INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

NAME

PIN NO

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the student of 5th

semester DIPLOMA IN ECE In GPT-WGL
have undergone INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
for a period of 6 months from 20,may,2011
to15,November,2011.
The project titled is STUDY OF BSNL
EXCHANGE PTB indoor, is a bonofied work
done by them under our supervision and
guidance.

Name of the student:

Pin-No:
Staff concern:
Principal:
HECE:
charge:

Training In

PREFACE

Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering curriculum

towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a student can realize the
theory thought in classroom and it also gives an exposure to modern technology.

In the field of Electronics and communication engineering there has been rapid
development to support the ever increasing volume information, so Electronics students
has an opportunity during Training period to knowledge about the latest technologies.

Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in

books. For this we perform experiments and get observations

Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with
the problems related to that field so that we may solve them and became successful
person

After achieving the proper goal of life an Engineer has to enter in professional
life.

According to this life he has to serve an industry, may be public or private sector
or self-own. For the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical
knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.

To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment &must

know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc., so we can tackle them
successfully.

Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our
engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of six months. During this
period a student in industry and gets all type of experience and knowledge about the
working and maintenance of various stypes of machinery.

For this purpose, no organization other than BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM

LIMITED could have been a better choice.
I have undergone by six month of training (after II yr.) at

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

POTHANA TELEPHONE BHAVAN, WARANGAL
. This report has been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my
six months (20-5-2011 to 15-11-2011) training at exchange.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering student for

practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest technology. First of all, I
would like to express my attitude towards Mr.K.Narender (General manager telecom
district, warangal) and towards Mrs.Mamatha kumari (H.O.D., Electronics department,
GPT, WGL) for providing me a great opportunity to undertake training at BSNL .
I would also like to thanks
Mr. Kishan rao (JTO, D-TAX)
Mr.Odelu (JTO, BB)
Mrs.Sumathi (JTO,EWSD)
Mr.C.S Sastry (JTO,MDF)
Mr.Ravinder (JTO,MBM)
and the co-operative helpful staff for giving me a knowledge of their services and
helping me time to time. Last but not least I would like to thanks to training in charge
Mrs.Srilatha (SDE,IT)
PTB, WARANGAL for arranging the training programmer for my practical training.

CONTENTS

1. SMPS POWERPLANT
2. MDF
3. SWITCHING (EWSD)
4. CDOT
5. D-TAX
6. BROADBAND
7. DWDM
8. GSM
9.IPTAX

POWER PLANT
Power plant is equipment, which gives uninterrupted DC power supply to the
telecommunication systems. Because telecommunication systems require electrical
energy 24 hours in 365 days and DC power supply is needed for :

Conversion of speech signals to electrical signals.

For operating switching, transmission equipment.
Need of D.C. Power supply:

Harmonics of A.C may affect the speech signals.

Relays used in telecom systems are more sensitive to D.C than A.C
Transistors and I.C.s etc. being unidirectional devices, the use of D.C has become
necessary.
Arranging standby source to A.C is difficult compare to D.C for which secondary
cells can be used as S/Bsource.
Conventional power plant:-

Power plant comprises 3 parts

-Float Rectifier
-Battery Charger
-Switching Cubicle.
FLOAT RECTIFIER: The function of the Float Rectifier is to receive three phases
440 V AC and to give a constant 51.50.5 Volts D.C without AC ripples.
-The steps involved to achieve the function are
a) Step-down
b) Rectification
c) Filtering of A.C. ripples.

d) Regulation.
Step down:
Transformer steps down the 3 phases A.C voltage from 440V to around 80 volts.
Rectification:
Any unidirectional device rectifies the AC to DC.
Here Diodes & SCRs are used for rectification.
Filtering: Here multi-stage L.C. Filters are used for filtering the A.C. Ripples.
Regulation:

As far as Float Rectifier is concerned, Regulation is the mechanism by which the

output of a float rectifier is kept constant at 51.5 _+0.5V irrespective of input voltage
variations of 12%. Output load variations of 5% to 105% and input frequency variations
of 4% or 48-52 Hz.
Problems of the conventional types of power plant:
1. Very large size,
2. Large weight
3. Lower efficiency.
4. No scope for modular expansion.

To get rid of all these problems now SMPS power plant are used.
SMPS POWER PLANT
In these systems, the conversion of AC to DC is accomplished in two stages:

First Stage conversion:

The input AC voltage is directly rectified to high voltage DC.
Second Stage Conversion:
Rectified high voltage DC is stored in a capacitor.
High voltage DC is then converted into a very high frequency AC (20 KHz and
higher) by means of very powerful and fast semi-conductor switching devices.
High frequency AC is stepped down to the required level, by means of a small
high frequency transformer.
Stepped down AC is rectified to DC of desired voltage and filtered by means of
high frequency filters.

A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage,
which shown in the block diagram serves this purpose.

ADVANTAGES OF SMPS POWER PLANT:

Due to high frequency the size of transformers and chokes is reduced to10 to15%
of the conventional SCR/Thyristor controlled power plants. This makes the power
plant compact due to which a lot of saving in floor area is achieved.
The batteries (both VRLA as well as flooded Lead acid) are more prone to
temperature variations . As most of the SMPS Power Plants employ
microprocessor control techniques, the introduction of temperature compensation
logic for batteries has become simple and easier.
Being small and light in weight, fit perfectly in modular concept.Up-gradation of
the capacity in modular system is easy; simply plugging-in the additional modules
adds to the capacity, with the limit of ultimate capacity and does not require the
replacement of existing Power Plants in the case of conventional Power Plants.
These Power Plants have very high reliability and therefore are less prone to
faults, which result in low operating cost.
SMPS offer a very improved Power Factor (near unity) making the system more
efficient and make easy to comply with state electricity boards P.F.norms.
These power systems are suitable for VRLA batteries. Every 10 degree rise in
battery temperature doubles the chemical reaction in the battery &capacity
becomes half. The SMPS power plant takes care of the temperature by reducing
the charging voltage but still it is important to measure individual cell temp. There
is temperature compensation in SMPS PP and it is 3mV per degree raise in temp.

3.EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM FOR TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

Earth electrode systems are installed at telephone exchanges:

To provide an earth connection to the battery circuit to stabilize the battery

potential of the lines and equipment with respect to earth, thus reducing the risk of cross
talk due to lines and equipments assuming an indefinite voltage with respect to earth, and
enabling single pole switching to be used on the exchange power plant.

To provide a direct connection with earth for lightning protective apparatus.

