4 Columns

COLUMNS
Columns
KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI
INTRODUCTION
A column is a vertical member that transmits axial load, with or without
moments @ the ends. When moments are present, a column might be also called a
beam-column.
Types of Columns:
a) Tied Column:
tie
o Columns are reinforced with longitudinal bars

and lateral ties spaced @ regular intervals.
ties are placed
@ discrete
intervals
o Majority of columns in non-seismic regions

are tied.
longitudinal
bars
o Column cross-section might be rectangular,

circular, or any other shape.
b) Spiral Column:
spiral
o Columns (usually have circular crosssection) are reinforced with longitudinal

bars and a continuous spiral.
o Provide better seismic resistance.
Core concrete
Concrete shell
pitch of spiral
(center to center)
longitudinal bars
c) Composite Column:
Columns are reinforced with structural steel
shapes, with or without additional longitudinal
bars.
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CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II
Steel section
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Analysis of Columns:
Columns are divided structurally

into two categories
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Short columns
Long columns
In these columns, the ratio of

unsupported length to crosssectional dimensions is such
that the strength is not
affected
by
secondary
moments due to buckling
In these columns, the ratio of

unsupported length to crosssectional dimensions is such
that
the
strength
is
significantly
reduced
by
secondary moments
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ACI Basic Assumptions used in Flexural Theory (ACI 10.2):
1) Perfect
Bond
between
concrete and steel
tensile strain in concrete is
transformed to the steel
reinforcement
(strain
compatibility).
2) Strain distribution through

RC section is linear.
3) c,ult = 0.003 .
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4) The stress in steel would follow the

following equation:
E s y
fs =
f
y
s y
s y
where E s = 200 10 3 MPa
5) Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural (and most calculations

[actually, it will be considered in deflection calculations later in the course]),
since it is very small (10% 15% of fc' ).
6) Concrete compressive stress distribution is assumed to be rectangular

(Whitneys Block).
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0.85
f ' 28
1 = 0.85 0.05 c
0.65
fc' 28 MPa
28 < fc' < 56 MPa

fc' 56 MPa
Note: ACI does not allow fc' to be less than 17 MPa (ACI 5.1.1).
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0 .4 8 + 8 3 t
limit by ACIfor Beams with

Axial Force 0.1 A g fc'
In the following few pages, we will study the behavior of short columns
subjected to axial loads in addition to moments about one axis (called uniaxial
bending).
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Columns under Compressive Axial load only:
In this case, the column will fail when the steel

yields in compression and the stress in
concrete reaches 0.85 fc.
Cross-section
Pno
To find the axial capacity of the cross section:

Elevation
=0
0.85 fc
fy
Pno + Ast fy + 0.85 fc Ag Ast = 0
fy
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag Ast + Ast fy
Where:
Ast = total area of steel.

Ag = gross area of concrete = b h
However, if we neglect the area of concrete displaced by steel; i.e. take the area
of concrete as Ag instead of (Ag Ast); the nominal axial capacity of the cross
section becomes:
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag + Ast fy
Columns under Tensile Axial load only:
Cross-section
In this case, all the concrete is cracked, and

the steel yields in tension:
Pnt = Ast fy
Pnt
Elevation
fy
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fy
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Columns under Compressive Axial load + Uniaxial Moment:

Before going into the analysis, we need to define two things:
a)
Plastic Centroid:
The plastic centroid is the point through which the resultant axial force must
pass in order to produce constant strain @ failure (i.e. no moment is created, since
moment is the source of strain gradient). i.e.; the location of the resultant axial
force, P , must be such that we obtain the following stress and strain distributions
@ failure:
As2
As1
Plastic centroid
0.003
distance to
plastic centroid
f
0.85 fc
fy
fy
In order to find the location of the plastic centroid, we must have:
p. c .
=0
solve for distance
Note: In case our column and reinforcement are both symmetric, the plastic
centroid coincides with the geometric centroid.
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b)
Eccentricity of loading (e):
Point of load application
If the force is not applied @ the

plastic centroid
Plastic centroid
e is the distance between

the point of application and
the plastic centroid
If a moment is present in addition to the axial force
Pn
Pn
Pn
e is equal to the
moment divided by the
axial force
Pn
Pn
e = Mn/Pn
Mn
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
Load and Moment Capacities:
Now lets consider a symmetrically reinforced column cross-section subjected

to axial load and bending moment about the y-axis this column will fail when
the maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches 0.003
All the stresses and strains are assumed positive in compression and negative
in tension
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y
h/2
Most
compressed
face
h/2
As2
As1
P.c.
As= As1+As2
d1
d2
Comp (+)
0.003
Strain
distribution
s1
c
s2
a = 1 c
(h)
Comp (+)
Mn
Stress
distribution
0.85 fc
fs2
fs1
c d1
s1
=
0.003
c
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s1 = 0.003
c d1
c
c d1
600
c
fs1 = min
fy
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d2 c
s2
=
0.003
c
s2 = 0.003
c d2
c
c d2
600
c
fs2 = min
fy
=0
Pn + 0.85fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fs1 + As2 fs2 = 0

Pn = 0.85 fc ab + As1 ( fs1 0.85 fc) + As2 fs2
Note that the effect of displaced concrete area is accommodated in the

equation by reducing the stress fs1 to (fs1 0.85 fc)
p. c .
=0
h
h a
h
Mn + 0.85 fc ab + As1 ( fs1 0.85 fc) d1 As2 fs2 d2 = 0

2
2 2
2
Mn = 0.425 fc ab (h a ) + As1 ( fs1 0.85 fc) d1 + As2 fs2 d2

2
Neglecting the effect of the area of concrete displaced by the steel:
Pn = 0.85 fc ab + As1 fs1 + As2 fs2

h
Mn = 0.425 fc ab (h a ) + As1 fs1 d1 + As2 fs2 d2

2
e=
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Mn
Pn
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Notes:
Our equations for Pn , Mn and e are all functions of c only (of course in
addition to material and cross-section properties) because a, fs1 and fs2 all
depend on the value of c. i.e. for each value of c, we have a unique value for
each of Pn , Mn and e.
As we vary the value of c from to 0, we obtain values for Pn and Mn that

make up a contour known as the column interaction diagram, which looks like
the following:
Pn
Pno
Points inside the curve mean

that this combination of M & P
will not cause failure
any pair of M & P on or outside
the curve column will fail
Pure compression (c = ; e = 0)
Compressive failure
region
(c > cb ; e < eb)
Balanced
failure
(c = cb ; e = eb)
Pnb
Compression
(+)
Tension
(-)
eb
Tensile failure
region
(c < cb ; e > eb)
c < cb
e > eb
Mnb
Mno
Mn
Pure bending
(c < cb ; e = )
Pnt
Pure tension (c = 0 ; e = 0)
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o Pno :
@ this point we have pure compression; i.e. the whole crosssection is in compression and M = 0 the strain is constant @
0.003
c=
also, e =
o Balanced point:
Mn
Pn
because c is the distance to the N.A. (point where

= 0) and we dont have a N.A. in this case
e = 0.
@ this point the maximum compressive strain in

concrete reaches 0.003 @ the same time that the
strain in the steel farthest in tension reaches y. Recall:
c = cb =
600
d
600 + fy for
layer
of steel
farthest in
tension
o Mno :
@ this point we have pure bending
find c by solving Pn = 0
Since there is no Pn , the distance to N.A. will be smaller than the

case where we have Pn c < cb
also, e =
o Pnt :
Pn
e=
@ this point the whole cross-section is in tension; i.e. = 0 in

concrete every where
c=0
also, e =
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Mn
Mn
Pn
e=0
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For points above the balanced point (P > Pnb , c > cb and e < eb), the maximum
compressive strain in concrete reaches 0.003 before the maximum tensile
stress in steel (i.e. the stress in the steel layer farthest in tension) reaches fy
compressive failure (also called column behavior)
For points below the balanced point (0 < P < Pnb , c < cb and eb < e < ), the
maximum tensile stress in steel reaches fy before the maximum compressive
strain in concrete reaches 0.003 tensile failure (also called beam behavior).
If we have more than two layers of steel, then our equations will become the
following:
# of layers
Pn = 0.85 fc a b +
si si
i=1
Mn = 0.425 fc a b (h a ) +
# of layers
i=1
where
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Asi fsi di
2
c di
600
fsi = min
f
y
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Example 1:
Consider the column cross-section shown with fc = 25 MPa and fy = 350 MPa.
Bending is about the strong axis.
500 mm
300mm
228
228
65mm
65mm
1) Compute Pno and Pnt.

2) Find the balanced point (Mnb, Pnb).
3) For Pn = 0, find the associated moment causing failure.
4) If the applied moment is 245 kN-m, find the associated load causing failure.
5) For an eccentricity of 360 mm, what combination (Mn, Pn,comp) will cause the
column to fail?
Solution:
The first important thing is to identify the strong axis (since it is stated in the
question that bending is about strong axis):
y
500 mm
300mm
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This is clearly the y-axis. Also, the second important thing here is to determine
the plastic centroid of the cross-section.
Since we have a symmetric cross-section (i.e. 2 axis of symmetries) and the steel
reinforcement is also placed I a symmetric fashion, it is ledge dement to say that
the plastic centroid coincides with the geometric centroid of the cross-section.
Now, from now on, I will always draw the cross-section, with the accompanied
strain and stress diagrams in a horizontal way, for each case that follows.
1) Compute Pno and Pnt :
Pno:
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag As1 As2 + As1 fy + As2 fy

Pno = 0.85 (25 )(300 500 2 1232 ) + 2 1232 (350 ) = 3997.54 103 N
Pno = 3997.54 KN
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Pnt:
Pnt = ( As1 + As2 ) fy = (2 1232 ) 350 = 862.4 103 N

Pnt = 862.4 KN
2) Find the balanced point (Mnb, Pnb):
c = cb =
600
600
d =
435 = 274.7 mm
600 + fy
600 + 350
a = 1 c = 0.85 274.7 = 233.5 mm
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c d1
274.7 65
600
= 600
= 458.0 MPa
c
274.7
fs1 = min
fy = 350 MPa
fs2 = fy (by definition ) = 350 MPa
Pnb = 0.85 fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fy As2 fy

