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Published in IET Electric Power Applications
Received on 9th August 2009
Revised on 5th November 2009
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
ISSN 1751-8660
North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, Peoples Republic of China
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Dominion Virginia Power, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
E-mail: electricity12345@126.com
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Abstract: Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) can cause half-cycle saturation of transformer. The saturation can
increase the stray ux entering into transformer tank, so the tank loss will increase. This study presents a twodimensional nite element (2D FE) transformer model and the losses of tank wall, tank top and tank bottom are
computed, respectively. Based on the 2D FE magnetic eld, the factors that inuence the tank loss of
transformer with GIC are discussed. The inuences of magnetic shunt, transformer types, step-up transformer or
step-down transformer, and transformer power factor on the tank loss are analysed in detail. As a consequence,
the transformer types and transformer power factor have large inuence on the increase of tank loss caused by GIC.
Introduction
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To compute the loss of the transformer tank, a 2D FE
model of a single-phase 500 kV transformer is built in this
paper. The loss of the transformer tank is computed based
on the 2D FE magnetic eld analysis. In order to nd the
effect of GIC on tank losses in transformer different
locations, the losses of the transformer tank top, tank
bottom and tank wall are computed, respectively. The
inuences of magnetic shunt, transformer types, step-up or
step-down transformer, and transformer power factor on
the losses in tank different locations are studied.
2D FE model
Quantity
rated power
frequency
Value
223 MVA
60 Hz
VH
VL
IH
IL
tank thickness
24.0 kV
4646 A 2
10 mm
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To step-down transformer:
P1(kW)
P2(kW)
Load current
(% rated current)
iH iHL iE
(4)
(5)
110
100
90
80
iL iLL
23.5
19.1
15.6
12.4
1.55
1.30
1.06
0.84
at this time. The larger the load current, the larger the tank
loss, as shown in Table 2.
GIC only ows through the winding that is connected
to the ground. In this paper, the connection type of the
transformer winding is YN/d, so the GIC can only ow
through the high voltage (HV) winding. In this transformer
model, the GIC excitation is imposed on the HV winding.
In (2) (5), iHL , iLL and iE are all the signicant vectors.
iHL has a phase angle difference w1 with the voltage of HV
winding and iLL has a phase angle difference w2 with the
voltage of LV winding. w1 and w2 are the same and they
are related with the load type and the parameter of power
grid. In electric power engineering, w1 and w2 are expressed
by the transformer power factor. The exciting current iE
lags behind the excitation voltage 908. Therefore the HV
winding current iH and LV winding current iL are not only
related with the magnitudes of iHL , iLL and iE , but are
related with their phase angle differences.
According to (1) (5), besides the magnetic shunts, the
loss of transformer tank caused by GIC is inuenced by
the transformer types, step-up transformer or step-down
transformer and the load current.
(1)
(2)
iL iLL iE
(3)
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373 379
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
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In Fig. 3, the effect of transformer DC bias is expressed
by the DC ux magnitude of HV winding caused by GIC.
P12noshunt is the total loss of the tank wall without
magnetic shunt; P12shunt is the total loss of the tank wall
with magnetic shunt; P22noshunt is the total loss of tank top
and bottom without magnetic shunt; P22shunt is the total
loss of tank top and bottom with magnetic shunt.
As shown in Fig. 3, the magnetic shunt on the inner
surface of tank wall can greatly reduce the loss of tank wall,
but it can increase the loss of tank top and tank bottom
little. Without shunt, some of the stray uxes will make
the tank top, tank wall, tank bottom and transformer core a
magnetic circuit, magnetic circuit A. But with shunt,
because of the magnetic permeability of shunt is much
higher than tank wall, as shown in Fig. 2, these stray uxes
will make the tank top, shunt, tank bottom and core as a
magnetic circuit, magnetic circuit B. Fig. 4 is the stray ux
distribution at the junction of tank wall and magnetic
shunt. As shown in Fig. 4, most of stray ux will leave the
tank wall and enter into the shunt at the junction of tank
wall and shunt. The total magnetic resistance of magnetic
circuit B is lower than the magnetic resistance of magnetic
circuit A, so with magnetic shunt, more stray ux will enter
into tank top and tank bottom. So with the increase of
GIC, the total loss of tank top and tank bottom with
magnetic shunt is little larger than that without magnetic
shunt.
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Figure 8 Winding current with 250 Wb DC ux
a LV winding current of step-up transformer
b HV winding current of step-down transformer
Conclusion
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Acknowledgments
References
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373 379
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
379