To provide protection to persons and plant against leakage from station power
wiring to metallic apparatus, frames etc.

To provide a means of earthing electrostatic screens on apparatus and of earthing

lead sheaths of cables.

To complete the circuit of telephone systems, employing a common earth path for
signaling purposes.
4. ENGINE ALTERNATOR

Engine alternator is used to provide suitable standby power supply to the power
plant, lights, fans , and also AC units whenever the commercial supply is interrupted.

Engine alternator consists of two separate machines one is Engine and another is
Alternator or Generator.

ENGINE: An engine is a machine which converts the natural forms of fuel

energy into mechanical energy.

GENERATOR: A Generator is an electromagnetic machine which converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

MDF

In telephony a MDF is a Main Distribution Frame.

It is the interconnection between line and exchange using jumper wire.
It consist of two main segments:
1, Exchange side
2, MDF (line) side
For the first half of 20th century, all the MDF jumpers were soldered. This was reliable
but slow and expensive.
All the cable copper wire pairs supplying services through user telephone lines are
terminated at MDF and distributed through the MDF to equipment within the local
exchange.
Subscribers will be connected to MDF (vertical) through underground cable termination
pin, their will be connection between vertical and N.E (equipment number).
On line side, CT (cable termination) boxes are provided and modules are provided on
exchange side.
EXTERNAL PLANT

External plant is a network, which is from MDF to the subscribers telephone instrument.
At present this network consist of MDF, underground cables, pillar, DPs, drop wire and
telephone instrument.

CC : Cable chamber
D.P: Distributionpoint
LJU: Line jack unit
PILLAR:

One exchange can have any number of pillars that are necessitated based on the
topography of that exchange external plant.
The C.T boxes are mounted inside the pillar on steel frame works,which are
provided with brackets for jumper wires
Proper termination of cable pairs and jumper wires at pillar is very important,any
loose termination will result in various faults.
DISTRIBUTION POINT {DP}:

DP box is a terminal arrangement where underground cable pairs are connected to

drop wires for providing connections at subs premises
The DPs are usually given with 4 digits corresponds to the number of pillar from
which the DP is working and 3rd & 4th digits of the DP denote the serial number of the DP
starting serially from 01 to 99 within that pillar area.
If the DPs are innerzone the first 2 digits of the DP number are 00.
DPs capacity can be 1,2,5,10,20 or 50 pairs.
CABLES:

The cable connecting mdf to pillar is primary cable.

The cable that is used to connect the pillar to DP is called secondary cable.

From DP,a drop wire runs upto the subs telephone.

The primary cable will be connected to pillar in 2 types.

1.DUCT CHAMBER METHOD

.
The cables will be buried and are connected using manholes.
This manholes are provided for every 200fts.
The cables within manholes are connected using sleeves or uv connectors.
2. SOILING METHOD
The cable will buried at 3ft depth in olden days.
To safeguard the cable from hits, damages, faults warning bricks are provided.

TYPES OF CABLES:
There are two types of cables
PAPER INSULATED CABLES
POLYTHENE INSULATED JELLY FILLED CABLES

PRIMARY CABLES:The cables which are used to connect MDF and pillar is called primary cables.
Capacity:-800pr,400pr,200pr.
1) Blue
2) Brown
3) Orange
4) Green
5) Slate

SECONDARY CABLES:The cables which are used to connect pillar to the distribution point is called secondary
cables.
Capacity:- 100pr,50pr,20pr.
1) White
2) Yellow
3) Black
4) Violet
5) Red
TEST DESK:It is used for cable test from pillar.
It is used for finding whether is primary cable fault or exchange fault.
Also used for finding earth faults and continuity check.
TYPES OF FAULTS:The efficiency and maintenance of external plant largely depends on the proper
maintenance of underground cable network i.e., primary and distribution cables.
Earth fault- when the insulation between the earth and the wire of pair becomes
very low.
Low insulation fault- when the insulation between wires or between the pairs or
between pair and earth falls below a prescribed limit(normally 0.5 M ohm). This may be
due to entry of moisture or due to failure of insulation.
Disconnection fault- conductor is cut or high resistance fault is introduced in the
circuit.
Short-circuit fault- when the resistance between the wires or between the pairs
becomes very low. This may be the looping of the wires or pairs.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:In mdf the CT boxes are provided with some devices called IPM(integrated
protective modules).
The protective devices are used to provide the exchange equipment from
electrical hazards, induced voltages on lines or cables due to induction from power lines.

SWITCHING
Introduction:

To overcome the limitations of manual switching; automatic exchanges, having Electromechanical components, were developed.
A telecommunication network establishes and realises temporary connections, in
accordance with the instructions and information received from subscriber lines and inter
exchange trunks, inform the various signals. Therefore it is necessary to interchange the
information between an exchange and its external environment i.e. between different
exchanges. Though these signals differ in implementation. They are collectively known
as TELEPHONE SIGNALS.

The first electronic exchange employing Space-Division switching (Analog

switching) was commissioned in 1965 at Succasunna, New Jersey.

Further research resulted in development of Time-Division switching (Digital

Switching) which enabled sharing a single path by several calls, thus providing full
availability. The first digital exchange was commissioned in 1970 in Brittany, France.

DEFINITION: The process which is performed to establish a temporary connection

between the calling subscriber and called subscriber is called SWITCHING.
The primary function of a Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) is to
Provide temporary path for simultaneous, bidirectional transmission of speech between
two subscribers.

In a telephone exchange, an inlet has to be connected to the correct outlet.

This is known as switching.
The range of switching and signalling was increased further with the invention of
Electro-mechanical automatic exchanges and is still growing after the advent of SPC
Exchanges.

TYPES OF SWITCHES:

ANALOG SWITCHES:

Strowger switch mechanical switch

Crossbar switch electromechanical switch

DIGITAL SWITCHES:

E10B France made (it doesnt support CCNC#7)

CDOT Indian made

OCB France made

EWSD German made (Siemens)

5ESS USA made

AXE-10 Sweden made

INTRODUCTION TO EWSD SWITCH:

EWSD: Electronic Wheeler Switching Digital

EWSD is the digital switching system that has been designed and manufactured by
SIEMENS OF GERMANY.
This switch can support maximum 2, 50,000 subscribers or 60,000 incoming, outgoing or both
way trunks when working as tandem exchange. It can carry 25,000 Erlangs. In automatic
exchange a more precise unit of traffic flow is required. This is called Traffic Intensity.
Traffic intensity is the average number of calls simultaneously in progress. The unit of
traffic intensity is Erlang.

