indicates that gold was deposited from
boiling hydrothermal fluids (Figs 11, 12). The skewed

distributions of homogenization temperatures shown

in histograms (S-1 in Fig. 12) might have been due to
the trapping of vapor in the boiling process (Fig. 11).
The microthermometry were conducted on primary
fluid inclusions in the same mineralization sequences
within narrow portions (Fig. 11). The peaks of the
homogenization temperatures suggest that the main
mineralization at Sentul and Kojan occurred at 190
200C and 220230C, respectively.
Depth of fluid boiling can be calculated with a
hydrostatic pressure condition assuming that the deposition occurred in open fractures. On the basis of the
Haas boiling temperaturedepth diagram (Haas, 1971),
depths of gold deposition were determined as 130
165 m below the paleo-water table at the Sentul prospect if a hydrostatic pressure condition is assumed.
The ore-forming temperatures at the Trenggalek district are distinctive of epithermal mineralization (e.g.,
Heald et al., 1987; Hedenquist et al., 2000; Simmons
et al., 2005). The sulfidation-state of the mineralizing
fluids at the northern prospects of the Trenggalek
2014 The Society of Resource Geology

164

Gold mineralization in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

district was examined with the chemical compositions

of electrum and sphalerite at the Dalangturu prospect
(Fig. 10), and the homogenization temperatures of
fluid inclusions at the Kojan prospect (Fig. 12) were
applied to the calculation. The electrum-tarnish
method was applied for the estimation, though
argentite/acanthite has not been observed so far in
ores, but polybasite occurs. A weakly alkaline pH = 7.0
was estimated with assumed hydrothermal solution at
220C, the salinity of the fluid inclusions (0.9 wt%) and
silicate mineral assemblage for the Kojan prospect. The
thermodynamic calculation revealed the ranges of
logfS2 from 13.0 to 12.5 atm (1 atm 105 Pa), indicating an intermediate close to a low sulfidation state
as defined by Einaudi et al. (2003).

6. Conclusions
The intrusive rocks including andesitic plugs at the
northern prospects in the Trenggalek district are
subalkaline basaltic andesite to andesite in composition with tholeiitic and calc-alkaline characters, respectively. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of adularia in a quartz vein
at the Dalangturu prospect yielded 16.29 0.56 Ma,
and 15.6 0.5 Ma on hornblende in a crystal tuff of
limestonevolcaniclastic rock units. This suggests that
the hydrothermal activity in the northern prospects
took place in a transitional shallow marinesubaerial
environment.
The gold-mineralized veins are mainly composed
of quartz, adularia, and calcite associated with ore
minerals of pyrite, electrum, sphalerite, galena, and
polybasite. Barren quartz veins are composed of
quartz, calcite, and zeolite (i.e., chabazite, stilbite, and
thomsonite). The gold contents of ores are positively
correlated with Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu contents. The quartz
veins from the Jati, Gregah and Sentul prospects show
lower goldsilver ratios (Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to
those collected from the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and
Suruh prospects (Ag/Au = 66.8). The quartz veins in
the Dalangturu prospect are relatively rich in Cu, Pb,
and Zn; where the Ag/(Au+Ag) ratio of electrum
ranges from 45.2 to 65.0 at%, and FeS content of
sphalerite ranges from 1.2 to 6.4 mol%. The salinities of
ore-fluids at the Kojan and Sentul prospects range from
0.5 to 1.4 wt% and from 0 to 0.7 wt% NaCl equiv.,
respectively. Temperatures of vein formation at the
Sentul and Kojan prospects were 190200C and 220
230C, respectively. The calculated ore-forming depths
are 130165 m below the paleo-water table at the Sentul
prospect.

Acknowledgments
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the staff
and management of Arc Exploration Limited and PT
Indonusa Mining Services for their support and permission to publish this paper. We would like to extend
our sincere gratitude to Dr. Robert Duncan and Mr.
John Huard in Oregon State University for their technical support through argon mass spectrometry, Dr.
Didit Hadi Barianto of Kyushu University (presently at
University of Gadjah Mada) for his support through
ArcGIS data processing, and Mr. Firman Adriansyah
Bumulo of Gadjah Mada University for his support in
fieldwork. The research was financially supported by
Grants of Overseas Fieldwork for Youth from The
Society of Resource Geology and JSPS Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (18404020, 22760650), JSPS International Training Program, and Grants for Young
Researchers from Kyushu University. We thank Dr.
Naotatsu Shikazono and Dr. Toru Shimizu, Resource
Geology reviewers, and Dr. Yasushi Watanabe the
editor-in-chief, for their careful review and insightful
suggestions, which resulted in great improvement to
this paper.

References
Arc Exploration (2010a) ASX Announcement: Drilling at
Trenggalek demonstrates excellent potential for the discovery
of multiple gold resources. Arc Exploration Ltds online document [Cited 6 Oct 2010.] Available from URL: , 4 p.
Arc Exploration (2010b) ASX Announcement: Further encouraging drill results from Trenggalek. Arc Exploration Ltds online
document [Cited 29 Mar 2010.] Available from URL: http://
www.arcexploration.com.au, 4 p.
van Bemmelen, R. W. (1949) The Geology of Indonesia, Vol. I.A.
General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagos.
Hague Martinus Nijhoff, 732 p.
Bodnar, R. J. (1993) Revised equation table for determining the
freezing point depression of H2O-NaCl solutions. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 683684.
Carlile, J. C. and Mitchell, A. H. G. (1994) Magmatic arcs and
associated gold and copper mineralization in Indonesia.
J. Geochem. Explor., 50, 91142.
Duncan, R. A. and Hogan, L. G. (1994) Radiometric dating of
young MORB using the 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating
method. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 19271930.
Einaudi, M., Hedenquist, J. W. and Inan, E. E. (2003) Sulfidation state of fluids in active and extinct hydrothermal
systems: transitions from porphyry to epithermal environments. In Simmons, S. F. and Graham, I. J. (eds.) Volcanic,
geothermal and ore-forming fluids: rulers and whitnesses
of processes within the earth., Vol. 10. Econ. Geol. Spec.
Pub. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, CO, 285
313.

