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DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

PROJECT TITLE
SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

SUBJECT
POLITICAL SCIENCE-I

NAME OF THE FACULTY


NIRMALA DEVI

Name of the Candidate


Roll No. & Semester
M. Aruna Sri Satya, 2015067
Semester 1, Section A

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION4

2. SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA.4

3. SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA.8

4. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT.11

5. CONCLUSION15

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY16

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would sincerely like to put forward my heartfelt appreciation to our respected Prof. Nirmala
Devi for giving me a golden opportunity to take up this project regarding Separatist movements
in India. I have tried my best to collect information about the project in various possible ways to
depict clear picture about the given project topic.

1. INTRODUCTION:
Separatist movements are group of people wanting to start a new country that is separate from a
large existing country.
In India, some groups want separate countries for groups that have ethnic or language
differences. Some groups call for a separate state, others for regional autonomy while some
extreme groups demand complete full independence from India.
Secession in India typicall refers to state secession, which is the withdrawal of one or more states
from the union of India. Some have argued for secession as a natural right of revolution. Some
state movements seek secession from India itself and the formation of a new nation from one or
more states.
The most high profile separatist actions have been in Kashmir. The Khalistan movement in
Punjab was active in the 1980s and the 1990s. Smaller scale insurgency has occurred in NorthEast India, in the states of Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam and Nagaland. The
more important issue with these states however is territorial dispute with neighbours such as
Pakistan and the PRC, rather than independence from the India.
India has introduced several armed forces special powers act (AFSPA) to put down separatist
movements in certain parts of the country. The law was first enforced in Manipur and later
enforced in other insurgency-ridden north-eastern states. It was extended to most parts of Indianadministered Kashmir in 1990 after the outbreak of armed insurgency in 1989. Each Act gives
soldiers immunity in specified regions against prosecution unless the Indian government gives
prior sanction for such prosecution. The government maintains that the AFSPA is necessary to
restore normalcy in regions like Kashmir and Manipur.1
2. SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN NORTH EAST INDIA
NAGALIM:
The Nagalim is a proposed independent country for the Naga people. In the 1950s, the Naga
National council led a violent unsuccessful insurgency against the government of India,
demanding a separate country for the Nagas. The secessionist violence decreased considerably
1 http://adaniel.tripod.com/separate.htm,19/10/15,8;00am
4