Traffic and can withstand 1.4 million BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempt).

The architecture of EWSD switch will support to work as both local and TAX
exchange. It has CCS#7, ISDN and IN capabilities.
EWSD

has both Time Switch Group (TSG) and Space Switch Group (SSG). EWSD uses
T-S-T switch.
EWSD Architecture: The main hardware units of an EWSD switch is:

DLU- Digital Line Unit

LTG-Line Trunk Group

SN-Switching Network

CP-Coordination Processor

CCNC-Common Channel Signaling Network Control

CAP-Call Processor

BAP-Base Processor

CMY-Common Memory

IOP-Input Output Processor

IOC-Input Output Controller

MB-Message Buffer

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD ARCHITECTURE

All the above hardware is used to perform the process of switching and signaling
and the total function is controlled by OMT (Operation and Maintenance Terminal). It
consists of OMTs, ALEX (Alarm External) Module is used for forwarding external
alarms like fire , temperature to system control Panel (SYP).
We can know the status of the hardware by giving the command in OMTs. If
there is any problem in the equipment, respective alarm in the panel will ring with an
indication through LED, so that we can rectify it.
The detailed call records are taken from CP through MOD-Magnetic Optical
Device.
DIGITAL LINE UNIT (DLU): It is the basic unit in which subscriber lines and PBX
lines in EWSD are connected. DLU can be operated in either exchange or remotely.
DLU consists of following cards
DCC: Direct Current Convertors

Digital, analogue, PBX lines are terminated on DLU. DLUs can be used as local
and remote switch. The subscribers are terminated on the above cards. The analogue
subscribers are terminated on SLMA and digital subscribers (ISDN) are terminated on
SLMD cards. Each card can support up to 16 subscribers.
A rack of DLU can handle 1k (1000) subscribers.

This DLUs also contain control cards(SLMCP,DLUC,DIUD).

The latest type of DLU is DLU-G.

DLU can carry traffic of 100 erlangs.

Each DLU is connected to two LTGs for security reasons. The output of DLU is
only 4 E1s.

In case of link between a remote DLU and the main exchange is broken the
subscribers connected to the R-DLU(remote DLU) can still communicate with each other
due to the presence of standalone subscriber card. But metering is not possible.

DLU consists of 4 frames and each frame consists of above cards. Each frame has
16 cards. Each card having capacity of 16 subscribers. Totally each frame can have 256

subscribers. Total DLU can accommodate 952 subscribers. There is a Bus Distributor
(BD) card in each frame which will inter connect it to the other frames.

4x32 channels = 128 channels. 4 channels are used for signalling purpose. So,
each DLU can handle the call processing of 124 subscribers at a time.

For testing of cards in DLU, there are 2 modules- FMTU & LCMM at slots 3,4 in
first frame.

LINE TRUNK GROUP (LTG): The LTG is a subsystem of EWSD. It acts as interface
between digital environment and switching networks of EWSD exchange.
The main function of LTG is for routing calls. Digital trunks and DLUs are
connected to LTG. RLUs are also connected to LTG.

The LTGs are connected to both TAX and switching networks.

When a call lands on DLU, it is processed to LTG. If it is a local call, then

switching is done in the local exchange. If it is a STD or ISD call, it routes it to a TAX
(Trunk Automatic Exchange).

LTG is connected to switching network (SN) through Secondary digital carrier

(SDC).

The primary function of LTG is:

Call processing function,

Safe guarding function,

Operation and maintenance

LTG consists of Group Processor (GP). It is an independent control unit. All the
functions of LTG are controlled by it.
COORDINATION PROCESSOR (CP): CP acts as the heart of the EWSD switch. CP
in turn consists of Base processor (BAP), Call processor (CAP), Common memory
(CMY), Input/output controller (IOC), Input/output processor (IOP), and Central clock
generator (CCG). The main functions of CP are routing, zoning, etc..,
It supervises all the subsystem. It is used for error detection and error correction.
It is also called as Control Sub System (CSS).
BASE PROCESSOR (BAP): It is used for call processing. We have BAP0 BAP1. Two
BAPs in which one is master and the other is standby. It is also used for operation and
maintenance.

CALL PROCESSOR (CAP): For sharing call processing load with BAP, if the
exchange Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA) cannot be handled by BAPs. CAPs are
used. Maximum 10 CAPs can be provided.
COMMON MEMORY (CMY): It is used to store caller details. 64 to 1024 MB is used
for resident programs and database. The information is taken in MODs (Magnetic
Optical Devices).
IOP & IOC: These input/output processors and controllers are used to interconnect the
systems. CP consists of 3 or 4 IOCs and each IOC can handle up to 16 IOPs.
MESSAGE BUFFER (MB): This unit is used for internal message transfer between CPSN, CP-LTG, and LTG-CCNC in the exchange.
COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING NETWOR CONTROL (CCNC): This unit is
connected to the switching unit through 8 mbps link. The functions of MTP (Message
Transfer Part) are handled by CCNC. The UP (user part) is incorporated in the software
of the relevant LTG
Maximum of 254 channels are present between CCNC and SN. The channels carry
signaling data between LTG and SN.
It consists of duplicated processor CCNP which is connected to the CP. And it consists of
32 SILT (signaling link terminal) groups.
In originating or destination exchange, it acts as signaling point (SP) through associated
signaling. But in transit exchange it acts as signaling transfer point (STP) through quasi
associated signaling.

SWITCHING NETWORK (SN): LTGs, CCNC, CP, MB all are connected to the SN
through 8mbps SDC.
The switching process is carried out in this unit. It inter connects the lines and
trunks connected the exchange in accordance with the call requirements.

The functions of SN are controlled by CP.

There are SN0 and SN1. one is for standby.

SN can handle up to 63 LTGs of lines and trunks.

EWSD uses T-S-T switching that is a combination of time and space switch.

A Digital switching system, in general, is one, in which are switched in digital

form

These signals may represent speech or data

the digital signals of several speech samples are time multiplexed on a common
media before being switched through the system.

To connect two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time slots of the

two speech samples which may be on same or different PCM highways.

TYPES OF SWITCHING:
Time Switch (time slot changer)

Space Switch (highway changer)

Usually a combination of both switches is used.

TIME SWITCH: In this switching, time-slot (Ts x) of an incoming highway can

be connected to the different time-slot (Ts y) of the same highway. In the other words, a
time-switch is basically, a time-slot changer in a same high-way (PCM).

