Rolling (metalworking)

Rolling mill redirects here. For mills that use rollers to known as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling procrush grain or stone, see roller mill.
cesses more tonnage than any other manufacturing proIn metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in cess, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of
all cold working processes.[1][2] Roll stands holding pairs
of rolls are grouped together into rolling mills that can
quickly process metal, typically steel, into products such
as structural steel (I-beams, angle stock, channel stock,
and so on), bar stock, and rails. Most steel mills have
rolling mill divisions that convert the semi-nished casting products into nished products.
There are many types of rolling processes, including ring
rolling, roll bending, roll forming, prole rolling, and controlled rolling.

1 History
1.1 Iron and steel
The discovery of the rolling mill in Europe maybe attributed to Leonardo da Vinci in his drawings.[3] The earliest rolling mills in crude form but the same basic principles were found in Middle East and South Asia as early as
600 BCE. Earliest rolling mills were slitting mills, which
were introduced from what is now Belgium to England
in 1590. These passed at bars between rolls to form
a plate of iron, which was then passed between grooved
rolls (slitters) to produce rods of iron.[4] The rst experiments at rolling iron for tinplate took place about 1670.
In 1697, Major John Hanbury erected a mill at Pontypool
to roll 'Pontypool platesblackplate. Later this began to
be rerolled and tinned to make tinplate. The earlier production of plate iron in Europe had been in forges, not
rolling mills.

A rolling schematic

The slitting mill was adapted to producing hoops (for barrels) and iron with a half-round or other sections by means
that were the subject of two patents of c. 1679.,
Some of the earliest literature on rolling mills can be
traced back to Christopher Polhem in 1761 in Patriotista
Rolling visualization. (Click on image to view animation.)
Testamente, where he mentions rolling mills for both plate
[5]
which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs and bar iron. He also explains how rolling mills can save
of rolls to reduce the thickness and to make the thick- on time and labor because a rolling mill can produce 10
ness uniform. The concept is similar to the rolling of to 20 or more bars at the same time.
dough. Rolling is classied according to the temperature A patent was granted to Thomas Blockley of England in
of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is 1759 for the polishing and rolling of metals. Another
above its recrystallization temperature, then the process patent was granted in 1766 to Richard Ford of England
is known as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal for the rst tandem mill.[6] A tandem mill is one in which
is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is the metal is rolled in successive stands; Fords tandem mill
1

2 HOT AND COLD ROLLING

Properzi roller, Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan

grew rapidly along with the size products being rolled.

Example of this was at The Great Exhibition in 1851 a
plate 20 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 7/16 of inch thick,
weighed 1,125 pounds was exhibited by the Consett Iron
Company.[8] Further evolution of the rolling mill came
with the introduction of Three-high mills in 1853 used
for rolling heavy sections.

2 Hot and cold rolling

2.1 Hot rolling
Slitting mill, 1813.

was for hot rolling of wire rods.

1.2

Other metals

Rolling mills for lead seem to have existed by the late

17th century. Copper and brass were also rolled by the
late 18th century.

1.3

Modern rolling

Modern rolling practice can be attributed to the pioneering eorts of Henry Cort of Funtley Iron Mills, near Fareham, England. In 1783 a patent was issued to Henry Cort
for his use of grooved rolls for rolling iron bars.[7] With
this new design mills were able to produce 15 times more
output per day than with a hammer.[8] Although Cort was
not the rst to use grooved rolls, he was rst to combine
the use of many of the best features of various ironmaking
and shaping processes known at the time. Thus modern
writers have called him father of modern rolling.
The rst rail rolling mill was established by John Birkenshaw in 1820, where he produced sh bellied wrought
iron rails in lengths of 15 to 18 feet.[8] With the advancement of technology in rolling mills the size of rolling mills

A coil of hot-rolled steel

See also: Hot working

Hot rolling is a metalworking process that occurs above
the recrystallization temperature of the material. After
the grains deform during processing, they recrystallize,
which maintains an equiaxed microstructure and prevents
the metal from work hardening. The starting material
is usually large pieces of metal, like semi-nished casting products, such as slabs, blooms, and billets. If these
products came from a continuous casting operation the
products are usually fed directly into the rolling mills at

