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Footings
INTRODUCTION
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to
transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential
settlement, or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning
or sliding is maintained
Footings are the last structural elements through which the loads pass,
and are almost always made from reinforced concrete. Footings support columns
and walls and transmit and distribute their loads to the underlying soil. Since
the soil is much weaker than the concrete columns and walls that must be
supported, contact area between soil and footing is much larger than the
supported member.
TYPES OF FOOTINGS:
FALL 2008
Page 2
Footings
3) Combined Footing:
FALL 2008
Page 3
Footings
5) Continuous Footing
Support a row of three or more columns. They have limited width and
continue under all columns.
FALL 2008
Page 4
Footings
7) Pile Cap
Are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit
column loads to the piles.
FALL 2008
Page 5
Footings
wall direction
At
Sact = actual center-tocenter spacing of
main bars
B
main bars
elevation
wall thickness t
finished
ground line
hs
soil
main steel
hc
width of footing = B
plan
wall
t
wall
direction
FALL 2008
Page 6
Footings
Under the action of concentric wall load, a uniform soil pressure develops,
which tends to bend the footing in single curvature in the short direction, B,
perpendicular to the direction of the wall. The segment of the wall footing
extending beyond the wall acts like a cantilever beam and bends upward. The
main steel required is placed at the bottom of the footing along the short
direction (i.e. perpendicular to the wall direction).
main steel
crack
wall direction
bottom
cover
At
end
cover
B
main
steel
FALL 2008
1 m strip on
which design is
based
Page 7
Footings
Design procedure:
Given the following information:
Wall thickness, t (mm)
Service wall dead and live loads, Pd & Pl (kN/m)
Allowable soil bearing pressure, qallow (kN/m2)
Depth of footing below finished ground line, h (m) [Note: h must be
below the zone of soil that is subject to freezing].
Unit weight of soil, ws (kN/m3)
Unit weight of concrete, wo (kN/m3)
Surcharge paving, qs (kN/m2)
It is required to determine:
Knowing the reinforcing steel bar size and the material properties of steel
and concrete, the following is the design procedure based on a strip 1 m wide:
1. Determine the width of the footing, B (obtained from service loads) :
qallow,net,approx = qallow
soil pressure available
to resist wall loads
wo + ws
h + qs
2
wavg
) q(P + P ) 1 m
Arequired = Brequired 1 m =
FALL 2008
Page 8
Footings
Brequired =
Arequired
1m
qult,net =
Pult
A
Footing thickness, hc, is dictated by one-way shear (to avoid using stirrups).
The critical section for one-way shear is at a distance d from the face
of the wall:
Pult
t
inclined crack
qult,net
tributary area
crack
(plan)
1m
Bt
d
2
Mult
(elevation)
Vult
qult,net
B t
=
d 1000 mm
( tributary aera ) 2
ATrib
B t
Vc = 0.75
fc ( 1000 ) d
6
FALL 2008
Page 9
Footings
set Vult = Vc
B t
=
0.75 fc
1+
6 qult,net
dreq
db
hc,req = dreq + concrete
cover
+
2
75 mm for concrete cast
against and permanently
exposed to earth
hc,req
db
d req +
+ 75
2
= max
d b + 225
qallow,net = qallow wo hc + ws hs + qs
Arequired =
FALL 2008
(Pd + Pl ) 1 m
qallow,net
Brequired =
Arequired
1m
and check
B Brequired
Page 10
Footings
qult,net
B
1m
Pult
Pult
t/2
qult,net
t/4
Bt
2
Mult,max
qult,net
CL
2B t
4
Mult,max
qult,net
qult,net
Mult,max =
FALL 2008
1
2
qult,net 1 m (B t )
8
Mult,max =
1
2
qult,net 1 m (2 B t )
32
Page 11
Footings
d = hc 75
db
2
1 req =
M ult 10 6
1 - 2.36 '
f b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
0.002bh
c
A t = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bhc 420 fy
(using = 0.9 )
req bd
As,req = max
At
Sreq
Ab 1000
As,req
= min
450 mm
The bars will be hooked @ the ends with either 90 or 180 standard
hooks.
