C1.

1 Solids, liquids and gases

Matter is classified in terms of the three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.
Define and explain how the particles of each state are arranged and their movement.

What are the energy changes that accompany changes of state?

Evidence for the existence of particles can be obtained from simple experiments. There are
three simple diffusion experiments that you need to be familiar with:
Bromine diffusing through air
Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride (NH3 / HCl)
Potassium permanganate in water (KMnO4/ water)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCtzlQL3GaM check out this demonstration showing a
simple diffusion experiment between potassium permanganate and water.
In the diffusion experiment between Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride, what is the white solid
that is produced?
C1.2 Atoms
[Fill the spaces] All substances are made of .. A substance that is made of only one
sort of atom is called an .. There are about . different elements. Elements are
shown in the .. table. The contain elements with similar properties.
Where do metals and non-metals appear on the Periodic Table?

Atoms of each element are represented by a chemical symbol,

What is the chemical symbol for Oxygen?
Na represents an atom of ..
Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of .. and .., and
around which there are electrons.
Fill in the relative electrical charges of the particles:
Name of particle

Charge

Proton
Neutron
Electron

Atoms have no overall electrical charge, why is this?

What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number?
Remember! All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. Atoms of
different elements have different numbers of protons. Atoms of the same element can have
different numbers of neutrons; these atoms are called .. of that element.
Atoms can be represented as shown in this example:

Electrons occupy particular energy levels. Each electron in an atom is at a particular energy
level (in a particular shell). The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available energy levels
(innermost available shells).
Below is the electronic structure of the element Sodium. Draw the electronic structures of
Oxygen and Carbon below.

Fill in the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons:

Name of particle
Proton
Neutron

Mass

Electron

Define the relative atomic mass of an element (Ar).

What are the names of the three particles that make up and atom?
An oxygen atom has 8 protons how man electrons does it have?
What is the 14th element in the periodic table?
Look at the elements in the last group of the period table. What pattern do you notice about
the number of protons going from Helium to Neon to Argon?

How many protons, electrons and neutrons do the following atoms contain?
A nitrogen atom whose atomic number is 7 and its mass number is 14
A chlorine atom whose atomic number is 17 and its mass number is 35

Where are the electrons in an atom?

Which shell represents the lowest energy level in an atom?

How many electrons can the first energy level hold?

Using the periodic table, draw the arrangement of electrons in the following atoms and label
each one with its electronic structure.
Li
B
P
Ar

What is special about the electronic structure of neon and argon?