= 0.85 (25 )(233.5 300 1232 ) + 1232 350 1232 350 = 1485.95 103 N
Pnb = 1485.95 KN
Mnb = 0.85 fc ( ab As1 )
(h a ) + A
2
h
f d1 + As2 fy d2
2
2
s1 y
= 0.85 (25 )(233.5 300 1232 )
(500 233.5 )
2
500
+ 1232 (350 )(250 65 ) + 1232 350 435
= 354.4 106 N mm
Mnb = 354.4 KN.m
Pn
(KN)
Pure compression (c =
; e = 0)
Pno=3997.54
Balanced
failure
(c = cb ; e = eb)
Pnb=1485.95
Compression
(+)
Tensio
n (-)
Compressive failure
region
(c > cb ; e < eb)
eb
Mno
Tensile failure
region
(c < cb ; e > eb)
c < cb
e > eb
Mnb=354.4
Mn
(KN.m)
Pure bending
(c < cb ; e =
)
Pnt=862.4
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3) Determine Mno :
Pn = 0 < Pnb
c d1
fs1 = 600
c
fs1 < fy
assume
fs2 = fy (see the interaction curve shown on the previous page)
=0
0.85 fc ab As1 + As1 fs1 As2 fy = 0
c 65
0.85 25 0.85c 300 1232 + 1232 600
1232 350 = 0
c
( )(
)(
c = 71.69 mm
So, let us check if our assumption is o.k or not !!
71.69 65
fs1 = 600
= 56MPa < fy
71.69
assumption is O.K.!!
But wait !!
a = 1 c = 0.85 71.69 = 60.93 mm < d1 = 65 mm

As1 should not been subtracted from the concrete area under copression, i.e:
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0.85 fc ( ab ) + As1 fs1 As2 fy = 0
c 65
0.85 ( 25 ) ( 0.85 c ) ( 300 ) + 1232 600
1232 350 = 0
c
c = 69.94 mm
Mno
= 0.85 fc ( ab )
(h a ) + A
h
f d1 + As2 fs2 d2
2
2
s1 s1
= 0.85 ( 25 ) ( 0.85 69.94 ) ( 300 )
( 500 0.85 69.94 )

2
+1232 ( 56 ) ( 250 65 ) + 1232 ( 350 ) ( 435 250 )

= 172.07 106 N mm
Mno = 172.07 KN.m
4) Mn = 245 kN-m:
Pn
(KN)
; e = 0)
Pno=3997.54
Balanced
failure
(c = cb ; e = eb)
Pnb=1485.95
Compression
(+)
Tensio
n (-)
eb
c < cb
e > eb
Tensile failure
region
(c < cb ; e > eb)
Pn2=?
Mn=245
Mno=172.07
Compressive failure
region
(c > cb ; e < eb)
Pn1=?
Mnb=354.4
Mn
(KN.m)
Pure bending
(c < cb ; e =
)
Pnt=862.4
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We have two values of Pn associated with our Mn . One of them > Pnb (will call
it Pn1) and the other one < Pnb (will call it Pn2):
Pn1 :
(in the compressive failure region)
Compressive failure
assume
fs1 = fy
Mn = 0.85 fc ( ab As1 )
245 106
fs2 < fy ( tension )
( compression )
(h a)
h
+ As1 fs1 d1 + As2 fs2 d2 = 245KN m
2
2
2
= 0.85 25 0.85 c 300 1232
( )(
)(
(500 0.85c ) + 1232 350 250 65

( )(
)
2
435 c
+1232 600
435 250
c
c d2
fs2 = 600
c
c = 420.56mm
So, let us check our assumption if it is O.K. or Not:

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check :
420.56 65
fs1 = 600
= 507.27 MPa > fy = 350 MPa
420.56
our assumption was O.K.

Pn1 = 0.85 fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fy As2 fs2
435 420.56
Pn1 = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85 420.56 )(300 ) 1232 + 1232 (350 ) 1232 600
420.56
3
= 2658.5 10 N
Pn1 = 2658.5 KN
Pn2 :
(in the tensile failure region)
tensile failure
assume :
fs2 = fy
fs1 = fy
Mn = 0.85 fc ( ab As1 )
(h a)
h
+ As1 fs1 d1 + As2 fs2 d2 = 245kN m
2
2
2
245 106 = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85 c )(300 ) 1232

+ 1232 (350 )( 435 250 )
(500 0.85 c ) + 1232 350 250 65

( )(
)
2
c = 77.48 mm
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77.48 65
c = 71.86 mm fs1 = 600
= 96.64 MPa < fy = 350 MPa
77.48
our assumption was wrong!!
c d1
Now, assume fs1 = 600
c
< fy
245 106 = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85 c )(300 ) 1232
(500 0.85 c )
2
c 65
+ 1232 600
(250 65 ) + 1232 (350 )( 435 250 )
c
c 106 mm
check :
106 65
fs1 = 600
= 232 MPa < fy = 350 MPa
106
our assumption is O.K.
Pn2
= 0.85 fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fs1 As2 fy

= 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85 106 )(300 ) 1232 + 1232 (232 ) 1232 (350 ) = 402.8 103 N
Pn2 = 402.8 KN
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5) e = 360 mm:
Mn
e = 360 mm
eb =
Mnb
Pnb
Pn
= 360 mm , but since we want Pn,comp will use +360 mm
354.4 106 N.mm

1485.95 103 N
= 238.5mm
<
e = 360 mm
our point is below the balanced point (i.e. in Tension region)

fs2 = fy
assume
Mn
Pn
fs1 = fy
(h a)
h
+ As1 fy d1 + As2 fy d2
2
2
2
= 360 mm
0.85 fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fy As2 fy
0.85 fc ( ab As1 )
=
Pn = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85c )(300 ) 1232 + 1232 (350 ) 1232 (350 )

Pn = ( 5418.75 ) c 26180
Mn = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85c )(300 ) 1232
(500 0.85 c )
2
+ 1232 (350 )(250 65 ) + 1232 (350 )( 435 250 )
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Mn = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85c )(300 ) 1232
360 mm =
(500 0.85c ) + 159.54 10
0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85c )(300 ) 1232
(500 0.85c) + 159.54 10
2
(5418.75 ) c 26180
c = 167.37 mm < cb = 274.7 mm (as exp ected!! our assumption is O.K.)
167.37 65
fs1 = 600
= 366.98 MPa > fy = 350 MPa
167.37
our assumption is O.K.
Pn = ( 5418.75 ) c 26180 = ( 5418.75 )(167.37 ) 26180 = 880.756 103 N

Pn = 880.756 KN
Mn = 0.85 (25 ) ( 0.85c )(300 ) 1232
(500 0.85c ) + 159.54 10
Mn = 0.85 25 0.85 167.37 300 1232
( )(
)(
(500 0.85 167.37 ) + 159.54 10
= 317.08 106 N.mm

Mn = 317.08 KN.m
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Example 2:
Construct the nominal column interaction diagram for the column shown.
f'c = 20 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Bending is about the strong axis.
500 mm
328
228
328
450mm
65mm
65mm
250 mm
Solution:
Bending is about the strong axis and the plastic centroid follows from symmetry.
Pn
As3 = 1848mm2
Mn
As1 = 1848mm2
d1 = 65mm
As2 = 1232mm2
d2 = h/2 =
250mm
d3 = 435mm
Ast =As1+As2+As3 = 1848+1232+1848 = 4928mm2
To draw the interaction curve, we vary c from h to 0 and calculate Pn and Mn for
each c. However, there are 4 significant points on the curve that we are usually
interested in. These points are: Pno, balanced point, Mno, and Pnt . So we will
determine these 4 points first then we will choose different values for c and
calculate Pn and Mn for them.
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Pno:
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag ( As1 + As2 + As3 ) + (As1 + As2 + As3 ) fy
Pno = 0.85 (20 ) 450 500 (2 1848 + 1232 ) + (2 1848 + 1232 ) ( 420 ) = 5811 103 N
Pno = 5811 KN
Balanced point (Mnb, Pnb):
c = cb =
600
600
d =
435 = 255.88mm
600 + fy
600 + 420
ab = 1 cb = 0.85 255.88 = 217.5 mm

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c d1
274.7 65
600
= 600
= 458.0 MPa
c
274.7
fs1 = min
fy = 420 MPa
c d2
255.88 250
= 600
= 13.78MPa
600
c
255.88
fs2 = min
f = 420 MPa
y
fs2 = 13.78MPa
fs3 = fy (by definition ) = 420 MPa
Pnb = 0.85 fc ab As1 + As1 fy + As2 fs2 As3 fy
( )(
= 0.85 20 217.5 450 1848 + 1848 420 + 1232 13.78 1848 420 = 1649.36 103 N
Pnb = 1649.36 KN
Mnb = 0.85 fc ab As1
(h a ) + A
h
f d1 + As3 fy d3
2
2
s1 y
( )(
= 0.85 20 217.5 450 1848
)(
(500 217.5 )
2
+ 1848 420 250 65 + 1848 420 435 250
= 517.76 106 N mm
Mnb = 517.76 KN.m
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Mno:
Pn = 0 < Pnb tension region (see the interaction curve shown on the previous page)
fs3 = fy
assume
c d1
fs1 < fy fs1 = 600
c
c d1
fs2 < fy fs1 = 600
c
and is in compression (does it make sense!!)
also,
assume
Fx = 0
0.85 fc ab As1 + As1 fs1 As2 fs2 As3 fy = 0
c 65
0.85 20 0.85 c 450 1848 + 1848 600
250 c
1232 600
1848 420 = 0
c
( )(
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)(
c = 134.25 mm
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So, let us check if our assumptions if they are o.k or not !!
134.25 65
fs1 = 600
= 309.5MPa < fy
134.25
250 134.25
fs2 = 600
= 517.3MPa > fy = 420 MPa
134.25
assumption is Wrong!!
so let us refine our assumption based on the above calculated steel stresses, i.e:
assume
c d1
fs1 < fy fs1 = 600
c
also,
assume
fs2 = fy (tension)
c 65
0.85 (20 ) ( 0.85 c )( 450 ) 1848 + 1848 600
1232 420 1848 420 = 0
c = 123.21 mm
So, let us check if our assumptions if they are o.k. or not!!