SPACE SWITCH: The digital space switch consists of several input highways
X1,X2,.Xm and several output highways Y1,Y2,Y3,.Yn interconnected by a cross
point matrix of m rows and n columns. In this switching highways can be changed.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS FOR PROCESSING A CALL:

TSS-Terminating Sub System

SSS-Switching Sub System

CSS-Control Sub System

SIGNALING

TIME BASE

C-DOT:
INTRODUCTION:

C-DOT-Center for Development of Telemetics

C-DOT is developed in India in 1984 by Dr.Sam Petroda,Head Quartrs at

Bangalore.

The Main Objective of C-DOT is to design and develop digital exchanges

suitable for Indian environment.

C-DOT SBM:It is the THIRD generation of C-DOT DSS Family.

It is the DOUBLE the size of C-DOT 256 RAX and also serves Rural Areas and
Small Urban Areas.
It has a total of 2024 terminations and it contains 10 frames, Base Module (BM)
have 488 terminations and LM1 have 768 terminations and LM2 have768 terminations.

It is controlled by Input-output processor(IOP) Module.

It now replaced by C-DOT RBMs(Remote Base Modules).

C-DOT MBM:It is the FOURTH generation of C-DOT DSS Family.

C-DOT MAX is two types.

MAX-L (Main Automatic Exchange Large)which supports a maximum

Of 16 BMs.
MAX-XL (Main Automatic Exchange Extra Large)which supports

A maximum of 16 BMs.
It is controlled by Input-output processor(IOP) Module.

In MBM ,IOPs are connected to AP.

In MBM, ADPs are connected to AP.

BASIC GROWTH/BUILDING MODULES:C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges can be configured using four basic modules
Administrative Module

Input Output Module

Base Module

Central Module

BASE MODULE (BM):Base Module (BM) is the basic building block of C-DOT DSS MAX. It interfaces the
subscribers, trunks and special circuits. The subscribers may be individual or grouped
PBX lines, analog or digital lines
Analog Terminal Unit - to interface analog lines/trunks, and providing special
circuits as conference, announcements and terminal tester.
Digital Terminal Unit - for interfacing digital trunks i.e. 2Mbps E-1/PCM Links.
#7 Signalling Unit Module - to support SS7 protocol handlers and some call
processing functions for CCS7 calls.

ISDN Terminal Unit - to support termination of BRI/PRI interfaces

andimplementation of lower layers of DSS1 signalling protocol.

Time Switch Unit - for voice and message switching and provision of service
Circuits.

Base Processor Unit - for control message communication and call processing
functions.
TERMINAL UNIT-1
(TU-1)
TERMINAL UNIT-2
(TU-2)
TERMINAL UNIT-3
(TU-3)
TERMINAL UNIT-4
(TU-4)
BASE PROCESSOR UNIT
(BPU)
TIME SWITCH UNIT
(TSU)

ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE:

Administrative module (AM) consist of Administrative processor(APC).

It Communicates with Base processors via the central message switch.

It supports the Input output module for providing man-machine Interface.

It also supports the Alarm display panel for the audio visual indication of faults
in the system.
INPUT-OUTPUT MODULE:-

Input-output module (IOM) consist of input-output processor (IOP).

Input-output processor is a general purpose computer with UNIX

Operating system.
It is used as a front end processor in C-DOT switch.
In MBM(multi base module) IOP connected to AP(administrative
processor) in CM RACK.
In MBM alarm display panel connected to AP

CENTRAL MODULE:

Central module is responsible for communication between base Module and

administrative module ,clock distribution and network Synchronization for these
functions, central module has a space Switch, space switch controller and central message
switch.
CM provides connectivity to 16 BMs if it is CM-L and 32 BMs if it is CM-XL
Each BM interfaces with CM via two 512 channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and
BUS-1 each operating at 4 mbps.
BUS TERMINATION UNIT
(BTU0)
SPACE SWITCH UNIT
(SSU0)
SPACE SWITCH UNIT

(SSU1)
BUS TERMINATION UNIT
(BTU1)
SPACE SWITCH CONTROLLER UNIT
(SSCU)
HIGH POWER ADMINISRATIVE UNIT
(HPU)& AM
FIG: CENTAL MODULE

ALARM DISPLAY PANEL:

Alarm display panel (ADP) is a micro processor based hardware unit which is
attached to the BP in SBM configuration or AP in MBM configuration.

It is a three card implementation.

A matrix of LEDs is provided to indicate the maintenance status of the witch
units and their Level of initialization.
SUM BM:Signalling unit module (SUM) BM is used for signaling.

The calls which are going through TAX are routed through this SUM BM.

Any one of the ATU or DTU in a BM can be replaced by sum frame to support
CCS7
Signalling.

VIRTUAL UNIT BASE MODULE(VU BM):

VU BM is used to interface AN-RAXs.

It uses DTUs (Digital terminal unit).

In VU BM DTS (Digital terminal synchronization) cards are used to interface

AN-RAXs.
VU BM consist BPU & TSU frames.

VU FRAME
DIGITAL TERMINAL UNIT
(DTU)
DTU
DTU
BASE PROCESSOR UNIT
(BPU)
TIME SWITCH UNIT
(TSU)

TAX: Trunk automatic exchange.

Trunk exchange handles the transit calls

Inter SDCA ,inter district ,inter state calls are known as transit or trunk calls

Level-1 tax handles the ,inter district and inter state calls

Level-2 tax handles the inter SDCA (short distance charging area) and inter district
calls

These exchanges are automatic ,which means there is no need of manual operation

Stored programme control is the principle of this exchanges

Stored programme control is the technical name used for telephone exchanges controlled
by a computer programme stored in memory system.
The type of tax which is at Warangal is level-2 tax

It is digital trunk automatic exchange

Warangal DTAX is of EWSD

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL EXCHANGES:
1965
1973
1975
1976
1978

ESS(No. 1)
Metaconta
Proteo
ESS(No.4)
AXE

Local
Local
Local and transit
Transit
Local

Bell labs ,USA

LMT ,France
Proteo ,Italy
Bell labs USA
Ericsson ,Sweden

1981
1990

E-10B
EWSD

Local and transit

Local and transit

CIT ,ALCATEL ,France

Siemens , Germany

SIGNALLING
A telecommunication network established and realized temporary connections, in
accordance with the instructions and information received from subscriber lines and Inter
exchange trunks, inform of various signals. Therefore it is necessary to interchange
information between an exchange and it external environment i.e. between different
exchanges, between subscriber lines and exchange. Though these signals may differ
widely in their implementation there are collectively known as Telephone signals.
A signalling system used a language which enables two switching equipments to
converse for the purpose of setting up calls
Telephony stared with the invention of magneto telephone which uses a magneto to
generate the ringing current, the only signal sent over a dedicated line between two
subscribers. The need for more signals was felt with the advent of manual switching.
Two additional signals were, therefore introduced to indicate call request and call
release .the range of signals increased further with the inversion of electro-mechanical
automatic exchanges and is still growing further at a very fast pace, after the advent of
SPC electronic exchanges.
Signalling can be classified as

