Centre of Mass

The centre of mass (/gravity) of a body or a system of particles is

the resultant of the weights of the individual particles making up the
body or system.
Uniform Bodies
A uniform body is a body whose density is the same throughout the body. Finding
the centre of mass of uniform bodies is relatively straightforward.
A lamina is a 2-dimensional object. In other words, it is a flat object whose
thickness is we can ignore.
If a body has a line of symmetry, the centre of mass will lie on this line. This fact
is very useful. For example, the centre of mass of a circular lamina is at the centre
of the circle, since the centre of mass is on each axis of symmetry and they all
meet at the centre.

Standard Results

The centre of mass of a uniform semicircular lamina of radius r lies

on the axis of symmetry at a distance of 4r/3 from the straight
edge

The centre of mass of a uniform solid right circular cone of height h

lies on the axis of symmetry at a distance of h/4 from the base

The centre of mass of a uniform solid hemisphere of radius r lies on the axis
of symmetry at a distance of 3r/8 from the base

Using Integration (M3)

When the centre of mass of a body cannot be found using the axis/axes of
symmetry, it can be found by integration.
Remember, from the definition of the centre of mass, it is the resultant
of the weights of the individual particles making up the body. So we can
takemoments about any point and:
Moment of the total = the total of moments
In other words, (distance of centre of mass from O) (weight of body) =
the sum of: (the mass of each particle) (the distance of each particle
from O).
The "sum of" part can be replaced by an integral.
This might sound a bit confusing at first, but with practise it becomes
second nature.
Another useful equation is: mass = density volume
Example

Find the position of the centre of mass of a uniform semi-circular lamina,

radius r.
We know that the centre of mass lies somewhere on the axis of symmetry
of the semi-circle, although where on the axis of symmetry we do not
know.
We therefore divide the semi-circle into many tiny strips, each with
thickness x.

We know that the centre of mass lies on the red line, since this is a line
of symmetry of the object.
If we label this line the x-axis and introduce a y-axis as follows, this will
allow is to use calculus:

Each strip is a distance of x from the y-axis. The mass of each strip is its
volume density. The volume of each strip is just its area, since it is a
lamina and so has no depth. The area of each strip is x 2y .
We are told that the body is uniform, which means that the density is
constant. It doesn't matter what the density is, lets call it . So the mass
of each strip is 2yx.
Now the total area of the semicircle is r2 . So the total mass is r2.
(distance of centre of mass from O) (weight of body) = the sum of: (the
mass of each particle) (the distance of each particle from O)
Therefore: (centre of mass) r2 = 2y x x . The sum is from x = 0
to x = r .
(centre of mass) r2 =

2y xdx .

The integral is with respect to x, so we must replace the y by a function

of x.
By thinking about similar triangles, we can deduce that y/r = x/r, so y = x

Therefore:
(Centre of mass) r2 =

2x2 dx

(Centre of mass) r2 = (2r3)/3

So centre of mass is a distance of 4r/3from O, on the axis of symmetry.
Solids of Revolution
If you are given the equation of a line, such as y = x2, the solid of
revolution is the solid formed by rotating this line around an axis (usually
the x-axis).
To find the centre of mass of such a body, use the technique similar to
that in the above example. This time, however, remember that the body
is not a lamina and so the volume does not equal the area. Also, instead

of splitting the object into strips, split it into discs, each of thickness x,
radius y and distance x from the y-axis.
One very useful formula is:

Volume of solid of revolution =