123.21 65
fs1 = 600
= 283.47 MPa < fy
123.21
250 123.21
fs2 = 600
= 617.43MPa > fy = 420 MPa
123.21
fs2 = fy = 420 MPa assumption is O.K (and also our assumption that it is in
tension O.K. since fs2ispositive your direction assumption is right!!
a = 1 c = 0.85 123.21 = 104.73 mm
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Mno
= 0.85 fc ( ab As1 )
(h a) + A
2
h
f d1 + As3 fy d3
2
2
s1 s1
= 0.85 ( 20 ) ( 104.73 450 1848 )
( 500 104.73)
2
+1848 283.47 ( 250 65 ) + 1848 ( 420 ) ( 435 250 )

= 392.6 106 N mm
Mno = 392.6 KN.m
Pnt:
Pnt = ( As1 + As2 + As3 ) fy = (2 1848 + 1232 ) 4200 = 2069.76 103 N

Pnt = 2069.76 KN
Next we choose values for c
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calculate corresponding Pn and Mn .
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For example, take c = 600 mm:
a = 1 c = 0.85 600 = 510 mm

take :
h = 500 mm
>
a = h = 500mm
c d1
600 65
600
= 600
= 535.0 MPa
c
600
fs1 = min
fy = 420 MPa
c d2
600 250
600
= 600
= 350.0MPa
c
600
fs2 = min
fy = 420 MPa
c d3
600 435
600
= 600
= 165.0 MPa
c
600
fs3 = min
fy = 420 MPa
3
Pn = 0.85 fc ab ( As1 + As2 + As3 ) + Asi fsi
i=1
= 0.85 (20 ) ( 500 )( 450 ) (2 1848 + 1232 ) + 1848 ( 420 ) + 1232 (350 ) + 1848 (165 )
= 5253.5 103 N = 5253.5 KN
Mn
= 0.85 fc ab ( As1 + As2 + As3 )
(h a ) +
2
A
i=1
f di
2
si si
= 0.425 (20 )( 500 )( 450 )(500 500 ) + 1848 ( 420 )(250 65 )

+ 1232 (350 )(250 250 ) + 1848 (165 )(250 435 )
= 87.18 106 N mm
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More values of c, Pn and Mn are shown next:

c
(mm)
a
(mm)
Fc
fs1
fs2
fs3
Mn
(kN-m)
Pn
(kN)
1500
500
3825000
420
420
420
5894.76
1400
500
3825000
420
420
413.5714
2.1978
5882.88
1300
500
3825000
420
420
399.2308
7.1005846
5856.378
1200
500
3825000
420
420
382.5
12.8205
5825.46
1100
500
3825000
420
420
362.7273
19.5804
5788.92
1000
500
3825000
420
420
339
27.69228
5745.072
900
500
3825000
420
420
310
37.6068
5691.48
800
500
3825000
420
412.5
273.75
49.99995
5615.25
700
500
3825000
420
385.7143
227.1429
65.934
5496.12
600
500
3825000
420
350
165
87.1794
5337.28
500
425
3251250
420
300
78
238.84484
4541.154
400
340
2601000
420
225
-52.5
369.6183
3557.34
300
255
1950750
420
100
-270
474.86408
2351.15
200
170
1300500
405
-150
-420
496.6335
1087.98
100
85
650250
210
-420
-420
350.31128
-255.27
80
68
520200
112.5
-420
-420
294.4143
-565.5
-995.85
60
51
390150
-50
-420
-420
214.08428
40
34
260100
-375
-420
-420
75.9879
-1726.5
20
17
130050
-420
-420
-420
31.407075
-1939.71
10
8.5
65025
-420
-420
-420
15.979894
-2004.74
4.25
32512.5
-420
-420
-420
8.0590359
-2037.25
3.4
26010
-420
-420
-420
6.458283
-2043.75
2.55
19507.5
-420
-420
-420
4.8520029
-2050.25
1.7
13005
-420
-420
-420
3.2401958
-2056.76
0.85
6502.5
-420
-420
-420
1.6228614
-2063.26
Pn (kN)
Any load combination (M, P) inside the curve is safe.

Any load cmbination on or outside the curve will cause
failure.
7000
5000
3000
1000
Mn (kN-m)
0
-1000
100
200
300
400
500
-3000
Note:
The values shown on the table above were calculated neglecting the effect of
subtracting steel area in the compression area of concrete, if any. i.e.:
3
Pn = 0.85 fc ab + Asi fsi

i=1
Mn = 0.85fc ab
SPRING 2011
(h a ) +
2
A
i=1
f di
2
si si
Page 35
Columns
Analysis of circular columns:

So far all our discussion was limited to columns with rectangular cross sections.
For a circular column, the method of analysis is similar except that the concrete
compression zone (which is subjected to compressive stress 0.85 fc) here is a
segment of a circle of depth a.
For a concrete compression block of depth a in a circular column:
h
Aconc
Aconc
h/2-a
a-h/2
a
h
2
a>
= cos 1 2
h
90
h
2
a
2
= 180 cos 1
h

2

90 < 180
Cc = 0.85 fc Aconc
Cc = 0.85 fc
h2
( sin cos )
4
MC = 0.85 fc Aconc x
C
MC
= 0.85 fc
h3
12
sin3
( Moment of concrete force about centroid)
SPRING 2011
Page 36
Columns
Note:
( radians )
( deg rees ) 180
The nominal force and moment capacities of the circular section, neglecting the
effect of the area of concrete displaced by steel, are:
Pn = 0.85 fc
Mn = 0.85 fc
n
h2
( sin cos ) + Asi fsi
4
i=1
n
h3
h
sin 3 + Asi fsi di

12
2
i=1
where:
c di
600
c
fsi = min
fy
Whitney Approximate Analysis for Circular Columns:

1) Compression Region:
Pn =
Ast fy
3e
D + 1
s
SPRING 2011
Ag fc'
9.6h e
+ 1.18
2
0.8h
+
0.67D
(
s)
Page 37
Columns
2) Tension Region:
Ast fyDs
0.85 e
0.85 e
Pn = 0.85fc h
0.38 +
0.38
'
h
h
2.125
f
A
h
c g
'
Note:
The graphs shown for both regions assuming that the x-axis is the axis of bending.
So, how about exploring the analysis of circular column using the above Whitneys
equations?? Lets do it!!
SPRING 2011
Page 38
Columns
Example 2:
For the circular column shown in figure below, neglecting the area of concrete
displaced by steel and using the Whitney approximation for circular column:
a) Compute Pno , and its associated moment causing failure. What is the value
of e at this point?
b) Compute Pnb , Mnb causing failure. What is the value of e at this point?
c) Compute Mno , and its associated axial force causing failure. What is the
value of e at this point?
d) For e=300 mm, what are the load combination (Pn,Mn) that will cause the
column to fail?
e) For e=50 mm, what are the load combination (Pn,Mn) that will cause the
column to fail?
f) For a stress fs = 0 (tensile) in the extreme tension steel, find the load
combination (Pn,Mn) that will cause the column to fail?
Note: f'c = 25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa and take the y-axis to be the axis of
bending.
SPRING 2011
Page 39
Columns
Solution:
Pno:
d1 = 40 + 13 +
32
= 69 mm
2
d2 = 275 103 = 172 mm

d3 = 275 + 103 = 378 mm
32
d4 = 550 40 + 13 +
= 481 mm
2
SPRING 2011
Page 40
Columns
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag + Ast fy
Pno = 0.85 (25 ) 5502 + 6 819 420 = 7112.5 103 N

4
Pno = 7112.5 KN
Mn = 0 (pure axial compression force on the column)
c=
eo =
Mn
Pno
0
=0
7112.5
Balanced point (Mnb, Pnb):
c = cb =
600
600
d4 =
481 = 282.94 mm
600 + fy
600 + 420
ab = 1 cb = 0.85 282.94 = 240.5 mm <
h
= 275 mm
2
a
275 240.5
= cos 1
= cos 1 2
= 82.79 = 1.445rad.
275
h
SPRING 2011
Page 41
Columns
Cc = 0.85 fc
h2
4
( sin cos )
Cc = 0.85 25
MC = 0.85 fc
C
5502
h3
12
(1.445 sin 82.79 cos82.79 ) = 2122.06 10
sin3
= 0.85 25
( Moment of concrete force about centroid )
5503
12
sin3 ( 82.79 ) = 287.69 106 N.mm
c d1
282.94 69
600
= 600
= 453.7.0 MPa
c
282.94
fs1 = min
fy = 420 MPa
fs1 = fy = 420 MPa
c d2
282.94 172
= 600
= 235.3MPa
600
c
282.94
fs2 = min
f = 420 MPa
y
fs2 = 235.3MPa
d3 c
378 282.94
= 600
= 201.6MPa
600
c
282.94
fs3 = min
f = 420 MPa
y
fs3 = 201.6MPa
fs 4 = fy (by definition ) = 420 MPa
SPRING 2011
Page 42
Columns
Pnb = Cc + As1 fy + As2 fs2 As3 fs3 As4 fy

= 2122.06 103 + 819 420 + 2 819 235.3 2 819 201.6 819 420 = 2177.6 103 N
Pnb = 2177.6 KN
h
h
h
Mnb = MC + As1 fy d1 + As2 fs2 d2 + As3 fs3 d3 + As4 fy d4
C
2
2
2
= 287.69 106 + 819 ( 420 )(275 69 ) + 2 819 235.3 (275 172 )

+ 2 819 201.6 (378 275 ) + 819 420 ( 481 275 )
= 503.11 106 N mm
Mnb = 503.11 KN.m
eb =
Mnb
Pnb
507.26 106 N.mm

2177.6 103 N
= 232.94 mm
Mno:
Using Whitneys approximate tensile section transformation as shown below:
SPRING 2011
Page 43
Columns
Since we are sure we are in a tension region of the columns interaction diagram
(you know that, dont you?? If not, please let me know, now!!)
assume a
h
= 275 mm
2
(to be checked!!)
c 120.5
assume fs1 = 600
(to be checked!!)
c
= cos 1 2
h
2
275 0.85 c
= cos 1
(in degrees)
275
275 0.85 c
= cos 1
(in radians)

275
180
Cc = 0.85 fc
Cc = 0.85 25
h2
( sin cos )
4
5502
275 0.85 c
275 0.85 c
1 275 0.85 c
sin cos 1
cos 1

cos cos

4
275
275
275
180
SPRING 2011
Page 44
Columns
Pn = 0 = Cc + As1 fs1 As2 fy
275 0.85 c
275 0.85 c
1 275 0.85 c
sin cos1
cos cos1
cos
275
275
275
180
c 120.5
+ 1966 600
+ 1966 420 = 0
c
0.85 25
5502
4
c = 130.98 mm
a = 0.85 130.98 = 111.33 mm <
h
= 275 mm our assumption is O.K.
2
130.98 120.5
fs1 = 600
= 48 MPa our assumption is O.K.
130.98
275 0.85 130.98
= cos 1
= 53.48
275
3
h
MC = 0.85 fc
sin3
C
12
( Moment of concrete force about centroid)
MC = 0.85 25
C
5503
12
sin3 ( 53.48 ) = 152.9 106 N.mm
h
Mno = MC + As1 fs1 d1 + As2 fy d2
C
2
2
Mno = 152.9 106 + 1966 48 ( 275 120.5 ) + 1966 420 ( 429.5 275 )
Mno = 295 106 N.mm = 295 KN.m
eo =
Mno
SPRING 2011
Pn
295 106 N.mm

