MathematicalEquationsofCFD

Centre for Computational Technologies

CentreforComputationalTechnologies

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CFDFundamentals

CFDEquations

Outline

Introduction
NavierStokesequations
T b l
Turbulencemodeling
d li
IncompressibleNavierStokesequations
Buoyancydrivenflows
Eulerequations
Discretephasemodeling
Multiple species modeling
Multiplespeciesmodeling
Combustionmodeling
Summary

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Introduction(1)
Introduction
(1)
InCFDwewishtosolvemathematicalequationswhich
governfluidflow,heattransfer,andrelatedphenomenafora
givenphysicalproblem
WhatequationsareusedinCFD?
Navier
NavierStokes
Stokesequations
equations
mostgeneral
canhandlewiderangeofphysics
IncompressibleNavierStokesequations
bl
k
assumesdensityisconstant
energyequationisdecoupledfromcontinuityandmomentum
equationsifallfluidpropertiesareconstant

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Introduction (2)
Introduction(2)
Eulerequations
neglectallviscousterms
reasonableapproximationforhighspeedflows(thinboundary
bl
f h h
d fl
(h b
d
layers)
cancouplewithboundarylayerequationstodetermineviscous
effects
ff

Otherequationsandmodels

Turbulencemodelingequations
g q
Thermodynamicsrelationsandequationsofstate
Discretephaseequationsforparticles
Multiple species modeling
Multiplespeciesmodeling
Chemicalreactionequations(finiterate,PDF,etc.)

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Navier StokesEquations
NavierStokes
Equations
ConservationofMass
r

+ V = 0
t

ConservationofMomentum

r u v u w
u
u
u
u
p u 2
+u
+ v + w = + 2 V + + + +
+ Bx

3
t
x
y
z
x
x
x
y
y
x
z
z
x

r u v v w
v
v
v
v
p v 2
+ u + v + w = + 2 V + + + +
+ B y

y
3
y

r w u v w
w
w
w
w
p w 2
+ Bz
+u
+v
+ w = + 2
+ + +
V +

z
3

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Navier StokesEquations(2)
NavierStokes
Equations (2)
ConservationofEnergy
r
E
E
E
E
+ u
+v
+w
= (kT ) pV + Q& v + Q& g
x
y
z
t

EquationofState

= ( P, T )

P
PropertyRelations
t R l ti
= (T )
k = k (T )
C p = C p (T )

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NavierStokes
Navier
StokesEquations(3)
Equations (3)

NavierStokesequationsprovidethemostgeneralmodelofsingle
phasefluidflow/heattransferphenomena
Fiveequationsforfiveunknowns:,
e equat o s o
eu
o s , p,
p,u,v,w
u, ,
Thecomputationcostsarehigh
Requiresadditionalturbulencemodel,i.e.,additional
equation(s)
q
( ) inordertosolveturbulentflowsforpractical
p
engineeringproblems

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SimulatingTurbulentFlows
Simulating
Turbulent Flows
Turbulenceisastateofflowcharacterizedbyfluctuatingand
chaoticfluidmotion
Turbulentflows:inherentlyunsteadyandnonperiodic
T b l
fl
i h
l
d
d
i di
phenomena
TheNavierStokesequationscanbeusedtonumerically
predictturbulentflowsbut
thetimeandspacescalesofturbulenceareverytinyascomparedto
theflowdomain!
scaleofsmallestturbulenteddiesareaboutathousandtimessmaller
thanthescaleoftheflowdomain
if10pointsareneededtoresolveaturbulenteddy,thenabout100,000
points are need to resolve just one cubic centimeter of space!
pointsareneedtoresolvejustonecubiccentimeterofspace!

solvingunsteadyflowswithlargenumbersofgridpointsisatime
consumingtask

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Turbulence Modeling (2)

TurbulenceModeling(2)
Conclusion:Directnumericalsimulation(DNS)ofturbulenceusing
theNavierStokesequationsisimpracticalatthepresenttime

Q: How do we deal with turbulence in CFD?

Q:HowdowedealwithturbulenceinCFD?
A:TurbulenceModeling
TimeaveragetheNavierStokesequationstoremovethehigh
frequency unsteady component of the turbulent fluid motion
frequency,unsteadycomponentoftheturbulentfluidmotion
Modeltheextratermsresultingfromthetimeaveragingprocess
usingempiricallybasedturbulencemodels

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IncompressibleNavier
Incompressible
NavierStokes
StokesEquations
Equations
ConservationofMass
r
V = 0

ConservationofMomentum
p
u r

+ V u = + 2 u + B x
x

t
p
v r

+ V v = + 2 v + B y
y
t

p
w r

+ V w = + 2 w + B z
z
t

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Incompressible NavierStokes
IncompressibleNavier
StokesEquations(2)
Equations (2)

SimplifiedformoftheNavierStokesequationswhichassume
incompressibleflow
constantproperties
constant properties

Forisothermalflows,wehavefourunknowns:p,u,v,w
Energyequationisdecoupledfromtheflowequationsinthiscase.
Canbesolvedseparatelyfromtheflowequations
C b
l d
l f
h fl
i

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CanbeusedforflowsofliquidsandgasesatlowMachnumber
Stillrequireaturbulencemodelforturbulentflows

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BuoyancyDriven
Buoyancy
DrivenFlows
Flows

Ausefulmodelofbuoyancydriven(naturalconvection)flows
employstheincompressibleNavierStokesequationswiththe
followingbodyforcetermaddedtotheymomentumequation:
B y = ( 0 ) g 0 (T T0 )g
=thermalexpansioncoefficient
=referencedensityandtemperature
g=gravitationalacceleration(assumedpointinginydirection)

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ThisisknownastheBoussinesq
q model.
Itassumesthatthetemperaturevariationsareonlysignificantin
thebuoyancyterminthemomentumequation(densityis
essentiallyconstantexceptforthebuoyancyterm).