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

165

R. Takahashi et al.

Geological Research and Development Center (1992) Geological

Map of Tulungagung in 1:100,000 Scale. Geological Map of
Indonesia, No. 1057-5.
Haas, J. L. (1971) Effect of salinity on maximum thermal gradient
of a hydrothermal system at hydrostatic pressure. Econ. Geol.,
66, 940946.
Harijoko, A., Sanematsu, K., Duncan, R. A., Prihatmoko, S. and
Watanabe, K. (2004) Timing of the mineralization and volcanism at Cibaliung gold deposit, Western Java, Indonesia.
Resour. Geol., 54, 187195.
Heald, P., Foley, N. K. and Hayba, D. O. (1987) Comparative
anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits: acid-sulfate
and adularia-sericite types. Econ. Geol., 82, 126.
Hedenquist, J. W., Arribas, A. and Gonzalez-Urien, E. (2000)
Exploration for epithermal gold deposits. In Hagemann, S. G.
and Brown, P. E. (eds.) Gold in 2000. Review in Econ. Geol.,
Vol. 13. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, CO, 245
277.
Hermansson, T., Stephensb, M. B. and Page, L. M. (2008) 40Ar/
39
Ar hornblende geochronology from the Forsmark area in
central Sweden: constraints on late Svecofennian cooling,
ductile deformation and exhumation. Precambrian Res., 167,
303315.
Imai, A., Shinomiya, J., Soe, M. T., Setijadji, L. D., Watanabe, K.
and Warmada, I. W. (2007) Porphyry-type mineralization at
Selogiri Area, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia.
Resource Geol., 57, 230240.
van Leeuwen, T. M. (1994) 25 years of mineral exploration
and discovery in Indonesia. J. Geochem. Explor., 50, 1390.
Marcoux, E. and Milesi, J. P. (1994) Epithermal gold deposits
in West Java, Indonesia: geology, age and crustal source.
J. Geochem. Explor., 50, 393408.
McDonough, W. F. and Sun, S.-s. (1995) The composition of the
Earth. Chem. Geol., 120, 223253.
Milesi, J. P., Marcoux, E., Sitorus, T., Simandjuntak, M., Leroy, J.
and Bailly, L. (1999) Pongkor (west Java, Indonesia): a Pliocene supergene-enriched epithermal Au-Ag-(Mn) deposit.
Mineralium Deposita, 34, 131149.
Miyashiro, A. (1974) Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active
continental margins. Am. J. Sci., 274, 321355.
Renne, P. R., Deino, A. L., Walter, R. C., Turrin, B. D., Swisher, C.
C., Becker, T. A., Curtis, G. H., Sharp, W. D. and Jaouni, A. R.

(1994) Intercalibration of astronomical and radioisotopic

time. Geology, 22, 783786.
Renne, P. R., Swisher, C. C., Deino, A. L., Karner, D. B., Owena,
T. L. and DePaolo, D. J. (1998) Intercalibration of standards,
absolute ages and uncertainties in 40Ar/39Ar dating. Chem.
Geol., 145, 117152.
Roedder, E. (1984) Fluid Inclusions: Mineralogical Society of
America, Reviews in Mineralogy, 12.
Rosana, M. F. and Matsueda, H. (2002) Cikidang Hydrothermal
gold deposit in Western Java, Indonesia. Resour. Geol., 52,
341352.
Samodra, H., Gafoer, S. and Tjokroseputro, S. (1992) The Geological Map of Pacitan Quadrangle, Scale 1:100.000. Geological
Research and Development Center, Bandung, 1 p.
Setijadji, L. D., Kajino, S., Imai, A. and Watanabe, K. (2006)
Cenozoic island arc magmatism in Java Island (Sunda Arc,
Indonesia): clues on relationships between geodynamics of
volcanic centers and ore mineralization. Resour. Geol., 56,
267292.
Simmons, S. F., White, N. C. and John, D. (2005) Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. In
Hedenquist, J. W., Thompson, J. F. H., Goldfarb, R. J. and
Richards, J. (eds.) Economic Geology 100th anniversary
volume: society of economic geology. Society of Economic
Geologists, Littleton, CO, 485522.
Smyth, H. R., Hall, R. and Nichols, G. J. (2008) Cenozoic volcanic
arc history of East Java, Indonesia: the stratigraphic record of
eruptions on an active continental margin. Geol. Soc. Am.
Spec. Paper, 436, 199222.
Syafrizal, Imai, A., Motomura, Y. and Watanabe, K. (2005) Characteristics of gold mineralization at the Ciurug vein, Pongkor
gold-silver deposit, West Java, Indonesia. Resour. Geol., 55,
225238.
Warmada, I. W., Lehmann, B., Simandjuntak, M. and Hemes, H. S.
(2007) Fluid inclusion, rare-earth element and stable isotope
study of carbonate minerals from the Pongkor epithermal
goldsilver deposit, West Java, Indonesia. Resour. Geol., 57,
24135.
Winchester, J. A. and Floyd, P. A. (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation
products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol., 20, 325
343.

2014 The Society of Resource Geology

166