0
Page 45
Columns
e =300
e = 300 mm > eb = 232.94 mm Tension Re gion
Pn = 0.85 f h
'
c
Ast fyDs
0.85 e
0.85 e
0.38 +
0.38
2.125 fc'Agh h
h
Ds = 550 2 69 = 412 mm
Ag =
5502 = 237.583 103 mm2

4
0.85 300
0.85 300
( 6 819 ) 420 412

Pn = 0.85 25 5502
0.38 +
0.38
550
550
2.125 25 237.583 103 550
Pn = 1775.5 103 N
Pn = 1775.5 KN
Mn = Pn e = 1775.5 103 N 300 mm = 532.65 10 6 N.mm
Mn = 532.65 KN.m
e =50 mm:
e = 50 mm < eb = 232.94 mm Compression Re gion
Pn =
SPRING 2011
Ast fy
3e
+ 1
Ds
Ag fc'
9.6h e
+ 1.18
2
( 0.8h + 0.67Ds )
Page 46
Columns
6 819 420
237.583 103 25
Pn =
+
= 5017.4 103 N
3 50
9.6 550 50
+1
+ 1.18
2
412
0.8
550
0.67
412
)
(
Pn = 5017.4 KN
Mn = Pn e = 5017.4 103 N 50 mm = 250.87 106 N.mm
Mn = 250.87 KN.m
fs = 0 (tensile) in the extreme tension steel:

It is very obvious that we are in the compression region zone, which means we can
use Whitneys transformed column section shown below:
SPRING 2011
Page 47
Columns
c = d2 = 440 82.665 = 357.335 mm
357.335 82.665
600
= 461.2 MPa
357.335
fs1 = min
i
f = 420 MPa
y
Pn = 0.85fc' ab + As1 fy
Pn = 0.85 25 303.73 539.96 + 2457 420 4517 103 N
Pn = 4517KN
h a
h
Mn = 0.85fc' ab
+ As1 fy d1
2
2
440 303.73
440
Mn = 0.85 25 303.73 539.96

82.665
+ 2457 420
2
Mn = 379.17 106 N.mm = 379.17 KN.m

e=
379.17 106 N.mm

4517 103 N
= 83.94 mm
Pnt:
SPRING 2011
Page 48
Columns
Pnt = Ast fy = ( 6 819 ) 420 = 2063.88 103 N

Pnt = 2063.88 KN
Mn = 0 KN.m
c = 0 mm
e=
0
2063.88 103 N
= 0 mm
Pn (KN)
Pno=7112.5
; e = 0)
Compressive failure region

(c > cb ; e < eb)
e=50 mm
fs=0
(c=357.335mm ;
e=83.94mm)
Balanced failure
(cb=282.94mm ;
eb=232.94mm)
Pnb=5017.4
Pn=4517
Pnb=2177.6
Tensile failure region

(c < cb ; e > eb)
Pn=1775.5
e=300 mm
Mn (KN.m)
Mn=379.17
Mnb=507.26 Mn=532.65
Mn=250.87
Mno=295
(c=130.98mm ; e=
Pnt=2063.88
SPRING 2011
Page 49
Columns
Simplification of nominal interaction diagrams to use as a design aid:
Define
Define
Pn
Mn
and Rn =
fc Ag
fc Ag h
Kn =
h
h
where h = distance between the centers of the outside

layers of steel in the direction perpendicular
to the axis of bending.
In practice, column strength interaction diagrams are plotted covering the

most frequent practical cases. The most frequent cases are for the 3 cases
shown below. They are for rectangular (or square) tied columns and circular
spirally reinforced columns.
h
h
h
h
h
h
Pn
Pn
Pn
The interaction curves are drawn for different values of fc , fy , and with
each graph including interaction curves for values of g from 0.01 to 0.08.
Sample interaction curves are shown at the end of this chapter. They are
drawn for fc= 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and values of 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90.
SPRING 2011
Page 50
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.60
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Rn = Pn e / f'c Ag h
SPRING 2011
Page 51
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.70
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 52
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.80
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 53
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.90
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 54
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.60
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 55
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.70
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 56
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.80
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 57
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.90
b
0.2
0
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0.3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
4
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 58
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.60
0.2
0
1.8
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
0.08
Pn
1.6
0.07
0.06
1.3
0.05
0.
4
1.4
0.3
0
1.5
1.2
50
0.
0.04
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
1.1
0.03
1
0.02
0.9
g = 0.01
0.8
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 59
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.70
0.2
0
1.8
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
0.08
Pn
1.6
0.07
0.06
1.3
0.05
0.
4
1.4
0.3
0
1.5
1.2
50
0.
0.04
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
1.1
0.03
1
0.02
0.9
g = 0.01
0.8
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 60
Columns
2
f'c = 30 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.80
0.2
0
1.8
fy = 420 MPa
1.7
0.08
Pn
1.6
0.07
0.06
1.3
0.05
0.
4
1.4
0.3
0
1.5
1.2
50
0.
0.04
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
1.1
0.03
1
0.02
0.9
g = 0.01
0.8
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
SPRING 2011
Page 61
Columns
SPRING 2011
Page 62
Columns
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
Design of columns is performed with the aid of design interaction diagrams

that are constructed according to ACI Code specifications.
Before going into the design procedures, there are some requirements that need to
be explained:
Longitudinal steel:
Define the gross steel ratio, g , as:
g =
Ast
Ag
ACI Code requires that 0.01 g 0.08
This is to provide ductility,

reduce creep of concrete, and
insure resistance to bending
moments not accounted for in
the design
This is to limit the amount

of steel in order to allow
concrete to flow
3 for triangular ties
Minimum number of bars is 4 for rectangular or circular ties

6 for spirals
SPRING 2011
Page 63
Columns
40 mm
Minimum clear distance between bars = m ax
1.5 db
Minimum clear cover to the tie or spiral = 40 mm (could also be 50 mm or 75 mm)
SPRING 2011
Page 64
Columns
Ties:
All longitudinal bars in tied columns must be enclosed by lateral ties.
10
Minimum tie size is
13
for longitudinal bars up to 32

for 36 and larger longitudinal bars
48 dty
Vertical spacing of ties = min 16 db

least dimension of column cross-section
(round down to nearest 10mm)
Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not
more than 135 and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along
the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
SPRING 2011
Page 65
Columns

NAKHI
Tie extension (after bending) 6 dt.
SPRING 2011
Page 66
Columns
Spirals:
h
Minimum diameter of a spiral bar is 10 and the

maximum is usually 16.
The pitch of the spiral, S, is given by:
area of
spiral bar
S
of spiral

fy
2
fc
h
center
to center
hc 1
hc
(round downward to nearest 5 mm)
SPRING 2011

9 Asp
Cover to outside
of spiral
hc
Page 67
Columns
fy
700 MPa
since higher strength steels

are more brittle
of spiral
reinforcement
Clear distance between turns, (S-dsp), must satisfy:
25mm

S d sp
to allow sufficient clearence

for concrete to flow in between
spiral turns
75 mm

to insure proper confinement
of core concrete
Slenderness effects:
Columns used in Kuwait are usually part of frames braced against sidesway (i.e.
non-sway frames). Bracing is by attachment to rigid elements such as elevator
shafts, adjoining structures, etc.
For columns in non-sway frames to be classified as short, ACI requires:
M1
34 12
M2
min
r
40
Klu
SPRING 2011
Page 68
Columns
Where:
K = effective length factor (found from an alignment chart; maximum value
for non-sway frames is 1.0)
lu
SPRING 2011
unsupported length.
Page 69
Columns
r = radius of gyration associated with axis of bending =
I
Ag
0.3h
rectangular column; bending about strong axis
r = 0.3b
rectangular column; bending about weak axis
0.25h circular column
M1 and
M2 :
M1
smaller end moment

(ultimate moment)
M2
larger end moment

(ultimate moment)
M1
M
2
= +1 if both
M1 and M2
are zero
is positive for single

curvature and
negative for double
(reverse) curvature
Single curvature
Double curvature
Required minimum eccentricity:

Recall that the nominal strength of a purely axially loaded column (i.e. M = 0; e = 0)
is given by:
Pno = 0.85 fc Ag Ast + Ast fy

However, the ACI Code realizes that in such a case inevitable imperfections
of construction will introduce eccentricities not considered in the analysis and,
consequently, will introduce bending in the member as built.
To compensate for this, the Code imposes an upper limit on the axial load that
is less than the calculated nominal strength:
Pn,max
0.85Pno
=
0.80 P
no
for spirally reinforced columns

for tied columns
This is reflected in the horizontal cutoff in the interaction curves.

SPRING 2011
Page 70
Columns
Design of short columns for axial compression plus uniaxial bending:
For a given factored load, Pult , and factored moment, Mult , (hence equivalent
eccentricity e = Mult / Pult) with material properties fc and fy, we have one of two
options:
Option 1:
Selection of reinforcement for column of given size
Rectangular (or square) tied

columns
dimensions b and h
(or just h) are given
Circular spiral columns

diameter h is given
i.
Calculate the ratio based on required

cover distances to the bar centroids,
and select corresponding column design
chart.
i.
Calculate and the ratio e/h. Decide

whether to adopt reinforcement
distributed around the column
perimeter or reinforcement along two
opposite column faces.
Rule of thumb:
e/h > 0.2 bending dominates

reinforcement
at opposite faces.
e/h 0.2 compression
dominates
reinforcement
around the
perimeter.
ii.
Calculate K n =
Rn =
P
Pn
and
= ult
fc Ag
fc Ag
Mult
Pn e
Mn
with
=
=
fc Ag h fc Ag h fc Ag h
= 0.70 and Ag =
SPRING 2011
ii.
Calculate Kn and Mn with = 0.65 and

Ag = b h for rectangular columns and h2
for square columns.
h2
.
4
Page 71
Columns
iii.
From the graph, for the values of Kn and Rn found above, read the required
reinforcement ratio, g :
If g < 0.01
If g
iv.
> 0.08
use 0.01
enlarge column cross section size
Calculate the total steel area,

Ast = g Ag , and select bars. Number
iv.
of bars should be even and 6.
v.
Design the spiral and draw an

engineering sketch of the design.
SPRING 2011

Ast = g Ag , and select bars. Number
of bars should be even and 4.
v.
Design the ties and draw an