Channel associated signaling

In the PCM system the signaling information conveyed on a separate channel which is
rigidly associated with the speech channel. Hence, this method is known as channel
associated signaling (CAS).
TS (time slot) 16 of each frame of 125 microseconds is used to carry signals of 2 speech
channels, each using 4 bits
Although 4 bits per channel are available for signaling only two bits are used. As the
transmission is separate in the forward and backward direction the bits in the forward
link are called af and bf and those in the backward link are called ab and bb.
However, the utilisation of such a dedicated channel for signaling for each channel is
highly inefficient as it remain idle in the speech phase. Hence, another form of signaling
known as common-channel signaling evolved

Common channel signaling 7

Control information has to be transferred between the exchanges for call control and for
the use of facilities
In digital, processor controlled communication networks, the amount and variety of the
information to be transferred is accordingly larger. The information can no longer be
economically transported by the conventional channel-associated signaling systems. For
this reason, a new, efficient signaling system is required in digital, processor controlled
communication networks.

Main features

Internationally standardized (national variations possible)

Suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text services, data
services digital network (ISDN)

High performance and flexibility along with a future-oriented concept which will
meet new requirements.

Processor friendly structure of messages

Use of signalling links for transferring uses data also used on various
transmission media

Cable(copper, optical fibre)

Radio relay
Satellite(up to 2 satellite link)

Use of the transfer rate of 64kbits/seconds typical in digital networks

Signalling links

Generally, more than one signalling link exists between two sps in order to provide
redundancy
All the signalling links between two sps are combined in a signalling link set
Connectivity to Warangal TAX:

Inter TAX
: 26
SDCA exchanges
: 09
BSOs
: 02
Cellular operators (2G) : 09
3G MSC (cell one)
: 01
Inter TAX
Warangal TAX is connected to 6 level-1 Taxs 4 level-1 is in Hyderabad and remaining
two level-1 taxs are of Tamilnadu and Chennai.
Warangal tax is connected to 20 level-2 Taxs of Andhra Pradesh
It is also connected to two SSTPs (Stand alone signalling transfer points) one is at
Chennai and other is at Hyderabad.
It is connected to 4 MSC WLLS (Mobile Switching Centre of Wireless Local Loop)

Basic operators
There are two basic operators ( wire line) in Warangal TAX.
They are: - 1. RELIANCE
2. TATA
Cellular operators

Warangal TAX is connected to 8 cellular operators MSC (mobile switching centre)

They are:
UNINOR
VODAFONE
AIRTEL
AIRCEL
RELIANCE(CDMA&GSM)
IDEA
CELLONE(2G&3G)
TATA(CDMA & GSM)
SYSTEMA SHYAM
All MSCs are situated in Hyderabad except cellone which is at Hanmakonda
All MSCs are of 2G only 3G MSC connected to tax is Cellones MSC
Warangal TAX is a POI (Point of Interconnectivity).It is the point where TAX and MSCs
are connected.

SDCA Exchange
Total 9 SDCA exchanges are connected to TAX

Cherial
Jangaon
Narsampet
Mahabubabad
Eturunagaram
Mulugu
Parkal
Ghanpur
Warangal

Mulugu is a multi LAC (Local Area Code) exchange. An exchange which has more than
one Local Area Code is known as multi LAC exchange.
Tax interconnects all this 9 SDCA, so that inter SDCA calls can be routed.
DAILY ACTIVITIES IN TAX
1. Taking trunk group meter reading (TGP reading) it is also known as IUC reading (inter
usage charge). Mainly private operators usage details are taken in this.
2. Average daily peak hour report:
Telephone traffic is originated by the individual needs of different subscribers and so it is
beyond the control of telephone administration. Any and every subscriber can originate
call at any and every moment. Without giving any previous information and the duration
of the calls is also not previously known.
Although the individual telephone traffic for a particular exchange follows the general
pattern of activity in the exchange area. Normally there is a peak in the morning, a dip
during lunch period followed by afternoon peak.
The hour in which maximum traffic usually occurs in an exchange is known as busy hour
or peak hour. It is measured in erlangs
Here, the reading is taken at 11A.M to 12P.M and 7P.M to 8P.M.
3. Taking grade of service report (GOSX):
Owing to the fact that calls originated in a pure chance manner, it is likely that during the
busy hour some calls may fail to mature due to inefficiency of switching equipment. To
ensure that the number of calls so lost is reasonably small, it is the standard practice

switching equipment such that on the average not more than one call out of every 500 in
the busy hour is lost at each switching stage.
The allowable loss is termed the grade of service
Quantitative indicators for quality of service: there are number of technical and customer
services indicators that determine the quality of service .specific technical performance
indicators are:
Fault rate, no. of faults per main line per year.
Average number of lines fault any day as % of total main lines
% of faults cleared by next working day
Call completion rates.
Call completion ratio or rate:
CCR measures the percentage of originated calls successfully completed.
A successful call could be defined in two ways. First, the call could be considered as
successfully Completed only if the called party answers and communication is
established. Another interpretation of a successful call could be establishing connection
successfully to the called number although the called party may not answer.
The CCR reflects directly the Degree of congestion in the network and indirectly the
fault rate
The CCR has been further classified into :
Answer bid ratio (ABR): it is the ratio of successful calls to total originating
international calls
ABR= successful calls/ total calls

Answer seizure ratio (ASR): it is the ratio of answered calls to the successful
calls.
Congestion: the congestion is the percentage of calls lost due to congestion in the
network

BROADBAND
The Internet is a global computer network made up of smaller computer networks; it has
been called a "Network of Networks."
What is Broadband?
A definition to broadband is a must as different service providers defines in their
own terms & context. TRAI (Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India)
defines broadband as follows:An always-on data connection that is able to support interactive services including
Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilobits
per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the
service provider intending to provide Broadband service where multiple such individual
Broadband connections are aggregated and the subscriber is able to access these
interactive services including the Internet through this POP.
Broadband Access
Broadband access technology is broadly classified into two categories. They are
Wired Line & Wireless and further classified as detailed in the following diagram.