after the formation of Naga majority Nagaland state and more militants surrendered after the
Shillong accord of 1975. However a section of Nagas operating under the various factions of
National Socialist Council of Nagaland continue to demand a separate country which lack
peoples support. 2014 general elections of India recorded voters turnout of more than 87% in
Nagaland which was highest in India. Also the Nationalist socialist council of Nagaland finally
signed a peace accord with the government of India on 3 August 2015, thus agreed to
negotiations with the government.
TRIPURA:
The National Liberation Front of Tripura is a Tripuri nationalist organization which seeks
for Tripura to secede from India and establish an independent Tripuri state. It has actively
participated in the Tripura Rebellion. The NLFT manifesto says that they want to expand what
they describe as the Kingdom of God and Christ in Tripura. The Tripura National Volunteers also
known as the Tribal National Volunteers or Tripura National Volunteer Force was founded in
1978 with assistance from the Mizo National Front.
However separatist movement lacked peoples support as 2014 general elections in India
recorded more than 84% voters turnout in Tripura which was one of highest in India.2
MANIPUR:
During the British Raj the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states. Between 1917
and 1939 the people of the Manipur pressed for their rights against British rule. By the late 1930s
the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to be part
of India rather than Burma. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II.
On 21 September 1949, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a treaty of accession merging the
Kingdom into India. This merger is disputed by various groups in Manipur as having been
completed without consensus and under duress.
A separatist movement has been active in Manipur since 1964 when United National
Liberation Front was founded. Several groups have used violence toward achieving their goal
2 https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/india-insurgency-northeast.pdf,19/10/15,9:30pm
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of a sovereign Manipur. In addition, tribal peoples have demanded division of the present state
into two or three Indian states along ethnic lines. This is considered one of Indias sensitive
areas due to its political troubles and isolated geographical location and foreign travelers
must gain special permission from the government to enter the state.
The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50 year insurgency in the state
for independence from India, as well as in violence between different ethnic groups within the
state. Over 2010-2013, the militant insurgency was responsible for violent death of about 1
civilian per 1, 00,000 people.
The Meetei ethnic group, constitute a plurality of the population, with 27% of the total. The
language of Meetei people, Manipuri is the lingua franca in Manipur. By comparison indigenous
tribal peoples constitute 30% of the state population. They are distinguished by dialects and
culture that are often village based. Manipuris various ethnic groups practice a variety of
religion, including Christianity.
MEGHALAYA:
The Insurgency in Meghalaya is an ongoing armed conflict between India and a number of
separatist rebel groups taking place in the region of Meghalaya. The insurgency in Meghalaya is
a part of wider Insurgency in northeast India and is fueled by demands of the Khasi, Synteng and
Garo people for an independent state.
The state of Meghalaya was separated from the state of Assam in 1971 in order to satisfy
the Khasi, Synteng and Garo for a separate state. The decision was initially praised as an
example of successful national integration into the wider Indian state. This however failed to
prevent the rise of national consciousness among the local tribal populations. This later led to a
direct confrontation between Indian nationalism and the newly created Garo and Khasi
nationalism in the other members of the Seven Sister States further complicated the situation
resulting in occasional clashes between fellow rebel groups.3

3 http://cfsindia.org.in/pdf/Identity%20Politics%20Statehood%20Movements%20in%20India.
%20Ganguly.%20Draft%201.pdf,20/10/15,5:00pm
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The first militant group to emerge in the region was the Hynniewtrep Achik Liberation
Council (HALC), it was formed in 1992, aiming to protect the interests of Meghalayas
indigenous population from the rise of non tribal immigration. A conflict of interest soon lead
to a split of HALC into Garo dominated Achik Matgrik Liberation Army (AMLA), and the
joint Synteng-Khasi alliance of Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC).
However AMLA passed into obscurity, while Achik National Volunteers Council (ANVC) took
its place. The Garo Khasi drift persisted as HNLC had set up the goal of turning Meghalaya
into an exclusively Khasi region, AVNC on the other hand sought out the creation of an
independent state in the Garo Hills.
A number of non Meghalayan separatist groups have also operated in the region, including
the United Liberation Front of Assam and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland
among others.
ASSSAM:
United liberation front of Assam, Muslim United Liberation Tiger Assam, National
Democratic Front of Bodoland. Geographically and culturally the region now called north-east
India is between the two traditions of Indic Asia and Mongoloid Asia and is regarded as part of
Southeast Asia. This geographical cultural condition of in-betweenness is an important factor in
the areas crisis of identity. The leaders of the present day underground outfits continue to
struggle for independence as the political integration of the northeast to India was brought about
without the approval of its people. The people of northeast India who are culturally mongoloid
refuse to accept the caste ridden social system advocated by Indian culture. Similar struggles for
independence are also going on in other northeastern subdivisions or sister regions, such as
Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Assam has been the hotbed of militancy
for a number of years due to its porous borders with Bangladesh and Bhutan. 4 The main causes
of the friction include the anti foreigner agitation in the 1980s and the simmering Assam- Bodo
tensions. The insurgency status in Assam is clarified as very active. The government of
Bangladesh has arrested and extradited senior leaders ULFA or the United Liberation
Front of Assam was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam through
4 http://www.epw.in/commentary/separatist-movements-northeast.html,21/10/15,6:00pm
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an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost out its middle rung leaders after
most of them were arrested. The National Democratic Front of Bodoland was formed in 1989
as Bodo security Force aims to set up an autonomous region Bodoland. Problems in
Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and
growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by the active tribals. The
activity status is classified as active.5
MIZORAM:
The March 1966 Mizo National Front Uprising was a revolt against the government of India
aimed establishing a sovereign state for the Mizos. On 1 March 1966, the Mizo National Front
(MNF) made a declaration of independence after launching coordinated attacks on the
government offices and security forces post in different parts of the Mizo district in Assam.
The government suppressed the uprising and recaptured all the places seized by the MNF by
25 March 1966. Counter insurgency operations continued over the next few years although the
intensity of the rebellion diminished over time progressively till its complete resolution in the
1986 peace talks. During the government operations to suppress the rebellion the Indian air
force carried out airstrikes in Aizawl. This remains the only instance of India carrying out an
airstrike in its own civilian territory.
ARUNACHAL PRADESH:
National Liberation Council of Taniland (NLCT) is active along the Assam - Arunachal
Pradesh border and its members belong to the Tani groups of people which is demanding
Taniland. The Tani groups are Mongoloid people who are variedly known as Missing in Assam
and Adi, Nyishi, Galo, Bangni, Apa, Tagin, Hill Miri in Arunachal Pradesh of India as well as the
Luoba in China who live along the frontier of India.
3. SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA
KHALISTAN:

