Running head: SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

Science of the Stars Paper

Monique Wareham
Astronomy SCI/151 r5.2
March 9, 2015
Mr. Lee La Rue

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

Science of the Stars Paper

A long time ago astronomy is mans oldest science of history and knowledge we learned
that history influenced and broaden our experience to discovery, new and many ways to go about
it. The length of the day, phase of the Moon, and the season of the years has follow the same
routine for a very long time and we follower the orbital mechanics of the solar system. Back in
ancient time, they followed the heavens to determining the best time to planet crops. Nomads
and seamen learned to use the stars for navigation, and during the early civilization were so
amused by the universe, that religion, mythologies and astrology were there to explain it.

For the astronomer its a journey filled with endless possibilities, and for the cosmologist
its about creation, and what lie beyond it. For some of us, like to relax and stargaze, finding it a
healing tool. Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other
properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. There are
other characteristics a star that determined diameter, rotation, movement and temperature.

The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

A point of a temperature has many stars against their luminosities known as HertzsprungRussell diagram (H-R diagram) allows, the age and evolutionary state of a star to be discovered
and pinpoint to where it belong.
It take a star to begin as a collapsing cloud of material composed first by hydrogen and
helium, which is their strongest amount. The innermost region is the core nuclear fusion of

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

hydrogen into helium fusion, mass energy is converted into a form of energy when the radiation
zone and convective zone transport to the sun photosphere.
The properties of the Stars deals with mass, size, temperature and age. And then about
one out of ten stars are similar in mass to our sun. Our sun is about five billion years old. As the
stars age, it change its size, temperature, and can even loss mass. In references to the
temperature of stars they can be gauged by their colors. Stars which are cooler than our Sun that
red and orange are cooler. Stars that are hotter turns white or blue-white.

Black Holes

Black Holes is an object which has such high gravitational pull that you cannot see the
inside or outside of the rim. Light cannot penetrate it. Sometime the gravity in a stellar corpse
become so strong that nothing can prevent the corpse from collapsing under it own weight. The
stellar corpse collapse without end, crushing itself out of existence and forming perhaps the most
bizarre type of object in the universe, and that what a black hole is all about.
To escapes velocity of any object depends on the strength of its gravity, which depend on
its mass and size. Einstein discovered that space and time are not distinct, as we usually think of
them, but instead are bound up together as four-dimensional space time. In general terms of
relatively, Einstein show that what we perceive as gravity arise from curvature of space time.
Now, we see curved space time is not easy to visualizes, because we can only see it in a three
dimensional analogy. An, nevertheless, it capture s the key idea that a black holes is like a hole
in the observable universe in the following sense. If you enter a black hole, you leave our
observable universe and can never return!!!

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

Altering the Curvature of Space Time

Around in the 1915 with Einsteins Theory of General Relatively. This theory contain a
few main points, the first being the time slows as one approaches the speed of the light. The next
propose that gravity is a force that is caused by the fabric of space time. To give a visual images
in your mind that if there were no masses in the entire universe than the space time fabric would
be flat like one giant sheet of thin rubber. Should a mass occur, which tends to happen in this
universe, then the mass will dip down into space time fabric, causing a warp. The amount that
the space time will bend depend on the mass of the object that is on the fabric. This mean that an
object become greater in mass then it will have a higher gravitational pull. This is why the Moon
orbits the Earth and the Earth orbits the Sun, and the Sun orbits some heavy gas cloud in the
center of the galaxy, and so on. But, because the heavier the ball will create larger ripple and
eventually dip in the space time continuum.
Einsteins revolutionary theory explains gravity in a way that Newton could not. The
way Newton explained that gravity was a force that was just. Einstein theorized that gravity
could be explain in simpler terms as the curvature of space time. Under the theory of relatively
gravity is not a forces like the other forces in the universe. The fact that space time is not a flat
disc, but a warped by the mass and energy inside of it. An as time goes by we cannot actually
perceive all four dimension of space time at once. But we may wonder why scientist think space
time curvature is real.

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

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Formation of X-ray Binary

These X-ray binary are in the binary system which emit larger amount of x-rays. There
were first discover in our solar system and was relatively close as there are many in the Milky
Way. There are two different types of X-ray Binaries.
1. (HMXB) High Mass X-ray Binary
2. (LMXB) Low Mass X-ray Binary
The High Mass X-Ry Binary formed from two stars of different mass which orbit around
each other. I have read that the bigger the mass is the faster its get, when the mass gets to speed
up and reaches the end of the life. It can take a few million or billion years or so, to collapse in
on itself. The mass explodes into a supernova leaving behind either a neutron star, dwarf planet
or a black hole. We can see that they are brightest stars in x-ray, not only in an accretion disc.
There is a corona of the mass is more powerful than the suns corona, and one of the Cygnus X-1
in a x-ray binaries, it is power by the gravity of the black hole.

The Low Mass X-ray Binary they have less clear origins, it tends to emit x-ray in burst
and transients. There could be many more present in the galaxy then we can see, but which are
currently switched off.

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

Lifecycle of the Sun, including Nature and Properties

Look at the night life. One might see or not see our sun. Our source of energy for life on
earth is the sun. Therefore the sun is important to life on earth. This is why it has been
worshipped and studied for centuries. In ancient civilization times, people believed the sun was
a burning all of fire created by the gods. An, than later people thought it was a solid object.
Now, we believed it is a huge ball of hydrogen and helium undergoing a nuclear fusion.
After, looking at our universe, the sun is spherical ball and massive size! Over one
million Earths could fit inside the sun. Our sun is closet star to earth. A star lifecycle as much
like our human life cycle. Our sun lifecycle began about 4.5 billion years ago, like other stars in
the universe,
In the nebula, a great interstellar cloud of dust molecular and gas was so far away, we
would need 100,000 years to reach. This cloud was content and quiet. Than something happen
along the way, it started to collapse and started spinning until it formed a flat disc. The cloud
started to expand and ended up in a ball on the center of the disc. For about 100,000 years the
ball was squeezed tighter, and the temperature increased until it was hotter enough to perform a
nuclear fusion in its core. The Sun is born. The rest of the system didnt settle in just yet, but the
center of the disc formed the planets, moons, asteroids, and other parts of the solar system.

SCIENCE OF THE STARS PAPER

References:

(Bennett, 2012)
(World2Universe, n.d.)
(Crystalinks, n.d.)