FALL 2008
Page 12
Footings
Sreq
A b 1000
At
= min
450 mm
Number of bars =
B
Sact
FALL 2008
Page 13
Footings
Given : Pd , Pl ,
(KN) (KN)
Areq
(P
=
+ Pl ) 1m
(m )
Breq =
, q allow , q s , w o , w s , fc' , fy
qallow,net,approx = qallow
q allow,net,approx
wo + ws
h + qs
wavg
Areq
wo + ws
w avg =
qult,net =
A = B 1m
(KN/m )
2
1m
( m)
B 1000 t
dreq =
0.75
f
( mm)
c
1+
6qult,net 10 3
db
+ 75
d req +
2
hc,req = max
(mm)
d b + 225
qallow,net = qallow wo hc + ws hs + qs
hs = h hc 103
No
Pult
(KN/m )
2
( m)
Brequired =
Breq < B
Areq
Areq =
1m
(P
q allow,net
Yes
Mult,max
Yes
= 0.9
b=1000 mm
2
1
q
1m ( B t )
=
8 ult,net
d = hc 75
No
1 req =
FALL 2008
2
1
q
1m ( 2B t )
32 ult,net
db
( mm )
RC Wall?
Mult,max =
+ Pl ) 1 m
M 10 6
1 - 2.36 ult'
f b d2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
Page 14
Footings
req bd
As,req = max
At
0.002bh
c
A t = 0.0018bh c
0.0018bh c 420 fy
Sreq
Ab 1000
As,req
= min
450 mm
Round up Nt,req to
nearest integer, get Nt
N t,req =
St,req
B 1000
St
Ab 1000
At
= min
450 mm
No
Nt = 3
Nt 3
Masonry wall
Yes
Draw an engineering
sketch
RC wall
END
FALL 2008
Page 15
Footings
Example 1:
A 400-mm thick wall supports a dead load of 205 kN/m and a live load of
146 kN/m as wall loads. Allowable soil bearing pressure is 215 kN/m2 and the
bottom of the footing is 1.2 m below finished ground line. Unit weight of the soil
is 19.2 kN/m3 and concrete is normal weight. f'c = 21 MPa, fy = 280 MPa, and no
surcharge paving exists. Use 25 bars (Ab = 491 mm2). Design the footing
considering both cases where walls are made from masonry and reinforced
concrete. Provide an engineering sketches of your design for both cases.
Solution:
Footing width, B:
w + ws
wavg = o
24 + 19.2
3
=
= 21.6 kN / m
2
Arequired =
Brequired =
(P
+ Pl ) 1m
qallow,net,approx
Arequired
1m
351
+
205
146
(
) 1
189.1
1.86
= 1.86 m
1
= 1.86 m2
Use
B = 1.9 m
Footing thickness, hc :
Pult = (1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl ) 1 m = 1.2 (205 ) + 1.6 (146 ) 1 m = 479.6 kN
A = B 1m = 1.9 m2
qult,net =
Pult
A
479.6
= 252.4 kN / m 2
1.9
B 1000 t
dreq =
0.75 f
( mm)
c
1+
6qult,net 10 3
FALL 2008
=
= 229.4 mm
0.75 21
1+
6 252.4 10 3
Page 16
Footings
hc,req
db
25
+ 75 = 229.4 +
+ 75 = 316.9 mm
d req +
2
2
= max
hc = 320 mm
(P
Arequired =
Brequired =
+ Pl ) 1 m
q allow,net
Arequired
1m
351 1
= 1.843 m 2
190.4
1.843
= 1.843 m < B O.K.