2.2

Cold rolling

the proper temperature. In smaller operations the material starts at room temperature and must be heated. This
is done in a gas- or oil-red soaking pit for larger workpieces and for smaller workpieces induction heating is
used. As the material is worked the temperature must
be monitored to make sure it remains above the recrystallization temperature. To maintain a safety factor a nishing temperature is dened above the recrystallization
temperature; this is usually 50 to 100 C (90 to 180 F)
above the recrystallization temperature. If the temperature does drop below this temperature the material must
be re-heated before more hot rolling.[9]
Hot rolled metals generally have little directionality in
their mechanical properties and deformation induced
residual stresses. However, in certain instances nonmetallic inclusions will impart some directionality and
workpieces less than 20 mm (0.79 in) thick often have
some directional properties. Also, non-uniform cooling
will induce a lot of residual stresses, which usually occurs in shapes that have a non-uniform cross-section, such
as I-beams. While the nished product is of good quality, the surface is covered in mill scale, which is an oxide
that forms at high temperatures. It is usually removed
via pickling or the smooth clean surface process, which
reveals a smooth surface.[10] Dimensional tolerances are
usually 2 to 5% of the overall dimension.[11]
Hot rolled mild steel seems to have a wider tolerance for
amount of included carbon than does cold rolled steel,
and is therefore more dicult for a blacksmith to use.
Also for similar metals, hot rolled products seem to be
less costly than cold-rolled ones.[12]
Hot rolling is used mainly to produce sheet metal or
simple cross sections, such as rail tracks. Other typical uses for hot rolled metal includes truck frames, automotive wheels, pipe and tubular, water heaters, agriculture equipment, strappings, stampings, compressor shells,
railcar components, wheel rims, metal buildings, railroad
hopper cars, doors, shelving, discs, guard rails, automotive clutch plates.[13]

2.1.1

Shape rolling design

Rolling mills are often divided into roughing, intermediate and nishing rolling cages. During shape rolling,
an initial billet (round or square) with edge of diameter typically ranging between 100140 mm is continuously deformed to produce a certain nished product with
smaller cross section dimension and geometry. Dierent sequences can be adopted to produce a certain nal
product starting from a given billet. However, since each
rolling mill is signicantly expensive (up to 2 million of
euros), a typical requirement is to contract the number or
rolling passes. Dierent approaches have been achieved
including, empirical knowledge, employment of numerical models and Articial Intelligence techniques. Lambiase et al.[14][15] validated a nite element model (FE) for

3
predicting the nal shape of a rolled bar in round-at pass.
one of the major concern when designing rolling mills
is to reduce the number of passes; a possible solution
to such requirement is represented by the slit pass also
called split pass which divided an incoming bar in two
or more subpart thus virtually increasing the cross section reduction ratio per pass as reported by Lambiase.[16]
Another solution for reducing the number of passes in
the rolling mills is the employment of automated systems
for Roll Pass Design as that proposed by Lambiase and
Langella.[17] subsequently, Lambiase further developed
an Automated System based on Articial Intelligence and
particularly an integrated system including an inferential engine based on Genetic Algorithms a knowledge
database based on an Articial Neural Network trained
by a parametric Finite element model and to optimize and
automatically design rolling mills.[18]

2.2 Cold rolling

See also: Cold-formed steel
Cold rolling occurs with the metal below its recrystallization temperature (usually at room temperature),
which increases the strength via strain hardening up to
20%. It also improves the surface nish and holds
tighter tolerances. Commonly cold-rolled products include sheets, strips, bars, and rods; these products are
usually smaller than the same products that are hot rolled.
Because of the smaller size of the workpieces and their
greater strength, as compared to hot rolled stock, fourhigh or cluster mills are used.[2] Cold rolling cannot reduce the thickness of a workpiece as much as hot rolling
in a single pass.
Cold-rolled sheets and strips come in various conditions:
full-hard, half-hard, quarter-hard, and skin-rolled. Fullhard rolling reduces the thickness by 50%, while the others involve less of a reduction. Skin-rolling, also known
as a skin-pass, involves the least amount of reduction:
0.5-1%. It is used to produce a smooth surface, a uniform thickness, and reduce the yield point phenomenon
(by preventing Lders bands from forming in later processing). It locks dislocations at the surface and thereby
reduces the possibility of formation of Lders bands. To
avoid the formation of Lders bands it is necessary to create substantial density of unpinned dislocations in ferrite
matrix. It is also used to break up the spangles in galvanized steel. Skin-rolled stock is usually used in subsequent cold-working processes where good ductility is
required.
Other shapes can be cold-rolled if the cross-section is relatively uniform and the transverse dimension is relatively
small. Cold rolling shapes requires a series of shaping
operations, usually along the lines of sizing, breakdown,
roughing, semi-roughing, semi-nishing, and nishing.
If processed by a blacksmith, the smoother, more consis-

