0.

6875
0.3750
0.7500
0.5000

x
x
x
x

2 = 1.3750
2 = 0.7500
2 = 1.5
2 = 1.0
= (0.1011)_2
= (0.B)_16
= (0.101,100)_2
= (0.54)_8
Switch: 3 parts: source input &
output current tries to flow
Combinational
from source input to output
circuit outputs
depend solely on
Control input voltage controls
the present
combination of the whether current can flow

Digital systems surround us

Inside computers
Inside many other electronic devices (embedded
systems)
Digital systems use 0s and 1s
Encoding analog signals to digital can provide many
benefits
e.g., audiohigher-quality storage/transmission,
compression, etc.
Encoding integers as 0s and 1s: Binary numbers
Microprocessors (themselves digital) can implement

CMOS transistor basic switch

in modern ICs
Silicon semiconductor
Moores Law IC capacity
doubles every 18mo

Canonical form standard form of

Boolean eq
F = ab + ab + ab
Minterm term that has all
literals
F = abc + c; c != minterm

H = a'bcde + abcde' + abcde

= 01111 + 1110 + 1111 = 15
+ 30 + 31

Combinational Logic Design

Process:

1) Capture the function

H = m(15,30,31)
Decoder: n-inputs = 2^n outputs
2A) Create equations
H is the Encoder:
sum of minterms
15,
30
n inputs w exactly 1 being set to 1,
2B) Implement as a gate& 31
log_2(n) outputs
based circuit
Mux: n-inputs = log_2(n) selects
DeMux: 1 data input being passed through 1
output controlled by switch

Dlatch level sensitive: stores d when c = 1

Dflip-f edge triggered: stores d when c changes
from 0 to 1

Register:
multiple flip-flops
sharing clock
signal

Decoder:N-inputs, 2^N Outputs;

Mux: N-inputs, log2N Selects; Nvariables, 2^N rows, 2^(2^N)
possible functions
F(a,b,c) = abc + abc +ab + c;
variable= a,b,c; literal = a, b, c, a,
b. c, a, b, c; Product Term = abc,