Training Programme

On

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLS

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
# 5, 11th Cross, II Stage, WOC Road,
Bangalore -560 086
Ph : +91-80-23192209, 42455555; Fax: 23192210, 42455556
E-mail : prdc@vsnl.com

Website: www.prdcinfotech.com
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Duration spectra of Main effects

Electrical
Switching
Transients

Electrical
machine &
System
Dynamics

System
Governing
& load
Controls

Few sec

Seconds
Several
to minutes minutes

Over
Voltages

Prime
mover
energy
supply
system
dynamics

Energy
resource
dynamics

Fault
Transients
s/ms

Days to
weeks
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Transient Phenomena

Scale

Initial transient, Recovery Voltage

ms

Switching surges, Fault transients

cycles

Ferro - resonance

Surge period

Dynamic period

Steady State period

Power Systems Analysis Programs

Computer tools to analyze the steady state and transient
behavior of any electrical system.
Classification
Steady State Analysis Programs

Transient Analysis Programs

Single phase load flow analysis

Transient stability study

Short circuit study

Dynamic stability study

Three phase load flow analysis

Electro magnetic transient analysis

Voltage instability study

Sub synchronous resonance

Harmonic analysis study

Long term load forecasting

Relay co-ordination

Case Study :
1. Power evacuation study
2. Design of transmission system
3. Design of interconnection to grid
4. Stability
5. Relay co-ordination
6. Voltage instability study
7. Harmonic analysis
8. EMTP simulation
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Single phase load flow

analysis

Three phase load flow analysis

Loads are balanced

Loads are unbalanced

Network is balanced

Network is unbalanced

Lines are transposed

Lines are not transposed

a
b
c

c
a
b

b
c
a

a
b
c
300Km

100Km

100Km

100Km

Positive sequence
impedance

Positive, negative, and zero sequence

impedance, phase to phase
impedance, self and mutual.

Simple model

Complex model

Normal conventional
study

Specific to traction and distribution

systems.

Network
Parameter
Generation
Schedule
Load
Schedule

Voltage magnitude
and angle
Load flow
Program

Real and reactive

power flow
Real and reactive
Power loss

Useful in day to day operation as well as in planning the system

Any operating condition can be simulated.

Input to other programs like short circuit study, transient stability,

relay coordination, EMTP study etc.

In single-phase load flow, generator terminal voltage is

maintained constant.

In three-phase load flow, generator internal voltage is balanced.

Gives negative sequence currents and zero sequence current.

Short Circuit Study

Used in breaker fault interrupting capacity selection.

Output used in relay co-ordination.

For both planning and operational studies.

Balanced and unbalanced fault study.

3 phase fault balanced.

Shunt faults: SLG, LL, LLG unbalanced faults

Series faults : Single phase open, Two phase open

unbalanced
faults.

Network parameters

Fault MVA

Generator Xd, Xd
Vector groups
Motor data

Short Circuit
Study

Fault current

Post fault bus

voltage

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Voltage Instability Study

Stability Problems

1. Angular Instability
2. Voltage Instability

Now a days, most of the grid collapse has been attributed to

voltage instability rather than angular instability, due to
insufficient reactive power supply in the system.

Normally occurs in long radial EHV lines, meeting the radial load,
controlled by OLTC.

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Due to load increase (both real and reactive power), the

reactive power is drawn from the generator.

Bus voltage at 4 is reduced.

The OLTC acts to improve the voltage.

Reactive power loss in the transformer increases.

Further reactive power is drawn from the grid.

Voltage collapse occurs.

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Operating point
Nose point or knee point
Voltage

Power
Available margin

Voltage instability program is going to tell how close one is to the

proximity of voltage collapse and what is the margin available.
Normally used by utility systems.
Load flow output is taken as input to this program.

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Harmonic Analysis Study

Quality of power supply: Voltage and frequency.

Further tags
1. Unbalance in the system.
2. Harmonics in the system.

Effect of harmonics: over heating, increased losses, mal operation of

relays, mal functioning of control circuits.

Non linear loads, electronic gadgets, thyristor drives, SVC are those
loads, which introduce harmonics.

Generated at load points, which migrate to other parts of the system

and get absorbed at shunts like motors, generators, grid etc.

At PCC (Point of Common Coupling) harmonic current injection and

voltage distortion should be minimum, within the acceptable limits as
per standards.

Filters need to be provided, which are basically R, L, C, components,

which provide low impedance to harmonic current at the resonance
frequency.
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R
L

at nth harmonic frequency,

n*2(pi)fL = 1/[n*2(pi)fC]

nth harmonic filter

Detailed network modeling is required corresponding to those

harmonic frequencies.
2(pi)fL at fundamental frequency

n*2(pi)fL at nth harmonic

2(pi)fC at fundamental frequency

n*2(pi)fC at nth harmonic

SVC: Static Var Compensator consists of controlled reactor

(inductive) and fixed capacitor, so as to control the terminal voltage
or the power factor.
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50 MVAR

100 MVAR

50 MVAR

Variable capacitor from 0 to 50

MVAR

50 MVAR

Variable inductor/capacitor from

- 50 MVAR to 50 MVAR

Achieved by controlling the firing angle in a

bridge rectifier

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a
b
c

If the firing angle is 00, inductor is completely cut in.

