J. Marine Sci. Appl.

(2011) 10: 139-149

DOI: 10.1007/s11804-011-1053-6

Aerodynamic Effects on TLP Type Wind Turbines and

Predictions of the Electricity They Generate
Yasunori Nihei1* and Hiroyuki Fujioka2
1. Department of Aerospace and Marine System Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 599-8531, Japan
2. Department of Ocean Technology, Policy and Environment, The University of Tokyo, 277-8561, Japan
Abstract: This research proposes a new offshore wind energy generation system that uses a tension leg
platform (TLP) and describes experiments performed on a TLP type wind turbine in both waves and wind. The
following conclusions can be made from the results of this research. 1) In the case of coexisting wave-wind
fields, the wind effect stabilizes the pitch motion. 2) The wind effect decreases vibration of the mooring lines
when waves and wind coexist. In particular, the springing (2nd or 3rd order force) also decreases in this field. 3)
It can be estimated that the reduction in the rate of generation of electrical power can be up to about 6% as a
result of the heel angle. In addition, the annual amount of electricity generated was estimated along with the
utilization factor based on the experimental results.
Keywords: tension leg platform (TLP); offshore wind turbine; tank test in coexisting wave-wind condition;
annual amount of electricity generated
Article ID: 1671-9433(2011)02-0139-11

1 Introduction1
Recently, the development of renewable energy has been the
subject of much attention worldwide for the reduction of
greenhouse gas. The Japanese government prescribed the goal
that Japan should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 25%
of its emissions in 1990.
As one method to reduce CO2, offshore wind turbines are
expected to be developed in a vast extent of the Exclusive
Economic Zone around Japan. However, there are few areas
where wind turbines can be placed directly on the sea bottom
due to the seabed topography. Therefore, the development of
floating offshore wind turbines is necessary. Much previous
research on this subject has focused on the development of
offshore wind turbines using slack or taut moorings, which
have low set up costs (Suzuki et al., 2005). However, it is an
area of concern that the motion of wind turbines induced by
waves and wind may result in a decrease in the amount of
electricity generated.
In this research, we propose a new wind energy generation
system that uses a tension leg platform (TLP). Generally,
TLPs are used in deepwater oil and gas development fields
due to their favorable motion characteristics (Kang et al.,
2004). For this reason, their application to wind turbines may
lead to an increase of the amount of electricity generated.
In the present paper, the authors perform an experimental
Received date: 2010-12-31.
Foundation item: Supported by The Japan Science Society(Foundation:
Grant No.23-708K)
*Corresponding author Email: nihei@marine.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Harbin Engineering University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

study of the motion characteristics in both regular waves and

in wind, using a TLP model for a horizontal axis wind turbine
with three blades. Recently there exist turbines with
capacities of up to 5MW of electricity generation power. For
these turbine blades, advanced light-weight materials, such as
glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) or carbon fiber
reinforced plastics (CFRP) are often used. Therefore, the
development of appropriate models for testing becomes more
complicated in terms of maintaining the conditions of
similarity, especially in the weight of the turbine blades.
The authors used a 1/100 scale wind turbine that can rotate
due to wind in the present test. Not only the motion
characteristics, but also the loads of the tension legs and the
bending moments of the tower were revealed. In addition, a
theoretical approach to determine the hydrodynamic forces
acting on the wind turbine was performed in the present
work.
In addition, we estimated the annual amount of electricity
generated and the utilization factor based on the experiment
result.

2 Full scale model

2.1 Design condition
The following three conditions as generally used are set for
each driving pattern of the wind turbine:

Regular condition: Wind velocity reaches its rated

wind velocity. A wind turbine is generating at
maximum electric power.

Cut-Out (C.O.) condition: Wind velocity reaches the

cut-out wind velocity. A wind turbine just starts
stopping power generation to ensure the safety of a

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Yasunori Nihei, et al. Aerodynamic Effect on TLP Type Wind Turbines and Predictions on the Electricity They Generate

wind turbine.
Storm condition: Power generation is completely
stopped to avoid damaging a wind turbine by typhoons
or other storms.
Wind velocities were determined by the reference
commonly used in onshore wind turbines. Table 1 shows the
wind velocities at each driving pattern.

Table 1 Design criteria of the winds

State

Regular

C.O.