1
1.9 m
Masonry Wall
2
1
qult,net 1m ( B t )
8
= 70.99 106
2
1
qult,net 1m ( 2B t )
32
= 91.19 106
1000
1000
232.5
232.5
fc (MPa)
21
21
fy (MPa)
280
280
Mult,max (N-mm)
b (mm)
d = hc 75
( mm)
FALL 2008
db
2
Page 17
Footings
R. C. Wall
Masonry Wall
5.44 10 3
7.09 10 3
1266
1648
640
640
req bd
As,req = max
At
(mm2 )
1266
1648
A b 1000
As,req
Sreq = min
(mm)
450 mm
387.9
297.9
380
290
M
1 - 2.36 ' ult 2
f b d
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
1 req =
req b d (mm2)
A == 0.002bhc
t
(mm2 )
Sact (mm)
Sreq
=
= 767.2 mm
At
640
= min
450 mm
S sct = 450 mm
N t,req =
FALL 2008
Use
5 25 @ 450 mm
Page 18
Footings
Engineering sketches:
R. C. wall:
400 mm
1.2 m
standard
90 hook
25 @ 380 mm
320 mm
75 mm
75 mm
1.9 m
Masonry wall:
finished ground line
400 mm
1.2 m
standard
90 hook
5 25 @
450 mm
25 @ 290 mm
320 mm
75 mm
75 mm
1.9 m
FALL 2008
Page 19
Footings
Design procedure:
Given the following information:
It is required to determine:
FALL 2008
Page 20
Footings
Knowing the reinforcing steel bar size and the material properties of steel and
concrete, the following is the design procedure:
Pservice = Pd + Pl
Finished
ground line
approx
Surcharge paving
hs
hc
Arequired =
Pd + Pl
qallow
qallow,net,approx
if footing is to be rectangular:
Lrequired =
Arequired
B
Lrequired = Arequired
if footing is to be square:
qult,net =
Pult
A
a) One-way shear:
An inclined crack forms at a distance d from the face of the column, and
propagates to the compression side across the footing width.
Long direction controls since it gives a larger tributary area and, hence,
a larger Vu :
FALL 2008
Page 21
Footings
L cL
tributary aera =
d B
2
Pult
inclined crack
cL
L cL
= qult,net
d B
2
qult,net
Vc = 0.75
fc B d
6
dreq,1WS
cB
L cL
d
2
tributary
area for
one-way
shear in long
direction
cL
L cL
=
0.75 fc
1+
6 qult,net
b) Two-way shear:
A column may punch out a piece of
the footing slab in the form of a
truncated cone. The critical section
for punching shear is defined by
straight lines drawn parallel to and
Pult
inclined crack
inclined crack
d
2
cL
d
2
qult,net
cL + d
the column.
tributary
area for twoway shear
cB
cL
cB + d
FALL 2008
Page 22
Footings
f' b d
1 + 2 c o
c
6
fc' b o d
Vc = min s d
+ 2
b
12
o
fc' bo d
3
Where:
c =
set Vult = Vc
Now that we have dreq,1WS and dreq,2WS , the larger of the two values
controls:
dreq,1WS
dreq = max
dreq,2WS
d req + d b + 75
hc,req = max
d b + 225
(round to next upward 10 mm)
FALL 2008
Page 23
Footings
Pd + Pl
qallow,net
B L rectangular footing
Aprovided = 2
square footing
L
check
Aprovided Arequired
FALL 2008
Page 24
Footings
II
Pult
cB
cL
L
I
II
qult,net
II
cB
L cL
2
cL
I
B cB
2
L
II
Section II-II:
II
Steel in the
long direction
Steel in the
short direction
Section I-I
Steel in the
short direction
cL
Steel in the
long direction
cB
qult,net
qult,net
L cL
4
II
FALL 2008
L cL
= qult,net
B
2
B cB
4
B cB
= qult,net
L
2
Page 25
Footings
ML =
1
2
q
B (L cL )
8 ult,net
MB =
Mult,max,L =
1
2
q
L (B cB )
8 ult,net
Mult,max,B =
For each Mult,max , b = 1000 mm, d = hc-75-db , use a table format to calculate the
required area of main steel:
M
1 - 2.36 ' ult 2
f b d
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
1 req =
0.002bh
c
At = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bhc 420 fy
(using = 0.9 )
req bd
As,req = max
A
t
S L,req
A b 1000
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