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EulerEquations
Euler
Equations
NeglectingallviscoustermsintheNavierStokesequations
yieldstheEulerequations:
r

+ V = 0
t
r
u
p
+ Vu = + Bx
t
x
r
v
p
+ Vv = + B y
t
y
r
w
p
+ Vw = + Bz
t
z
r
E
p
+ V E + = 0

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Euler Equations (2)

EulerEquations(2)

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Notransportproperties(viscosityorthermalconductivity)are
needed.
Momentumandenergyequationsaregreatlysimplified.
o e tu a d e e gy equat o s a e g eat y s p ed
Butwestillhavefiveunknowns:, p,u,v,w.
TheEulerequationsprovideareasonablemodelofcompressible
fluidflowsathighspeeds(whereviscouseffectsareconfinedto
g p
(
narrowzonesnearwallboundaries).

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DiscretePhaseModeling
Discrete
Phase Modeling
Wecansimulatesecondaryphasesintheflows(eitherliquid
orsolid)usingadiscretephasemodel.
Thismodelisapplicabletorelativelylowparticlevolume
fractions(<1012%byvolume)
Modelindividualparticlesbyconstructingaforcebalanceon
Model individual particles by constructing a force balance on
themovingparticle
DragForce
Particlepath
BodyForce

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DiscretePhaseModeling(2)
Discrete
Phase Modeling (2)
Assumingtheparticleisspherical(diameterD),itstrajectory
isgovernedby
r
dV p

18 C D Re r r
r p r

=
+ Fp
V Vp + g
2
p
dt D 24

r
V p = particle velocity
D = particle diameter
C D = drag coefficient
r
g = gravitational acceleration

p = particle density
Re = relative Reynolds number
r
Fp = additional forces acting on particle

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DiscretePhaseModeling(3)
Discrete
Phase Modeling (3)
Canincorporateothereffectsindiscretephasemodel

dropletvaporization
dropletboiling
particleheating/coolingandcombustion
devolatilization

Applicationsofdiscretephasemodeling
sprays
coalandliquidfuelcombustion
l dl
df l
b
particleladenflows(sandparticlesinanairstream)

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Multiple Species Modeling

MultipleSpeciesModeling

Ifmorethanonespeciesispresentintheflow,wemustsolve
speciesconservationequationsofthefollowingform

r
r
mi
+ Vmi = J i + Ri + S i
t
mi = mass fraction of species i
r
J i = diffusion flux of species i
Ri = mass creation/depletion by chemical reactions
Si = other sources of mass

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Speciescanbeinertorreacting
Hasmanyapplications(combustionmodeling,fluidmixing,etc.).
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Combustionmodeling
Combustion
modeling
Ifchemicalreactionsareinvolved,wecanpredictthe
creation/depletionofspeciesmassandtheassociatedenergy
transfers using a combustion model
transfersusingacombustionmodel.
Somecommonmodelsinclude
Finiteratekineticsmodel
applicabletononpremixed,partially,andpremixedcombustion
relativelysimpleandintuitiveandiswidelyused
requiresknowledgeofreactionmechanisms,rateconstants(introduces
uncertainty)

PDFmodel

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solvestransportequationformixturefractionoffuel/oxidizersystem
rigorously accounts for turbulencechemistry
rigorouslyaccountsforturbulence
chemistryinteractions
interactions
canonlyincludesinglefuel/singleoxidizer
notapplicabletopremixedsystems

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Summary

Generalpurposesolvers(suchasthosemarketedbyFluentInc.)
numericallysolvetheNavierStokesequations.
Simplified forms of the governing equations can be employed in a
Simplifiedformsofthegoverningequationscanbeemployedina
generalpurposesolverbysimplyremovingappropriateterms
Example:TheEulerequationscanbeusedinageneralpurposesolverby
simply zeroing out the viscous terms in the NavierStokes
simplyzeroingouttheviscoustermsintheNavier
Stokesequations
equations

OtherequationscanbesolvedtosupplementtheNavierStokes
equations(discretephasemodel,multiplespecies,combustion,
etc.).
)
Factorsdeterminingwhichequationformistobeused:
Modeling arethesimplerformsappropriateforthephysicalsituation?
Cost EulerequationsaremuchcheapertosolverthantheNavier
Euler equations are much cheaper to solver than the NavierStoke
Stoke
equations
Time Simplerflowmodelscanbesolvedmuchmorerapidlythanmore
complexones.

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