Page 72
Columns
Given : Pult , M ult,1 , M ult,2 , b , h , fc' , fy , fy,sp , lu

(KN) (KN.m)
(KN.m)
(mm) (mm)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (mm)
0.3h bending about strong axis

r=
0.3b bending about week axis
M ult1
34 12
min
Mult2
r
40
Klu
Take :K = 1
Calculate :
"+"
Mult1
( smaller ultimate end moment )
""
Mult2
"+ 1"
(larger ultimate end moment )
Klu
r
if single curvature
if double curvature
if both end moments =0
= 0.65
Ag = bh
Kn =
Rn =
e =
(mm)
Pult 10 3
fc'Ag
M ult2 10 6
fc'Agh
Mult2
Pult
h
h
h h 150
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
10 3
e
> 0.2
h
Get : g
Get : g
g < 0.01
g > 0.08
g = 0.01
SPRING 2011
db Given ?
Ast,req = g Ag
Page 73
Columns
round up N req to nearest

even integer Get : N
N 4
N=4
Ast,req
N req =
Ab
s clear =
b 2 c.c. 2d t N # of bars on the side "b" db

N # of bars on the side "b" 1
(replace "b" by "h" if you were enforced to work on weak axis)
Ast,prov = NAb
g,prov =
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
Ast,prov
Ag
sclear,min
40 mm
= m ax
1.5d
b
s clear s min
s clear 150 mm
s t,req
SPRING 2011
48dt
16db
= min
b
h
round down s t,req to nearest

10 mm Get : s t
Page 74
Columns
Example 3:
In a three-story structure, an interior column is to be designed for a service dead
load of 990 kN and maximum live load of 1485 kN. The minimum live load
compatible with the full live load moment is 740 kN, obtained when no live load is
placed on the roof but a full live load is placed on the second floor. The column is
also subjected to dead load moment of 220 KN.m and live load moment of 315 KN.m
at the lower end and half those values at the upper end in single curvature bending.
Unsupported length, lu = 4.5 m.
Architectural considerations require that a
rectangular column be used, with dimensions b = 500 mm and h = 650 mm.
1) Design the column.
2) Check to insure that the column is adequate for the condition of no live load on
the roof.
Material strengths are f'c = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Use 28 bars
(Ab = 616 mm2) for longitudinal steel.
Solution:
i. Pult = 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl = 1.2 990 + 1.6 1485 = 3564kN
Mult = 1.2Md + 1.6Ml = 1.2 (220 ) + 1.6 (315 ) = 768kN m
We will assume that the column is to be oriented so that the moment is about the
strong axis.
r = 0.3h = 0.3 650 = 195 mm

Take K = 1 (non-sway frame)
Klu
r
1 4500
= 23.08
195
M
34 12 1
M
= 23.08 < min

2
r
Klu
0.5Mult
= 34 12 sin ce single+ curvature
Mult
40
= 28
= 28

Which means that we are designing a short column, which we can handle doing so in
our current course!!
SPRING 2011
Page 75
Columns
= 0.65
Ag = bh = 500 650 = 325000 mm2
db = 28 mm dt = 10 mm
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
since interior column concrete cover = 40 mm
h = 650 2 40 2 10 28 = 522 mm
h 522
= 0.803 0.8
=
h
650
Kn =
Rn =
Pult
fc'Ag
3564 103
= 0.562
0.65 30 325000
Mult2 106
e =
(mm)
fc'Agh
Mult2
Pult
768 106
=
= 0.186
0.65 30 325000 650
103 =
768
103 = 215.49 mm
3564
e 215.49
=
= 0.33 > 0.2 Use reinforcement on opposite sides of the column.
h
650
Now,Using the appropriate graph, with:

fc' =30 MPa
fy =420 MPa
= 0.8
g 0.021
Kn = 0.562
Rn = 0.186
SPRING 2011
Page 76
Columns
Ast,req = g Ag = 0.021 325000 = 6825 mm2
Nreq =
Ast,req
Ab
6825
= 11.08 N = 12 > 4 O.K.
616
Ast,prov = NAb = 12 616 = 7392 mm2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
==
7392
= 0.0227
325000
dt = 10 mm
sclear =
b 2 c.c. 2dt N# of bars on the side "b" db

N#
of bars on the side "b"
500 2 40 2 10 6 28
= 46.4 mm
61
( replace "b" by "h" if you were enforced to work on weak axis )
40 mm
sclear,min = m ax
1.5db = 1.5 28 = 42 mm
sclear = 46.4 mm > sclear,min = 42 mm O.K.
st,req
48dt = 48 10 = 480 mm
16db = 16 28 = 448 mm
= min
b = 500 mm
h = 650 mm
500
mm
st = 440 mm
40mm
40mm
6 28
6 28
10 ties @
440 mm
650mm
SPRING 2011
Page 77
Columns
ii.
Check with roof live load absent:
Pult = 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl = 1.2 ( 990 ) + 1.6 ( 740 ) = 2372 kN
Mult = 768kN m
as before
Pult
2372 103
Kn =
= 0.3743
=
fc Ag
0.65 ( 30 ) ( 500 650 )
R n = 0.1864
from same graph:
= 0.8
g 0.015
<
as before
prov

0.02274
Column is adequate for this condition.
SPRING 2011
Page 78
Columns
Given : Pult , M ult , h , fc' , fy , fy,sp , lu , M 1 , M 2

(KN) (KN.m)
(mm)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m)
r = 0.25h
"+ "
M1
( smaller ultimate end moment)
" "
M
2
"+ 1"
if single curvature
if double curvature
Calculate :
0.65 Tied column
=
0.70 Spiral column
Rn =
Pult 10 3
fc'Ag
M ult2 10 6
fc'Agh
Klu
r
Goto Slender Column Design
M
Klu
34 12 1
min
M2
r
40
Kn =
Take :K = 1
h
h
h h 150
Ag =
h2
4
db Given ?
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
Get : g
g < 0.01
g > 0.08
g = 0.01
SPRING 2011
Ast,req = g Ag
Page 79
Columns
round up Nreq to nearest

N req =
Ast,req
Ab
4 tied circular column

N
6 spiral circular column
Ast,prov = NAb

N=
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
g,prov =
s clear h sin db
2
360
N
sclear,min
40mm
= m ax
1.5d
b
Ast,prov
Ag
s clear s min
choose another bar size

or enlarge column diameter
s t,req
48dt
= min 16db
h
h c = h 2 c.c
area of
spiral bar
Ssp,req =

center
to center

9 Ab,sp
h
hc
hc
of spiral

fy,sp
fc
10 mm Get : s t
round down s sp,req to nearest
s sp 25mm
5mm Get : s sp
s sp = 75 mm
SPRING 2011
s sp 75mm
Page 80
Columns
Example 4:
Unsupported length, lu = 4.5 m. Architectural considerations require that a circular
column be used, of a diameter h=700 mm. design the tied circular column.
Solution:
Pult = 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl = 1.2 ( 990 ) + 1.6 (1485 ) = 3564kN
Mult = 1.2Md + 1.6Ml = 1.2 (220 ) + 1.6 (315 ) = 768kN m

r = 0.25h = 0.25 700 = 175 mm
Klu
r
1 4500
= 25.71
175
M
34 12 1
= 25.71 < min

M2
r
Klu
0.5Mult
Mult
40
= 28
= 28

This means that we are designing a short column
= 0.65 ( since tied column )

2
( 700 )
h2
Ag =
= 384.845 103 mm2
=
4
4
db = 28 mm dt = 10 mm
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
SPRING 2011
Page 81
Columns
h = 700 2 40 2 10 28 = 572 mm
h 572
= 0.817 0.8
=
h
700
Kn =
Rn =
Pult
3564 103
fc'Ag
0.65 30 384.845 103
Mult2 106
fc'Agh
= 0.475
768 106
0.65 30 384.845 103 700
= 0.146
Now,Using the appropriate graph,with:

fc' =30 MPa
fy =420 MPa
= 0.8
g 0.023
Kn = 0.475
Rn = 0.146
Ast,req = g Ag = 0.023 384.845 103 = 8851.435 mm2
Nreq =
Ast,req
Ab
8851.435
= 14.37 N = 16 > 4 O.K.
616
Ast,prov = N Ab = 16 616 = 9856 mm2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
==
9856
384.845 103
= 0.0256
dt = 10 mm
=
360 360
= 22.5
=
N
16
22.5
sclear h sin db = 572 sin
28 = 83.6 mm
2
2
SPRING 2011
Page 82
Columns
40 mm
sclear,min = m ax
1.5db = 1.5 28 = 42 mm
st,req
48dt = 48 10 = 480 mm
= min 16db = 16 28 = 448 mm
h = 700 mm
st = 440 mm
SPRING 2011
Page 83
Columns
Example 5:
Unsupported length, lu = 4.5 m. Architectural considerations require that a circular
column be used, of a diameter h=700 mm. design the spiral circular column.
Solution:
Pult = 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl = 1.2 ( 990 ) + 1.6 (1485 ) = 3564kN
Mult = 1.2Md + 1.6Ml = 1.2 (220 ) + 1.6 (315 ) = 768kN m

r = 0.25h = 0.25 700 = 175 mm
Klu
r
1 4500
= 25.71
175
M
34 12 1
= 25.71 < min
M2
r
Klu
0.5Mult
Mult
40
= 28
= 28

This means that we are designing a short column
= 0.70 ( since spiral column )

2
( 700 )
h2
Ag =
= 384.845 103 mm2
=
4
4
db = 28 mm dt = 10 mm
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
SPRING 2011
Page 84
Columns

h = 700 2 40 2 10 28 = 572 mm
h 572
= 0.817 0.8
=
h
700
Kn =
Rn =
Pult
3564 103
fc'Ag
0.7 30 384.845 103
Mult2 106
fc'Agh
= 0.441
768 106
0.7 30 384.845 103 700
= 0.136
Now,Using the appropriate graph,with:

fc' =30 MPa
fy =420 MPa
= 0.8
g 0.019
Kn = 0.441
Rn = 0.136
Ast,req = gAg = 0.019 384.845 103 = 7312 mm2
Nreq =
Ast,req
Ab
7312
= 11.87 N = 12 > 6 O.K.
616
Ast,prov = NAb = 12 616 = 7392 mm2

g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
==
7392
384.845 103
= 0.0192
dt = 10 mm
=
360 360
= 30
=
N
12
30
sclear h sin db = 572 sin
28 = 120.04 mm
2
2
SPRING 2011
Page 85
Columns
40 mm
sclear,min = m ax
1.5db = 1.5 28 = 42 mm

hc = h 2 c.c = 700 2 40 = 620 mm
area of
spiral bar
=
s
sp,req

center
to center

9 Ab,sp
h
hc
hc
of spiral

fy,sp
fc
9 71
700 2
620
620
420
= 52.5 mm
30
ssp = 50 mm
SPRING 2011
Page 86
Columns
Option 2:
Selection of column size for a given reinforcement ratio, g
Cost studies indicated that 0.02 g 0.04 provides for a sound design.
Circular spiral columns
i.
Choose a trial value for h :
Ag,trial =
2
Pult
htrial
=
0.5 (fc + g fy )
4
Choose a trial value for h :
Ag,trial
bhtrial
Pult
=
=
0.4 (fc + g fy ) 2
htrial
Kn =
P
Pn
= ult
fc Ag
fc Ag
with b set
square
solve for htrial and round to the

next upward multiple of 50 mm
iii.
From the corresponding graph, with e/h

and g , read:
Kn =
and calculate the required Ag .