NL,req =
FALL 2008
Sact
(round to next
downward 10 mm)
As1 =
round to a
2
AsB,total
L B+1
f
whole number
is concentrated in
a band width B
(spacing = S1 )
Page 26
Footings
S1,req
Ab B
As1
= min
450 mm
N1,req =
B
S1
(round to next
downward 10 mm)
round to a
whole number
As2 =
AsB,total As1
2
is placed in outer
bands of width
S2,req
N2,req
L B
Ab
= min
As2
450 mm
L B
=
S2,act
L-B
2
(round to
next downward
10 mm)
round to a
whole number
must be 2
FALL 2008
Page 27
Footings
side c.c. =
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
2
L-B
2 1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
side c.c. =
b
2
2
db
2
As1 @ S1
As2 @ S2
Steel @ SL
(in the long
direction)
As2 @ S2
L B
2
L B
2
B
L
FALL 2008
Page 28
Footings
The column applies a concentrated load at its base ( = Pult) that must be
satisfactorily transferred to the footing. This load will be transferred
by bearing on concrete and by dowels that cross the column footing
joint. The design bearing strength on concrete (force carried by
concrete through bearing) is given by the ACI code by the following
equation:
[ 0.85 f ' A ]
c 1
0.65
column
Pni = min
0.65
footing
'
[0.85 fc A1 ] cf
FALL 2008
Page 29
Footings
Where:
A1 = column area = cL cB
CF
A A
2 1
= min
2.0
B cB
2
cL
B cB
2
A2
B cB
2
45
cB
B cB
2
FALL 2008
Page 30
Footings
Ad,req
transferred by bearing on
concrete alone
transferred entirely
through bearing on concrete
Pult Pnb
= max fy
0.005 A
1
Number
=
of bars
Ad,req
Ab
must be 36
FALL 2008
Pult Pnb
Ad,req = 0.005A1
round to a
whole number
must be even
must be 4
must be # of bars in column
Page 31
Footings
Into Footing:
dowel
dowel
db fy
Ad,req
0.24
Ad, prov
fc'
footing
Extension needed
= max
Ad, req
into footing
0.043 d f
b y Ad, prov
dowel
dowel
200 mm
Require:
FALL 2008
Page 32
Footings
If this condition
is not satisfied
Into column:
A distance not less than the development length, in
compression, of the column bars and the splice length, in compression, of the
dowel bars.
column
db fy
4 fc'
column
0.04 db fy
Dowel extension into column =max
column
( round upward to next 50 mm )
f sp
b y
0.07 d
dowel
300 sp
sp
1.0
=
4
FALL 2008
fc
20 MPa
column
fc
< 20 MPa
column
Page 33
Footings
column
steel
Column-Footing joint
(bearing surface)
dowels here are stressed @ fy
Extension of
dowels into column
Footing steel
dowels
Length available
for embedment
of dowels into
footing
Length not
available for
embedment
hc
75 mm
Column-Footing Joint
Final note:
FALL 2008
Page 34
Footings
Given : c L , c B , Pd , Pl ,
( mm ) ( mm)
Areq =
(m )
2
(KN) (KN)
Pd + Pl
, q allow , q s , w o , w s , fc' , fy
qallow,net,approx = qallow
q allow,net,approx
Select B (m)
(multiples of 0.25 m)
L req =
(m)
( N)
Round up Lreq to
nearest 0.25 m
and get L
c =
w avg =
qult,net =
A = BL
w + ws
o
h
+
q
2
wavg
Areq
)(c
( MPa )
( mm )
No
dreq
dreq,1WS
= max
d
req,2WS
set Vult = Vc
10 3
dreq,1WS
+ dult,2W
bo = 2 c L + dult,2W + 2 c b + dult,2W
Pult
wo + ws
L 103 cL
=
0.75 f
c
1+
6qult,net
2
1 +
'
6
Vc = fc b o dult,2W min
d req + d b + 75
hc,req = max
d + 225
( mm)
b
Areq < A
FALL 2008
Round up hc,req to
nearest 10 mm and
get hc
Areq =
Pd + Pl
q allow,net
hs = h hc 10 3
( m)
qallow,net = qallow wo hc + ws hs + qs
(KN/m )
Page 35
Footings
Design reinforcement
in L direction
= 0.9
0.002bhc
At = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bh 420
