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Documenti di Cultura
Bitumen
PROJECT SUPERVISOR :
PUAN HERDA YATI BINTI KATMAN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
2015
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Minerals
Carbon
80-85
Hydrogen
10
Sulfur
1-5
Nitrogen
Oxygen
<1
Natural sources bitumen which is located in geological stratum and can be obtained in
PROPERTY
GRADES
BITUMEN
80/100
STANDARD
ASTM / AASHTO
Specification
1.01/1.06
D-70
C
Penetration @
80/100
D-5
25 C
Softening Point
45/52
D-36
C
Ductility @ 25
100 MIN
D-113
C CMS
Loss on Heating
0.5 MAX
D-6
(wt)%
Drop in
20 MAX
%
Flash Point C
225 MIN
D-92
Solubility in
99.5 MAX
D-4
CS@ (wt)%
Spot Test
NEGATIVE
Density @25 C
1.01/1.06
D70
Gravity @25/25
Penetration
After Heating
Temperature
(C)
Table 2: Properties of bitumen 80/100
Crumb Rubber
Crumb rubber is produced by reducing scrap tires down to sizes ranging from 3/8 to 40 mesh
particles and removing 99 percent or more of the steel and fabric from the scrap tires. Crumb
rubber is manufactured from two tire buffings and scrap tire rubber. There are several processes
for manufacturing crumb rubber. Two of the most common are ambient grinding and cryogenic
processing. These processes from where that can be obtained.
Ambient scrap tire is obtained by the grinding of the ground tire rubber at or above ambient
temperature without the use of any cooling system to make the rubber brittle, through either
cracker mills or a granulator. By using granulator, the rubber particles will tend to form a cut
shape and rough particles. Meanwhile by using cracker mills, the particles will be long and
narrow in shape with a high surface.
Cryogenic process is obtained through a process where the scrap tire rubber is frozen using
liquid nitrogen or other frozen method to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of
the rubber to make it brittle like glass, and then the rubber is put in a hammermill and reduced to
the desired particle size (Reschner, 2006). Typically, the size of the feed material is a nominal 2
inch chip or smaller. The material can be cooled in a tunnel style chamber, immersed in a "bath"
of liquid nitrogen, or sprayed with liquid nitrogen to reduce the temperature of the rubber or tire
chip.
conversion of the
thermoplastic bitumen to
a thermoset polymer
which reduces cracking
and rutting
Penetration Test
Penetration Test determines the hardness of Bitumen by measuring the depth ( in tenths of a mm)
to which a standard, and loaded needle will vertically penetrate in 5 seconds, a sample of
Bitumen maintained at a temperature of 25 C.Hence the softer the bitumen, the greater will be
its number of penetration units. A previous study (Hongying Liu,2013) The effect of rubber
content and TOR addition on the conventional physical properties of s presented in figure 4. It
was found that the penetrations of bitumen with increasing crumb rubber powder content present
a downward trend, especially the increase from 15% to 20%, which shows a significant decrease.
When the content increases from 20% to 25%, the extent of decreased penetrations of CRMB is
different from it increasing from the 15% to 20% increment. In addition, the penetrations of
CRMB with TOR show an obvious dropping trend, which implies that the penetrations of CRMB
would be improved further by TOR.
This method is useful in determining the consistency of bitumen as one element in establishing
the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. Softening point is the temperature at which the
bituminous binders have an equal viscosity which is the consistency of all the grades will be
same at the softening point.As an example if two samples have softening points of 40 C and 80
C respectively, both will have the same consistency at their softening point. The test gives an
idea of the temperature at which the bituminous materials attain a certain viscosity. Bitumen with
higher softening point may be preferred in warmer places.
Softening point should be higher than the hottest day temperature, which is anticipated in that
area otherwise bitumen may sufficiently soften and result in bleeding and development of ruts.
Based on previous study (Hongying Liu,2013) ,figure 5 shown clearly when CR concentration
increase, softening point also increase especially for CRMB-TOR graph. It can concluded that
TOR is very useful to high temperature performance of CRMB.
Chen,2013) Figure 5 shown the viscosity values at 177 C and 190C for crumb rubber mixed
bitumen with and without TOR. A general trend was found from the results that the viscosity
values of crumb rubber mixed bitumen increase with increased crumb rubber concentration.
However, the addition of TOR resulted in reducing the viscosity, and this finding is equally true
for crumb rubber mixed bitumen at both testing temperatures. The increase in the viscosity of
crumb rubber mixed bitumen is thought to be caused by the addition of crumb rubber to the
binder, which makes the binder more stickier. In reality, TOR was added to the mixture to
increase the workability and compatibility of the mixture. As it is known that, the crumb rubber
mixed bitumen should be used within 24 hour inpractical engineering applications, should the
crumb rubber mixed bitumen be applied again after a long storage time, the crumb rubber mixed
bitumen needs to be tested as to whether the properties of crumb rubber mixed bitumen can still
meet the technical requirement or not of the specification in use.
measured in the DSR. G* is considered the total resistance of the binder to deformation
when sheared at a certain frequency and temperature and it is highly sensitive to the
morphological state of a heterogeneous system( Kyung Eui Min and Han Mo Jeong,2012) Two
components make the complex shear modulus, these are the storage modulus (G) and the loss
modulus (G); the first modulus is related to the elastic properties of the material, whereas, the
second modulus relates to the viscous properties of the material. The phase angle is then the
angle between the storage modulus (G) and the resultant complex shear modulus (G*),
the higher the phase angle the more viscous-like the material will behave; likewise the
lower the phase angle the more elastic-like the material will behave. The performance-graded
asphalt binder specification uses the values of G* and to determine the performance grade of
the binders. (Airey GD, 2009).