5http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/contentattachments/publications/diaryfiles/29411july920
12_iic%20occasional%20publication%2037,%20.pdf,21/10/15,7:00pm
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The Khalistan movement aims to create a separate Sikh country. The territorial definition of
the proposed country ranges from the Punjab state of India to the greater Punjab region,
including the Indian Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Northern Districts of Rajasthan
such as Sri Ganganager and Hanumangarh. The movement was mainly active in the Punjab state
of India from the 1970s to the early 1990s.
After the partition of India, the majority of the Sikhs migrated from the Pakistani part to the
Indian province of Punjab, which then included the parts of the present day Haryana and
Himachal Pradesh. Following Indias independence in 1947 the Punjabi Suba Movement led by
the Sikh political party Akali Dal led to the trifurcation of the Punjab state. The remnant Punjab
state became Sikh majority and Punjab majority. Subsequently a section of the Sikh leaders
started demanding more autonomy for the states, alleging that the central government was
discriminating against Punjab. Although the Akali Dal explicitly opposed the demand for an
independent Sikh country, the issues raised by it were used as a premise for the creation of a
separate country by the proponents of Khalistan.6
In June 1984, the Indian government ordered a military operation, operation Blue star, on
Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar and thirty other Gurdwaras. The attack was done under the pretext of
freeing Gurdwaras from Sikh Militants. The Indian army used 10,000 armed troops of the 9 th
division of the national security guards, 175 parachutr regiement and artillery units and 700
CRPF jawans. During this operation Indian army had 136 casualties and the Sikh militants had
140-220 killed. The CBI is considered responsible for seizing historical articrafts from Sikh
reference library before burning them down. The handling of the operation handling of the holy
shrine and loss of life on both sides, led to widespread criticism of the Indian government. The
Indian government did this under complete media blockage. However the eye witness accounts
survivors revealed the real picture to public. This lead of widespread distrust and anger against
Indian government and primarily the Indian Prime minister who was responsible for this attack.
The Indian prime minister was assassinated by his two Sikh bodyguards in retaliation. Following
her death thousands of Sikhs were massacred in the 1984 anti Sikh riots, termed as genocide by
6
https://www.academia.edu/10099320/Regional_Autonomy_and_Secessionist_Movem
ents_in_India_An_Overview,22/10/15,7:00pm
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the Sikh groups. The subsequent Punjab insurgency saw several secessionist militant groups
becoming active in Punjab, supported by a section of the Sikh diaspora. Indian security forces
suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, but Sikh political groups such as Khalsa Raj party
and SAD continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non violent means. ProKhalistan organizations such as Dal Khalsa are also active outside India, supported by a section
of the Sikh diaspora. Now this movement is not an ongoing one hence it should not be
considered as an active separatist movement.
KASHMIR:
The insurgency in Kashmir the most notable one has existed in various forms. Thousands of lives
have been lost since 1989 due to the intensification of both the insurgency and the fight against
it. A widespread armed insurgency started in Kashmir with the disputed 1987 election with some
elements from the states assembly forming militant wings which acted as a catalyst for the
emergence of armed insurgency in the region.
The inter services intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India of supporting and training
mujahideen to fight in Jammu and Kashmir. According to official figures released in Jammu and
Kashmir assembly, there were 3,400 disappearance cases and the conflict has left more than
47,000 people dead as of July 2009. However, the number of insurgency related deaths in the
state have fallen sharply since the start of a slow moving peace process between India and
Pakistan.7
However despite boycott calls by separatist leaders, 2014 Jammu and Kashmir assembly
elections saw highest voters turnout in the last 25 years since insurgency has erupted. It recorded
more than 65% of voters turnout which was more than usual voters turnout in other state
assembly elections of India.
TELENGANA:
Telangana is a region comprising 10 of Andhra Pradesh's 23 districts. Originally, the region was
a part of the erstwhile Nizams princely state of Hyderabad. In 1948, India put an end to the rule