PROCESSES

tent, and lower levels of carbon encapsulated in the steel

makes it easier to process, but at the cost of being more
expensive.[19]
Typical uses for cold-rolled steel include metal furniture, desks, ling cabinets, tables, chairs, motorcycle
exhaust pipes, computer cabinets and hardware, home
appliances and components, shelving, lighting xtures,
hinges, tubing, steel drums, lawn mowers, electronic cabinetry, water heaters, metal containers, and a variety of
construction-related products.[20]

3
3.1

Processes
Roll bending

Roll forming

3.3 Flat rolling

Roll bending

Main article: Roll bender

Flat rolling is the most basic form of rolling with the

starting and ending material having a rectangular crosssection. The material is fed in between two rollers, called
working rolls, that rotate in opposite directions. The gap
between the two rolls is less than the thickness of the starting material, which causes it to deform. The decrease in
material thickness causes the material to elongate. The
friction at the interface between the material and the rolls
causes the material to be pushed through. The amount
of deformation possible in a single pass is limited by the
friction between the rolls; if the change in thickness is too
great the rolls just slip over the material and do not draw
it in.[1] The nal product is either sheet or plate, with the
former being less than 6 mm (0.24 in) thick and the latter
greater than; however, heavy plates tend to be formed using a press, which is termed forming, rather than rolling.

Roll bending produces a cylindrical shaped product from

Often the rolls are heated to assist in the workability of the
plate or steel metals .[21]
metal. Lubrication is often used to keep the workpiece
from sticking to the rolls. To ne-tune the process, the
speed of the rolls and the temperature of the rollers are
3.2 Roll forming
adjusted.[22]
Main article: Roll forming
Roll forming, roll bending or plate rolling is a continuous
bending operation in which a long strip of metal (typically coiled steel) is passed through consecutive sets of
rolls, or stands, each performing only an incremental part
of the bend, until the desired cross-section prole is obtained. Roll forming is ideal for producing parts with long
lengths or in large quantities. There are 3 main processes:
4 rollers, 3 rollers and 2 rollers, each of which has as different advantages according to the desired specications
of the output plate.

h is sheet metal with a thickness less than 200 m (0.0079

in). The rolling is done in a cluster mill because the small
thickness requires a small diameter rolls.[9] To reduce the
need for small rolls pack rolling is used, which rolls multiple sheets together to increase the eective starting thickness. As the foil sheets come through the rollers, they
are trimmed and slitted with circular or razor-like knives.
Trimming refers to the edges of the foil, while slitting
involves cutting it into several sheets.[22] Aluminum foil
is the most commonly produced product via pack rolling.
This is evident from the two dierent surface nishes; the
shiny side is on the roll side and the dull side is against the
other sheet of foil.[23]

3.7

3.4

Forge rolling

Ring rolling

A schematic of ring rolling

Ring rolling is a specialized type of hot rolling that increases the diameter of a ring. The starting material is a
thick-walled ring. This workpiece is placed between two
rolls, an inner idler roll and a driven roll, which presses the
ring from the outside. As the rolling occurs the wall thickness decreases as the diameter increases. The rolls may
be shaped to form various cross-sectional shapes. The
resulting grain structure is circumferential, which gives
better mechanical properties. Diameters can be as large
as 8 m (26 ft) and face heights as tall as 2 m (79 in).
Common applications include bearings, gears, rockets,
turbines, airplanes, pipes, and pressure vessels.[10]