Broadband access technologies

Wiredline

Wireless

DSL (Digital Subs Line)

3G Mobile

Cable Modem

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

PLC (Power Line

Communication)
Optical Fibre Technologies

WiMAX
FSO (Free Space Optics)
LMDS & MMDS
Satellite

Wiredline access:
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) :DSL uses the existing twisted-pair telephone lines as the access media. Over a period of
time, a number of technologies (xDSL) have been introduced to provide faster data
speeds over this medium.
Frequency plan for DSL

In DSL, we use CAP,DMT modulation techniques.

Common Elements In DSL

The common elements of DSL are

CPE(Customer Premises Equipment) containing a Splitter, ADSL Modem & a

PC.

Central Office Premises Equipment containing DSLAMs(Digital Subscriber Line

Access Miltiplex),MDFs & PSTN.

Aggregator and ATM core consists of Tier II,TierI switches,BRAS(Broad Band

Remote access Service) ,Servers and Core routers.

Wireless access:
2G

3G Mobile

Of late cellular mobile telephony has started maturing in delivering data access
over the air. The evolution of cellular mobile telephony has taken place in following steps
1. 2G GSM, CDMA
2. 2.5G GSM(GPRS/EDGE), CDMA 2000 1x
3. 3G UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA 2000 1xEVDO/EVDV
The speeds achieved with above different cellular mobile telephony is given
below.
1).2G GSM/CDMA
2).2.5G GSM
GPRS
EDGE

9-14 Kbps
115 Kbps
384 Kbps

3).2.5G CDMA 2000 1x

4).3G
3G UMTS/WCDMA
5).3G
CDMA
2000
EVDO/EVDV

170 Kbps
384K (M), 2048K(S)
1x 384K (M), 2048K(S)

However the technologies 2.5G GSM(EDGE) & 3G (Both CDMA 2000 1x

EVDO*/EVDV* & UMTS*/WCDMA*) falls into the category of Broadband access.
(*Note:_EVDO-Evolution Data Optimised ,EVDV-Evolution Data and Voice ,UMTSUniversal Mobile Telephony System & WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access)
NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE:

Short for Internet Service Provider, a company that provides access to the Internet
is called ISP. Any Internet Service Provider will have several ISP nodes as Point
of Presence of Internet (POP) at various locations across the country.

BSNL is also an Internet service provider, providing Internet service throughout

the entire country

NIB stands for National Internet Backbone of BSNL which comprises of 436 ISP

Nodes in India networked in a definite fashion.

The NIB Nodes are classified as A1, A2, A3,A4,B1 and B2 on the basis of:
Functions to be carried out

International Connectivity

No. Of PSTN Subscriber

Routing (Internal & External)

Equipment Deployment

Trained Manpower Availability

Cost

.
The NIB-II nodes are proposed in 71 cities and categorized as A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 & B2
nodes. NIB I had B nodes and the same has been further classified as B1 and B2 in NIB II.

Connectivity of Core router:

The Core routers in A1 nodes viz Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkatta and Bangalore will be
connected on mesh topology on STM16. The Core routers in 9 nodes viz A2 Node (Total 3) at
Pune, Hyderabad & Ahmedabad and A3 Nodes (Total 6) at Lucknow, Jullundhar, Jaipur,
Indore, Ernakulam & Patna are connected to A1 Nodes in dual mesh with link bandwidths of
STM-16. The core routers in A4 nodes (Total 10) at Chandigarh, Allahabad, Guwahati, Ranchi,
Bhubaneshwar, Coimbatore, Raipur, Mangalore, Nagpur and Vijayawada shall be dual homed
over STM-1 links to the nearest A1/A2/A3 nodes.

Connectivity of Edge router in A1, A2, A3 and A4 Nodes

There will be four edge routers in A1 Nodes, three edge routers in A2 Nodes, Two edge
routers in A3 Nodes and one edge router in A4 Node. One of the edge router in each A1, A2,
A3 and A4 Node will be collocated with the Core router in the above node, connected through
gigabit Ethernet Interface. The remaining edge routers in A1, A2 and A3 nodes will be
geographically distributed in each city to serve different pockets interconnected on a SDH
metro-ring fibre network with STM-1 interfaces for each edge router
Connectivity of Edge router in B1 and B2 Nodes:
One number of Edge router will be deployed in 21 B1 nodes and 26 B2 Nodes. The edge
routers in B1 and B2 nodes will be dual homed to the core at A1, A2, A3 and A4.
The core routers in A1, A2 and A3 cities are proposed to be interconnected via the DWDM
systems .
The interconnectivity of core routers in A4 nodes and edge routers in B1 and B2 cities is via
STM-1 links connected through SDH rings

Router

Router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. Routers are one of

the vital equipment of an ISP.


LANs or

Basically a router is used for connecting o at least two networks,commonly two

WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. In the case of ISP nodes the any ISP node

is connected to another ISP Node at a remote location and hence this is WAN network and
Routers are used for routing the packets.

Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for

forwarding the packets

Now MPLS(multi protocol label switching) routers are used

The limitations of the packet switching are:

Creation and processing of routing table is tedious.

Class of services (Priorities) as in circuit switch is not implemented presently.

Type of services (category) as in manual board is not available in the present IP

network.

Loss of packet, because of the random routing of packets.

Delayed processing at receiving end, since packets are not reaching the
destination sequentially.

Security problem.

Label Switching
Above limitations can be overcome by using following techniques in the present IP network.

Connectionless IP routing is converted into connection oriented routing by

overlaying Network Layer function with Data link layer Function.

IP address is converted as Labels (Rout codes in circuit switch), according to the

class and type of services like categories and Priorities in circuit switches.

Intermediate Routers uses the Labels only (Rout Codes in Circuit Switch) for

further routing of destined IP packet with appropriate Label.

The above techniques are used in Multi Protocol Label switching. Hence, MPLs

is the implementation of circuit switch model in the Packet switch area. MPLS frame uses the
various Data Link frames like ATM, Frame Relay PPP/Ethernet etc. Since MPLS uses label
switching and supports the multiple protocols, it is called Multi Protocol Label Switching.

Components of MPLS IP Network:

Customer Edge, which works at IP level.

Provider Edge is the entry point of MPLS Domain. It is called Label Edge

Router

Provider Routers are working as transit switches in between LERs. These are

known as Label Switching Routers.

Label switched path is the data path between two routers, through which packets

are traveling.
How MPLS works?