If the firing angle is cut-off, inductor is not in the circuit.

By varying the firing angle, it is possible to control the inductive value.

Normally used in varying loads like dc drives and electric arc furnaces.

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Harmonic Analysis
Measurement technique.

By simulation.

For existing plant.

For proposed plant.

The waveform is sampled over a

cycle and using the DFT
(Discrete Fourier Transform) the
waveform is analyzed to get
fundamental and other harmonic
components.

Known harmonic currents are

injected at respective buses and
three-phase
load
flow
is
conducted corresponding to that
harmonic frequency.

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1 Cycle

Filters are designed to eliminate the harmonic current.

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Long term load forecasting

Used to determine the load growth based on the past 5-10 year
load records.
Multi regression analysis is used, Load forecasting is normally
used by utility (electricity boards) and not by industries.

Demand

recorded

projected

No. of years
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Relay Coordination
Over current relay Co-ordination

Distance relay Co-ordination

Computes the plug setting and time Computes the Z1, Z2 & Z3 setting
multiplier setting

A relay should operate for close in fault and should not operate for any
back-up faults immediately and should operate for back-up faults, if the
primary relay fails to operate, with a discrimination time of about 0.4sec.

0.4sec is arrived based on relay operating time, time to close the relay
contacts and circuit breaker operating time.

For fuse to relay, discrimination time is 0.15sec + fuse operating time, as

no circuit breaker is involved.

The primary back up co-ordination is achieved by proper selection of plug

setting and time dial setting ( TDS or TMS ) TMS : time multiplier setting.

Relay characteristic curves can be moved horizontally by the plug setting

selection and vertically by the time dial setting.
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Vertical movement by TDS

Time

Horizontal movement by plug setting.

R2

R1

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The plug setting is selected based on,

Maximum current seen in the element for normal operating

condition.
In case of parallel feeder, tripping of one feeder, other feeder has
to carry the full current.

In the case of feeder supplying to motor, relay should not operate

during the motor starting current period.

Set R1 time dial setting to minimum or, by co-ordination with down

stream relays.

Find the operating time of the relay R1.

Relay R2 should operate at tR1+0.4sec for the fault at R1.

Knowing the time, determine the time dial setting of R2.

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Electrical Transients
Electromechanical transients
1.
2.
3.

Transient stability study

Dynamic stability study.
Sub synchronous resonance.

Electromagnetic transients
Electro magnetic transient
analysis program (EMTP).

Study period: one second to

several seconds or minutes.

Study period: one cycle to several

cycles.

Time step: 0.02sec or 0.005

sec.

Time step: 50sec or less than

1msec

RMS values of voltage and

current.

Instantaneous values of voltage

and current.

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Power System Stability: It is defined as the ability of the

synchronous machine to remain in synchronism following
a fault.
For large disturbances how the machine behaves is
studied under the transient stability program and for
small disturbance, system performance is analyzed in
the dynamic stability programs. Most of the dynamic
stability problems are operating of the system at its peak
capability and wrong or improper control actions.

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Transient Stability

Large disturbances like 3 phase fault, single line to ground

fault, loss of generation, loss of load, loss of excitation, delayed
fault clearing, loss of important tie line, motor starting (large), arc
furnace initial voltage dip(open circuit to short circuit), cyclic load
variation.
Program is going to determine the voltage response, frequency
response, real and reactive power variation as a function of time.
Steady state stability limit is 900, while the transient stability
limit is 1800. If the angular separation b/w any two machines is
more than 1800, the synchronism is lost.

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P
Pe= (E*V*Sin)/Xs

Pm
Shaft power
u

s
in degrees

Xs

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1.

s is the stable operating region and Pm = Pe.

2.

For small disturbance, if s is increased, then

Pe= E * V * Sin (s+) / Xs. Pm remains same.

3.

The swing equation

H d 2 = H d = P P
m
e
f dt 2 f dt
4.
As Pe is more, compared to Pm, rotor decelerates, speed comes
down and angle decreases. Hence s is the stable operating point.
5.
Due to disturbance, if u has changed to (u+), then, Pe is less
compared to Pm. Hence rotor further advances, taking the machine
out of step. Hence u is the unstable operating point.
6.
From 4 & 5, it is concluded that steady state stability limit is 900
angular separation between any two machines.
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Stability study is also used to determine the motor performance

characteristic curves from the design data.

Electro Magnetic Transient Analysis

Instantaneous values are used.

Time domain analysis.

Used to study the effect of switching transients, capacitor charging,

voltage transients and current transients when the fault is initiated.

Used to study the surge arrestor performance

The current chopping phenomenon in the VCB (Vacuum Circuit

Breaker) and subsequent voltage exhalation is also studied.

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Line Parameter Calculation Program

From the tower configuration, placement of conductors, the number of
ground wires, determines the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance and susceptance values.
Input:
1.
2.
3.

Height above the ground of each conductor.

Separation from the center of the tower.
Geometry and material of the conductor.
g
c
b
a

g
c
b
a

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Discussions

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Thank You
Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
# 5, 11th Cross, II Stage, WOC Road,
Bangalore -560 086
Ph : +91-80-23192209, 42455555; Fax: 23192210, 42455556
E-mail : prdc@vsnl.com

Website: www.prdcinfotech.com
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