3.5

Structural shape rolling

5
recrystallization temperature is also used to perform the
heat treatments so that any subsequent heat treating is unnecessary. Types of heat treatments include the production of a ne grain structure; controlling the nature, size,
and distribution of various transformation products (such
as ferrite, austenite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite in
steel); inducing precipitation hardening; and, controlling
the toughness. In order to achieve this the entire process
must be closely monitored and controlled. Common variables in controlled rolling include the starting material
composition and structure, deformation levels, temperatures at various stages, and cool-down conditions. The
benets of controlled rolling include better mechanical
properties and energy savings.[11]

3.7 Forge rolling

Forge rolling is a longitudinal rolling process to reduce
the cross-sectional area of heated bars or billets by leading
them between two contrary rotating roll segments. The
process is mainly used to provide optimized material distribution for subsequent die forging processes. Owing to
this a better material utilization, lower process forces and
better surface quality of parts can be achieved in die forging processes.[24]
Basically any forgeable metal can also be forge-rolled.
Forge rolling is mainly used to preform long-scaled billets through targeted mass distribution for parts such as
crankshafts, connection rods, steering knuckles and vehicle axles. Narrowest manufacturing tolerances can only
partially be achieved by forge rolling. This is the main
reason why forge rolling is rarely used for nishing, but
mainly for preforming.[25]
Characteristics of forge rolling:[26]
high productivity and high material utilization
good surface quality of forge-rolled workpieces
extended tool life-time
small tools and low tool costs
improved mechanical properties due to optimized
grain ow compared to exclusively die forged workpieces

Cross-sections of continuously rolled structural shapes, showing

the change induced by each rolling mill.

4 Mills

Main article: Structural shape rolling

For the factory, see steel mill.
A rolling mill, also known as a reduction mill or mill, has
a common construction independent of the specic type
[27]
Controlled rolling is a type of thermomechanical pro- of rolling being performed:
cessing which integrates controlled deformation and heat
treating. The heat which brings the workpiece above the
Work rolls

3.6

Controlled rolling

MILLS

Pinions - gears to divide power between the two

spindles, rotating them at the same speed but in different directions
Gearing - to establish desired rolling speed
Drive motors - rolling narrow foil product to thousands of horsepower
Electrical controls - constant and variable voltages
applied to the motors
Rolling mills

Coilers and uncoilers - to unroll and roll up coils of

metal
Slabs are the feed material for hot strip mills or plate mills
and blooms are rolled to billets in a billet mill or large
sections in a structural mill. The output from a strip mill
is coiled and, subsequently, used as the feed for a cold
rolling mill or used directly by fabricators. Billets, for rerolling, are subsequently rolled in either a merchant, bar
or rod mill. Merchant or bar mills produce a variety of
shaped products such as angles, channels, beams, rounds
(long or coiled) and hexagons.

4.1 Congurations

Rolling mill for cold rolling metal sheet like this piece of brass
sheet

Backup rolls - are intended to provide rigid support

required by the working rolls to prevent bending under the rolling load

E
F
Rolling balance system - to ensure that the upper
work and back up rolls are maintained in proper poVarious rolling congurations. Key: A. 2-high B. 3-high C. 4sition relative to lower rolls
high D. 6-high E. 12-high cluster & F. 20-high Sendzimir Mill

Roll changing devices - use of an overhead crane and cluster

a unit designed to attach to the neck of the roll to be
Mills are designed in dierent types of congurations,
removed from or inserted into the mill.
with the most basic being a two-high non-reversing, which
Mill protection devices - to ensure that forces ap- means there are two rolls that only turn in one direction.
plied to the backup roll chocks are not of such a The two-high reversing mill has rolls that can rotate in
magnitude to fracture the roll necks or damage the both directions, but the disadvantage is that the rolls must
be stopped, reversed, and then brought back up to rolling
mill housing
speed between each pass. To resolve this, the three-high
Roll cooling and lubrication systems
mill was invented, which uses three rolls that rotate in one