7 http://home.uchicago.edu/~paul/StanilandHandbookDRAFT.pdf,23/10/15,8:00pm
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of the Nizams and a Hyderabad state was formed. In 1956, the Telangana part of Hyderabad was
merged with the Andhra state.
The Andhra state had been carved out of Madras Presidency in 1953 after Potti Sreeramulu's
agitation for Telugu statehood. The people from Telangana were against merger with Andhra as
they feared job losses. That is because education levels and development in Andhra were better
than in Telangana
There were cultural differences too. Under Nizam's rule, the culture and language in Telangana
bore influences of North India. In 1969, the Telangana movement intensified under the
leadership of Marri Chenna Reddy and the Telangana Praja Samithi. There was widespread
violence and over 350 protesters were killed in police firing and lathicharge.8
However, the movement could not last long as Chenna Reddy went on to merge his party with
Congress and was eventually made chief minister by Indira Gandhi. In 2001, the movement
revived once again when K Chandrasekhar Rao quit the Telugu Desam and formed the Telangana
Rashtra Samithi. In 2004, the Congress joined hands with Rao, promising separate Telangana but
later backtracked. In 2009, Chandrashekhara Rao's fast unto death forced the then Union Home
Minister P Chidambaram to announce the creation of a separate state of Telangana.
The Centre appointed a commission headed by a retired judge of the Supreme Court, BN
Srikrishna, to look into the matter of bifurcation. The commission submitted its report in
December 2010 and it was rejected by the TRS. Late chief minister YS Rajashekhara Reddy's
son YS Jagan Mohan Reddy's decision to quit the Congress to launch his own outfit YSR
Congress Party once again revived the Telangana debate.
Telangana Movement is seven years of peoples movement for the creation of a new state of
Telangana, from the existing state of Andhra Pradesh. The Union Cabinet on 7 February 2014
unilaterally cleared the Bill for the creation of Telangana. On 18 February, Lok Sabha passed the
Bill with Voice Majority, Subsequently; the bill was passed by Rajya Sabha on 20 February
2014.