c
fy
L,req b d
AsL,req = max
At
Mult,max,B =
MB
B
ML =
2
1
qult,net B ( L cL )
8
Mult,max,L =
d = hc 75 db
1 L,req =
S L,req
MB =
A b 1000
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
b=1000 mm
( mm)
fy = 420 MPa
ML
M
10 6
1 - 2.36 ult,max,L
f' b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
N L,req =
B 1000
SL
Round up NL,req to
nearest integer, get:
NL
2
1
q
L (B cB )
8 ult,net
side c.c. =
Design reinforcement
in B direction
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
2
db
2
1 B,req =
M
10 6
1 - 2.36 ult,max,B
f' b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
N1,req =
B,req bd
AsB,req = max
A
t
S1,req
As1 =
2
AsB,total
L
+1
B
B 1000
S1
Round up N1,req to
nearest integer, get:
N1
Round up N2,req to
nearest integer, get:
N2
FALL 2008
Ab B
As1
= min
450 mm
AsB,total = AsB,req L
N 2,req
L-B
2 1000
=
S2
As2 =
AsB,total As1
2
S2,req
L B
Ab
= min
As2
450 mm
Page 36
Footings
L-B
2 1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
side c.c. =
b
2
2
[ 0.85 f ' A ]
c 1
column
Pni = min
footing
'
[0.85 fc A1 ] cf
CF
Ad,req
A1 = cL cB
A A
2 1
= min
2.0
Pnb Pult
Pult Pnb
= max fy
0.005 A
1
= 0.65
A2 = B ( B cB + cL )
Ad,req = 0.005A1
Yes
No
Nd,req =
Ad,req
Ab
must be 36
4 Nd
Ad,provided = Nd Ab
( dowel)
Nc
( column bars )
dowel
dowel
db fy Ad,req
0.24
Ad, prov
f'
c
footing
Extension needed
= max
A
into footing
0.043 db fy d,req
Ad, prov
dowel dowel
200 mm
Yes
FALL 2008
Page 37
Footings
column
db fy
4 fc'
column
0.04 d f
b y
Dowel extension into column =max
column
round
upward
to
next
50
mm
(
)
f sp
b y
0.07 d
dowel
300 sp
1.0
sp =
4
fc
20 MPa
column
fc
< 20 MPa
column
Draw an engineering
sketch
END
FALL 2008
Page 38
Footings
Example 2:
A rectangular footing supports a 450-mm square column. Axial dead and live
loads from the column are Pd = 1780 kN and Pl = 1200 kN. f'c = 35 MPa for
column concrete and f'c = 21 MPa for footing concrete. All reinforcement is to
have fy = 420 MPa. The column is reinforced with 8 28 longitudinal bars. The
bottom of the footing is 1.2 m below finished ground line. Surcharge paving of
4.8 kN/m2 exists. Allowable soil bearing pressure is 290 kN/m2. Unit weight of
the soil is 19.2 kN/m3 and concrete is normal weight. The footing width, B, is
limited to 2.75 m. Use 28 bars (Ab = 616 mm2) for main steel in the footing
and 18 bars (Ab = 254 mm2) for dowels. Design the isolated footing and draw an
engineering sketch of your design
Solution:
Footing length, L:
w + ws
w avg = o
2
24 + 19.2
3
= 21.6 kN / m
=
2
Arequired =
Lrequired =
Pd + Pl
qallow,net,approx
Arequired
B
2980
1780 + 1200
=
= 11.49 m2
259.3
11.49
= 4.179 m
2.75
Use
L = 4.25 m
Footing thickness, hc :
FALL 2008
Pult
A
4056
= 347.0 kN / m2 = 0.3470 MPa
11.69
Page 39
Footings
One-way shear:
d req,1WS = d req,1WS
( mm)
L 10 3 c
4250 450
L
2
2
=
= 716.8 mm
=
0.75 f
0.75 21
c
1+
1+
6(0.3470)
6qult,net
Two-way shear:
(N )
= 0.3470 2750 (4250) ( 450 + d )( 450 + d )
= 3.986 10 6 312.3d 0.3470 d 2
c =
)(
Vc = fc' b o dult,2W
2
2
1 + 1 +
c
1.0
=
= 0.5
6
6
min
Vc =
fc' b o d = 0.75
21 (1800 + 4 d ) d = 2062 d + 4.583 d 2
3
dreq
FALL 2008
dreq,1WS = 716.8 mm
= max
d
req,2WS = 690 mm
Page 40
Footings
hc,req
= max
d + 225 = 28 + 225 = 253 mm
b
Use
hc = 820 mm
q allow,net = q allow w o hc + w s hs + q s
(KN/m )
2
Areq =
Pd + Pl
2980
=
= 11.54 m 2 < Aprovided = 11.69 m 2 O.K.
q allow,net 258.2
1
1
2
2
qult,net B (L cL ) = (0.3470) (2750) (4250 450 ) = 1723 10 6 N mm
8
8
ML =
Mult,max,L =
ML 1723 10 6
=
= 626.4 10 6 N mm
B
2.75
d = hc 75 db = 820 75 28 = 717 mm
AsL,req
S Lreq
FALL 2008
L,req = 3.356 10 3
= max
A = 0.0018 b h = 0.0018 1000 820 = 1476 mm 2
( )( )
c
t
2406
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
Use
S L = 250 mm
Page 41
Footings
N L,req =
B 1000 2750
=
= 11
SL
250
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
side c.c. =
db
2
==
2750 10 (250 )
28
= 111 mm
2
1
1
2
2
qult,net L (B cB ) = (0.3470) ( 4250) (2750 450 ) = 975.3 10 6 N mm
8
8
MB =
Mult,max,B =
MB 975.3 10 6
=
= 229.5 10 6 N mm
L
4.25
AsB,req
B,req = 0.001198
= max
A = 1476 mm 2
t
As1 =
S1,req
2
2
AsB,total =
(6273) = 4929 mm 2
L
4.25
+1
+1
B
2.75
A b B 616(2750)
=
= 343.7 mm
4929
As1
= min
450 mm
Use
N 1,req =
FALL 2008
S1 = 340 mm
B 1000 2750
=
= 8.1 Use N 1 = 9 bars
S1
340
Page 42
Footings
In summary:
As2 =
AsB,total As1
2
6273 4929
= 672.1 mm 2
2
L B
4.25 2.75
to be placed in two outer bands of width of
=
= 0.75 m
2
2
S2,req
N 2,req
L B
Ab
2 = 616(750) = 687.4 mm
As2
672.1
= min
450 mm
Use
S2 = 450 mm
L-B
1000
2
750
=
=
= 1.67
S2
450
Use N 2 = 2 bars
L-B
1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
750 1 ( 450 )
2
clear side c.c. =
b =
= 150 mm
2
2
2
should be in the range of 100mm 150mm
In summary: Use 2 28 @450 mm, in each of the two outer bands (each of width
0.75 m) with 90 standard hooks.
(leave 75mm at each end as a concrete cover).
= 0.65
2
A1 = cL cB = ( 450 ) = 202500 mm 2
FALL 2008
Page 43
Footings
CF
A
2
=
1
= min
2.0
7.563 10 6
= 6.111
202 500
Pnb = min
[0.85 f' A ] = 0.65 [0.85 (21) (202 500)] (2.0) = 4699 103 N
c 1
cf
Ad,req
Nd,req =
= max
Ad,req
Ab
1013
= 3.988
254
must be 36
Use 4 18 dowels
(one in each corner of the column)
= 412.4 mm
'
4(254)
4 21
4 fc Ad, prov
Extension needed
= max
Ad, req
1016
into footing
= 0.04(18)(420)
= 302.4
0.04 d b fy
Ad, prov
4(254)
200 mm
FALL 2008
Extension needed
= 412.4 mm
into footing
Page 44
Footings
column
d b fy 28(420)
=
= 497.0 mm
4 f'
4 35
c
b y
extension = max
needed
0.07 d f = 0.07 (18)(420) (1.0) = 529.2 mm
b y
sp
into column
extension = 550 mm
needed
into column
FALL 2008
Page 45
Footings
Engineering sketches:
8 28 column
steel
4 18 dowels
550 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
9 28 @ 340 mm
11 28 @ 250 mm
75 mm
380 mm
75 mm
820 mm
75 mm
0.75 m
2.75 m
0.75 m
2 28
@ 450 mm
9 28 @ 340 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
11 28
@ 250 mm
75 mm
2.75 m
75 mm
0.75 m
FALL 2008
2.75 m
75 mm
0.75 m
Page 46