4.2

Tandem mill

direction; the metal is fed through two of the rolls and

then returned through the other pair. The disadvantage
to this system is the workpiece must be lifted and lowered using an elevator. All of these mills are usually used
for primary rolling and the roll diameters range from 60
to 140 cm (24 to 55 in).[9]
To minimize the roll diameter a four-high or cluster mill is
used. A small roll diameter is advantageous because less
roll is in contact with the material, which results in a lower
force and power requirement. The problem with a small
roll is a reduction of stiness, which is overcome using
backup rolls. These backup rolls are larger and contact
the back side of the smaller rolls. A four-high mill has
four rolls, two small and two large. A cluster mill has
more than 4 rolls, usually in three tiers. These types of
mills are commonly used to hot roll wide plates, most cold
rolling applications, and to roll foils.[9]
Historically mills were classied by the product
produced:[28]
Blooming, cogging and slabbing mills, being the
preparatory mills to rolling nished rails, shapes or
plates, respectively. If reversing, they are from 34
to 48 inches in diameter, and if three-high, from 28
to 42 inches in diameter.

7
Sheet mills with rolls from 20 to 32 inches in diameter.
Universal mills for the production of square-edged
or so-called universal plates and various wide
anged shapes by a system of vertical and horizontal
rolls.

4.2 Tandem mill

A tandem mill is a special type of modern rolling mill
where rolling is done in one pass. In a traditional rolling
mill rolling is done in several passes, but in tandem mill
there are several stands (>=2 stands) and reductions take
place successively. The number of stands ranges from 2
to 18. Tandem mills can be either of hot or cold rolling
mill types.

5 Defects
In hot rolling, if the temperature of the workpiece is not
uniform the ow of the material will occur more in the
warmer parts and less in the cooler. If the temperature dierence is great enough cracking and tearing can
occur.[9]

Billet mills, three-high, rolls from 24 to 32 inches in

diameter, used for the further reduction of blooms
down to 1.5x1.5-inch billets, being the preparatory 5.1 Flatness and shape
mills for the bar and rod
In a at metal workpiece, the atness is a descriptive at Beam mills, three-high, rolls from 28 to 36 inches
tribute characterizing the extent of the geometric deviain diameter, for the production of heavy beams and
tion from a reference plane. The deviation from complete
channels 12 inches and over.
atness is the direct result of the workpiece relaxation af Rail mills with rolls from 26 to 40 inches in diame- ter hot or cold rolling, due to the internal stress pattern
caused by the non-uniform transversal compressive acter.
tion of the rolls and the uneven geometrical properties of
Shape mills with rolls from 20 to 26 inches in di- the entry material. The transverse distribution of dierameter, for smaller sizes of beams and channels and ential strain/elongation-induced stress with respect to the
other structural shapes.
materials average applied stress is commonly referenced
Merchant bar mills with rolls from 16 to 20 inches to as shape. Due to the strict relationship between shape
and atness, these terms can be used in an interchangein diameter.
able manner. In the case of metal strips and sheets, the
Small merchant bar mills with nishing rolls from 8 atness reects the dierential ber elongation across the
to 16 inches in diameter, generally arranged with a width of the workpiece. This property must be subject to
an accurate feedback-based control in order to guarantee
larger size roughing stand.
the machinability of the metal sheets in the nal transfor Rod and wire mills with nishing rolls from 8 to 12 mation processes. Some technological details about the
inches in diameter, always arranged with larger size feedback control of atness are given in.[29]
roughing stands.
Hoop and cotton tie mills, similar to small merchant 5.1.1 Prole
bar mills.
Armour plate mills with rolls from 44 to 50 inches Prole is made up of the measurements of crown and
wedge. Crown is the thickness in the center as compared
in diameter and 140 to 180-inch body.
to the average thickness at the edges of the workpiece.
Plate mills with rolls from 28 to 44 inches in diam- Wedge is a measure of the thickness at one edge as opeter.
posed to the other edge. Both may be expressed as abso-

5 DEFECTS

lute measurements or as relative measurements. For in- the elastic modulus of the roll material and adding backstance, one could have 2 mil of crown (the center of the up supports to the rolls.[11]
workpiece is 2 mil thicker than the edges), or one could The dierent classications for atness defects are:
have 2% crown (the center of the workpiece is 2% thicker
than the edges).
Symmetrical edge wave - the edges on both sides of
It is typically desirable to have some crown in the workthe workpiece are wavy due to the material at the
piece as this will cause the workpiece to tend to pull to the
edges being longer than the material in the center.
center of the mill, and thus will run with higher stability.
5.1.2

Asymmetrical edge wave - one edge is wavy due to

the material at one side being longer than the other
side.