8 http://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/36778_Chapter2.pdf,24/10/15,5:00pm
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Bill: Hyderabad will be the capital of Telangana while the city would also remain the capital of
residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. The appointed day for the creation
of Telangana State is 2 June 20149
4. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT:
THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958
INTRODUCTION:
Violence became the way of life in north-eastern States of India. State administration became
incapable to maintain its internal disturbance. Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special
Powers Ordinance was promulgated by the President on 22nd May of 1958. In which some
special powers have been given to the members of the armed forces in disturbed areas in the
State of Assam and Union Territory of Manipur. Later the Ordinance was replaced by the armed
Forces Special Powers Bill.
STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS
An ordinance entitled the Armed forces Special Powers Ordinance, 1958, was promulgated by
the President on the 22nd May, 1958. Section 3 of the Ordinance powers the Governor of Assam
and the Chief Commissioner of Manipur to declare the whole or any part of Assam or the Union
territory of Manipur, as the case may be, to be a disturbed area. On such a declaration being
made in the Official Gazette, any Commissioned Officer, Warrant Officer, non-commissioned
officer or any other person of equivalent rank in the armed forces may exercise, in the disturbed
area, the powers conferred by section 4 and 5 of the Ordinance. The Bill seeks to replace the
Ordinance See Gazette of India, 11-8-1958, Pt. II-Sec. 2, Ext. p.714 (No.26).10
ACT 28 OF 1958:

9 http://www.slideshare.net/MtabishKhan/separtist-movements-in-india-by-sardar-zafar-mahmudkhan,24/10/15,6:30pm
10 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/3/8/armed-forcesspecialpowersactabriefhistory.html,25/10/15,7;00pm
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The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament and it
received the assent of the President on 11th September, 1958. It came on the Statute Book as
THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958.
LIST OF AMENDING ACTS:
1. The State of Mizoram Act, 1986.
2. The State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.
3. The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers (Amendment) Act, 1972.
4. The Armed Forces Special Powers (Extension to Union Territory of Tripura) Act, 1970.
5. The Repealing and Amending Act, 1960.11
THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958
An Act to enable certain special powers to be conferred upon members of the armed forces in
disturbed areas in the State of [Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura].
Be it enacted by Parliament in Ninth Year of the republic of India as follows:1. Short title and extent (i) This act may be called The armed Forces (Special Powers) Act,
1958.

(ii) It extends to the whole of the State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.


2. Definitions: In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- (a) armed forces means the
military forces and the air forces operating as land forces, and includes other armed forces of the
Union so operating; (b) disturbed area means an area which is for the time being declared by
notification under section 3 to be a disturbed area (c) all other words and expressions used
herein, but not defined and defined in the Air Force Act, 1950, or the army Act, 1950 shall have
the meanings respectively to them in those Acts.