Storm

Wind velocity /(ms-1)

14.0

25.0

50.0

In the previous research, wave conditions were determined

by means of SMB method (Suzuki et al, 2005). Table 2
shows the wave conditions at each driving pattern.
Table 2 Design criteria of the waves
State
Significant
Wave

Period /s
Wave height /m
Water depth /m

Regular

C.O.

Storm

7.0

10.0

15.0

3.0

7.0

12.5

100 ~ 500

To simplify the problem, a current is not considered in the

present work. It is, however, an area of concern that it
affects mooring tendons.

reported that the displacement of a mini TLP is smaller than

the conventional TLP (Kang et al.,2004). In addition, the
pontoons that keep the horizontal direction reduce the heave
motion and two isolated tendons at the tips of the pontoons
improve the pitch and the yaw response in waves. We also
think that it can achieve low production cost due to the
simple structure.

3 Tank test with wind generator

This experiment was examined at the ocean engineering
basin, which belongs to Institute of Industrial Science (IIS),
the University of Tokyo. This experimental tank has large
wind generator, the multi-directional wave devices and the
current generator devices. One of the features is the
movable floor up to 5m in its depth. In the present study, the
model is set at 3.0m water depth.
3.1 Model of the Wind Turbine
As mentioned in the introduction, recently the
light-weighted materials, such as GFRP or CFRP are often
used for wind turbine blades. In the present study, it is
assumed that the weight of a blade is about 20 ton. To
maintain the condition of similarity, it is necessary to make
the model of the blade at 20 (g/a blade). To maintain it, the
expanded polystyrene foam and CFRP as the reinforced
material are used. NACA 4412 is also used as the airfoil in
the present work.

2.2 Principal dimensions of wind turbine

In this study, we assumed to mount the horizontal axis
propeller-type wind turbine whose power generation
capacity is 5 MW on a platform. Estimated principal
dimensions are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Principal dimensions of wind turbine
Item

Unit

Value

Capacity

MW

Blades diameter

120

Number of blades

Height of the hub

80

Tower diameter (min)

2.2

Tower diameter (max)

6.0

Blade weight

20

Rotor weight

60

Rotor weight

200

Tower weight

130

Total weight

450

2.3 Floating platform

In the present study, we use the simple and small TLP which
combined a cylinder with three rectangular bodies. This
shape is often called mini TLP and they are primarily used
for small-scale offshore oil drillings. The previous study

Fig.1 Blade of wind turbine

The principal particulars of the blades are shown in Table 4

and Table 5.
Table 4 Difference between the measurements and the
designed values of the wind turbine (length)
Item
Blade
Nasser
Nasser
Nasser
Tower

length
vertical
width
height
height

Design/
mm
540
90
50
100
800

Measurements/
mm
538
90
50
100
780

Error/%
-0.4
0
0
0
-2.5

Journal of Marine Science and Application (2011) 10: 139-149

141

Table 5 Difference between the measurements and the

designed values of the wind turbine (weight)
Item
Total weight
Blade1
Blade2
Blade3
Tower
Nasser
Rotor

Design/g
450
20
20
20
130
200
60

Measurements/g
450
38
37
36
104
170
65

Error/%
0
+4.2
+3.8
+3.6
-5.8
-6.7
+1.1

center of the TLP water plane at static balance. The x-y

plane is horizontal and the z-axis is pointing vertically
upwards. Fig.3 shows the x-y plane system, while Fig.4
shows the x-z plane , respectively.

Table 6 Difference between the measurements and the

designed values of the floating platform
Item
Height/mm
Maximum radius/mm
Displacement/kg
GM/mm
Radius of gyration/mm
Draft/mm
Initial tension/kg

Design
440
273
21.95
97
340
1.5

Measurements
440
272
21.73
100
158
340
1.0

Error/%
0
-0.4
-1.0
+3.0
0
-33

3.2 Model of the floating platform

The model of the floating platform is shown in Fig.2. This
TLP model consists of the superstructure (cylindrical body)
and substructures (three rectangular bodies).

Fig.3 x-y coordinate system

Fig.2 Model of the floating platform

Currently few offshore wind turbines using TLP exist. So

GM was set as 10 cm as an initial model. And the initial
tension was set as 1.5 kg (0.25 kg/tendon) of whose value
was estimated by typical TLP. The detailed values are
shown in Table 6.

Wind and regular incident waves are coming in front of the

TLP wind turbine. Fig.5 shows the photo of the TLP type
wind turbine model of this experiment.

3.3 Coordinate system

The rectangular right-handed coordinate system is used in
this paper. This system is space fixed and the origin o is the

3.4 Experimental condition

As shown in Table 7, the wind velocity is set from 1.08 m/s
to 2.27 m/s every 0.12 m/s.

Fig.4 x-z coordinate system

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Yasunori Nihei, et al. Aerodynamic Effect on TLP Type Wind Turbines and Predictions on the Electricity They Generate

terms of the wave height or the wave period.

In the present study, the experiments in both waves and
wind are also carried out. The conditions of the waves-wind
coexisting field are shown in Table 10.
m/s

Table 7 Wind conditions

Wind velocity (C.I. ~ C.O.)
1.08

1.20

1.32

1.44

1.55

1.67

1.79

1.91

2.03

2.14

2.27

Table 8 Wave conditions A

Wave 1
Wave 2
Wave 3

Regular

Middle

C.O.

Period /s

0.7

0.85

1.0

Height /m

3.0

5.0

7.0

Period /s

0.6

0.75

0.9

Height /m

2.0

4.0

6.0

Period /s

0.8

0.95

1.1

Height /m

4.0

6.0

8.0

Table 9 Wave conditions B

Regular

Middle

C.O.

2.0

4.0

6.0

Wave

0.6

0.75

0.9

Wave

0.7

0.85

1.0

0.8

0.95

1.1

0.9

1.05

1.2

Fig.5 Photo of the TLP wind turbine (3.0m depth)

Wave height /cm

The wave conditions are determined as satisfied with the

Froude law, that is, the standard wave period is determined
as 1/1001/2 short as the values shown in Table 2. Both Table
8 and Table 9 show the various wave patterns of this study.
Wave 1 in Table 8 represents the standard wave conditions,
while the other wave conditions are varied from Wave 1 in

Wave

Period /s

Wave

Table 10 Conditions in both waves and wind

Regular
-1

Wind velocity /(ms )

Wave 1
Wave 2
Wave 3

1.32

1.44

Middle
1.67

C.O.
1.91

2.17

Period /s

0.7

0.85

1.0

Height /m

3.0

5.0

7.0

Period /s

0.6

0.75

0.9

Height /m

2.0

4.0

6.0

Period /s

0.8

0.95

1.1

Height /m

4.0

6.0

8.0

3.5 Measurement items

The measurement items in the present paper are shown as
follows:

The pitch, surge and heave motions of the wind

turbine.

The bending moment to the tower due to the wind

drag.

The tension forces of the tendons.

The time series of the incident waves and the mean

wind velocity.
A CCD camera traces two LEDs (Light-Emitting Diode)

attached to the tower and the nacelle of the wind turbine to

measure each motion response (pitching surge heave), see
Fig.4. The bending moment is measured by a strain gauge
attached to the bottom of the tower. The tension forces to
the tendons were measured using three ring gauges.

4 Aerodynamics force on the wind turbine

blade strip method
The cross section of the wind turbine can be seen in Fig.6.
The apparent wind velocity W can be expressed as follows:

Journal of Marine Science and Application (2011) 10: 139-149

V ( 1 a ) r 1 a
2

143

(1)

Here, a and a designate the induced coefficients of the

mainstream direction and the rotational direction
respectively. r means a torque arm and is an angular
velocity of the rotor. In addition, the apparent wind velocity
W can be also written as follows:
W

( 1 a )V ( 1 a )r

sin
cos

(2)

( 1 a )V
(1 a ) 1

( 1 a )r ( 1 a ) r

(3)

1
dT B W 2 (CL cos CD sin )cr dr
2

(8)

1
dQ B W 2 (CL sin CD cos )cr rdr
2

(9)

When the solidity r which shows the ratio of the total

projected area of the wind turbine is introduced, the Eqs. (8)
and (9) can be expressed as

The tangent is
tan

dT and the dQ can be also rewritten from Eq.(4) and (5) as

follows:

dT (1 a) 2

where the r means the tip speed ratio.

dQ (1 a)2

r cr cos
C
1
(1 D tan ) V 2 (2r )dr
sin 2
CL
2

(10)

r cr sin
C 1 1
(1 D
) (r )2 r (2r )dr (11)
cos 2
CL tan 2

Here r is defined as follows:

r

B cr
2r

(12)

In Eq. (10) and (11), the induced coefficients a and a

satisfy following relations.

4a
cos
C
r CL 2 (1 D tan )
1 a
sin
CL

(13)

4a
sin
C 1
(1 D
)
r CL
2

1 a
cos
CL tan

(14)

Finally the hydrodynamic force due to wind can be

calculated by the integration of Eqs. (10) and (11) as
follows:
Fig.6 Cross section of the wind turbine

The lift force dL and the drag force dD can be written as

follows:

1
dL W 2cr CLdr
2

(4)

1
dD W 2cr CDdr
2

(5)

Here, cr is the chord length of the wing. CL and CD are the

lift coefficient and the drag coefficient. By means of dL and
dD, the horizontal force dT and the torque dQ can be
expressed as follows:
dT B (dL cos dD sin )

(6)

dQ B (dL sin dD cos )

(7)

T dT

(15)

Q dQ

(16)

R is the radius of the wind turbine blades.

5 Experimental results and discussions

5.1 Pitch motion
The time series of the pitch motion in wind can be seen in
Fig.7. These results are shown for every 0.27 m/s in its wind
condition. Above 1.56 m/s, the pitch motion increases with
time, and then the wind turbine keeps a constant pitch angle.
Fig.8 shows the time series of the pitch motion. The dotted
red line shows the result of the wave period is 0.85 s, the
wave height is 4.0 cm, while the blue solid line shows the
result of the same wave condition but affected by wind. It
can be obviously seen that the wind effect stabilizes the
pitch motion.

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Yasunori Nihei, et al. Aerodynamic Effect on TLP Type Wind Turbines and Predictions on the Electricity They Generate

Fig.7 Time series of the pitch motion in wind

Fig.8 Time series of the pitch motion in waves (red dotted line) and in waves-wind coexisting field (blue solid line)

Fig.9 shows the heel angle due to wind. It can be observed

that the heel angle increases linearly with the wind velocity.
This phenomenon also can be seen in Fig.10 where the first
order pitch amplitude is evaluated by FFT analysis. The red
dotted lines show the pitch motion in waves, while the blue
lines show it in both waves and wind. In almost all wave
periods, it can be seen that wind effect stabilizes the pitch
motion. On the other hand, the differences of the heel angle
between various conditions are shown in Fig.11. The dotted
red lines designate the results in waves, while the blue lines
show in coexisting field. From 0.75 s to 1.05 s in its wave
period, it can be observed that a steady force by waves
affects the heel angle. The wind, however, affects the heel
angle more strongly than waves.

Fig.10 Pitch amplitude in waves and in waves-wind

coexisting field

Fig.11 Heel angle in waves and in waves-wind coexisting

field
Fig.9 Heel angle due to wind

5.2 Mooring system

In the present study, the drift motion in the x-direction is

Journal of Marine Science and Application (2011) 10: 139-149

measured. Fig.12 gives the results of the drift motion in

wind. It can be seen that the drift motion increases with the
wind velocity.

145

Fig.14 shows the time series of the tension (the ring gauge
2). Fig.15 also shows the FFT results over a set period of
time in Fig.14. The red dotted line shows the results in
waves, while the blue line shows in waves-wind coexisting
field in the both figures. In Fig.14, the wind turbine starts
rotating slowly after about 20.0 s, and then the rotation
speed increases.
It is observed that the wind effect is decreasing the tension
in Fig.14. Moreover, the springing (2nd order or 3rd order
force) is also decreasing in the case of coexisting field.

Fig.12 Drift motion in the x-direction in wind

5.3 Bending moment of the tower

Fig.16 is the heel moment results. The solid color lines
show the experimental results, while the dotted line shows
the calculated one by means of Eq.(14). Qualitatively good
agreement can be seen between the experimental results and
calculated one. The heel moment of all experiments is,
however, smaller than the calculated one. The cause of
differences seems to be that the heel angle is not considered
in the calculated one. Fig.17 is the time series of the
bending moment due to wind. The tendency for each wind
velocity is alike i.e. the bending moment is increasing with
time and then it keeps constant.

Fig.13 Drift motion in waves and in waves-wave coexisting

field

Fig.14 Time series of the tension in waves (red dotted line) and in waves-wind coexisting field (blue solid line) (ring gauge 2)

Fig.15 FFT results of the tension (Ring gauge 2)

Fig.16 Difference of the heel moment between the

experimental results and the calculated ones

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Yasunori Nihei, et al. Aerodynamic Effect on TLP Type Wind Turbines and Predictions on the Electricity They Generate

Fig.17 Time series of the bending moment due to wind

Fig.18 Time series of the bending moment due to waves

Fig.19 FFT result of the bending moment

Fig.21 Heel moment of the tower in waves and in

waves-wind coexisting field

Fig.20 Time series of the bending moment in waves-wind coexisting field

Fig.18 is the time series of the bending moment in waves.