Flatness
ROLL

FORCE

Center buckle - The center of the strip is wavy due

to the strip in the center being longer than the strip
at the edges.

WORKPIECE

STRAIGHT ROLLS

Quarter buckle - This is a rare defect where the

bers are elongated in the quarter regions (the portion of the strip between the center and the edge).
This is normally attributed to using excessive roll
bending force since the bending force may not compensate for the roll deection across the entire length
of the roll.

CROWNED ROLLS

Roll deection

It is important to note that one could have a atness defect even with the workpiece having the same thickness
across the width. Also, one could have fairly high crown
or wedge, but still produce material that is at. In order
to produce at material, the material must be reduced by
the same percentage across the width. This is important
because mass ow of the material must be preserved, and
the more a material is reduced, the more it is elongated.
If a material is elongated in the same manner across the
width, then the atness coming into the mill will be preserved at the exit of the mill.

Maintaining a uniform gap between the rolls is dicult

because the rolls deect under the load required to deform
the workpiece. The deection causes the workpiece to be
thinner on the edges and thicker in the middle. This can
be overcome by using a crowned roller (parabolic crown),
however the crowned roller will only compensate for one
set of conditions, specically the material, temperature,
and amount of deformation.[11]
5.2
Other methods of compensating for roll deformation include continual varying crown (CVC), pair cross rolling,
and work roll bending. CVC was developed by SMSSiemag AG and involves grinding a third order polynomial curve into the work rolls and then shifting the work
rolls laterally, equally, and opposite to each other. The
eect is that the rolls will have a gap between them that
is parabolic in shape, and will vary with lateral shift, thus
allowing for control of the crown of the rolls dynamically.
Pair cross rolling involves using either at or parabolically
crowned rolls, but shifting the ends at an angle so that the
gap between the edges of the rolls will increase or decrease, thus allowing for dynamic crown control. Work
roll bending involves using hydraulic cylinders at the ends
of the rolls to counteract roll deection.

Draught

The dierence between the thickness of initial and rolled

metal piece is called Draught. Thus if t0 is initial thickness and tf is nal thickness, then the draught d is given
by
d = t0 tf
The maximum draught that can be achieved via rollers of
radius R with coecient of static friction f between the
roller and the metal surface is given by
dmax = f 2 R
This is the case when the frictional force on the metal
from inlet contact matches the negative force from the
exit contact.

Another way to overcome deection issues is by decreasing the load on the rolls, which can be done by apply- 5.3 Surface defect types
ing a longitudinal force; this is essentially drawing. Other
method of decreasing roll deection include increasing There are six types of surface defects:[30]

9
Lap This type of defect occurs when a corner or n [8] Roberts 1978, p. 6.
is folded over and rolled but not welded into the
metal.[31] They appear as seams across the surface [9] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 385.
of the metal.
[10] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 387.
Mill-shearing These defects occur as a feather-like lap.
Rolled-in scale This occurs when mill scale is rolled
into metal.

[11] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 388.

[12] http://metalsforasteel.com
[13] Hot Rolled Steel. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

Scabs These are long patches of loose metal that have

been rolled into the surface of the metal.
[14] Capece Minutolo, F.; Durante, M.; Lambiase, F.; LanSeams They are open, broken lines that run along the
length of the metal and caused by the presence of
scale as well as due to pass roughness of Roughing
mill.
Slivers Prominent surface ruptures.

5.4

Surface defect remediation

gella, A. (2005). Dimensional Analysis in Steel Rod

Rolling for Dierent Types of Grooves. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (3): 373377.
doi:10.1361/01599490523913.
[15] Capece Minutolo, F.; Durante, M.; Lambiase, F.; Langella, A. (2006). Dimensional analysis of a new
type of groove for steel rebar rolling. Journal of
Materials Processing Technology 175 (1-3): 6976.
doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.04.042.