LER(label edge router) receives destined IP packet 61.2.1.1 from the Customer Edge and
selects the correct label (5) from its LIB(forwarding information table). It binds the selected
label (5) according to the FEC(forwarding equivalence class) over the IP packet and sends it
through the pre programmed LSP (2) towards the LSR 1. On receipt of labeled IP Packet,
LSR1 analyses label only and it will ignore the IP address. It will consult its LIB for further
routing. As the result it removes the incoming label (5), winds the newly assigned label (3)
over the IP Packet and sends it towards the LSR2 over the assigned LSP(label switched paths)
(7). LSR(label switching router)2 consults its LIB and transmits the IP Packet after swapping
the incoming Label (3) with outgoing Label (10) towards the egress LER over the pre assigned
LSP (4). Egress LER stripes the label (10), goes through the destined IP address (61.1.2.1) and
hands over it to the correct CE.
MPLS Benefits

The initial goal of label based switching was to bring the speed of Layer 2

switching to Layer 3. Label based switching methods allow routers to make forwarding
decisions based on the contents of a simple label, rather than by performing a complex route
lookup based on destination IP address. However, MPLS brings many other benefits to IPbased networks. Forwarding packets based on labels rather than routing them based on headers
results in several important advantages:

Since a packet is assigned to a FEC when it enters the network, information that

cannot be gleaned from the network layer header, can be used

for FEC assignment. For

example, classification of packets based on the source of the packets.

Packets can be assigned a priority label, making Frame Relay and ATM-like

quality-of-service guarantees possible. This function relates to the QoS field.

The considerations that determine how a packet is assigned to a FEC can become ever more
and more complicated, without any impact at all on the routers that merely forward labeled
packets.

Packet payloads are not examined by the forwarding routers, allowing for

different levels of traffic encryption and the transport of multiple protocols.

In MPLS, a packet can be forced to follow an explicit route rather than the

route chosen by normal dynamic algorithm as the packet travels through the network. This
may be done to support traffic engineering, as a matter of policy or to support a given QoS.
In addition to all the above advantages, one of the most important advantages of
MPLS is that it is independent of the layer 2 and layer 3 technologies and hence allows
integration of networks with different layer 2 and layer 3 protocols.

CONNECTIVITY

The Customer premises equipment (CPE) will be aggregated at DSLAMs

The DSLAM will be collocated with the exchange (MDF), either in the same

room or as close as possible to MDF.

The DSLAM traffic will then be aggregated through a Tier 2 LAN Switch

Aggregator through Ethernet on dark fibre.

The traffic from Tier 2 LAN Switch Aggregator will be further aggregated

through a Tier 1 LAN Aggregator through Ethernet on dark fibre.

The BNG (broadband network gateway) will be connected to the Tier 1

LAN Aggregator on Gigabit Ethernet Interface.

The BNG is connected to provider edge router.

Provider edge router is connected to more than two core routers (A2 or A3

nodes) for the purpose of redundancy. The core routers(only which are present atA1
nodes) are connected to international gateway router.
International gateways: In all A1 nodes
International Gateway is connectivity to the ISP of another country to route the
packets intended for any host outside our country.

SNL network is connected to Internet exchange point where all ISPs

(internet service providers) are interconnected.

DNS: Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet

service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are
alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP
addresses. Every time a domain name is used , a DNS service must translate the name
into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com
might translate to 198.105.232.4 using the DNS.

NAGPUR

HYDERABAD STM
16

VIJAYAWADA STM
16

GEHYDERAB
ADSTM

PE ROUTER
NIB-II

BNG
KARIMNAGAR

C- NODE WGL

TIER-2 JAN

BNG
WARANGAL

TIER-1
K
TIER-2
KUC

TIER-2
KZPRSU

TIER-2
Timmapur

TIER-2 MRPD
TIER-2 MBB
TIER-2 NRM

TIER-1 WGL
TIER-2
Hanamkonda

TIER-2
H
an
OCLAN-KOTHAGUDEM

TIER-1
WARANGAL

OCLAN-KHAMMAM

TIER-1
W

OCLAN BHADRACHALAM
OCLAN-MANUGURU

960P PTB Dslam

240P Kasibuga Dslam

OCLAN-MADHIRA

480P Shivanagar Dslam

960P PTB Dslam

OCLAN-Wardhannapeta

480P PTB Dslam

120P PTB Dslam
240P Shivanagar Dslam

120P Kasibuga Dslam

OCLAN-THORRUR
120P Enumamula Dslam

120P Rangasaipet Dslam

CONNECTIVITY OF WARANGAL ROUTER

480P UT-P2 PTB Dslam

32P HW-P2 APLY Dslam

OCLAN-PARKALA
OCLAN-GHANPUR-Stn

Huawei Tier2 P2 at HNK

240P HW-P2 PTB Dslam

OCLAN-MULUGU

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU CONNECT TO THE INTERNET

When u click connect on your internet connection, a request will be sent to

LDAP ( lightweight directory access protocol) server.

Then your username will be sent to AAA (Authentication, authorization and

accounting) server, it will check whether you are a valid user and then authenticates if you are.

It will sent request to BNG to allot an IP for that user.

BNG allots an IP address to your computer.

Now your computer is connected to Internet and billing starts.

DWDM
About 100 years ago, Alexander Graham Bell transmitted a
telephone signal over
distances of several hundred meters using visible light beams.
He called this
photophone.
This amazing discovery marked the first demonstration of the
basic
principle of optical communications as it is practiced
today.
Evolution of Transmission Capacity
In the 80s, it was possible to transmit 140 Mbit/s with optical PDH
systems. SDH technology in the 90s has improved this capacity. SDH can
transmit the capacity of 16 times 140 Mbit/s or 155 Mbit/s (16 X STM 1 = STM
16, 2.5 Gbit/s) or up to 64 times 140 Mbit/s or 155 Mbit/s (64 X STM 1 = STM
64, 10 Gbit/s).
Currently, it is possible with WDM wavelength division multiplex systems
to transmit between 32 and 96 times 10 Gbit/s (320 Gbit/s) over very large
distances. Soon we will have 160 times 10 Gbit/s, and in the laboratory it is
possible to transmit in the terabit range (10 X 1012).
In the case of optical systems the available bandwidth can exceed several
Terahertz (1012Hz). TDM could not be used to take advantage of this
tremendous bandwidth due to limitations on electrical technology. Electrical
circuits simply cannot work on these frequencies.