Multiple Stress Creep Recovery(MSCR)
Multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) is a test that conducted to evaluate the binders potential
for permanent deformation by using DSR as the laboratory equipment. The MSCR mode of
loading at a pre-determine test temperature is subsequently adopted as the preferred test method(
S.E Zorro , 2012). Procedure conducted by applying a one second creep load to the bitumen
binder sample. After the one second load is removed, the sample is allowed to recover for 9
seconds then the test started with the application of a low stress (0.1 kpa) for 10 creep recovery
cycles then the stress is increased to 3.2 kpa and repeated for additional 10 cycles. Based on
previous study (S.E Zorro , 2012) low shear viscosity was shown to adequately characterize of
different type of bitumen but was deficient for a proprietary styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)
modified bitumen as no viscosity plateau could be observed at low shear rates.70C was used in
this test as pre-determined temperature. The 70 C MSCR results did not reveal any dramatic
differences in the failure stress levels between the unmodified bitumen and the modified
bitumen.
Based on MSCR test black diagram will produced. Black diagram is a complex modulus
(G*) versus phase angle (d) plot and has the advantage that the rheological characteristics
measured at
various temperatures are illustrated by means of a single curve,independent of the temperature
and frequencies. The minor discontinuities/mismatches in the Black space diagrams of the
straight run bitumen curves has been attributed in earlier research to the differing test plate
geometries used (8 mm versus 20 mm diameter) resulting in strain variations from one test to
another (experimental errors) (GD, 2002). Black diagrams are often used as a fingerprint
of the bitumen for quality control purposes. As example when monitoring the consistency of
delivered bitumen (T., 2000)
M
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
This project is conducted as a research and experiment base project. The research is including
effects on transpolyoctenamer (TOR) on properties of rubberized bitumen to improvised road for
better future. Objectives for this project are
1.
To determine
the physical
properties of crumb
rubber modified
bitumen(CRMB)
reinforced with transpolyoctenamer(TOR)
.
2.
To determine
the rheological
properties of crumb
rubber modified
bitumen(CRMB)
reinforced with transpolyoctenamer(TOR)
(CRMB-TOR).
3.
To study the
optimum content of
TOR and crumb
rubber.
4.
To determine
the relationship of
CRMB-TOR with the
rutting resistance.
For the laboratory test, penetration test, softening test , Brookfield viscosity test will be
conducted to investigate physical properties of crumb rubber modified bitumen(CRMB)
reinforced with trans-polyoctenamer (TOR). Meanwhile to determine the rhelogical
properties of crumb rubber modified bitumen(CRMB) reinforced with transpolyoctenamer(TOR) (CRMB-TOR),multiple stress creep recovery test and dynamic
shear rheometer will be tested.
The first section will explain the preparation process of CRMB- TOR sample, while the
second section will explain all the test that will be conducted. The third section will
explained about viscosity test and lastly the forth section will discuss about the method
and process.
laboratory testing
literature studies
objectives.
The following approaches need to be conducted during the project to meet the project
Literature Studies
Laboratory Testing
Specification Of
Laboratory Test
Analysis And
Interpretation
Conclusion And
Reccomendation
Thesis Preparation
container.
The specimen will be cooled for 1 hour in a temperature less than 13C and will be
moved the sample to a constant water bath at temperature 25C for another 1 hour.
The penetration needle will be adjusted until its tip touched the surface of sample and
container.
Used the clean needle before next penetration proceed.
Repeated for other bitumen specimen.
be filled with distilled water at 5C. Maintain such temperature for 15 minutes.
By using forceps, the ball will be placed in each ball-centering guide.
The bath will be heated and stirred at control rate of 5C/minute. The temperature
will be recorded.
The procedure will be repeated if the difference between the two temperatures
exceeds 1C.
The CRMB-TOR will be heated until fluid enough to pour. The sample will be stirred
minutes.
The spindle will be rotated at 20 RPM, and will be made sure the percent torque as
indicate by the RV readout remains between 2 and 98 percent.
adhere to them.
The bitumen binder sample will be placed between the test plates.
Move the test plates together until the gap between them equals the test gap plus
trimming tool.
The calculate complex modulus (G*) is proportional to the fourth power of the
bitumen binder specimen radius, therefore careful trim will insure more reliable
measurements
The test plates together will be moved to the desired testing gap. This will be created
The Dynamic Shear Rheometer software will be determined a target torque at which
to rotate the upper plate based on the material that will be tested. This torque will be
chosen to ensure that measurements are within the specimens region of linear
behavior.
The Dynamic Shear Rheometer conditions the specimen for 10 cycles at a frequency
will be broken.
The Dynamic Shear Rheometer will be takes test measurements over the next 10
cycles and then the software reduces the data to produce a value for complex modulus