CSE Simulation Systems L7 A2016

48410 Intro to ICT Engineering
Simulation Systems
Dr Zenon Chaczko
zenon.chaczko@uts.edu.au
University of Technology, Sydney
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Roadmap
Intro to Modeling and Simulation
Definition of Simulation
Brief History
Applications
Real World Applications and Tools
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality
Questions????
This lecture provides general ideas, terminology, examples of applications,

good/bad things about modeling and simulation systems ..
Dr Zenon Chaczko
What is a Model ?
System facility or process, actual or planned
A Model is not the real world but merely a construct (an abstract) to help
us better understand real world systems. In general all models have an

information input, an information processor, and an output of expected
results. A model is an approximation of reality
Modeling - creation of a set of assumptions/approximations about how
the system works.

One can try wide-ranging ideas with the model
Make your mistakes on the computer where they dont count, rather than for
real where they do count
Often, just building the model is instructive regardless of results
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Types of Models
Visualisation
Logical
Iconic
Interactive
Demonstrations
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Modeling Landscape
Decision support
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Modeling Ecosystem
Source http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/models/WhatIsAModel.html
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Rationale for using Models?

Why study the model instead of the real system ?
usually much easier, faster, cheaper, safer
Models allow to study the system measure, analyse, improve, design,
study, describe behaviour, define/predict, control, construct theories or

hypothese about the system
Or maybe we should just play with the actual system ?
Advantage unquestionably looking at the right thing
Well, in reality, its not often possible to do with the actual system
System often doesnt exist
Cost - would be disruptive, expensive, or very risky
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Studying Logical Models

If model is simple enough, use traditional mathematical analysis get
exact results, lots of insight into model
Queuing theory, differential equations, linear programming
But how a complex system can be validly represented by a simple
analytic model ?
Danger of over-simplifying assumptions a model validity is needed.
Model validity (any kind of model )
Care in building to mimic reality faithfully, level of detail

Get same conclusions from the model as you would from system
A complex system may require a complex model, and analytical methods
dont apply what to do?
Dr Zenon Chaczko
And What is Simulation ?

Simulation in broad terms methods and applications to imitate or
mimic real systems, usually via computer

Applies in many fields and industries
Very popular and powerful method
Book covers simulation in general and the Arena simulation software in
particular
Websters Dictionary: to assume the mere appearance of , without the reality
Dr Zenon Chaczko
10
Simulation is .
Formal definition:
Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and

conducting experiments with this model for the purpose of either
understanding the behavior of the system and/or evaluating various
strategies for the operation of the system.
- Introduction to Simulation Using SIMAN (2nd Ed.)
Simulation is one of the most widely used techniques in operations

research and management science
No longer the approach of last resort!
Dr Zenon Chaczko
11
Simulation Ecosystem
Combat system simulator

Dr Zenon Chaczko
12
Computer Simulation
Broadly interpreted, computer simulation refers to methods for studying a wide
variety of models of systems

Numerically evaluate on a computer
Use software to imitate the systems operations and characteristics, often
over time
Can be used to study simple models but should not use it if an analytical
solution is available
Real power of simulation is in studying complex models

Simulation can tolerate complex models since we dont even aspire to an
analytical solution
Dr Zenon Chaczko
13
Brief History
Not a very old technique...
World War II - Monte Carlo simulation: originated with the work on the
atomic bomb. Used to simulate bombing raids. Given the security code name
Monte-Carlo. Still widely used for problems which are not analytically solvable
Late 50s, early 60s
- Computers appeared and got improved
First languages introduced: SIMSCRIPT, GPSS (IBM)

Simulation viewed at the tool of last resort
Late 60s and 70s

Primary computers were mainframes: accessibility and interaction was limited
GASP IV introduced by Pritsker. Triggered a wave of diverse applications.
Significant in the evolution of simulation. SLAM introduced in 1979 by Pritsker &
Pegden. Models more credible due to sophisticated tools.
80s through present - SIMAN introduced in 1982 by Pegden. First language to

run on both a mainframe as well as a microcomputer. Powerful PCs and
languages are very sophisticated (market almost saturated)
Major advancement: Graphics. Models can now be animated!
Dr Zenon Chaczko
14
What can be simulated?