= 0.70
rectangular
Calculate e/h and .
From the corresponding graph, with

e/h and g , read:
SPRING 2011
i.
solve for htrial and round to the

next upward multiple of 50 mm
ii.
iii.
Rectangular (or square) tied columns
P
Pn
= ult
fc Ag
fc Ag
and calculate the required Ag . = 0.65
Page 87
Columns
iv.
Find the new h. If it is the same as the one in step (i), it is acceptable and proceed to
step (v). If it is not the same, use the new h and repeat steps (ii), (iii), and (iv) until
convergence.
v.
v.
Ast = g Ag
where Ag is based on the final

(accepted) h.
where Ag is based on the final

(accepted) h.
and select bars:
and select bars:
Number of bars should be even and 6.
vi.
Ast = g Ag
Design the spiral and draw

Number of bars should be even and 4.
an
vi.
Design the ties and draw

an
Notes:
The above design procedure is for short columns. Therefore, the designer must
insure that the ACI Code slenderness criteria is applicable.
If the column cross section is rectangular:

orient the cross section (if possible) such that the uniaxial bending
moment is about the strong axis.
SPRING 2011
Page 88
Columns
Design of Rectangular Column (2)

Given : Pult , M ult,1 , M ult,2 , fc' , fy , fy,sp , lu
(KN) (KN.m)
choose "b"
(KN.m) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (mm)
round up h trial to nearest
= 0.65
h trial =
Take: g = 0.03
=
e
> 0.2
h
50 mm Get : h
Pult 10 3
'
c
0.4b f + g fy
e =
(mm)
h h 150
h
h
No
10 3
db Given ?
h = h 2 c.c. 2d t db
No
From graph
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
Get : K n
Get : K n
Ag =
Pult 10 3
hnew =
fc'K n
Take :K = 1
Calculate :
Klu
Ag = bh
Yes
50 mm Get : h
Yes
"h" converges ?
"+"
M ult1
""
M ult2
"+ 1"
(larger ultimate end moment)
No
if single curvature
if double curvature
M
34 12 ult1
min
M ult2
r
40
Klu
Ag
round up hnew to nearest
0.3h bending about strong axis

r=
0.3b bending about week axis
SPRING 2011
Pult
Yes
Yes
From graph
M ult2
No
Increase column cross-section
size
Page 89
Columns
Ast,req = g Ag

Make many bar choices

(if not restricted)
N 4
N req =
No
Ast,req
Yes
Ab
Ast,prov = NAb
N=4
s clear =
b 2 c.c. 2dt N # of bars on the side "b" db

(replace "b" by "h" if you were enforced to work on weak axis )
sclear,min
40 mm
= m ax
1.5d
b
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
g,prov =
A st,prov
Ag
s clear s min
No
Yes
Select best
bar size
s clear 150 mm
Choose another bar size, or

increase b (or h if you were
enforced to work on weak axis)
Yes
No
Need extra
tie
No need for extra

tie

10 mm Get : s t
s t,req
48d t
16db
= min
b
h
Sketch the Column Cross-Section
END
SPRING 2011
Page 90
Columns
Example 6:
A column is to be designed to carry a factored load, Pult = 2140 kN and factored
moments of 667 kN.m and 466 KN.m, at the lower and upper ends, respectively.
Material strengths are f'c = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Cost studies for the
particular location indicate that a reinforcement ratio, g , of about 0.03 is
optimum.
Column dimension, b = 350 mm.
Find the required dimension h,
perpendicular to the strong axis (axis of bending), and the required column
reinforcement. Use 40 bars (Ab = 1256 mm2) for longitudinal steel. Assume the
column to have a single curvature bending and an unsupported length, lu = 4.5 m.
Solution:
= 0.65
b = 350 mm
take g = 0.03
h trial =
Pult 103
0.4b fc + g fy
2140 103
= 358.82 mm
0.4 350 30 + 0.03 ( 420 )
take h = 400 mm
e =
(mm)
Mult2
Pult
103 =
667
103 = 311.7 mm
2140
dt = 13 mm (since db = 40 mm > 32 mm)

h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db = 400 2 40 2 13 40 = 254 mm
=
h 254
= 0.635 (take it = 0.6)
=
h
400
e 311.7
= 0.78 > 0.2
=
h
400
moment dominates palce bars on two opposite sides of the column
SPRING 2011
Page 91
Columns
from the interaction diagram with:
f = 30 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
= 0.6
Kn = 0.27
= 0.78
h
g = 0.03
'
c
Ag =
Pult 103
hnew =
fc' Kn
Ag
b
1200
2140 103
406458 mm2
0.65 30 0.26
406458
350
h 144
h
0.88
(use 0.9)
0.68
450
(use 0.7)
0.84
900
(use 0.8)
0.74
550
(use 0.7)
0.82
800
550
650
(use 0.8)
SPRING 2011
e 311.7
=
h
h
Kn
( from graph )
2140 103
Ag =

0.65 30 Kn
2
( )
(mm )
hnew =
Ag
350
0.26
(>0.2)
0.75
146325
418.07
0.69
(>0.2)
0.36
304843
870.98
0.35
(>0.2)
0.62
177006
505.73
0.57
(>0.2)
0.41
267667
764.76
0.39
(>0.2)
0.58
189213
540.60
will lead to h = 800 mm which will lead back to h = 550 mm

try again with h in between 550 mm and 800 mm
0.78
(use 0.8)
650
= 1161.3 mm Take h = 1200 mm ( 400 mm did not converge!!)
0.48
(>0.2)
0.5
219487
627.1
convergence occurs for h = 650 mm

Page 92
Columns
r = 0.3h = 0.3 650 = 195 mm

Klu
r
1 4500
= 23.08
195
M
34 12 1
= 23.08 < min

M2
r
Klu
Klu
r
466
= 25.62
667
40
= 23.08 < 25.62
short column !!
Ag = bh = 350 650 = 227500 mm 2

Ast,req = g Ag = 0.03 227500 = 6825 mm 2
N req =
Ast,req
Ab
6825
= 5.43 Take N = 6 > 4 O.K. (3 on each side)
1256
Ast,prov = N Ab = 6 1256 = 7536 mm 2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
7536
= 0.0331
227500
dt = 13 mm
s clear =

350 2 40 2 13 3 40
= 62 mm
31
(replace "b" by "h" if you were enforced to work on weak axis)
SPRING 2011
Page 93
Columns
40 mm
s clear,min = m ax
1.5 d b = 1.5 40 = 60 mm
s clear = 62 mm > s clear,min = 60 mm O.K.
s clear = 62 mm 150 mm No need for extra tie !!
s t,req
48dt = 48 13 = 624 mm
16db = 16 40 = 640 mm
= min
b = 350 mm
h = 650 mm
s t,req = 350 mm
40mm
350
mm
13 ties @
350 mm
3 40
40mm
3 40
650mm
SPRING 2011
Page 94
Columns
Design of Circular Column #2

Given : Pult , M ult , fc' , fy , fy,sp , lu , M 1 , M 2
(KN) (KN.m) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m)
h trial =
8Pult
fc' + g fy
0.65 tied column
=
0.70 spiral column
Take : g = 0.03
round up "h trial " to nearest
e=
50 mm Get " h "
M ult
db Given ?
Pult
No
h
h
Yes
h h 150
From the appropriate

e
graph with g , Get : K n
h
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
h = h 2 c.c. 2d t db
No
"h" Converges ?
round up "hnew " to nearest

50 mm Get " h "
Yes
r=
h
4
"+"
M1
""
M2
"+ 1"
Take :K = 1
Calculate :
hnew = 2
Ag
Ag =
Pult
fc'K n
if single curvature
if double curvature
Klu
r
4Klu
M
34 12 1
min
M2
40
No
M1
34 12
min
M2
r
40
Klu
Yes
round up "hnew " to nearest

50 mm Get " h "
SPRING 2011
Ag =
2
h
4
Ast = g Ag
Page 95
Columns

N req =
Ast,req

N
Ast,prov = NAb
g,prov =
Ab
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db
s clear h sin db
2

N=
Ast,prov
Ag
dt
sp
10 db 32
=
13 d > 32
b
360
N
sclear,min
40 mm
= m ax
1.5d
b
s clear s min
s t,req
48dt
= min 16db
h
choose another bar size

or enlarge column diameter
hc = h 2 c.c
area of
spiral bar
Ssp,req =

10 mm Get : s t
center
to center

9 Ab,sp
h
hc
hc
of spiral

fy,sp
fc
s sp 25mm
round down s sp,req to nearest

s sp = 75 mm
SPRING 2011
s sp 75mm
5mm Get : s sp
Page 96
Columns
Example 7:
A tied circular column is to be designed to carry a factored load, Pult = 2140 kN and
factored moments of 667 kN.m and 466 KN.m, at the lower and upper ends,
respectively. Material strengths are fc = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Cost studies
for the particular location indicate that a reinforcement ratio, g , of about 0.03 is
optimum. Find the required diameter h, and the required column reinforcement.
Use 40 bars (Ab = 1256 mm2) for longitudinal steel. Assume the column to have a
single curvature bending and an unsupported length, lu = 4.5 m.
Solution:
= 0.65
take g = 0.03
8Pult
htrial =
'
c
f + g fy
8 2140 103
( 30 + 0.03 420 )
= 357.66 mm
take h = 400 mm
e =
(mm)
Mult2
Pult
103 =
667
103 = 311.7 mm
2140
dt = 13 mm (since db = 40 mm > 32 mm)

h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db = 400 2 40 2 13 40 = 254 mm
=
h 254
= 0.635 (take it = 0.6)
=
h
400
e 311.7
= 0.78
=
h
400
SPRING 2011
Page 97
Columns
from the interaction diagram with:
fc' = 30 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
= 0.6
Kn = 0.18
= 0.78
h
g = 0.03
Ag =
Pult 103
fc' Kn
2140 103
=
609.686 103 mm2
0.65 30 0.18
Ag
609.686 103
=2
= 881.07 mm Take h = 900 mm
hnew = 2
( 400 mm did not converge!!)
900
h 146
h
0.84
(use 0.8)
e 311.7
=
h
h
Kn
( from graph )
2140 103
Ag =