Many surface defects can be scarfed o the surface [16] Lambiase, F. (2014). Prediction of geometrical prole
in slit rolling pass. The International Journal of Adof semi-nished rolled products before further rolling.
vanced Manufacturing Technology 71 (5-8): 12851293.
Methods of scarng have included hand-chipping with
doi:10.1007/s00170-013-5584-7.
chisels (18th and 19th centuries); powered chipping and
grinding with air chisels and grinders; burning with an [17] Lambiase, F.; Langella, A. (2009). Automated Prooxy-fuel torch, whose gas pressure blows away the metal
cedure for Roll Pass Design. Journal of Materior slag melted by the ame;[32] and laser scarng.
als Engineering and Performance 18 (3): 263272.
doi:10.1007/s11665-008-9289-2.

See also
Bernard Lauth
John B. Tytus
Tadeusz Sendzimir

[18] Lambiase, F. (2013). Optimization of shape rolling

sequences by integrated articial intelligent techniques.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology 68 (1-4): 443452. doi:10.1007/s00170013-4742-2.
[19] http://spaco.org/hrvscr.htm
[20] Cold Rolled Steel. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

Notes

[1] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 384.

[21] Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),
Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, Industrial
Press Inc., pp. 300304, ISBN 0-8311-3049-0.

[2] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 408.

[22] http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/
aluminum-foil

[3] http://www.mostredileonardo.com/site.asp?idSito=1&
idLingua=10&idPagina=246

[23] Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 386

[4] Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus:

Technological Change and Industrial Development in
Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge,
New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
[5] Swank, James M.,History of the Manufacturers of Iron in
All Ages, Published by Burt Franklin 1892, p.91

[24] Behrens, B.-A.: Final Report Summary - DEVAPRO (Development of a variable warm forging process chain). 2nd
September 2015.
[25] Behrens, B.-A.: Forge Rolling. In: CIRP Encyclopedia of
Production Engineering.
[26] ASM International: ASM Handbook Metalworking: bulk
forming. ASM International, 2005

[6] Roberts 1978, p. 5.

[27] Roberts 1978, p. 64.
[7] R. A. Mott (ed. P. Singer), Henry Cort: the great ner
(Metals Society, London 1983), 31-36; English patents,
nos. 1351 and 1420.

[28] Kindl, F. H. (1913), The Rolling Mill Industry, Penton

Publishing, pp. 1319.

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

[29] Pin, G; Francesconi, V; Cuzzola, FA; Parisini, T (2012).

Adaptive task-space metal strip-atness control in cold
multi-roll mill stands. Journal of Process Control 23:
108119. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2012.08.008.

Typical gauge distribution: Hot Rolled Steel

[30] Denition of standard mill terms, archived from the original on 03-04-2010, retrieved 03-04-2010. Check date
values in: |access-date=, |archive-date= (help)

Steel Rolling Mill Machines

[31] Glossary of Metalworking Terms, retrieved 2010-12-12.

[32] Roberts 1983, pp. 158162

7.1

Bibliography

Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A.

(2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
(9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Roberts, William L. (1978), Cold Rolling of Steel,
Marcel Dekker, ISBN 978-0-8247-6780-8.
Roberts, William L. (1983), Hot Rolling of Steel,
Marcel Dekker, ISBN 978-0-8247-1345-4.
Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.: Handbuch Umformtechnik: Grundlagen, Technologien, Maschinen (in German), 2nd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2010, ISBN
978-3-642-04248-5

Further reading
Ginzburg, Vladimir B.; Ballas, Robert (2000), Flat
Rolling Fundamentals, CRC Press, ISBN 978-08247-8894-0.
Lee, Youngseog (2004), Rod and bar rolling, CRC
Press, ISBN 978-0-8247-5649-9.
Swank, James M. (1965), History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages (2nd ed.), Ayer Publishing,
ISBN 978-0-8337-3463-1.
Reed-Hill, Robert, et al. Physical Metallurgy Principles, 3rd Edition, PWS publishing, Boston, 1991.
ISBN 978-0-534-92173-6.
Callister Jr., William D., Materials Science and Engineering - an Introduction, 6th Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, NY, 2003. ISBN 0-471-135763

External links
How Liners Achieve the Desired Quality of the
Product Being Rolled
History of Rolling Mills
Key to metals: Steel Rolling

Stockiest, Slitters & Distributors of Cold Rolled

Steel

Hot Rolled Steel

11

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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