Almost anything can and almost everything has...
Computer Systems: hardware components, software systems, networks,

data base management, information processing, etc..
Manufacturing: material handling systems, assembly lines, automated
production facilities, inventory control systems, plant layout, etc.
.
Business: stock and commodity analysis, pricing policies, marketing,
cash flow analysis, forecasting, etc..
Defense / government : military weapons and their use, military
tactics, population forecasting, land use, health care delivery, fire
protection, criminal justice, traffic control, etc..
and many more .
Dr Zenon Chaczko
15
Popularity of Simulation
Consistently ranked as the most useful, popular tool in the broader area of
operations research / management science

1980: M.S. graduates of CWRU O.R. Department after graduation
1. Statistical analysis
2. Forecasting
3. Systems Analysis
4. Information systems
5. Simulation
1980: 200 large firms, which methods used?
1. Statistical analysis (93% used it)
2. Simulation (84%)
3. Followed by LP, PERT/CPM, inventory theory, NLP,
2016: Which methods are used in top 500 large firms ?
Dr Zenon Chaczko
16
Areas of applications
Bank or other personal-service operation
Transportation/logistics/distribution
Hospital facilities
emergency room, operating room admissions)
Computer network
Freeway system
Business process (insurance office)

Criminal justice system
Chemical plant
Fast-food restaurant
Supermarket
Research and education
Emergency-response system, etc.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
17
LabVIEW Simulator: IDE
http://www.labshare.edu.au/catalogue/rigtypedetail/?id=1
Dr Zenon Chaczko
18
Tools: Hardware-in-the-loop
Dr Zenon Chaczko
19
Tools: Virtual Simulation IDEs
Dr Zenon Chaczko
20
VREP Simulator: IDE
Dr Zenon Chaczko
21
Tools: Virtual Simulation IDEs
Dr Zenon Chaczko
22
Characteristics of Simulation
Important simulation features:
Experiment to estimate something hard to compute exactly
Randomness, so estimate will not be exact; estimate the error in the

estimate
Replication (the more the better) to reduce error
Sequential sampling to control error keep tossing until probable

error in estimate is small enough
Variance reduction
Dr Zenon Chaczko
23
Simulation - Different Kinds of Science

Static vs. Dynamic
Does time have a role in the model?
Continuous-change vs. Discrete-change
Can the state change continuously or only at discrete points in

time?
Deterministic vs. Stochastic
Is everything for sure or is there uncertainty?
Most operational models:
Dynamic, Discrete-change, Stochastic
Dr Zenon Chaczko
24
Using Computers to Simulate

General-purpose languages
Tedious, low-level, error-prone
But, almost complete flexibility
Support packages
Subroutines for list processing, bookkeeping, time advance
Widely distributed, widely modified
Spreadsheets
Usually static models
Financial scenarios, distribution sampling, SQC
Dr Zenon Chaczko
25
Using Computers to Simulate (contd.)

Simulation languages
GPSS, SIMSCRIPT, SLAM, SIMAN, CSIM
Learning curve for features, effective use, syntax
High-level simulators
Very easy, graphical interface
Domain-restricted (manufacturing,
communications)
Limited flexibility model validity?
Dr Zenon Chaczko
26
Hybrid Simulations
Combining Real Imagery with Simulations (or Generated Imagery):
Teleorobotics
Virtual reality
Augmented reality
Examples:
Robot-assisted surgery
Virtual real estate tours
Virtual medical tours
Urban planning
Map-assisted navigation
Computer games
Dr Zenon Chaczko
27
Human Operating in a Real Environment

All objects are real; we cook food, chop wood, do brain surgery
Dr Zenon Chaczko
28
Virtual Immersive Environments
Example: nurse gets training on giving injections using a system with stereo
imagery and haptic feedback
Dr Zenon Chaczko
29
Human Operating in Virtual Immersive Env.
Think of a heads up display on your auto windshield, or on the instrument

panel. What could be there to help you navigate?
(Vectors to nearby eating places? Blinking objects we might collide with?
Congestion of nearby intersections? Web pages?)
Dr Zenon Chaczko
30
Virtual Image of Real Data