0.65 30 Kn
2
( )
(mm )
hnew = 2
0.35
0.48
228632
539.54
0.57
0.28
391941.4
706.42
0.42
0.42
261294.3
576.79
0.52
0.36
304843.3
623.01
0.48
0.36
304843.3
623.01
Ag
0.73
550
(use 0.7)
0.805
750
(use 0.8)
0.76
600
(use 0.8)
0.78
650
650
SPRING 2011
(use 0.8)
convergence occurs for h = 650 mm
Page 98
Columns
r=
h 650
=
= 162.5 mm
4
4

Klu
r
1 4500
= 27.7
162.5
M
34 12 1
= 27.7 > min

M2
r
Klu
4Klu
M
34 12 1
min
M2
40
466
= 25.62
667
40
4 1 4500
= 702.57 mm
25.62
take h = 750 mm
short column !!
2
2
h = ( 750 ) = 441786.5 mm 2
4
4
Ag = Ag =
Ast,req = g Ag = 0.03 441786.5 = 13253.6 mm 2
N req =
Ast,req
Ab
13253.6
= 10.55 Take N = 12 > 4 O.K.
1256
Ast,prov = NAb = 12 1256 = 15072 mm 2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
15072
= 0.0341
441786.5
dt = 13 mm
SPRING 2011
Page 99
Columns
360 360
=
= 30
N
12
s clear h sin db =
2
40 mm
s clear,min = m ax
1.5 d b = 1.5 40 = 60 mm
s clear = 62 mm > s clear,min = 60 mm O.K.
s t,req
48d t = 48 13 = 624 mm
16db = 16 40 = 640 mm
= min
b = 350 mm
h = 650 mm
s t,req = 350 mm
SPRING 2011
Page 100
Columns
Design of short columns for axial compression plus biaxial bending:
This is the situation where the column is subjected to axial compression, Pult ,
plus simultaneous bending moments, Mux and Muy , about both principal axes of the
section. The factored load, Pult, and the factored moments, Mux and Muy , are
known from the frame analysis of the structure.
A simple, approximate method for the design of rectangular columns for

h
2.0 ) proceeds as follows
which dimensions, b and h, are known (with h b and
b
(use = 0.65 throughout):
i.
ex =
Obtain eccentricities ex and ey :
Pult
Muy
Pult
ey =
Mux
Pult
Pult
ex
Mux
ey
y
h
x
h
e
ii. If ex y :
h
b
Muy
If
ex e y
:
<
h
b
The column is designed for Pult and a

magnified uniaxial moment, Muy,mag = Pult ex,mag
The column is designed for Pult and a

magnified uniaxial moment, Mux,mag = Pult ey,mag
where ex,mag = magnified eccentrici ty
where e y,mag = magnified eccentrici ty
along x - axis
ey
= ex + h
b
SPRING 2011
along y - axis
e
= ey + x b
h
Page 101
Columns
max
max
iii.
Calculate K n =
and =
iv.
P
0.5 + 'ult
f
c Ag

0.6
fy + 280

700
P
1.3 'ult
fc Ag

0.5
fy + 280

700
M uy,mag
Pult ,
Rn =
fc Ag
fc Ag h
h
h
for
for
Calculate K n =
Pult
fc' Ag
Pult
fc' Ag
0.4
> 0.4
M ux,mag
Pult ,
and
Rn =
fc Ag
fc Ag b
b
b
use the appropriate graph (for rectangular columns with reinforcement distributed
around the column perimeter) to read the required g
Ast,req = g Ag
select bars ( 4 and even).
Check the safety of the design:

For a safe design, require
Pni Pult , where Pni is the nominal axial load strength of the cross
section @ biaxial bending conditions. Pni is found, using the reciprocal load method (using the
actual steel area and ratio, Ast and g ), from:
1
1
1
1
=
+
Pni Pnx Pny Pno

where:
Pnx = nominal axial load strength at eccentricity ex (i.e. accompanying Muy and h)
Compute
Kn =
h
and, from the corresponding graph, with ex/h and g , read
h
Pnx
and calculate Pnx .
fc Ag
Pny = nominal axial load strength at eccentricity ey (i.e. accompanying Mux and b)
SPRING 2011
Page 102
Columns
Compute
Kn =
Pny
fc Ag
b
and, from the corresponding graph, with ey/b and g , read
b
and calculate Pny .
Pno = 0.85 fc (Ag Ast) + Ast fy
v.
Design the ties and draw an engineering sketch of the design.
Notes:
If Pni >> Pult
very conservative design try removing two bars at a

time (still satisfying 4 ) and repeat step (iii), with g
changed, until Pni Pult and close to it.
If Pni < Pult
unsafe design add two bars at a time (still satisfying

4 ) and repeat step (iii), with g changed, until Pni Pult
and close to it.
The reciprocal load method is accurate for design purposes provided that
Pni 0.10 Pno . Moreover, when using this method, it is necessary to use graphs
for columns with reinforcement around the perimeter and without the horizontal
cutoff (as shown by the lighter lines in the graphs).
If
M ux
M uy
< 0.2
Neglect bending about the weak axis (x-axis) and

design as axial compression, Pult , plus uniaxial
bending about the strong axis (y-axis), Muy .
For circular columns Mux
and
M ult = M
Muy
2
ux
+M
plus uniaxial
symmetry.
SPRING 2011
are
2
uy
replaced
by
their
resultant,
and the column is designed for Pult
moment,
Mult,
due
to the
circular
Page 103
Columns
Design of Rectangular Biaxial Column

Given : Pult , M ult1,x , M ult2,x ,M ult1,y , M ult2,y fc' , fy
(KN)
Mux2
< 0.2
Muy2
Yes
(KN.m)
(KN.m)
Take : g = 0.03
(KN.m) (MPa) (MPa)
(KN.m)
No
No
Circular
Uniaxuial Column
with:Pult & Muy2
Column ?
Go to design of
uniaxial circular
column
2
2
Mult = M ult2,x
+ Mult2,y
Yes
choose a ratio for:
h
preferably:0.5 2.0
b
h
b
Ag >
K x lu K y lu
,
rx
ry
(f
'
c
0.4 tied column

+ g fy
0.5 spiral column
b=
nearest 50 mm
Yes
round up "b" to
nearest 50 mm
h
ratio
b
ry = 0.3h bending about y-axis ( strong axis )
K = 1
Take : x
K y = 1
"+"
M ult1,x
""
M ult2,x
(larger ultimate end moment) "+ 1"
Ag given ?
No
round up "h" to
h
h = ratio Ag
b
Calculate :
Pult 1000
rx = 0.3b bending about x-axis ( weak axis )
if single curvature
K x lu
if double curvature
rx
Mult1,x
34 12
M
min
ult2,x
40
Yes
K y lu
ry
Mult1,y
34 12
Mult2,y
min
40
"+"
Mult1
""
Mult2
"+ 1"
(larger ultimate end moment)
if single curvature
if double curvature
No
No
Yes
Slender Column
Enlarge Column
dimension
Ag = bh
= 0.65
Pult 10 3
No
fc' Ag
0.4
P 10 3 fy + 280
1.3 ult
fc' Ag 700
= max
0.5
P 10 3 fy + 280
0.5 + ult
fc' Ag 700
= max
0.6
ex =
( mm)
SPRING 2011
Yes
Mult,y
Pult
10 3
Page 104
Columns
Calculate :
ey
Calculate :
ex
Mult,x
ey =
Pult
(mm)
e
e y,mag = e y + x
h
10 3
No
ey
e x,mag = e x +
b
M ultx,mag = Pult e y,mag 10 3
ex
Yes
M ulty,mag = Pult e x,mag 10 3

(KN.m)
Rn =
(KN)
Multy,mag 10
ey
(KN.m)
Rn =
Yes
h h 150
From graph
M ultx,mag 10 6
fc' Agh
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
db Given ?
No
(mm)
fc' Ag
fc' Agh
(KN)
Pult 10 3
Kn =
(mm)
h = h 2 c.c. 2d t d b
with : K n ,Rn , Get : g
h
h

Ast,req = g Ag
Make many bar choices

(if not restricted)
N req =
Ast,req
Ab
N=4
Ast,prov = NAb
No
N 4
Yes
g,prov =
h
h
From graph
with :,
SPRING 2011
h = h 2 c.c. 2d t d b
Ag
From graph
Pny = K n fc' Ag 10 3
(KN )
A st,prov
ey
b
with :,
ex
h
, g,prov Get : K n
Pnx = K n fc' Ag 10 3
, g,prov Get : K n
b
b
(KN )
b = b 2 c.c. 2dt db
Pno = 0.85 fc' (A g A st,prov ) + A s,prov fy
1
1
1
1
=
+
Pni Pnx Pny Pno
Page 105
Columns
Pni Pult
Get : Pni
Pni >> Pult
10 db 32
dt =
13 d > 32
b
40 mm
sclear,min = m ax
1.5db
s x,clear =
(N
# of bars on the side "b"
s x,clear s clear,min
1)
s y,clear s clear,min
s y,clear =
h 2 c.c. 2d t N # of bars on the side "h" db
(N
# of bars on the side "h"
1)
s x,clear 150 mm
s y,clear 150 mm
s t,req
48dt
16db
= min
b
h

10 mm Get : s t
SPRING 2011
Page 106
Columns
Example 8:
The short column shown is subjected to a factored load, Pult = 1135 kN, and
factored moments, Mux = 85.5 kN-m and Muy = 171 kN-m. Material strengths are
f'c = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Design the reinforcement using 28 bars
(Ab = 616 mm2). Concrete cover to be taken 40 mm.
500 mm
y
300
mm
Solution:
Mux2
Muy2
85.5
= 0.5 > 0.2 Biaxial Column Design
171
Take : g = 0.03
= 0.65
Ag = bh = 300 500 = 150 103 mm2
Pult 103
fc' Ag
1135 103
30 150 103
= 0.252 < 0.4
P 103 fy + 280
0.5 + ult
fc' Ag 700
= max
0.6
420 + 280
0.5 + 0.252
= 0.752
700
= max
0.6
= 0.752
SPRING 2011
Page 107
Columns
ex =
ey =
ex
h
ey
b
M uy
Pult
M ux
Pult
171 KN.m
103 = 150.7 mm
1135 KN
85.5 KN.m
103 = 75.33 mm
1135 KN
150.7
= 0.3013
500
75.33
= 0.2511
300
ex
h
= 0.3013 >
ey
b
= 0.2511
design for Pult and M uy,mag

ey
ex,mag = ex +
b
75.33
h = 150.7 + 0.752
500 = 245.11 mm
300
M uy,mag = Pult ex,mag 10 3 = 1135 245.11 10 3 278.2 KN m