Each result is of the same wave height 6.0 cm, while the

wave periods are different. Fig.19 is the FFT result whose

wave period is 0.9 s in Fig.18. It can be obviously seen that

Journal of Marine Science and Application (2011) 10: 139-149

147

this bending moment consists of not only the wave period

component but also double frequency and the triple
frequency components.
Fig.20 is the time series of the bending moment in waves
and wind coexisting field. It can be seen that the result of
the coexisting field is much smaller than the result only in
waves. Fig.21 and Fig.22 show the heel moment and
bending moment respectively. From these figures wind
affects the increasing of the heel moment, while
waves-wind coexisting affects the decreasing of the bending
moment.

6.2 Estimated results of the output power

In the previous study, the relation between the heel angle
and the electricity generation power has been revealed as
shown in Fig.23 (Yago et al., 2003). The horizontal axis
designates the heel angle, while the vertical axis is the
electricity generated. Fig.24 shows the heel angle for all
conditions in the present study. It can be seen the heel angle
is up to 6 degree. In an actual wind turbine, a rotor-tilt angle
is kept at an angle of 5 (degree) to avoid contact between
the blades and the tower. So it can be predicted that the heel
angle reaches up to 11 (degree) totally.

6 Predictions of the amount of electricity

generated
6.1 Method for estimation of the annual energy
production and the utilization factor
We can accurately estimate the amount of electricity
generated by means of Weibull distribution, which
presumes statistics on a wind velocity. Rayleigh distribution
is, however, used for simplicity in the present paper.
Rayleigh distribution is commonly known as shape
parameter k =2 in Weibull distribution. Each driving pattern
of a wind turbine is shown in Table 1.

Fig.22 Amplitude of the bending moment in waves and in

waves-wind coexisting field

Annual amount of electricity generated PW [MWh] can be

expressed using output power of the wind turbine P (V)
[MW] which depends on wind velocity V and the
distribution of each wind velocity f (V) as follows:
PW MW h

V out
V in

P (V ) f (V )dv 8760 h

(17)

where Vin and Vout means Cut-In and Cut-Out wind velocity,
respectively.
Utilization factor CF [%] can be calculated by means of the
rated output capacity RO [MW] which is 5[MW] in the
present study as follows:
CF %

PW MW h

RO MW 8760 h

100

(18)

Fig.23 Reduction rate of electricity generation power with

the heel angle (Yago et al., 2003)

Fig.24 Heel angle of the TLP wind turbine for the all
conditions

It is noted that the pitching motion is not considered to

estimate the reduction rate of electricity generated in the
present work. In the previous study, it was discussed that
the pitching motion affects the amount of the electricity
generated or not. In the near future we will also examine the
research of its effect.
Fig.25 shows the output power characteristics of the wind
turbines and the annual wind velocity distributions. The
three green lines represent the average wind velocity of
7.5 m/s, 10.0 m/s, and 12.5 m/s at 10 m from sea level
respectively. The dashed red line represents the output
power of an onshore wind turbine, while the solid blue line
represents the estimated output power of the TLP due to
heel of the wind shown in 24.

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Yasunori Nihei, et al. Aerodynamic Effect on TLP Type Wind Turbines and Predictions on the Electricity They Generate

It is generally said that a desirable utilization factor of

onshore wind turbines is more than 20%, while it should be
more than 40% in the case of those of offshore wind
turbines to keep the same level of electricity price. The
annual average wind velocity required is more than 8.8 m/s
to attain it.

7 Concluding Remarks
In the present study, we proposed a new wind energy
generation system that uses a Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
and examined a tank test with the wind generator to clarify
the motion characteristics of this platform.
Fig.25 Output power characteristics of the wind turbines

and the annual wind velocity distributions

6.3 Estimated Results of the Annual Amount of
Electricity Generated and the Utilization Factor
The annual amount of electricity generated and the
utilization factor for various wind velocities can be
estimated according to Eq.(17) and Eq.(18).

Recently, light-weight materials such as GFRP are often

used for wind turbine blades. In the present work, the
following step was taken to maintain the conditions of
similarity.
The wind turbine blades for the experiment were made of
the expanded polystyrene foam with CFRP as the
reinforcing material.
In the present paper, the pitch motion, drift motion,
tension of the mooring line and bending moment of the
tower were monitored during the experiments. From
these measurements, the following conclusions can be
obtained.
The heel angle increases linearly with the wind velocity.
In the case of the waves-wind coexisting condition, the wind
effect stabilizes pitch motion compared with that in only
waves.

The drift motion increases with the wind velocity.

Fig.26 The utilization factor in relation to an average wind
velocity

It was confirmed that the reduction rate of the power

generated due to heel becomes enlarged with wind velocity
as shown in Fig.25. Differences in the utilization factor
between the TLP wind turbine and that of an onshore wind
turbine in relation to an average wind velocity can be seen
in Fig.26. The red dashed line shows the onshore wind
turbine, while the blue solid line shows the TLP wind
turbines. The green line shows the differences between them.
Compared with the onshore wind turbine, the reduction rate
is only 2%-4%. The utilization factor of the TLP is at
maximum when the annual average wind velocity is about
12.5 m/s at 10 m from sea level, and an annual amount of its
electricity generated reaches 22.5 GWh. It can also be
observed that the utilization factor gradually decreases when
the average wind velocity is more than 12.5m/s. This is
caused by an increase in the feathering state (stopping
electric generation) due to strong wind.

In the case of the waves-wind coexisting field, the wind

effect decreases the tension of mooring line. Moreover,
the springing (2nd order or 3rd order force) is also
decreased in the case of the coexisting field.
A theoretical calculation to determine the hydrodynamic
forces in the wind turbine was performed in the present work.
The heel moment due to wind was calculated, and was
compared with the result of the experiment. Qualitatively
good agreement can be seen between the experimental
results and those calculated. The heel moment of all
experiments is, however, smaller than the calculated values.

Wind results in an increase in the heel moment, while

coexisting waves-wind results in decrease in the bending
moment of the tower.

It can be estimated that the maximum reduction in the rate of

electricity generated is up to about 6% as a result of the heel
angle. It is noted, however, the pitch motion or any other
elements are not considered in this estimation.

After the estimate of results of the annual amount of

electricity generated and the utilization factor, it was
confirmed that almost the same power generation
performance between the TLP type offshore wind turbine

Journal of Marine Science and Application (2011) 10: 139-149

and an onshore wind turbine can be seen. The average annual

wind velocity required is more than 8.8 m/s at 10 m from sea
level to keep 40% of the utilization factor.

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Professor Takeshi Kinoshita in
the University of Tokyo, IIS for the helpful suggestions and
observations about the experiment. Several helpful
discussions about a wind turbine and TLPs with Professor
Hideyuki Suzuki in the University of Tokyo are gratefully
acknowledged. We also really appreciate to Associate
Professor Kiyoshi Uzawa in the University of Tokyo, for
helpful suggestions and observations to make the blades of
the wind turbine. In the experiment, we would like to
acknowledge Mr. Hiroshi Itakura who is the technical
officer of the University of Tokyo, IIS.

References
Kang DH, Roh JB, Choi HS, Shin HS (2004). A feasibility study
for mini tension leg platform based on motion characteristics in
waves. The 2nd Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine
Hydrodynamics.
Suzuki H, Ashida T, Enomoto K, Yago K, Duan F (2005).
Optimization of spar type floating wind turbine. Proceedings of

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Civil Engineering in the Ocean, Japan Society of Civil
Engineers, 21, 1047-1052.
Yago K, Ohkawa Y, Suzuki H, Sawai T (2003). A basic study on
the floating wind power system. 17th Ocean Engineering
Symposium, The society of Naval Architects of Japan, 127-134.
Yasunori Nihei
Academic background: marine hydrodynamics,
motion of offshore structures in waves and wind,
wave drift forces, nonlinear wave forces.
work experience: doctoral degree at the University
of Tokyo, and then worked at National Maritime
Research Institute before working at
Osaka
Prefecture University.
Research Field: offshore wind turbine, trimaran
PCC, etc.
Hiroyuki Fujioka
Academic background: After graduated from
Osaka Prefecture University in 2010, study as a
Master course student at Department of Ocean
Technology, Policy and Environment, The
University of Tokyo.
Research field: offshore wind turbine.