3D sensed data can be studied for
surgical paths to be followed by a
surgeon or a robot.
In the future, real-time sensing and

registration can be used for feedback in
the process.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
31
Most Computer Games / Videos are virtual

IMMERSION or engagement, can be very
high, however, with
Quality spatial resolution
Stereo
Smooth motion
Little time delay between user

interactions and visual effects
Synchronized audio and force

feedback
Dr Zenon Chaczko
Courtesy of University of Washington HIT Lab
32
Fusing Real and Generated images
Human sees real environment optics

design problem
Human sees graphics generated

from 3D/2D models computer
graphics problem
Graphics system needs to know how

the human is viewing the 3D env.
difficult pose sensing problem
From University of Washington HIT Lab.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
33
Fusing CAD Models with Real Env.
Plumber marks the wall where the CAD blueprint shows the pipe to be.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
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Teleoperation
Remotely guided police robot moves a suspected bomb
Teleoperated robot cleans up nuclear reactor problem

Surgeon in US performs surgery on a patient in France
Dr Zenon Chaczko
36
Teleoperation on Power Lines
Dr Zenon Chaczko
37
Face2face Mobile Telecommunication
Concept HMD at left; actual images from our prototype HMD at right.
Problem is to communicate the face to a remote communicator.

Dr Zenon Chaczko
38
F2F: Miguel Figueroas system

Face image is fit as a blend of
basis faces from training
images
c1F1+c2F2+ cnFn
Coefficients [c1, c2, , cn]
sent to receiver embedded in
the voice encoding.
Receiver already has the
basis vectors F1, F2, , Fn
and a mapping from side view
to frontal view and can
reconstruct the current frame.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
39
Augmented Reality (AR)

Augmented Reality: Views of Real Objects + Augmentation
Person works at real desk
Remote collaborator represented
by picture or video or talking
head
Objects of discussion; e.g. a
patients brain image, might also
be fused into visual field
AR in Teleconferencing
Courtesy of University of Washington HIT Lab
Dr Zenon Chaczko
43
What is Augmented Reality?

Augmented reality (AR) is a field of
computer research which deals with the

combination of real-world and computergenerated data.
Most of the AR research is currently
concerned with the use of video imagery

which is digitally processed and
augmented by adding computergenerated graphics.
R. Azuma states that AR system
Combines real and virtual world aspects
Is interactive in real-time
Is registered in three dimensions
Dr Zenon Chaczko
44
Augmented vs. Virtual Reality

One of the identifying marks of a virtual reality system is the head
mounted display worn by users.

These displays block out all the external world and present to the wearer
a view that is under the complete control of the computer.
In Augmented Reality, the user must still be aware that he or she is
present in the real world.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
46
What is needed?
There are three components needed in order to make an
augmented-reality system work:
Head-mounted display
Tracking system
Mobile computing power
Dr Zenon Chaczko
47
Current Uses of AR
Yellow first down line
used on TV broadcasts of
football games:
Real world elements:

football field and players
Virtual element: the

yellow line drawn over
the image by computers
in real-time
Dr Zenon Chaczko
48
Current Uses of ARHEL

HUD (Head Up Display):
Used in commercial aircraft,

automobiles, and other
applications
Presents data without

requiring the user to look
away from his or her usual
viewpoint
Dr Zenon Chaczko
49
LifeClipper
LifeClipper is a wearable AR
system being used in

Switzerland.
When walking around a chosen
culturally interesting area, the

user will feel as though they are
watching a film.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
50
Wikitude AR Travel Guide

Mobile travel guide for the
Android platform (open source

OS for cell phones).
Plan a trip or find about current
surroundings in real-time.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
51
Advantages to Simulation
Simulations greatest strength is its ability to answer what if questions...
Develop product knowledge
Can be used to study existing systems without disrupting the ongoing
Idea generation
Concept testing
Analysis/study of alternatives
Analysis of performance and bottlenecks
Requirements verification and validation
Design feasibility
Facilitate engineering integration
Generate operational requirements

Evaluate manufacturing .
Any system that gives people instant information, requiring no research
on their part, is bound to be a valuable to anyone in any field.

