Electric Motor

Oleh:
Gunawan # Emp. No 119452
Electrical / Maintenance

Agenda
1 Introduction
2 Types of Electric Motors
3 Assessment of Electric Motor

1. Introduction

Introduction
Electric motor
Application
Principles Operation
Three Types of Motor Load

Electric Motor
What is an Electric Motor?
Electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy

Applications
Mechanical energy
used to e.g.
Rotate pump impeller,
fan, blower
Drive compressors
Lift materials

Applications

What are the advantages of using

electric motors over other sources of
power?

Electric motors offer many

advantages when compared to
many other sources of power such
as small gasoline engines or
gasoline or diesel power units.
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Applications

Advantages include:

Low Initial Investment

Electric motors may not be cheap, but
when you consider the amount of work
they accomplish, their cost is relatively
low.
They are lower in cost because they are
mass-produced, have few moving parts,
and are simple in construction.
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Applications
Inexpensive to operate
While electricity is not cheap, if you consider
what it costs to accomplish various tasks, the
cost is low.
One kilowatt hour of electricity costs
somewhere around $.10/kWh.
One kilowatt hour of electricity will provide
enough power to pump over 1,000 gallons of
water or supply air pressure to paint 700
square feet of surface.
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Applications

Efficient
Many electric motors operate at 85
percent efficiency or higher.

Some 3-phase motors may operate at

93 percent efficiency.

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Applications

Simple to operate
May be started or stopped by flicking a
switch, pushing a button, moving a
lever, or automatically by an electrical
control.
Almost immediate full power, no
gradual acceleration.

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Applications
Operate quietly

They operate smoothly, quietly, and

with little vibration.

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Applications

Compact in size

Usually much smaller than the

machine they operate as well as other
sources of power.

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Applications
Long life

They have few moving parts, do not

vibrate excessively, and are lubricated
efficiently.

As a result, many remain in service 30

years or longer.
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Applications

Ready to operate

Start in extreme winter cold or severe

summer heat.
One Electric Motor per wheel!

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Applications

Will start a reasonable load

Many electric motors are designed to

start under load, which eliminates the
need for a clutch or transmission.

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Applications
Will tolerate temporary overloading

They are designed to carry up to one

and a half times their rated capacity
for short periods.

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Applications

Automatically controlled

This is important for operating

heating, refrigeration, and ventilation
equipment.

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Applications

Remotely controlled

They have the capacity to be

controlled from great distances, which
provides convenience, and safety of
operation of electrical equipment.

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Applications
Adaptable

They may be moved from one

operation to another by remounting
the motor and changing the pulley and
the belt.
The direction of rotation is usually
reversible as well.
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Applications

Safe to operate

They are designed to prevent the operator

from coming into contact with live wires or
other electrical parts.
They use no volatile fuel, give off no
dangerous exhaust gases or fumes, have
no hot exhaust manifold, and have no
open gears to provide a safety hazard to
operator or others.
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Principles Operation

How Does an Electric Motor Work?

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Three types of Motor Load

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Motor loads

Description

Examples

Constant
torque loads

Output power varies

but torque is constant

Conveyors, rotary kilns,

constant-displacement
pumps

Variable
torque loads

Torque varies with

square of operation
speed

Centrifugal pumps, fans

Constant
power loads

Torque changes
inversely with speed

Machine tools

2. Types of Electric Motor

Type of Electric Motors

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC)

Motors

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Synchronous

Induction

Single-Phase

Three-Phase

Direct Current (DC)

Motors

Separately
Excited

Series

Self Excited

Compound

Shunt

Type of Electric Motors

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC)

Motors

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Synchronous

Induction

Single-Phase

Three-Phase

Direct Current (DC)

Motors

Separately
Excited

Series

Self Excited

Compound

Shunt

Type of Electric AC Motors

AC Motors
Electrical current reverses direction
Speed difficult to control

Two types
1. Synchronous motor
2. Induction motor

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Type of Electric AC Motors

1. Synchronous motor
Constant speed fixed by system
frequency
DC for excitation and low starting
torque: suited for low load applications
Can improve power factor: suited for
high electricity use systems

Synchronous speed (Ns):

Ns = 120 f / P
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F = supply frequency
P = number of poles

Type of Electric AC Motors

2. Induction motor
Most common motors in industry

Advantages:
Simple design
Inexpensive
High power to weight ratio
Easy to maintain

Direct connection to AC power source

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Type of Induction Motors

1. Single-phase induction motor
One stator winding
Single-phase power supply

Squirrel cage rotor

Require device to start motor
3 to 4 HP applications

Household appliances: fans, washing

machines, dryers

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Type of Induction Motors

2. Three-phase induction motor
Three-phase supply produces magnetic
field
Squirrel cage or wound rotor
Self-starting

High power capabilities

1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps,
compressors, conveyor belts, grinders
70% of motors in industry!

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3. Assessment of Electric motor

Assessment of Electric Motor

Efficiency of Electric Motors
Motors loose energy when serving a load

Fixed loss
Rotor loss
Stator loss
Friction and rewinding

Stray load loss

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Assessment of Electric Motor

Efficiency of Electric Motors
Factors that influence efficiency
Age
Capacity
Speed
Type
Temperature
Rewinding
Load
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Assessment of Electric Motor

Efficiency of Electric Motors
Motor part load efficiency

Designed for 50-100% load

Most efficient at 75% load

Rapid drop below 50% load

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Thank you

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