11 http://nagapol.gov.in/PDF/The%20Armed%20Forces%20Special%20Powers
%20Act%201958.pdf,25/10/15,8:00pm
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3.Powers to declare areas to be disturbed areas If, in relation to any state or Union Territory to
which this act extends, the Governor of that State or the administrator of that Union Territory or
the Central Government, in either case, if of the opinion that the whole or any part of such State
of Union territory, as the case may be, is in such a disturbed or dangerous condition that the use
of armed forces in aid of the civil power is necessary, the Governor of that State or the
Administrator of that Union Territory or the Central Government, as the case may be , may by
notification in the Official Gazette, declare the whole or such part of such State or Union
territory to be a disturbed area.12
4. Special Powers of the armed forces Any commissioned officer, warrant officer, noncommissioned officer or any other person of equivalent rank in the armed forces may, in a
disturbed area,(a) if he is of opinion that it is necessary so to do for the maintenance of public order, after giving
such due warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the
causing of death, against any person who is acting in contravention of any law or order for the
time being in force in the disturbed area prohibiting the assembly of five or more persons or the
carrying of weapons or of things capable of being used as weapons or of fire-arms, ammunition
or explosive substances.
(b) if he is of opinion that it is necessary so to do, destroy any arms dump, prepared or fortified
position or shelter from which armed attacks are made or are likely to be made or are attempted
to be made, or any structure used as a training camp for armed volunteers or utilized as a hideout by armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence.13
(c) Arrest, without warrant, any person who has committed a cognizable offence or against
whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is about to commit a cognizable
offence and may use such force as may be necessary to effect the arrest.
12
http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/ManipurandArmedForcesSpecialPowerAct1958_akamboj_1004,25/1
0/15,9:0opm
13 http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-faqs-on-the-armed-forces-special-powersact/20111116.htm, 26/10/15,6:00pm
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(d) enter and search without warrant any premises to make any such arrest as aforesaid or to
recover any person believed to be wrongfully restrained or confined or any property reasonably
suspected to be stolen property or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances believed to be
unlawfully kept in such premises, and may for that purpose use such force as may be necessary.
5. Arrested persons to be made over to the police Any person arrested and taken into custody
under this Act shall be made over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station with the
least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.
In case of arrest of any person, army authority is duty bound to handover to the officer-in-charge
of the nearest police station with least possible delay: Horendi Gogoi v. Union of India, (1991)
Gau CR 3081.
6. Protection to persons acting under Act No prosecution, suit or other legal proceeding shall be
instituted, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government, against any person in
respect of anything done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act.
7. Repeal and saving - Repealed by Amending and Repealing Act, 1960, First Schedule, sec.2
(26.12.1960).
5. CONCLUSION:
No matter how impressive Indias ability to accommodate potentially independentist ethno
national movements, success on this score must be weighed against Indias serious failures in
protecting the rights of religions minorities, and the abysmal human rights record in some of its
separatist trouble spots. Celebratory accounts of the Indian experience tend to privilege nationbuilding as a value, and are willing to concede that violence in the pursuit of nation building is
inevitable, and even justifiable. The sympathy for actions taken in the name of the national
security imperatives in some of these accounts is remarkable.14
There has been some progress toward resolving the Kashmir crisis in recent years because of a
growing acceptance of the idea that there is no strictly internalist solution. A number of analysts
see the power-sharing regime of Northern Ireland as a model. The cross-border institutions on
14 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/3/8/armed-forcesspecialpowersactabriefhistory.html,26/10/15,7:30pm
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which it is premised such as North-South Ministerial Council and a forum chaired by the prime
ministers of Britain and Ireland points to an IndoPakistani meeting of minds on Kashmir as a
pre-requisite. A solution to the Kashmir crisis ultimately lies in being able to think outside the
box of absolute and indivisible national sovereignty.
Postsovereignist ideas are relevant to independentist conflicts in Northeast India as well. A
persistent theme in these conflicts, notably in the case of Assam, is the uncontrolled cross-border
migration to the region from what is now Bangladesh.

The border between India and

Bangladesh in this region is extremely porous. British colonial officials once viewed the region
as one of the subcontinents last frontiers to be settled. After partition, the flow of people from
one of the subcontinents most densely populated areas, to a relatively sparsely populated region
open to new settlements, could not suddenly be turned off. But while in India there is talk of
millions of Bangladeshis living illegally in India, official Bangladesh flatly rejects the notion.
There are no mutually agreed upon procedures between India and Bangladesh for identifying -not to speak of deporting illegal immigrants. The only way to get a handle on the issue is for
official Bangladesh and official India to find a way to talk about cross-border population
movement rationally. An Indo-Bangladesh protocol on labor movement, for instance, could
address at least a part of the contemporary cross-border movement of people. This could be the
first step towards building a formal architecture of governance for what is fast becoming a de
facto transnational space.15
If like all democracies, India must learn to cultivate the inner world of human beings, equipping
each citizen to contend against the passion for domination and to accept the reality, and the
equality, of others there is no better place to start than to try to confront the ghosts of the
partition. Imagining a Postsovereignist future might render the journey less forbidding.
6. BIBILIOGRAPHY:
THE SIKH SEPARATIST INSURGENCY IN INDIA, Political Leadership and Educationalist
Movements, Jugdep S. Chima.
15 http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited
%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouth
Asiach10.pdf,26/10/15,9:00pm
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