Dr Zenon Chaczko
52
Disadvantages to Simulation
Simulation is not without its drawbacks...
Model building is an art as well as a science. The quality of the analysis
depends on the quality of the model and the skill of the modeler
Simulation results are sometimes hard to interpret.
Simulation analysis can be time consuming and expensive.

Should not be used when an analytical method would
provide for quicker results.
Dr Zenon Chaczko
54
Simulation Tools
LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim,[2] simulation platform to model and analyze
multi-domain systems and predict their performances

AnyLogic multi-method simulation tool, supports System
dynamics, Discrete event simulation, Agent-based modeling

Modelica, open-standard object-oriented language for system modeling
EcosimPro Language (EL) - Continuous modeling with discrete events
Repast and SeSAm Multiagent simulator and graphical modelling
Simulink - Continuous and discrete event capability
XMLlab - simulations with XML[6]

Flexsim - 3D process simulation software for continuous, discrete event,
EICASLAB - Continuous, discrete and discrete event capability specifically

devoted to support the automatic control design.
TRUE (Temporal Reasoning Universal Elaboration)[8] Discrete and
continuous capability, + 3D Modeler

Dr Zenon Chaczko
57
Summary
Value of simulation is widely recognised
Simulation software improved, but they were still languages to be
learned, typed, batch processed

Often used to clean up disasters in auto, aerospace industries
Car plant; heavy demand for certain model
Line underperforming
Simulated, problem identified
But demand had dried up simulation was too late
The future
Exploiting interoperability of operating systems with VR/ AR/ IOT
Specialized templates for industries, firms
Automated statistical design, big data, cloud solutions and analytics,
Dr Zenon Chaczko
59
Questions?
Thank you for your Attention!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBYqOBdIcaY
Dr Zenon Chaczko
60

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48410 Intro to ICT Engineering

This lecture provides general ideas, terminology, examples of applications,

us better understand real world systems. In general all models have an

the system works.

Often, just building the model is instructive regardless of results

Rationale for using Models?

usually much easier, faster, cheaper, safer

Models allow to study the system measure, analyse, improve, design,

study, describe behaviour, define/predict, control, construct theories or

Advantage unquestionably looking at the right thing

System often doesnt exist

Cost - would be disruptive, expensive, or very risky

Studying Logical Models

exact results, lots of insight into model

Queuing theory, differential equations, linear programming

But how a complex system can be validly represented by a simple

Danger of over-simplifying assumptions a model validity is needed.

Model validity (any kind of model )

Care in building to mimic reality faithfully, level of detail

dont apply what to do?

And What is Simulation ?

mimic real systems, usually via computer

Websters Dictionary: to assume the mere appearance of , without the reality

Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and

Simulation is one of the most widely used techniques in operations

Combat system simulator

variety of models of systems

Real power of simulation is in studying complex models

Not a very old technique...

Late 50s, early 60s

- Computers appeared and got improved

First languages introduced: SIMSCRIPT, GPSS (IBM)

Late 60s and 70s

80s through present - SIMAN introduced in 1982 by Pegden. First language to

What can be simulated?

Computer Systems: hardware components, software systems, networks,

operations research / management science

2016: Which methods are used in top 500 large firms ?

emergency room, operating room admissions)

Business process (insurance office)

LabVIEW Simulator: IDE

Tools: Virtual Simulation IDEs

VREP Simulator: IDE

Tools: Virtual Simulation IDEs

Experiment to estimate something hard to compute exactly

Randomness, so estimate will not be exact; estimate the error in the

Replication (the more the better) to reduce error

Sequential sampling to control error keep tossing until probable

Simulation - Different Kinds of Science

Does time have a role in the model?

Continuous-change vs. Discrete-change

Can the state change continuously or only at discrete points in

Deterministic vs. Stochastic

Is everything for sure or is there uncertainty?

Most operational models:

Dynamic, Discrete-change, Stochastic

Using Computers to Simulate

Tedious, low-level, error-prone

But, almost complete flexibility

Subroutines for list processing, bookkeeping, time advance

Widely distributed, widely modified

Usually static models

Financial scenarios, distribution sampling, SQC