The solution was to use frequency multiplexing at the optical level or

Wavelength Division Multiplexing. The basic idea is to use different optical
carriers or colours to transmit different signals in the same fibre.
Consider a highway analogy where one fibre can be thought of as a multi-lane
highway. Traditional TDM systems use a single lane of this highway and increase
capacity by moving faster on this single lane. In optical networking utilizing
DWDM is analogues to accessing the unused lanes on the highway (increasing the
number of wavelengths on the embedded fibre base) to gain access to an
incredible amount of untapped capacity in the fibre. An additional benefit of
optical networking is that the highway is blind to the type of traffic that travels on
it. Consequently the vehicles on the highway can carry ATM packets, SDH and
IP.
A distinction is made between WDM and DWDM (Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing).
With WDM the spacing between channels can be
relatively large.
In Dense multiplexing the frequency spacing between channels can be as small as
50 GHz or less, increasing the overall spectral density of the transmitted signal.
IP

SDH

IP

Transponer

DWDM
MUX

DWDM
MUX

Transponer

SDH

ATM

ATM

PDH

PDH

SDH MUX

SDH MUX

Fig.5. Transponer Application

Optical Amplifiers
Fiber loss and dispersion limit the transmission distance of any fibre-optic
communication system. For long-haul WDM systems this limitation is overcome by
periodic regeneration of the optical signal at repeaters, where the optical signal is
converted into electric domain by using a receiver and then regenerated by using a
transmitter. Such regenerators become quite complex and expensive for multichannel
light wave systems. Although regeneration of the optical signal is necessary for

dispersion-limited systems, loss limited systems benefit considerably if electronic

repeaters were replaced by much simpler and potentially less expensive, optical
amplifiers which amplify the optical signal directly. The technology has matured enough
that the use of optical amplifiers in fiber-optic communication systems has now become
widespread.

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

(GSM)
Introduction
The GSM standard is the first international standard that gives its
subscribers full access to the network of various operating companies in all
participating countries. The GSM was developed as the next generation (2nd
Generation) digital cellular mobile communication system for CEPT Europe.
Frequency bands used in GSM
GSM 900 Mhz
DCS 1800 MHz
Frequency band in uplink and downlink.

Fig.1
GSM 900 Mhz
Mobile to Cell(UP-LINK)

Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK)

890 to 915 MHz

-

935 to 960 MHz

GSM 1800 Mhz

Mobile to Cell(UP-LINK)

1710 to 1785 MHz

Cell to Mobile(DOWN -LINK) GSM

1805 to 1880 MHz

Specifications

Frequency Bands

Mobile to Cell(UP-LINK)- 890 to 915 MHz

Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK)- 935 to 960 MHz

Channel Bandwidth -

200 KHz

Access Method

- TDMA/FDMA

Modulation

- GMSK

GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA

FDMA Access along Freq. axis
Each RF carrier 200khz apart
Total 124 RF Channels available.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Fig.5
Typical GSM Architecture
Typical GSM architecture basically consists of the following entities.
MS

Mobile Station

MSC

Mobile Switching Centre

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

BSC

Base Station Controller

VLR

Visited Location Register

HLR

Home Location Register

EIR

Equipment Identity Register

AUC

Authentication Centre

GSM FEATURES

1st system of 2nd Generation

International Roaming

Very good speech quality through Digital Transmission

Economical use of frequencies using

Interception Proof by Ciphering

Protected against misuse by SIM card & PIN code

CCS # 7 signalling

Barring of defective terminals by EIR

Discontinuous transmission saves battery life.

Frequency Hopping helps in difficult areas

Additional Subscriber Features

Future

FDMA & TDMA

GPRS ; EDGE

IP TAX IN BSNL
The current generation network of BSNL, popularly known as PSTN is mainly circuit
switching based network and it is divided into an hierarchical architecture viz. Level I
TAX exchanges, then Level-II exchanges and then tandem/local exchanges. The PSTN
network is mainly optimized for voice calls and not much suited for data services. We
have a separate network for data services. Today the world over trend is for a single
converged network used for all type of services viz. voice, data, video which is called
Next Generation Network and is a packet switching based network. To change over from
current generation network to next generation network we have to move in a step-by-step
manner to safeguard our existing network infrastructure and investment and therefore we
have to follow an evolutionary path.
IP TAX is the first step toward

The Evolution of Current Generation Network to Next generation Network

. In other words IP TAX is the replacement of existing Level I TAX exchanges to IP
based network (Packet switching network) and rest all the network still remaining circuit
switched network. The other reasons why we should evolve our existing network to NGN
are that the existing circuit switched networks have following problems:
Slow to develop new features and capabilities.
Expensive upgrades and operating expenses.
Proprietary vendor troubles
Large power and cooling requirements.
Limited migration strategy to New tech.
What is NGN? As per ITU NGN is a
packet based network
which is able to provide multimedia telecom services and able to make use of multiple
broadband, QoS enabled transport technologies in which service related functions are
independent from underlying transport related technologies
In NGN basically the call control (i.e. signaling) and the switching is separated out in
different layers and between these layers open interfaces are used. The call control
functionality is realised by the component which is called call server or soft switch or
media gateway controller and the interfaces to the existing PSTN switches is done with
the help of media gateways for voice transport and by signaling gateways for signaling
transport. For switching and transport of the packets existing IP/MPLS backbone is
used. With NGN architecture the new and innovative services can be given very fast and
cost effectively. Also the capital expenditure and operational expenditure come down
drastically

NMS
SG

Soft switch SIP-T

Soft switch

SS7
A.S

A.S

H.248

H.248

STP

NTP

Core ip ba
ckbone
network

SS7

PSTN

MG

IP

The protocols used are:

Between Soft switch and media gateway H.248
Between two soft switches
- SIP(T) or BICC
Between Soft switch and Signaling gateway sigtran
Between soft switch and Application server sip, parley etc.

MG

SG

Transition to NGN: Third wave

Today

Tomorrow

Internet

Telephone
network

IP-Network

Mobile radio
network

Multimedia Access - Advantages:

easy to handle
reliable
mobile

One network for everything

REFERENCES:
1.Regional telecom training center materials
2.EWSD manual
3. C-DOT manual
4.www.scribd.com

Conclusion:
In the practical training for a period of six months, I have learned a lot about the present
scenario in the field of communication.
The six months industrial training also has provided me the opportunities to develop and
improve my soft and functional skills. All of this valuable experience and knowledge that
I have gained were not only acquired through the direct involvement in task given but
also through other aspect of the training such as work observation, interaction with
colleagues.
From what I have undergone, I hundred percent agree that the industrial training
program have achieve its entire primary objective. Its also the best way to prepare
student in facing the real working life.
As a result of the program now I am more confident to enter the employment world
and build my future career.