(KN )
Rn =
Kn =
Multy,mag 106
fc' Agh
Pult 103
fc' Ag
( mm)
278.2 106
0.65 30 150 103 500
= 0.19
1135 103
= 0.388
0.65 30 150 103
dt = 10 mm (since db is 28)
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db = 500 2 40 2 10 28 = 372 mm
=
SPRING 2011
h 372
= 0.744 use : = 0.7
=
h
500
Page 108
Columns
K n = 0.3880
R n = 0.19
= 0.70
g = 0.028
Ast,req = g Ag = 0.028 150 103 = 4200 mm2
Nreq =
Ast,req
Ab
4200
= 6.82 N = 8
616
Ast,prov = N Ab = 8 616 = 4928 mm2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
4928
150 103
= 0.329
h
= 0.744 use = 0.7
h
= 0.3013
h
g,prov = 0.329 Kn 0.6
= 0.7
ex
Pnx = Kn fc' Ag 10 3 = 0.6 30 150 103 10 3 = 2700 KN
(KN )
b = b 2 c.c. 2dt db = 300 2 40 2 10 28 = 172 mm

=
SPRING 2011
b 172
= 0.57 take : = 0.6
=
b
300
Page 109
Columns
= 0.2511
b
g,prov = 0.329 Kn 0.64
= 0.6
ey
Pny = Kn fc' Ag 10 3 = 0.64 30 150 103 10 3 = 2880 KN

(KN )
Pno = 0.85 fc' (Ag Ast,prov ) + As,prov fy
Pno = 0.85 30 150 103 4928 + 4928 420 5769.1 103 N = 5769.1 KN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 5.443 10 4 KN 1
=
+
=
+
Pni
Pnx Pny Pno 2700 2880 5769.1
Pni = 1837.37 KN
Pni = 0.65 1837.37 = 1194.3 KN > Pult = 1135 KN Safe !!
dt = 10 mm
40 mm
40 mm
300
mm
8 28
10 ties
500mm
sclear,min
40 mm
= m ax
1.5d = 1.5 28 = 42 mm
b
SPRING 2011
Page 110
Columns
sx,clear =
b 2 c.c. 2dt N#
of bars on the side "b"
(N
db
300 2 40 2 10 3 28
( 3 1)
= 58 mm
sx,clear = 58 mm > sclear,min = 42 mm O.K.
sy,clear =
h 2 c.c. 2dt N# of bars on the side "b" db
(N
500 2 40 2 10 3 28
( 3 1)
= 158 mm
sy,clear = 158 mm > sclear,min = 42 mm O.K.

Now, let us design for ties:
sx,clear = 58 mm < 150 mm No need for extral tie!!
sy,clear = 158 mm > 150 mm need for extral tie!!
st,req
48dt = 48 10 = 480 mm
16db = 16 28 = 448 mm
= min
b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm
st = 300 mm
40 mm
40 mm
300
mm
8 28
10 ties @
300 mm
SPRING 2011
500mm
Page 111
Columns
Example 9:
Design a tied square column cross-section to resist factored loads and moments
of
P u=
2000
KN,
Muy=
35
KN.m,
and
Mux= 25
KN.m.
Use
20 reinforcement Ab = 314 mm 2 with
40
mm
concrete
cover
and
fc' = 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa . Sketch your design.
Solution:
Mux2
M uy2
25
= 0.714 > 0.2 Biaxial Column
35
Take : g = 0.03
Ag >
Pult 1000
(f
'
c
0.4 tied column

+ g fy
0.5 spiral column
square column
2000 1000
(30 + 0.03 420 ) 0.4
= 117370.89 mm 2
h
=1
b
h
h = ratio Ag = 1 117370.89 = 342.59 mm
b
take h = 350 mm (i.e. our column is 350 mm x 350 mm)
Now, assuming we are dealing with a short column:
= 0.65
A g = bh = 350 350 = 122500 mm 2
Pult 10 3
fc' Ag
SPRING 2011
2000 10 3
=
= 0.544 < 0.4
30 122500
Page 112
Columns
P 10 3 fy + 280
420 + 280
1.3 ult
= 1.3 0.544
= 0.756
'
700
700
f
A
c
g
= max
0.5
= 0.756
M ult,y
ex =
Pult
( mm)
M ult,x
ey =
Pult
( mm)
ex
h
ey
h
ex
h
10 3 =
35
10 3 = 17.5 mm
2000
10 3 =
25
10 3 = 12.5 mm
2000
17.5
= 0.05
350
12.5
= 0.0357
350
= 0.05 >
ey
b
= 0.0357
ey
e x,mag = e x +
b
h = 17.5 + 0.756 0.0357 350 = 26.95 mm
Multy,mag = Pult e x,mag 10 3 = 2000 26.95 10 3 = 53.9 KN.m

(KN.m)
Rn =
Kn =
SPRING 2011
(KN)
(mm)
Multy,mag 10 6
fc' Agh
Pult 10 3
fc' Ag
53.9 10 6
0.064
0.65 30 122500 350
2000 10 3
=
0.837
0.65 30 122500
Page 113
Columns
db = 20 mm dt = 10 mm
h = h 2 c.c. 2dt db = 350 2 40 2 10 20 = 230 mm
=
h 230
= 0.657 use = 0.7
=
h 350
with : K n ,R n , Get : g
From graph
2
f'c = 30 MPa
h
h
0.10
fy = 420 MPa
= 0.70
e/h =
1.9
1.8
0 .2
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0 .3
1.5
0.07
0.
40
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
=
e/h
0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
From the above graph: g 0.012
SPRING 2011
Page 114
Columns
Ast,req = g Ag = 0.012 122500 = 1470 mm 2
N req =
Ast,req
Ab
1470
= 4.68 bars
314
Take : N = 8
Ast,prov = NAb = 8 314 = 2512 mm 2
g,prov =
Ast,prov
Ag
2512
= 0.0205
122500
From graph
with : = 0.7,
ex
h
= 0.05, g,prov = 0.0205 Get : K n
2
f'c = 30 MPa
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.70
0.2
0
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0 .3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
40
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.04
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
e/h
=1
.00
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
K n 0.98
SPRING 2011
Page 115
Columns
Pnx = K n fc' Ag 10 3 = 0.98 30 122500 10 3 = 3601.5 KN

(KN )
b = b 2 c.c. 2dt db = 350 2 40 2 10 20 = 230 mm

=
b 230
=
= 0.657 use = 0.7
b
350
From graph
with : = 0.7,
ey
= 0.0357, g,prov = 0.0205 Get : K n
2
f'c = 30 MPa
1.8
h
h
fy = 420 MPa
e/h =
0.10
1.9
= 0.70
0.2
0
1.7
Pn
e
1.6
0.08
0 .3
0
1.5
0.07
0.
40
1.4
0.06
1.3
0.05
1.2
0.04
1.1
Kn = Pn / f'c Ag
50
0.
0.03
0.9
0.02
0.8
g = 0.01
0.7
0.6
e/h
=1
.00
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
K n 1.01
Pny = K n fc' Ag 10 3 = 1.01 30 122500 10 3 = 3711.75 KN
(KN )
SPRING 2011
Page 116
Columns
Pno = 0.85 fc' (Ag Ast,prov ) + A s,prov fy 10 3

Pno = 0.85 30 (122500 2512 ) + 2512 420 10 3 = 4114.73 KN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
= 3.0405 10 4
Pni Pnx Pny Pno 3601.5 3711.75 4114.73
Pni = 3288.96 KN
Pni = 0.65 3288.96 = 2137.82 KN > Pult = 2000 KN Safe !!
40 mm
sclear,min = m ax
1.5db = 1.5 20 = 30 mm
sclear,min = 40 mm
sx,clear =
b 2 c.c. 2dt N# of bars on the side "b" db
(N
sx,clear =
sy,clear =
1)
350 2 40 2 10 3 20
(3 1 )
= 95 mm > sclear,min = 40 mm O.K.
h 2 c.c. 2dt N# of bars on the side "h" db
(N
# of bars on the side "h"
sy,clear =
1)
350 2 40 2 10 3 20
(3 1 )
= 95 mm > sclear,min = 40 mm O.K.
sx,clear = sy,clear = 95 mm < 150 mm No need for extra tie
SPRING 2011
Page 117
Columns
s t,req
48dt
16db
= min
= 48 10 = 480 mm
= 16 20 = 320 mm
b = 350 mm
h = 350 mm
s t,req = 320 mm
40 mm
40 mm
350 mm
8 20
10 ties @
320 mm
350mm
SPRING 2011
Page 118

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COLUMNS

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

o Columns are reinforced with longitudinal bars

o Majority of columns in non-seismic regions

o Column cross-section might be rectangular,

o Columns (usually have circular crosssection) are reinforced with longitudinal

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Columns are divided structurally

In these columns, the ratio of

In these columns, the ratio of

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

ACI Basic Assumptions used in Flexural Theory (ACI 10.2):

2) Strain distribution through

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

4) The stress in steel would follow the

where E s = 200 10 3 MPa

5) Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural (and most calculations

6) Concrete compressive stress distribution is assumed to be rectangular

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

28 < fc' < 56 MPa

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

limit by ACIfor Beams with

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Columns under Compressive Axial load only:

In this case, the column will fail when the steel

To find the axial capacity of the cross section:

Pno + Ast fy + 0.85 fc Ag Ast = 0

Pno = 0.85 fc Ag Ast + Ast fy

Ast = total area of steel.

Pno = 0.85 fc Ag + Ast fy

Columns under Tensile Axial load only:

In this case, all the concrete is cracked, and

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Columns under Compressive Axial load + Uniaxial Moment:

In order to find the location of the plastic centroid, we must have:

solve for distance

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Eccentricity of loading (e):

Point of load application

If the force is not applied @ the

e is the distance between

If a moment is present in addition to the axial force

Load and Moment Capacities:

Now lets consider a symmetrically reinforced column cross-section subjected

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Pn + 0.85fc ( ab As1 ) + As1 fs1 + As2 fs2 = 0

Note that the effect of displaced concrete area is accommodated in the

Mn + 0.85 fc ab + As1 ( fs1 0.85 fc) d1 As2 fs2 d2 = 0

Mn = 0.425 fc ab (h a ) + As1 ( fs1 0.85 fc) d1 + As2 fs2 d2

Neglecting the effect of the area of concrete displaced by the steel: