THE

METHOD of FLUXIONS
AND

INFINITE SERIES;
WITH ITS
of CURVE-LINES.
Application to the Geometry
the

By

Sir

NEWTON,^

AA C

INVENTOR

Late Prefident of the Royal Society.

^ranjlated from the

AUTHOR'* LATIN ORIGINAL

not yet

made

To which

is

publick.

fubjoin'd,

A PERPETUAL COMMENT

upon the whole Work,

Confiding of

ANN OTATIONS,

ILLU STRATION
In order to

make

Acomplcat Inftitution for

By
Mafter of

JOHN

and

SUPPLEMENTS,

this Treatife

the ufe o/'

CO L SON,

Sir Jofeph
fFilliamfon's free

s,

M.

LEARNERS.

A. andF.R.S.

Mathematical-School at Rochejter.

LONDON:
Printed by

And

Sold by

HENRY WOODFALLJ

JOHN NOURSE,

at the

Lamb

M.DCC.XXXVI.

without Temple-Bar.

'

T O

William Jones Efq; F.R

S.

SIR,
[T was a laudable cuftom among the ancient
Geometers, and very worthy to be imitated by
their SuccefTors, to addrefs their
of
labours, not fo much to

Men

Mathematical
eminent rank

the world, as to Perfons of diftinguidi'd

For they knew
merit and proficience in the fame Studies.
fuch only could be competent Judges of
very well, that

and

{ration

in

Works, and would receive them with ''the efteem.

So far at leaft I can copy after thofe
they might deferve.
their

as to chufe a Patron for thefe Speculations,

great Originals,
whofe known skill and abilities in fuch matters will enable

and whofe known candor will incline him

I have had in the
prefent
judge favourably, of the fhare

him
to

to judge,

performance.

For

Work, of which

as

to

am

the fundamental

only the Interpreter,

part
I

of the

know

it

it will need no
cannot but pleafe you
protection, nor
ean it receive a greater recommendation, than to bear the
name of its illuftrious Author. However, it very naturally
;

I am fure
you, who had the honour (for
you think it fo) of the Author's friendship and familiarity
in his life-time ; who had his own confent to publifli nil

applies

itfelf to

of fome of his pieces, of a nature not very

elegant edition

and who have

an efteem for,
as well as knowledge of, his other moft fublime, moil
admirable, andjuftly celebrated Works.
But
A 2

different

from

this

fo

juft

DEDICATION.

iv

But befides thefe motives of a publick nature, I had

The many perothers that more nearly concern myfelf.
fonal obligations I have received from you, and your generous manner of conferring them, require all the teftimonies of gratitude in my power.
Among the reft, give
me leave to mention one, (tho' it be a privilege I have
enjoy 'd in common with many others, who have the hapof your acquaintance,) which is, the free accefs you
pinefs
have always allow'd me, to -your copious Collection of
whatever is choice and excellent in the Mathernaticks.
Your judgment and induftry, .in collecting -thofe. valuable

more conspicuous, than the freedom

and readinefs with which you communicate them, to all
fuch who you know will apply them to their proper ufe,
are not

?tg{^tfcu.,

that

is,

improvement of Science.
leave, permit me, good Sir,

to the general

Before

take

my

to join

my

wiOies to thofe of the publick, that your own ufeful Lucubrations may fee the light, with all convenie-nt ipeed ;

which, if I rightly conceive of them, will be an excellent

methodical Introduction, not only to the mathematical
Sciences in general, but alfo to thefe, as well as to the other
curious and abftrufe Speculations of our great Author. You
are very well apprized, as all other good Judges muft be,
that to illuftrate him is to cultivate real Science, and to
make his Difcoveries eafy and familiar, will be no fmall

improvement in Mathernaticks and Philofophy.

That you will receive this addrefs with your ufual candor, and with that favour and friendship I have fo long
ind often experienced,

is

the earneil requeft of,

R,
Your moft obedient humble Servant^
J.

OLSON.

(*)

THE

PREFACE.
Cannot but very much congratulate with my Mathematical Readers, and think it one of the moft forLife, that I have it in
to
the
prefent
publick with a moft valuable
power
fter in Mathematical and
Anecdote, of the greatefl

tunate ciicumftances of

my

my

Ma

the World.
And
Philofophical Knowledge,
of
this
Anecdote
is
an
element
becaufe
the
much
fo
more,
ry nature,
to his other moft arduous and fubh'me
and
introductory
preparatory
for the instruction of Novices
Speculations, and intended by himfelf
and Learners. I therefore gladly embraced the opportunity that
was put into my hands, of publishing this pofthumous Work, bethat ever appear 'd in

had been compofed with that view and defign.

And that my own Country-men might firft enjoy the benefit of
this publication, I refolved upon giving it in an Englijh Translation,
I thought it highly
with fome additional Remarks of my own.
and
of
the
great Author, as
reputation
injurious to the memory
well as invidious to the glory of our own Nation, that fo curious
and uleful a piece fhould be any longer fupprels'd, and confined to
a few private hands, which ought to be communicated to all the
caufe

found

it

World for general Inftruction. And more efpecially at a

when the Principles of the Method here taught have been

learned

time

fcrupuloufly fifted and examin'd, have been vigorouily .oppofed and

(we may fay) ignominioufly rejected as infufficient, by fome Mathematical Gentlemen, who feem not to have derived their knowledge
of them from their only true Source, that is, from cur Author's

And on the other

Treatife wrote exprefsly to explain them.
of
Method
have
this
been
hand, the Principles
zealouily and commendably defended by other Mathematical Gentlemen, who yet
own

feem

lie

fern

have been as

PREFACE.

acquainted with this Work, (or at leaft

it,) the only genuine and original Fountain of
this kind of knowledge.
For what has been elfewhere deliver'd
by
our Author, concerning this Method, was only accidental and octo

little

to have over-look'd

and far from that copioufnefs with which he treats of it

and
illuftrates it with a
here,
great variety of choice Examples.
The learned and ingenious Dr. Pemberton, as he acquaints us in
his View of Sir Tfaac Newton's
Philofophy, had once a defign of
this
with
the
confent" and under the
Work,
publishing
infpectkm
of the Author himfelf; which if he had then
accomplim'd, he would
certainly have deferved and received the thanks of all lovers of Science,
calional,

The Work would

have then appear'd with a double

advantage, as
Emendations of its great Author, and likewife in
And among the
faffing through the hands of fo able an Editor.
other good effects of this publication,
it
poffibly
might have prevented all or a great part of thofe Difputes, which have fince been
raifed,
and which have been fo ftrenuoufly and warmly pnrfued on both
fides, concerning the validity of the Principles of this Method.
They
would doubtlefs have been placed in fo good a light, as would have
cleared them from
any imputation of being in any wife defective, or
not fufficiently demonstrated.
But fince the Author's Death, as the
Doctor informs us, prevented the execution of that defign, and fince
he has not thought fit to refume it hitherto, it became needful that
this publication fhould be undertook
by another, tho' a much inferior hand.
receiving the

la ft

was now become highly necefTary, that at laft the great

himfelf
fhould interpofe, fhould produce his genuine MeIjaac
thod of Fluxions, and bring it to the teft of all impartial and confiderate Mathematicians ; to mew its evidence and
Simplicity, to
maintain and defend it in his own way, to convince his
Opponents,
and to teach his Difciples and Followers upon what grounds
they
mould proceed in vindication of the Truth and Himfelf. And that
this might be done the more
eafily and readily, I refolved to accomit with an
pany
ample Commentary, according to the beft of
For

it

Sir

my

and (I believe) according to the mind and intention of the Author, wherever I thought it needful ; and particularly with an Eye
fkill,

to the fore-mention'd
In which I have endeavoui'd to
Controverfy.
obviate the difficulties that have been raifed, and to
explain every
thing in fo full a manner, as to remove all the objections of any
force, that have been any where made, at leaft fuch as have occtu'd
to

my

obfervation.

If

what

is

here advanced, as there

is

good

rea-

fon

PREFACE.

xi

fon to hope, fhall prove to the fatisfadtion of thofe Gentlemen, who

ikfl darted thefe objections, and who (I am willing to fuppofe) had
of Truth at heart; I fhall be very glad to have cononly the caufe
But if
tributed any thing, towards the removing of their Scruples.
what
is
here
offer'd
and
fhould
not
it fhall happen otherwife,
appear

and demonflration to them

moil other thinking Readers,
with unprejudiced and impartial

to be furricient evidence, conviction,

I
perfuaded it will be fuch to

yet

am

who

fhall

apply themfelves to it
minds; and then I mall not think my labour ill beflow'd. It fhould
however be well confider'd by thofe Gentlemen, that the great number of Examples they will find here, to which the Method of Fluxions
is fuccefsfuUy apply'd, are fo many vouchers for the truth of the
on which that Method is founded. For the Deductions
Principles,
are always conformable to what has been derived from other uncontroverted Principles, and therefore mufl be acknowledg'd us true.
This argument mould have its due weight, even with fuch as cannot, as well as with fuch as will not, enter into the proof of the
And the hypothefn that has been advanced to
Principles themfelves.
one error in reafoning being ilill corrected
of
this
evade
conclufion,
equal and contrary to

and

that fo regularly, conftantly,

and frequently, as it mufl be fiippos'd to do here ; this bvpothe/is, I
not to be ferioufly refuted, becaufe I can hardly think it
fay, ought

by another

is

it,

ferioufly propofed.

chief Principle, upon which the Method of Fluxions is here

built, is this very fimple one, taken from the Rational Mechanicks ;
which is, That Mathematical Quantity, particularly Extenlion, may
be conceived as generated by continued local Motion; and that all Quantities whatever, at leaflby analogy and accommodation, may be con-

The

Confequently there mufl be

fuch generations,
comparativeVelocitiesofincreafeanddecreafe, during
ceived as generated after a like manner.

and determinable, and may therefore /proThis Problem our Author

blematically) be propofed to be found.
here folves by the hjip of another Principle, not lefs evident ; which
is
infinitely divifible, or that it may (menfuppofes that Qnimity

whole Relations

are fixt

fo far continually diminifh, as at lafl, before it

tally at leaft)
be call'd
to arrive at Quantities that

may

is

totally

vanilhing
than any afTignform a Notion, not
and
of
relative
but
indeed of abioiute,
comparative infinity. 'Tis a
to the Method of Indivifibles, as aifo to the
very jufl exception
infiniteiimal
Method, that they have rccourfe at once to
foreign
a 2
infinitely

extinguifh'd,

whk.li are infinitely little, and

Quantities, or
Or it funnolcs that we may
able Quantity.

lefs

The

PREFACE.

little Quantities, and infinite orders and

gradations of thefe,
thefe Quantities
affume
not relatively but absolutely fuch.
They
without
as
that
Quantities
finnd
any ceremony,
Jewel,
actually and

infinitely

&

and make Computations with them accordingly ;

tlie refult of which muft needs be as
precarious, as the abfblute exiftence of the Quantities they afiume.
And fome late Geometricians
have carry 'd thefe Speculations, about real and abfolute Infinity, ftill
much farther, and have raifed imaginary Syftems of infinitely great
and infinitely little Quantities, and their feveral orders and properties j
which, to all fober Inquirers into mathematical Truths, muft certainly appear very notional and vifionary.
Thefe will be the inconveniencies that will arife, if we do not
Abfolute
rightly diftinguifh between abfolute and relative Infinity.
can
be
as
the
either
of
our
fuch,
Infinity,
hardly
object
Conceptions
or Calculations, but relative Infinity may, under a proper regulation.
Our Author obferves this diftinction very ftrictly, and introduces
none but infinitely little Quantities that are relatively fo ; which he
arrives at by beginning with finite Quantities, and proceeding by a
His Computations
gradual and neceffary progrefs of diminution.
finite and intelligible
commence
by
Quantities ; and then at
always
laft he inquires what will be the refult in certain circumftances, when
fuch or fuch Quantities are diminim'd in infinitum.
This is a conftant practice even in common Algebra and Geometry, and is no
more than defcending from a general Propofition, to a particular Cafe
which is certainly included in it. And from thefe eafy Principles,
managed with a vaft deal of fkill and fagacity, he deduces his Method of Fluxions j which if we confider only fo far as he himfelf
has carry'd it, together with the application he has made of it, either
obvioufly exift,

here or elfewhere, directly or indiredly, exprefly or tacitely, to the

moft curious Difcoveries in Art and Nature, and to the fublimeft
Theories
may defervedly efteem it as the greateft Work of
nobleft Effort that ever was made by the Hun an
and
as
the
Genius,
Mind. Indeed it muft be own'd, that many uftful Improvement?,
and new Applications, have been fince made by others, and probaFor it is no mean excellence of
bly will be ftill made every day.

We

Method, that it is doubtlefs ftill capable of a greater degree of

and will always afford an inexhauftible fund of curious
perfection
matter, to reward the pains of the ingenious and iuduftrious Analyft.
As I am defirous to make this as fatisfactory as poffible, efptcially
to the very learned and ingenious Author of the Difcourle call'd The
Analyjl, whofe eminent Talents I acknowledge myfelf to have a

this

great

The

PREFACE.

xlii

for ; I fhall here endeavour to obviate fome of his

great veneration
to the Method of Fluxions, particularly fuch as
principal Objections
I have not touch'd upon in
Comment, which is foon to follow.

my

He

thinks cur Author has not proceeded in a demonftrative and

fcientifical matter, in his Princip. lib. 2. km. 2. where he deduces
the Moment of a Rectangle, whole Sides are fuppofed to be variable
I fhall reprefent the matter Analytically thus,
Lines.
agreeably (I

mind of the Author.

Y be two variable Lines,

think) to the

and

or Quantities, which at different periods of time acquire different values, by flowing or increaor alike inequably.
For inflance, let
fing continually, either equably

Let

becomes A
fa, A,
b
and
B
-+f3, B,
f fuccefiively
b, are any quantities that may be
the fame periods of time the variable

there be three periods of time, at

and
and

A -+- 7 a

reflectively

aiTumed

which

becomes B
where A, a, B,

and

at pleafure.

Then

XY

Produ<ft or Rectangle
+- f * x B -+- h, that

AB -+- f^B -f- 7$ A -f- ^ab.

at

will

become A"

AB
Now

T <?B

is,

in

fa x B

fM.

f4,

-f-

ab,

the interval from the

AB, and
AB, and

firft

period

of time to the fecond, in which X from being A

fa is become A,
the
is
become
Product XY
and in which Y from being B
B,
7^
AB
that
becomes
from being AB
-f- ^ab
is,
f^B
by Subis
f#B -+traction, its whole Increment during that interval
of
time to the
in
the
fecond
interval
from
the
And
^ab.
period
in which Y
from
and
X
A
in
becomes
which
A-f-ftZ,
third,
being
frcm being B becomes B -hf^, the Product XY from being AB
becomes AB-f- ffiB -f f 4A -+- -^ab that is, by Subtraction, its whole
Increment during that interval is 7,76
7^A -+- ^ab. _ Add thefe two
Increirents together, and we fhall have <?B -+- bA. for the compleat
Increment of the Product XY, during the whole interval of time,
while X fk w'd from the value A
\a to A -f- ftf or Y flow'd
from the value B
f to B +7''. Or U might have been found
thus:
While X f.ows from A
tne
\a to A, and
by
Operation,
to
therce to A -f- ft?, or Y flows f-om B
B, and thence to
f3
-ithe
will
Product
flow
fiom
XY
AB
B
f<?B
f3A -f- ab
f A,
to AB, ?nd thence to AB -+- f^B
-J'k -f- ^ab > therefore by Subtraction the whole Increment during that interval of time will be
tfB-4-M. Q^E. D.
This may eafily be illuftrated by Numbers thus: Make A,rf,B,/,
equal to 9, 4, i 5, 6, refpeclively; (or any other Numbers to be affumed at pleafure.) Then the three fucceffive values of X will be
the three fucceffive values of Y will be 12, 15, 18,
7, 9, ii, and

iA

-,

fA

reipcciivcly.

PREFACE.

The

xiv

Produd XY
= 4xic-f- 6x9=
=

the three fucceflive values of the

Alfo
refpeftively.
will be 84, 135, 198.
19

8_8 4

Thus

But rtB-f-M

114

Q.E. O.

the

Lemma

will be

true of any conceivable finite Increments whatever; and therefore by way of Corollary, it will be true
of infinitely little Increments, which are call'd Moments, and which
was the thing the Author principally intended here to demonflrate.
nitely

Moments

the cafe of

15ut in

A, and

ftf,

to be confider'd, that X, or defito be taken indifferently for

and definitely B
f/;, B, B -+- ~b.

it is

A -+-

a, are

the fame Quantity ; as alfo Y,

the want of this Confutation has occafion'd not a few
per-

And

plexities.

Now from hence the reft of our Author's Conclufions, in the

fame Lemma, may be thus derived fomething more explicitely. The
Moment of the Reclangle AB being found to be Ab -+- ^B, when
the contemporary Moments of A and B are reprelented by a and b
A, and therefore b
a, and then the
refpedtively ; make B
A
.or
of
x
will
be
Moment
Aa -+- aA, or 2aA. Again,
A,
A*,
A a and therefore b-=. zaA, and then the Moment of
make B

AxA*, or A', will be 2rfA 4 -f- aA 1 , or 3^A*. Again, make B

s
5
and therefore l>
,
^aA -, and then the Moment of xA*, or

A
A

3
3
3
3<?A -4-rfA , or 4#A
Again, make
3
therefore ^
and
of
then
the
Moment
,
4^A
be 4<?A 4 -i-tfA 4 , or 5<zA 4
And fo on in infinitum.

will be

Ax A

B==A-,
4

m to

general, afluming
reprefent any integer affirmative
1
Moment of A* will be
.

Number,

maA"

Now

and

or A', will
,
Therefore in

the

i, (where m is any integer affirmative

of Unity, or any other conftant
and
the
becaufe
Moment
Number,)
A*
we
(hall
have
x Mom. A~m -f- A~m x Mom.
p;
quantity, is
110
A- x Mom. A" But Mom. A"
o, or Mom.
maA m ~*, as found before ; therefore Mom. A"*
A~ iw x
maA-"-'
ma A"-'
Therefore the Moment of Am will be
~
m
maA , when m is any integer Number, whether affirmative or

becaufe

A*

A"=

A^

ra

A~"=

negative.

And
may

or A"=. B"
we put A"
where m and
be any integer Numbers, affirmative or negative ; then we

mall have

is

the

=B,

univerfally, if

ma A"-*

Moment

;.^B"^'

of B, or of

A"

or

b=

mgA<

So that the

-aA

Moment

i,

of

which

A"

will

be

P E E F A C

The
be

wtfA"*"

rtill

whether

;;/

fraction.

The Moment
being </C +- cD

of

AB

fuppofe

be affirmative or negative, integer or

= MAB,

aB, and the Moment of CD

and therefore d-=. b& +- aB,

-+-

being

xv

E.

Moment of ABC will be bA +- aB xC

r AB.
And likewife the Moment of
~
m
n
B
maA.
And fo of any others.
connexion between the Method of Mo-

and then by Subftitution the

-f- c

AB

MC

-+-

rfBC -h

l
/>B"-'A" -fthere is fo near a
ments and the Method of Fluxions, that it will be very eafy to pafs
from the one to the other. For the Fluxions or Velocities of increafe, are always proportional to the contemporary Moments. Thus
if for A, B, C, &c. we write x, y, z, &c. for a, b, c, &c. we may
Then the Fluxion of xy will be xy -f- xy, the
write x, y, z, &c.
m
whether m be integer or fraction,
will be rnxx*-*
Fluxion of x
affiimative or negative; the Fluxion of xyz will be xyz -f- xyz -f-

A*B"

will be

Now

x my n

xjz, and the Fluxion of

will be

mxx m -*y

-J-

fo of the reft.
Or the former Inquiry

nx myy"~ s

And

may be placed in another view, thus

A-f- a be two fucceflive values of the variable Quantity
X, as alfo B and B -+- b be two fucceflive and contemporary values
of Y ; then will AB and AB -f- aB-\~ bA+ab be two fucceflive and
And while X,
contemporary values of the variable Product XY.
from
A -f- a, or Y
flows
value
to
its
A
by increafing perpetually,
flows from B to B -f- b ; XY at the fame time will flow from AB
to AB +- aB -+- bA. -f- ab t during which time its whole Increment,
Or in
as appears by Subtraction, will become aB -h bh. -+- ab.
Numbers thus: Let A, a, B, b, be equal to 7, 4, 12, 6, refpectively ;
then will the two fucceflive values of X be 7, 1 1 , and the two fucLet

A and

ceflive values

of

the Product

XY

ah-

42

48

And

-f-

thus

it

Alib the two fucceflive values of

But the Increment aB -+- t>A -J-

will be 12, 18.

will be 84, 198.

24= 14=

1
-+198
84, as before.
will be as to all finite Increments : But when the In-

crements become Moments, that

is,

when a and b are fo far dirniA and B at the fame time

aB or ^A, (for aB. ab ::

nifh'd, as to become infinitely lefs than

ab will become infinitely lefs than either

and bA. ab

A. a

and therefore

will vanifh in refpect of

them. In which cafe the Moment of the Product or Rectangle
This perhaps is the more obvious and
will be aB -+- bA, as before.
in
the
t relent
of
direct way
proceeding,
Inquiry but, as there was
room for choice, our Author thought fit to chufe the former way,,

B.

b,

::

it

as

The

xvi

PREFACE.

elegant, and in which he was under no neceflity of having recourfe to that Principle, that quantities arifing in an Equation,
which are infinitely lefs than the others, may be neglected or exas the

more

companion of

in

punged

Now

thofe others.

avoid the ufe of

to

tho' otherwife a true one, was all the Artifice ufed

which certainly was a very fair and justifiable one.

this Principle,
this occaiion,

on

I fhall conclude my Obfervations with

confidering and obviating
the Objections that have been made, to the ufual Method of finding
the Increment, Moment, or Fluxion of any indefinite power x of

the variable quantity x, by giving that Inveftigation in fuch a manner, as to leave (I think) no room for any juft exceptions to it.
And the rather becaufe this is a leading point, and has been ftrangely
perverted and mifreprefented.
In order to find the Increment of the variable quantity or power
x, (or rather its relation to the Increment of x } confider'd as given ;
becaufe Increments and Moments can be known only by comparifon

with other Increments and Moments, as alfo Fluxions by comparifon

with other Fluxions ;) let us make x"=y, and let X and Y be any
fynchronous Augments of x and y. Then by the hypothefis we
have the Equation x-fc-X\*

fhall

=y

-+-

for in

any Equation

the variable Quantities may always be increafed by their fynchronous

Augments, and yet the Equation will flill hold good. Then by

our Author's famous Binomial Theorejn

-+-

nx"~'X

^=-^*X

n x

-+-

we

fhall

have y

+ n x *~ x '-^-V^X

moving the equal Quantities y and

x",

it

-f-

3
,

&c. or

nx n ~

xn
re -

X +that when X deT

will be

So
n x ?-^- x ^^x'-'^X 3 , &c.
Y will here denote
notes the given Increment of the variable quantity
the fynchronous Increment of the indefinite power y or x" ; whofe
value therefore, in all cafes, may be had from this Series.
Now
that we may be fure we proceed regularly, we will verify this thus
far, by a particular .and familiar instance or two.
2,
Suppofe n
then Y
2xX -+- X l
That is, while x flows or increafes to x +- X,
.v* in the fame time,
2xX -+-X 1 will increafe
by its Increment Y
ny.

^-x"--X

-+-

A,-,

to

.v

4-

fuppofe

=
2xX
=
fl

creafes to

=
=

which we otherwife know to be true. Again,

-ja
1
3
Or while x in*.
3, then Y
3* X -+- 3*X H- X
J
a
x r+- X, x"> by its Increment Y
X
X3
-h
3^
3^X

will increafe

to x* -f-

3*

X -+- ^xX

-+- X

3
.

And

whereby we may plainly perceive,

Conclufion mud be certain and indubitable.

particular cafes,

fo

in all ,other

that

this general

This

Tie

PREFACE.

xvii

and
Series therefore will be always true, let the Augments
docs
not
at
all
defo
little
for
the
truth
or
ever
fo
;
ever
be
great,
of
their
when
circumftance
the
on
magnitude.
Nay,
they are

This

pend

they become Moments, it muft be true alfo,

But when
and Y are diby virtue of the general Conclufion.
minifh'd in infinitum, fo as to become at laft infinitely little, the
muft needs vanifli firft, as being relatively of an
of
or
infinitely little,

when

greater powers

So that when they are

all expunged, we ihall neceflarily obtain the Equation Y=znx*~'X ;
where the remaining Terms are likewife infinitely little, and confeif there were other Terms in the Equation,
quently would vanifh,
which were (relatively) infinitely greater than themfelves. But as
.there are not, we may fecurely retain this Equation, as having an
undoubted right fo to do; and efpecially as it gives us anufeful piece
of information, that X and Y, tho' themfelves infinitely little, or
vanifli in proportion to each other as
vanifhing quantities, yet they
f
have therefore learn 'd at laft, that the Moment by
j to nx"~
vali e than the fmaller powers.
infinitely lefs

We

which x increafes, or X, is to the contemporary Moment by which

And their Fluxions, or Velox a increafes, or Y, as i is to nx"~
in
the
fame
cities of increafe, being
proportion as their fynchronous
s

have nx*-'x for the Fluxion of X", when the

Fluxion of x is denoted by x.
I cannot conceive there can be any pretence to infinuate here,
that any unfair artifices, any leger-de-main tricks, or any Ihifting of
the hypothefis, that have been fo feverely complain'd of, are at all
have legitimately derived
made ufe of in this Inveftigation.
this general Conclufion in finite Quantities, that in all cafes the re-

Moments, we

fhall

We

lation

of the Increments will be

of which one particular cafe

nually to decreafe, till they

is,

nx"~

when

X+

and

x ~~x*'-1X*, &c.
are fuppofed conti-

But by
finally terminate in nothing.
thus continually decreafing, they approach nearer and nearer to the
Ratio of i to nx"~\ which they attain to at ihe very inftant of the'r
This therefore is their ultimate Ratio,
vanifhing, and not before.
the Ratio of their

and x n continually
general
tine

Moments, Fluxions,
increafe

or decreafe.

or Velocities, by which x
to argue from a

Now

Theorem

of the moft

to a particular cafe contain'd under it, is certainly

legitimate and logical, as well as one of the mofl ufual

in the whole compafs of the Mathemcto ftand

we have made
and
after
that
object here,
for fome quantity, we are not at liberty to make them nothing, or no
is
not an Objection againft the
quantity, or vanishing quantities,

and

ufeful

ticks.

ways of arguing,

To

Method

Tte

XVlll

PREFACE.

Method of Fluxions, but againft the common Analyticks. This

Method only adopts this way of arguing, as a conftant practice in
the vulgar Algebra, and refers us thither for the proof of it.
If we
have an Equation any how compos'd of the general Numbers a, b, c,
&c. it has always been taught, that we may interpret thefe by
any
particular Numbers at pleafure, or even by o, provided that the
Equation, or the Conditions of the Queftion, do not exprefsly require the contrary.
definite

any

For general Numbers, as fuch, may ftand for

in the whole Numerical Scale
which Scale

Numbers

be thus commodioufly
2>
reprefented, &c.
3,
&c.
where
all
i, o, i, 2, 3,4,
poffible fractional Numbers, intermediate to thefe here exprefs'd, are to be conceived as interpolated.
But in this Scale the Term o is as much a Term or Number as any
other, and has its analogous properties in common with the refK
(I

think)

We

may

are likewife told, that

we may

not give fuch values to general

as they could not receive at firft ; which if adafterwards,
Symbols
mitted is, I think, nothing to the prefent purpofe.
It is
always
moft eafy and natural, as well as moll regular, inftruclive, and elegant, to

make our

Inquiries as

much

and

to defcend to particular cafes

nearly brought to a conclufion.

by degrees,
But this is a point of convenience

only, and not a point of neceffity.

flead of defcending

from

finite

ments, or vanifhing Quantities,

Terms as may be,

when the Problem is

in general

Thus

Increments

in the prefent cafe, into infinitely little

Mo-

we might

begin our Computation

with thofe Moments themfelves, and yet we mould arrive at the
As a proof of which we may confult our Aufame Conclufions.
thor's ownDemonftration of hisMethod, in oag. 24. of this Treatife.
x
In fhort, to require this is jufl the fame thing as to infift, that a

Problem, which naturally belongs to Algebra, mould be folved by

common Arithmetick ; which tho' poflible to be done, by purluing
backwards all the fleps of the general procefs, yet would be very
troubkfome and operofe, and not fo inflrudtive, or according to the
true Rules of Art
But I am apt to fufpedr, that all our doubts and fcruples about
Mathematical Inferences and Argumentations, especially when we are
fatisfied that they have been juftly and
legitimately conducted, may
be ultimately refolved into a fpecies of infidelity and diftruft.
Not
in refpecl of any implicite faith we
ought to repofe on meer human
authority, tho' ever fo great, (for that, in Mathematicks, we mould
are hardly
utterly difclaim,) but in refpedl of the Science itfelf.
to
that
fo
Science
is
the
believe,
brought
perfectly regular and uni-

We

form,

72*

PREFACE.

xix

form, fo infinitely confident, conftant, and accurate, as we mall re&lly

find it to be, when after long experience and reflexion we (hall have
overcome this prejudice, and {hall learn to purfue it rightly.
do not readily admit, or eafily comprehend, that Quantities have an
infinite number of curious and fubtile properties, fome near and obvious, others remote and abftrufe, which are all link'd together by
a neceffary connexion, or by a perpetual chain, and are then only
difcoverable when regularly and clofely purfued ; and require our
truft and confidence in the Science, as well as our induftry, application, and obftinate perfeverance, our fagacity and penetration, in
That Nature is ever
order to their being brought into full light.

We

with

confiftent

herfelf,

and never proceeds

faltum, or at random, but

is

in thefe Speculations

infinitely fcrupulous

and

per

felicitous,

as

adhering to Rule and Analogy. That whenever we

regular Portions, and purfue them through ever fo great
a variety of Operations, according to the ftricT: Rules of Art ; we
fhall always proceed through a feries of regular and well- connected
tranlmutations, (if we would but attend to 'em,) till at laft we arrive
That no properties of Quantity
at regular and juft Conclufions.
are intirely deftructible, or are totally loft and abolim'd, even tho'
profecuted to infinity itfelf j for if we fuppofe fome Quantities to become infinitely great, or infinitely little, or nothing, or lefs than
nothing, yet other Quantities that have a certain relation to them

we may

fay,

in

make any

and often finite alterations, will fymand

with
conform
to 'em in all their changes ; and
them,
pathize
their
will always preferve
analogical nature, form, or magnitude,
which will be faithfully exhibited and difcover'd by the refult. This
we may colledl from a great variety of Mathematical Speculations,
and more particularly when we adapt Geometry to Analyticks, and
will only undergo proportional,

Curve-lines to Algebraical Equations.

ral

That when we purfue gene-

Nature is infinitely prolifick in particulars that will

from them, whether in a direct rubordination, or whether they

Inquiries,

refult

collaterally ; or even in particular Problems, we may often

that thefe are only certain cafes of fomething more
perceive
general,
and may afford good hints and afiiftances to a fagacious Analyft, for

branch out

afcending gradually to higher and higher Difquilitions, which may

be profecuted more univerfally than was at firft expe<5ted or intended.
Thefe are fome of thofe Mathematical Principles, of a higher order,

which we

and which we {hall never be

or
know
the
whole
ufe of, but from much pracof,
attentive confideration ; but more
efpecially by a diligent
b 2
peruial,
find a difficulty to admit,

fully convinced
tice

and

xx

The

R E

A C

E.

and clofe examination, of this and the other Works of our

He abounded in thefe fublime views and inAuthor.
had
acquired an accurate and habitual knowledge of all thefe,
quiries,
and of many more general Laws, or Mathematical Principles of a
not improperly be call'd The Philofophy of
fuperior kind, which may
aflifted
and
which,
Quantity ;
by his great Genius and Sagacity, together with his great natural application, enabled him to become fo
compleat a Matter in the higher Geometry, and particularly in the
Art of Invention. This Art, which he poflefl in the greateft perfection imaginable, is indeed the fublimeft, as well as the moft diffiperuial,

illuftrious

cult of all Arts, if it properly may be call'd fuch ; as not being reducible to any certain Rules, nor can be deliver'd by any Precepts, but

wholly owing to a happy fagacity, or rather to a kind of divine

Enthufiafm. To improve Inventions already made, to carry them

is

on, when begun, to farther perfection, is certainly a very ufeful and

excellent Talent ; but however is far inferior to the Art of Difcovery,
as haying a TIV e^u, or certain data to proceed upon, and where juft
method, clofe reasoning, ftrict attention, and the Rules of Analogy,
may do very much. But to ftrike out new lights, to adventure where

no

footfteps

the nobleft

had ever been

Endowment

fet before,

that a

nullius ante trita

folo

human Mind

is

capable

of,

is

this

is

referved

and was the peculiar

and diftinguifhing Character of our great Mathematical Philofopher.
He had acquired a compleat knowledge of the Philofophy of Quanor of its moft eflential and moft general Laws ; had confider'd it
tity,
in all views, had purfued it through all its difguifes, and had traced it
through all its Labyrinths and Recefles j in a word, it may be faid
of him not improperly, that he tortured and tormented Quantities
make them confefs their Secrets, and difcover
all
poflible ways, to
for the chofen

few

quos Jupiter tequus amavit,

their Properties.

The Method

of Fluxions, as it is here deliver'd in this Treatife,

is a
very pregnant and remarkable inftance of all thefe particulars. To
take a cuifory view of which, we may conveniently enough divide
The firft will be the Introduction,
into thefe three parts.
it
or the Method of infinite Series.
The fecond is the Method of
The third is the application of both
Fluxions, properly fo culi'd.
thefe

Methods

to

fome very general and curious Speculations,

Geometry of Curve-lines.
As to the firft, which is the Method of infinite
the Author opens a new kind of Arithrnetick, (new

chiefly

in the

time of his writing

this,)

Series, in this
at leaft at the

or rather he vaftly improves the old.

For
he

The

PREFACE.

xxi

he extends the received Notation, making it compleatly universal,

and fhews, that as our common Arithmetick of Integers received a
great

Improvement by the introduction of decimal Fractions

fo the

common Algebra or Analyticks, as an univerfal Arithmetick, will

receive a like Improvement by the admiffion of his Doctrine of infinite Series,

by which the fame analogy

farther advanced towards perfection.

will be

ftill

carry'd on,

Then he fhews how

all

and

com-

be reduced to fuch Series, as will

plicate Algebraical Expreffions may
continually converge to the true values of thofe complex quantities,
or their Roots, and may therefore be ufed in their ftead : whether
thofe quantities are Fractions having multinomial Denominators, which
are therefore to be refolved into fimple Terms by a perpetual Divi-

whether they are Roots of pure Powers, or of affected Equawhich are therefore to be refolved by a perpetual Extraction.
And by the way, he teaches us a very general and commodious Method for extracting the Roots of affected Equations in Numbers.
fion

or

tions,

And this is chiefly the fubftance of

The Method of Fluxions comes

his

Method of

infinite Series.

next to be deliver'd, which indeed is principally intended, and to which the other is only preparatory
and fubfervient. Here the Author difplays his whole fkill, and fhews
the great extent of his Genius.
The chief difficulties of this he reduces to the Solution of two Problems, belonging to the abftract or
Rational Mechanicks.
For the direct Method of Fluxions, as it is
now call'd, amounts to this Mechanical Problem, tte length of the
ibed being continually given, to find the Velocity of the Modefer
Aifo the inverfe Method of Fluxions has,
tion at any time propofcd.
for a foundation, the Reverfe of this Problem, which is, The
Velocity
of the Motion being continually given, to find the Space defer ibed at any

Space

So that upon the compleat Analytical or Geometritime propofcd.

cal Solution of thefe two Problems, in all their varieties, he builds

whole Method.
His firft Problem, which

his

being given,

to

The relation 6J the owing Quantities

is,
the
determine
relation of their Fhixiom, he
difpatches

He does not propofe this, as is ufualiy done, flowvery generally.

ing Quantity being given, to find its Fluxion ; for this gives us too
lax and vague an Idea of the thing, and does not
fhew
fufficiently

that Comparifon, which is here always to be understood.

Fluents
and Fluxions are things of a relative n.iture, and
two at leafr,

fuppofe

whofe

mould always be exprefs'd bv Equations. He

all fhould be reduced to
Equations, by which

relation or relations

requires therefore that

the relation of the flowing Quantities will be

exhibited, and their

comparative

f/jg

xxii

PREFACE.

comparative magnitudes will be more eafily eftimated ; as alfo the

And befides, by this
comparative magnitudes of their Fluxions.
means he has an opportunity of refolving the Problem much more
For in the ufual way of
generally than is commonly done.
taking
we
are
confined
to.
the
Indices of the Powers, which are
Fluxions,to be made Coefficients ; whereas the Problem in its full extent will
allow us to take any Arithmetical
Progreflions whatever.
By this
means we may have an infinite variety of
Solutions, which tho' different in form, will yet all
agree in the main ; and we may always
chufe the fimpleft, or that which will beft ferve the
prefent purpofe.
the given Equation
may comprehend feveral variable Quantities, and
by that' means the Fluxional Equation maybe
found, notwithstanding any furd quantities that may occur, or even
any other quantities that are irreducible, or Geometrically irrational.

He

(hews

And

how

alfo

derived and demonitrated from the properties of Modoes not here proceed to fecond, or
higher Orders of
Fluxions, for a reafon which will be affign'd in another place.
His next Problem is, An Equation being
propofed exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions of Quantities, to
the
relation of
find
thofe Quantities, or Fluents, to one another ; which is the diredt Converfe of the
This indeed is an operofe and difficult
foregoing Problem.
all this is

He

ments.

Problem,

taking
dreis

it

in

its full

which

extent, and, requires all our Author's fkill and adyet hefolyes very generally, chiefly by the affiftance of his

Series.
He firfl teaches how we may return from
the Fluxional Equation given, to its
correfponding finite Fluential or
when
be
that
can
done.
But when it cannot be
Algebraical Equation,
or
when
there
is
no
finiie
fuch
.done,
Algebraical Equation, as is moft
commonly the cafe, yet however he finds the Root of that

Method of infinite

Equation

by an

infinite

converging

Series,

which anfwers the fame

purpofe.
the Root, or Fluent
required, by

often he mews how to find

an infinite number of fuch Series. His proceffes for
extracting thefe
Roots are peculiar to himfelf, and always contrived with much fubtilty and ingenuity.
The reft of his Problems are an application or an exemplification
of the foregoing. As when he determines the Maxima and Minima
of quantities in all cafes.
When he mews the Method of drawing
to
whether
Geometrical or Mechanical ; or howCurves,
Tangents
ever the nature of the Curve
may be defined, or refer'd to right
Lines or other Curves. Then he {hews how to find the Center or
Radius of Curvature, of any Curve whatever, and that in a
fimple
but general manner ; which he illuftrates
by many curious Examples,

And

and

fbe

PREFACE.

xxiii

and purfues many other ingenious Problems, that offer themfelves by

After which he difcufTes another very fubtile and intirely
the way.
new Problem about Curves, which is, to determine the quality of
the Curvity of any Curve, or how its Curvature varies in its progrefs
or inequability.
through the different parts, in refpect of equability
He then applies himfelf to confider the Areas of Curves, and fhews

how we may find as many Quadrable Curves as we pleafe, or fuch

whole Areas may be compared with thofe of right-lined Figures.
Then he teaches us to find as many Curves as we pleafe, whofe
Areas may be compared with that of the Circle, or of the Hyperus

bola, or of any other Curve that (hall be affign'd

to Mechanical as well as Geometrical Curves.

which he extends

He

then determines

the Area in general of any Curve that may be propofed, chiefly by

the help of infinite Series ; and gives many ufeful Rules for afcerAnd by the way he fquares the
Areas.
taining the Limits of fuch
the
and
and
Circle
Quadrature of this to the conapplies
Hyperbola,
of
Logarithms. But chiefly he collects veryftructing of a Canon
of Quadratures, for readily finding the
general and ufeful Tables
Areas of Curves, or for comparing them with the Areas of the Conic
Sections; which Tables are the fame as. thofe he has publifh'd himThe ufe and application of thefe
felf, in his Treatife of Quadratures.
he (hews in an ample manner, and derives from them many curious
Geometrical Conftructions, with their Demonftrations.
Laftly, he applies himfelf to the Rectification of Curves, and mews
us how we may find as many Curves as we pleafe,. whofe Curvelines are capable of Rectification ; or whofe Curve-lines, as to length,
may be compared with the Curve-lines of any Curves that fha.ll be
And concludes in general, with rectifying any Curve-lines
affign'd.
that may be propofed, either by the aflifbncc of his Tables of QuadraAnd
tures, when that can be done, or however. by infinite Series.
this

is

chiefly the fubflance of the prefent

that perhaps"

may

be expected, of what

Work.

As

to ,the account

have added in

my Anno-

the inquifitive Reader to the PrefacCj

tations ;
will go before that part of the Work.
I

{hall

refer

which

THE

THE

CONTENTS.
CT^HE

Introduction, or the

Method of

refolding complex Quantities

into infinite Series of Jimple Terms.

pag.

Prob.

i.

From

the given Fluents to find the Fluxions.

p.

21

Prob.

2.

From

the given Fluxions to find the Fluents.

p.

25

p.

44

p.

46

Maxima and Minima

Prob. 3.

To determine the

Prob. 4.

To draw Tangents

Prob.

5.

To find the Quantity of Curvature in any Curve.

P-

59

Prob.

6.

To find the Quality cf Curvature in any Curve.

p.

75

Prob. 7.

To find any number of Quadrable Curves.

p.

80

Prob.

To find Curves whofe Areas may be compared

8.

of Quantities,

to Curves.

Conic SecJions.

Prob. 9.

Prob.

1 1.

thofe

of the
p. 8

To find the Quadrature of any Curve

Prob. 10. To find any number of

to

ajjigrid.

rettifiable Curves.

p.
p.

86

124

To find Curves whofe Lines may be compared with any Curvelines ajfigrid.

Prob. 12. To rectify any Curve-lines ajpgn'd.

p.

129

p.

134

THE

METHOD

of

FLUXIONS,

AND

INFINITE SERIES.
INTRODUCTION

Or, the Refolution of Equations

by Infinite Series.

IAVING

obferved that moft of our modern Geome-neglecting the Synthetical Method of the
Ancients; have apply'd themfelves chiefly to the
the affiftance
cultivating of the Analytical Art ; by

tricians,

of which they have been able to overcome fo many

and fo great difficulties, that they feem to have exhaufted all the
of Curves, and
Speculations of Geometry, excepting the Quadrature
Ibme other matters of a like nature, not yet intirely difcufs'd
I thought it not amifs, for the fake of young Students in this Science,
to compofe the following Treatife, in which I have endeavour'd
to enlarge the Boundaries of Analyticks, and to improve the Doctrine
of Curve-lines.
2. Since there is a great conformity between the Operations in
and the fame Operations in common Numbers; nor do they
Species,
:

feem to

differ,

except in the Characters by which they

are re-

prefented,.

'The

Method of FLUXIONS,

firft
being general and indefinite,
prefented, the
I cannot but wonder that
nite and particular

and the other defino body has thought

of accommodating the lately-difcover'd Doctrine of Decimal Fractions in like manner to Species, (unlels you will except the Quadrature of the Hyberbola by Mr. Nicolas Mercator ;) efpecially fince
it
might have open'd a way to more abftrufe Discoveries. But
iince this Doctrine of Species, has the fame relation to Algebra,
as the Doctrine of Decimal Numbers has to common Arithmetick ; the Operations of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Divifion, and Extraction of Roots, may eafily be learned from thence,,
and the
if the Learner be but fk.ill'd in Decimal Arithmetick,
and
obferves
the
that
obtains
beVulgar Algebra,
correfpondence
and
Decimal
Fractions
Terms
continued.
tween
Algebraick
infinitely
For as in Numbers, the Places towards the right-hand continually
decreafe in a Decimal or Subdecuple Proportion ; fo it is in Species
:

when

the Terms are difpofed, (as is often enjoin 'd in

in
an
uniform Progreflion infinitely continued, acwhat follows,)
cording to the Order of the Dimenfions of any Numerator or De-

refpedtively,

And as the convenience of Decimals is this, that all

and Radicals, being reduced to them, in fome meaFractions
vulgar
fure acquire the nature of Integers, and may be managed as fuch ;
nominator.

it is a convenience attending infinite Series in

Species, that all
kinds of complicate Terms, ( fuch as Fractions whofe Denominators are compound Quantities, the Roots of compound Quantities,
or of affected Equations, and the like,) may be reduced to the Clafs

fo

of fimple Quantities ; that is, to an infinite Series of Fractions, whofe

Numerators and Denominators are fimple Terms ; which will no
under thofe difficulties, that in the other form feem'd
longer labour

almoft infuperable. Firft therefore I mail fhew how thefe Reductions are to be perform'd, or how any compound Quantities may
be reduced to fuch fimple Terms, efpecially when the Methods of
computing are not obvious. Then I fhall apply this Analyfis to the
Solution of Problems.
Divifion and Extraction of Roots will be
3. Reduction by
plain
from the following Examples, when you compare like Methods
of Operation in Decimal and in Specious Arithmetick.

Examples

and INFINITE SERIES,

3
.

..ift

Examples of Reduttion by Dhifwn.

The

.4.

Fraction

being propofed, divide

following manner

aa by b

IjfM/l^^
x

in the

aax 1

aax

faa

aax*

a a x*

"
.

aax
aax

--7

-f-O

aax*

-+-

+o
**

flt

Jf*

;.
v
*-\
The Quotient
"

-rr^i_

which

i
r
therefore

being

Series,

Or making x

j^.

infinitely

the

tf*^
a* x*
T _-JT-+ -T_

^^

is

- - ?4
**

+ toaa + o
e

(the Quotient will be *

r~ _
_
,
%
found as by the foregoing Procefs.
,

6.

manner the Fraction

In like

5.

-{-

x4

And

'

A:*

H- x

-j-

34x

T
,

~-

x-*

will

i+x*

13**

Here

or to
, &c.
9
v
"
2 *

the Fraction

i1

yx

be

equivalent

of the Divifor, in

4.
n

this

will

be

reduced

to

manner,
~

1^
*

#-* _f. ^-

be

a* X+

rr + T7-, &c.

will

continued,

Term

firft

a* x*

V &c
AV
reduced

to

^-8

to

2x^

2x

3*

&c.

will be

proper to obferve, that I make ufe of x-',

- &c. of
for
&c.
i, ;r 7,'
x-', x-', x-*,
xs, xi, x^, xl, A4, &c.
for v/x, v/*S \/ x *> vx , ^x l , &c. and of x'^, x-f. x i &c for
**** 1Ui
'
*
i
7.

it

^x

j_^

^ ? >' y-^.'

&c.

And

this

by the Rule of Analogy,

as

apprehended from fuch Geometrical Progreflions as thefe

x> (or i,) a"*,*-',*'*,
x,
*, &c.

may

be

x,

x*,

8.

'* /

Av

ffie

Method of FLUXIONS,

er for -In the fame manner

q.

And

1^ + 1^!,

8.

.and

aa

xv|*

inftead

may

be wrote

&c.

',

thus inftead

&c.

xx may be wrote aa
of the Square of aa
xx; and

>

of^/aa

xxl^

inftead of v/

So that we may not improperly diftinguim Powers into Affirmative and Negative, Integral and Fractional.
10.

11.

tract

Examples of Reduction by Extraction of Roots.

The Quantity aa -+- xx being propofed, you may thus exits

Square-Root.

- _i_ XX
V v (a
aa-+^"

-4-

4r

Sfl3

2a

i6*

x
-

1287

4- J

'

c*

2560*

aa

xx
4.

a*

x*

~*

a 4

64
64 a

X*
sT*

64^8

~
i;

z$6a'^

64^
5*
64 a

"

+
2^1, &c
7^ _ n-i7R/3
7'
+
I

_-1

256 *

z8rt 8

/7lt>

,__i!_lll, &c.'

found to be

4a~\--^^T,&C. Where
it may be obferved, that towards the end of the Operation I neglect all thofe Terms, whofe Dimenfions would exceed the Dimenfions
of the laft Term, to which I intend only to continue the Root,

Jo that the Root

fuppofe to

is

*'

,2.

and INFINITE SERIES.

Order of the Terms may be inverted in this manbe

in which cafe the Root will be found to

iz. Alfo the

xx

ner

+- aa,

aa
10 A*

Thus

13.

the

15.

. i

of

xx

<z

A-

AT

'-

A.'

A'

i a

A-

,'_

3 x- 6

+ |^^4

T^

-f-

T^

^frx
H- rV^ x
-+-

6
,

But thefe Operations, by due preparation,

17.

Sec.

&c-

.c

and more -

becomes

it

-|- -i/^r

-4-

**, 8cc.

4-.v*

.Ii*--.4-. ;,,.

over by adually dividing,

i

4-

^ -Jj --^7
Tr
--b*X*
^
'

i**

is

xx is #'"
## is a -f-

And v/r^rr,

6.

A-

Root of aa

The Root
Of
-+-

14.

iz

&c.

may

very often

the foregoing

Example to find \/;_***'

if the Form of the Numerator and Denominator had not been the
bxx, which would
fame, I might have multiply'd each by </ 1
be abbreviated;

as

in

y^i -f-rt*

have produced

ab x

and the

&

of the work might

reft

xx

have been performed by extracting the Root of the Numerator only,

and then dividing by the Denominator.
1 8. From hence I imagine it will fufficiently
appear, by what
means any other Roots may be extracted, and how any compound
Quantities, however entangled with Radicals or Denominators,
(fuch

Vx
as

x">

\fi

V x i! 2x t

xx

-}-

^/axx

-\-

A-

infinite Series confifting

Of
19.

As

xi

"
x-{-xx

_.
2X

x.1

may

be reduced to

'

of iimple Terms.

the ReduStion of offered Equations.

to aftedled Equations, we mufl be

fomething more parhow their Roots are to be reduced to fuch Se-

ticular in explaining
ries as thefe ; becaufe

their Doctrine

in

Numbers, as hitherto devery perplexed, and incumber'd with

fuperfluous Operations, fo as not to afford proper Specimens for performing the Work in Species. I fhall therefore firfl (hew how the
Refoluliver'd

by Mathematicians,

is

Method of FLUXIONS,
Refolutidn of affected Equations may be compendioufly perform'd
Numbers, and then I fhall apply the fame to Species.
20. Let this Equation _y l
be propofed to be rezy
5
and
let
2
be
a
Number
how
folved,
(any
found) which differs from
the true Root lefs than by a tenth part of itfelf.
Then I make
and fubftitute 2 4-/> for y in the given Equation, by
2 -\-p
which is produced a new Equation p> 4- 6p l 4- iop
i
whofe Root is to be fought for, that it may be added to the Quote.
in

=y,

=o,

Thus

Equation
the

4-

o,

Therefore

rejecting
io/>

/>>
i

6//

becaufe

of

fmallnefs, the remaining

will approach very near to

its

or/>=o,i,

Quote, and fuppofe

4- ^ =/>, and fubftitute this fictitious Value of p as before,
which produces q* 4- 6,3^ 4- 1 1,23? 4- 0,06 1 =o. And fince
1 1,23^ 4- 0,06 1
is near the truth,
or
0,0054 nearly,
1
*
(that is, dividing 0,06 by 11,23,
many Figures arife as
there are places between the firft Figures of this, and of the principal QmDte exclufively, as here there are two places between 2 and
o,

truth.

write

this

in

the

=o

write

0,0054
negative; and fuppofing
0,005)
before.

manner

y~'

And

in the

^=

lower part of the Quote, as being

0,0054 4- r=sg,

fubftitute this

thus I continue the Operation as far as

of the following Diagram :

zy

=o

as

in the
pleafe,

and INFINITE SERIES.

21. But the

Work may

this Method, efpecially in

far
firft determin'd

be

much

abbreviated towards the end by

Equations of

many

Dimenfions.

Having

how

you intend to extract the Root, count fo

after
the
firft
Figure of the Coefficient of the laft Term
many places
but one, of the Equations that refult on the right fide of the Diagram, as there remain places to be fill'd up in the Quote, and reject
But in the laft Term the Decimals may
the Decimals that follow.
be neglected, after
that are
reject

fill'd

all

up

many more places as are the decimal places

Quote. And in the antepenultimate Term
And fo on, by proafter fo many fewer places.
fo

in the

that are

ceeding Arithmetically, according to that Interval of places: Or,

is the fame
thing, you may cut off every where fo many
in
as
the
penultimate Term, fo that their loweft places may
Figures
be in Arithmetical Progreffion, according to the Series of the Terms,
or are to be fuppos'd to be fupply'd with Cyphers, when it happens
otherwife.
Thus in the prefent Example, if I defired to continue
the Quote no farther than to the eighth place of Decimals, when
I fubftituted 0,0054 -f- r for q, where four decimal places are
compleated in the Quote, and as many remain to be compleated, I
might have omitted the Figures in the five inferior places, which
therefore I have mark'd or cancell'd by little Lines drawn through
them ; and indeed I might alfo have omitted the firft Term r J ,
Thofe Figures therefore
although its Coefficient be 0,99999,
for
the
being expunged,
following Operation there arifes the Sum
1
which
by Divifion, continued as far as
0,0005416 -f- 1,1 62?%

which

the Term prefcribed, gives

0,00004852 for r, which compleats
Then fubtracting the negative
the Quote to the Period required.
from
of
the
the
affirmative
Quote
part, there arifes 2,09455148
part
for the Root of the propofed Equation.
22. It may likewife be obferved, that at the beginning of the

had doubted whether o, i -f-/> was a fufficient

Apto the Root, inftead of
i
o, I might have
iof>
proximation
i
o, and fo have wrote the firft
fuppos'd that o/** -f- i op
of
its Root in the
as
nearer to
And
Quote,
Figure

Work,

if I

being
nothing.
be convenient to find the fecond, or even
the third Figure of the Quote, when in the fecondarjr Equation,
about which you are converfant, the Square of the Coefficient of
the penultimate Term is not ten times greater than the Product of
the laft Term multiply'd into the Coefficient of the antepenultimate Term. And indeed you will often fave fome
in this

manner

in Equations of

it

may

many

Dimensions,

if

you feek

pains, efpecially
for all the Figures

to-

Tie Method of FLUXION'S,

to be added to the

this

manner

lefier

lafl

Terms of

Quote in
Root out of the three

that

its

is,

if

you

extract the

fecondary Equation

For thus you will obtain, at every time, as many Figures again
in the Quote.
23. And now from the Refolution of numeral Equations, I mall
proceed to explain the like Operations in Species; concerning which,
neceflary to obferve what follows.
24. Firft, that fome one of the fpecious or literal Coefficients, if
there are more than one, fliould be diftinguifh'd from the reft, which
it is

much the leaft or greateft of

The reafon of which is, that

is, or may be fuppos'd to

be,
or neareft to a given Quantity.

either
all,

becaufe of its Dimeniions continually increafing in the Numerators,

or the Denominators of the Terms of the Quote, thofe Terms may
grow lefs and lefs, and therefore the Qtipte may conftantly approach
to the Root required ; as may appear from what is faid before of
the Species x, in the Examples of Reduction by Divifion and Ex-

And

traction of Roots.

make

for this Species, in what follows, I

z ; as alfo I fliall ufe y, p, q, r, s,

mall

&c.
generally
extracted.
Radical
to
be
for the
Species
or furd Quantities,
25. Secondly, when any complex Fractions,
or
to
in
to arife afterwards
occur
the
happen
propofed Equation,
in

are

ufe of

or

A:

the Procefs, they ought to be removed by

known to Analyfts.
As if
fufficiently

y* -+- j

duct by*

x"=

1 >'

o,.

Kyi'-l-fry*

fuppofe y x b
have i; J -+- &*v*
whence extracting the Root v r
in order to obtain y.

have

x, and from the Promultiply by b

Or
bx^ -+ x*-= o extract the Root y.

x=v,

we might
we mould

fuch Methods as

we mould

and then writing

^~x

for

=y
=
=

^hx' -+. x
we might divide the Quote by b
Affo if the Equation j 3
xy* -f- x$

fax*

-\- 3/5***

xj

were propofed, we might put

v, and
will
arife v 6
for
and
z*
vv
for
there
x,
ting
y,
which Equation being refolved, y and x may be

y?=

o,.
x,,

and fo wrio;
-f- z*
reftored.
For the
Root will befound^=2-f-s3_|_5~s 5cc.andrei1:onngjyandA;, we have
x^ -f- x -+- 6x^ &c. dien fquaring, y =x^-+- 2X J ~f- 13*", &c..
y*
26. After the fame manner if there mould be found negative Dimenfions ofx and jy, they may be removed by multiplying by the fame
'2.x~
x andjy. As if we had the Equation x*-}-T x*-y~
i6y- =o,
1
3
5
and
and
x
arife
there
would
x*y* -+- 3# jy
multiply by
j ,
2_v

z,

z=v

>

O.

-r

And U

tjie

-r-v

Equation were

aa

2ai

a
+ ?r
y
i

\.

by;

and INFINITE SERIES.

by multiplying

And

fo

into

there

jy

would

arife

xy*-=.a' y*

of others.

when

the Equation is thus prepared, the work be^

of the Quote ; concerning which, as
gins by finding the firfr. Term
alfo for finding the following Terms, we have this general Rule,
when the indefinite Species (x or 2) is fuppofed to be fmall ; to
27. Thirdly,

which Caie the other two Cafes are reducible.

28. Of all the Terms, in which the Radical

Species

(y,/>, q,

or

not found, chufe the loweft in refpect of the Dimenlions

&c.)
of the indefinite Species (x or z, &c.) then chufe another Term in
which that Radical Species is found, fuch as that the Progreflion of
the Dimenfions of each of the fore-mentioned Species, being continued from the Term fir ft afTumed to this Term, may defcend as
is

r,

much

as

may

or

be,

afcend

as

little

as

may

be.

And

if

there

any other Terms, whofe Dimenfions may fall in with this

muft be taken in 1 ikeProgreflion continued at pleafure, they
thus felected, and made equal to
wife.
Laftly, from thefe Terms
are

and write
nothing, find the Value of the faid Radical Species,
the Quote.

may be more

29. But that this Rule

explain
right

it

farther

Angle BAC,

its

fides

in

clearly apprehended, I fhall

by help of the following Diagram.

divide

it

AB, AC,

into

Making

equal parts,

and

Angular Space into equal Squares

or Parallelograms, which you may conceive to be denominated from
the Dimenfions of the Species x and y,
raifing Perpendiculars, diftribute the

Then, when
mark
fuch of
propofed,

as they are here infcribed.

any Equation

is

A4

the Parallelograms as correfpond to all

and let a Ruler be apply'd
its Terms,
to two, or perhaps more, of the Parallelet one
lograms fo mark'd, of which
be the loweft in the left-hand Column at AB, the other touching
the Ruler towards the right-hand ; and let all the reft, not touching
Then felecl: thofe Terms of the Equation
the Ruler, lie above it.
which are reprefented by the Parallelograms that touch the Ruler,
and from them find the Quantity to be put in the Quote.
s
out of the Equation y 6
30. Thus to extract the Root y
5xy -+1

)'*

ja*x y

+6a

x*-\-&

x4=o,
C

mark

the Parallelograms belong-

The Method of

10

ing to the Terms of this Equation

with the Mark #, as you fee here
Then I apply the Ruler
done.
to the lower of the Parallelo-

FLUXIONS,

B
*

DE

mark'd in the left-hand

Column, and I make it turn round
towards the right-hand from the
grams

lower to the upper, till it begins

in like manner to touch another,
or perhaps more, of the Parallelograms that are mark'd

and

I fee

5
that the places fo touch'd belong to x 3 , x*-y* y
Therefore
and_y
z
6
as
if
from the Terms y
to
equal
7a x*-y -}-6a*x*,
nothing, (and
.

<L

moreover,

if

you

6=

reduced to v 6

o, by making
7^*4of
and
find
it
to be four- fold,
$=rv'\fitxt )
y,
-\-</ax,
</ax, -+-</2ax, and
^/2ax, of which I may take
any one for the initial Term of the Quote, according as I defign to
extract this or that Root of the given Equation.
x =o, I chufe
31. Thus having the Equation y*
6y*-i-()&x*
the Terms
thence
and
I
obtain
-\-gbx*-,
by4-3* for the initial
Term of the Quote.
x*
2rt =o, I make choice of
32. And having y">-i-axy-{-aay
2<2 3
and its Root -\-a I write in the Quote.
y'-i-a^y
I

pleafe,

feek the Value

33. Alfo having x*y

^c^xy

which
like

^/

gives

for

the

firft

c I .v a 4-

Term

=o,

I felect

vV

y 4-<r

And

of the Quote.

7
J

the

of others.

Term

is found, if its Power fhould

happen
the
to be negative, I deprefs
Equation by the fame Power of the
indefinite Species, that there may be no need of depreffing it in the
Refolution ; and befides, that the Rule hereafter delivei'd, for the

But when

34.

this

fuppreffion of fuperfluous Terms,

Thus the Equation 8z; 6_)i3 4-^2 5>' a

Root

is

to begin

by the Term

come Sz+yt-^azy

2ja

!>

z~

^
=o,

may

be

27^5=0
I deprefs

before

conveniently apply'd.
being propofed, whofe

by s%
I

that

attempt

it

may

be-

the Refolu-

tion.
3 5.

The

fubfequent

Terms

of the Quotes are derived by the fame

Work, from their feveral fecondary

For the whole affair
but
lefs trouble.
with
commonly
Equations,
the
of
the
loweft
Terms affected with the
is
perform'd by dividing
1
3
Radical Speindefinitely fmall Species, (x, x , x , &c.) without the
the
radical
r
with
which
that
} &c.)
Species
by
Quantity
(/>, q,
Method,

in the Progrefs of the

of

and INFINITE SERIES,

of one Dimenfion only is affected, without the other indefinite SpeSo in the following
cies, and by writing the Refult in the Quote.
->

~>

Example, the Terms

a l x, TrW", TTT-v
&c. by ^aa.
36. Thefe things being
}

&c. are

produced

by dividing

premifed,

it

remains

now

to exhibit the

Praxis of Refolution.
za*
xz
be

Therefore let the Equation y*-{-a zy-\-axy

And from its Terms
propofed to be refolved.
2 3 =o, being a fictitious Equation, by the third of the

=o

y=-\-a*y

a=o, and jtherefore I write -{-a in

foregoing Premifes, I obtain y
the Quote.
Then becaufe -\~a is not the compleat Value ofy, I put
a+p=y, and inftead of y, in the Terms of the Equation written
in the Margin, I fubftitute
Terms refulting (/> -{a-\-p, and the
1
from which again,
I
in
the
write
;
3rf/ -f-,?,v/>, &c.)
Margin
again
Terms -+-^p
the
to
felect
the
third
of
the
I
Premifes,
according
3

p=

-H2 l .v=o

for a fictitious
^x, I
Equation, which giving
in the Quote.
is
not
the
becaufe
Then
accurate
^.v
of p, I put
in
Terms
for
and
the
marginal
x-\-q=p,
p

~x

write

Value

3
-^x^+^a^, &c.)
^x-t-q, and the refulting Terms (j
I again write in the
Margin, out of which, according to the fore_I3-drx*=o for a fictigoing Rule, I again feledl the Terms

I fubftitute

tious Equation,

Again, fince

and inftead of a
thus

continue

exhibits to view.

which giving
is

4^
=^> I write

not the accurate Value of

fubftitute

g,

-^
I

in

the Quote.

make -^--{-r=q

~--\-r in the marginal Terms.

'

&4
the Procefs at pleafare,

as the following

And

Diagram

Method of FLUXIONS,

12

X*

2a'

axp

'

a*-x

643

axq
*-

'31**

509*4

were required to continue the Quote only to a certain

37. If it
that
x, for inilance, in the laft Term {hould not afcend
Period,
a
beyond given Dimenfion ; as I fubftitute the Terms, I omit fuch as
For which this is the Rule, that after
I forefee will be of no ufe.
the firft Term refulting in the collateral Margin from every QuanTerms are to be added to the right-hand, as the Intity, fo many
dex of the higheft Power required in the Quote exceeds the Index
of that

firft

refulting

Term.

38. As in the prefent Example, if I defired that the Quote, (or

the Species .v in the Quote,) mould afcend no higher than to four
Dimenfions, I omit all the Terms after A-*, and put only one after x=.

Therefore

and INFINITE SERIES.

Therefore the Terms after the

And

expunged.
to the

Terms

Work being

thus the

-^

Mark

13

are to be conceived to

continued

till

axr,'m which

-^--H-rfV

at laft
/>, q,

r,

be

we come
or

the Supplement of the Root to be extracted, are only

of one Dimenfion ; we may find fo many Terms by Divifion,
reprefenting

509*4

131*3 _,
5121.

So that

as

16384(13 /

at laft

we

we

fl^n

...
{hall have

want n g

y=a

to compleat the Quote.

XX

1.*'
'SI*'
13

kuyAT
509*4

7*-f"6^-t-^l~*- r^I;

icc -

farther Illustration, I mail propofe another

39. For the fake of
From the Equation -L_y< .Ly4_f_iy3 iy=.
to be refolved.

Example
_^_y

z=o,

let

the

Quote be found only

and the fuperfluous Terms be

to

rejected after the

the fifth Dimenfion,

Mark,

_!_

+^

5
,

-L;S 4

5j

&c.

&c.
Z'p, &C.
6cc.

2;
s

&c.

% &c.

40. And thus if we propofe the Equation T 4-rjrJ' '+TT|-T )''

7
J
3
to be refolved only to the ninth Di-rT T ;' -t-TW' -i-r.)'
menfion of the Quote ; before the Work begins we may reject the
Term -^^y" ; then as we operate we may reject all the Terms
7
beyond 2', beyond s we may admit but one, and two only after

+y

=o,

The Method of

Y4
z

becaufe

we may

obferve,

FLUXIONS,

that the

to afcerrd

Quote ought always

two Units, in this manner, z, .s , z &c. Then

9
s
have ;'=c
T_5__ 2; ^_ _^_'T ^_. 3 & C .
fs3_j__|_.
is difcover'd,
by which Equations,
41. And hence an Artifice
tho' affected hi injinitum, and confiding of an infinite number of
Terms, may however be refolved. And that is, before the Work
of
begins all the Terms are to be rejected, in which the Dimenfion
not
the
radical
affected by
the indefinitely fmall Species,
Species,
Interval of

by the

we

at laft

fliall

Dimenfion required

the greateft

exceeds

in the

Quote

or from,

which, by fubftituting inftead of the radical Species, the firfl Term,

of the Quote found by the Parallelogram as before, none but fuch
Terms can arife. Thus in the laft Example I mould have
exceeding
omitted all the Terms beyond y>, though they went on ad
And fo in this Equation
tum.
8 -f-3 1
1
)

4S 4 -f-92

lS

s 4 -}- z

in z*

j'

l6

injini-

&C.

z*y &c.

Root may be extracted only to four Dimenfions of z,

Terms in infinitum beyond -f-j 5 in z, 1 J.-4_|_.L 2 >
1
a 4 -(-.c 6 and all beyond -+-y in .c 1 2z 4
and all beyond
y- in z
4
And therefore I aflurr.e this Equation
and beyond
S-}-;s
42
6
s 6^ 1 -}-^ 4^ 1
be
to
refolved, -^z y*
2z*y
z^y*
z*y* -{-?* ;>
only

that the Cubick

I omit all the

tt

'

4s4_j_ s

-i-z'-y

8=0.

of y

being fubflituted inflead

by

',(*''-

in the reft

What

Qi\adraticks.

have

As

faid

if I

of the

A*

A4

h-r-f--;

y
2"

as the

-y+
&

in
\

Equation deprefs'd

of higher Equations may alib be apply'd to

the Root of this Equation

.r

far

of the Quote,)

defired

as

Term

~^ {

every where more than four Dimenfions.

z^y gives

42.

Becaufe?.

Period x f , I omit

<?_[-*+

'

all

the

and affume only

Terms

this

&c.

in infinititm.,

Equation, j*

ay

beyond
xy

4-*-*

=0.

This

refolve either in the ufual

manner, by making

and IN FINITE SERIES.

j-^; or more expedition fly by
the

Method of

have _}'=

affected Equations deliver'd before,

#>

where the

Term

laft

by which we

required

vanifhes,

fhall

or

becomes equal to nothing.

43. Now after that Roots are extracted to a convenient Period,
they may fometimes be continued at pleafure, only by oblerving the
Analogy of the Series. So you may for ever continue this z-t-i-z*
^_^.25_j__'_ 2; 4_{_ T i_2;s &c. (which is the Root of the infinite Equaj

the laft Term by thefe

5r==)'-f-^ _j_^5_|_y4 j foe.) by dividing
Numbers in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. And this, z f^-H-rlo-^'
yj TB.27-f_
TTy2;9 j &c. may be continued by dividing by thefe Numi

tion

'

'

TrT

bers

2x3, 4x5, 6x7, 8x9, &c.

"-'g

&c.

refpectively
fo of others.

may
by

Again, the Series

be continued at pleafure, by multiplying the

Terms

TV, &c>

And

thefe Fractions,

f}

7,

-,

44. But in difcovering the firft Term of the Quote, and fometimes of the fecond or third, there may ftill remain a difficulty
For its Value, fought for as before, may happen
to be overcome.
to be furd, or the inextricable Root of an high affected Equation.
Which when it happens, provided it be not alfo impoffible, you

and then proceed as if it were

known. As in the Example y*-\-axy-{-ii*-y x 3 2a>=o If the
Root of this Equation y^^-a'-y 2 =o, had been furd, or unknown, I mould have put any Letter b for it, and then have perform'd the Refolution as follows, fuppofe the Quote found only to
the third Dimenfion.

may

reprefent

it

by fome

Letter,

fbe Method of

i6
s

y -\-aay-\rtxy
,

tf^A-

2a3
4jC ft

FLUXIONS,

and INFINITE SERIES,

17

47. Hitherto I have fuppos'd the indefinite Species to be little.

But if it be fuppos'd to approach nearly to a given Quantity, for
that indefinitely fmall difference I put fome Species, and that being

Equation as before. Thus in the Equation

x
o, it being known or fupf}-'
y* -t-y -\-a
^y* -+- ^y
pos'd that x is nearly of the fame Quantity as a, I fuppofe z to be
their difference; and then writing a-\-z or a
z for x, there will
arife
y* -fwhich
is to be folved
y* -{-y
jj
fubftituted, I folve the

+ z=o,

as before.

48. But if that Species be fuppos'd to be indefinitely great, for

Reciprocal, which will therefore be indefinitely little, I put fome
Species, which being fubflituted, I proceed in the Refolution as

its

Thus having

before.

y* -+-\

or fuppos'd to be very
-

and

put z,

being reflored.

&c

great,

if

is

.y

=o,

x>

-f-jv

for the

- for
fobflituting

~ =o, whofe Root

x

.v,

reciprocally

^z

you pleafe,
J

-f-

known

Quantity
1

-f-.)'

^2', &c. where

- H-

y=:x
*

will be

it

z*

is

little

there will arife y>

where x

9*

8 i**

'

49. If it fhould happen that none of thefe Expedients mould

fucceed to your defire, you may have recourfe to another.
Thus
1
1
in the Equation y*
i
whereas
-+-fx^y
o,
xy*
Z)
2y -+-

Term

be obtain'd from the Suppofition that

ought
2
1
which
0,
jy-4_j_2yt
y
yet admits of no poffible Root;
you may try what can be done another way. As you may fuppofe
that x is but little different from
2, or that 2-{-z-=x.
Then
inftead
of
there
will
arife
2-{-z
A*,
fubftituting
y*
the

firft

to

2y

-f-

and the Quote

-+-2y*

2y H-

o,

and

the Quote.
50. And thus by
you may extract and
51. If

from

will begin
l

--{--

-\zy*

z'-y*

0,

to be indefinitely great, or -

fuppole x
>*

-f-

z,

-j- i.

if

you

will

have ^ 4

initial

Term

you

for the

Or

of

proceeding according to feveral Suppofitions,

exprefs Roots after various ways.

you mould

delire

to

find

after

how many ways

this

may be done, you mufl try what Quantities, when fubfHtuted for
the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will make it divifible
fome Quantity, or by^ alone. Which, for Example
by_y, -f-or
l
x>
20
fake, will happen in the Equation y* -}-axy-+-a y
o,
3

by

The Method of

by
of

fubftituting -f-rf, or

And

.v.

from

differ little

you may

thus

-j-tf,

extract the

or

&c. inftead
,
the
conveniently fuppofe
Quantity x to
2a, or
za*l^, and thence
a, or
a,

you may

FLUXIONS,

or

za,

or

Root of the Equation propofed

after

fo

And perhaps
many other ways, by fupbe
differences
to
thofe
Befides, if you take
indefinitely great.
poling
for the indefinite Quantity this or that of the Species which exprefs
many

ways.

your defire after other ways.

farther ftill., by fubftituting any fictitious Values for the indebz 1 ,
-> ~n^> &c. and then proceeding
Species, fuch as az

the Root, you

And
finite

alfo after fo

may

perhaps obtain

as before in the Equations that will refult.

52. But now that the truth of thefe Conclufions

may be maniand
feft ;
is, that the Quotes thus extracted,
produced ad libi-*
turn, approach fb near to the Root of the Equation, as at laft to
differ from it by lefs than any afilgnable Quantity, and therefore
when infinitely continued, do not at all differ from it You are to
confider, that the Quantities in the left-hand Column of the righthand fide of the Diagrams, are the laft Terms of the Equations
whofe Roots are p, y, r, s, &c. and that as they vanifh, the Roots
p, q, r, s, &c. that is, the differences between the Quote and the
Root fought, vanifh at the fame time. So that the Quote will not
then differ from the true Root. Wherefore at the beginning of the
that

Work,

if

you

fee

that the

Terms

in the faid

Column

will

all

de-

you may conclude^ that the Quote fo far exBut if it be otherthe perfect Root of the Equation.
will fee however, that the Terms in which the indefi-

one' another,

ftroy
tracted

wife,

is

you

of few Dimenfions, that is, the greate ft Terms,

out of that Column, and that at laft none
unlefs
fuch as are lefs than any given Quantity,
will remain there,
and therefore not greater than nothing when the Work is continued
ad infinitum. So that the Quote, when infinitely extracted, will at
laft be the true Root.
fake of perfpieuity I
53. Laftly, altho' the Species, which for the
have hitherto fuppos'd to be indefinitely little, fhould however be
fuppos'd to be as great as you pleafe, yet the Quotes will ftill be
This
true, though they may not converge fo faft to the true Root.
here
the Limits
But
is manifeft from the Anal'ogy of the thing.
of the Roots, or the greateft and leaft Quantities, come to be
For thefe Properties are in common both to finite and
confider'd.
The Root in thefe is then greateft or leaft,.
infinite Equations.
is

nitely fhiall Species

are continually taken

when

and INF INITE SERIES.

19

the greateft or leaft difference between the Sums of

the affirmative Terms, and of the negative Terms ; and is limited
when the indefinite Quantity, (which therefore not improperly I
but that the Magfuppos'd to be fmall,) cannot be taken greater,
nitude of the Root will immediately become infinite, that is, will

when

there

become
54.

Is

impoffible.

To

Diameter

MakeAB

illuftrate this,

and

BC

AC D

be a Semicircle defcribed on the

be an Ordinate.

let

=AD,^,BC=7,AD =

^.

Then

xx
before.

as

Therefore BC, or y, then becomes greateft

iax moft exceeds all the Terms

"
f- V
S^x 4- i6a> VS ax &c that
la Sax -f- ga*

when

>

it

will

when x

be terminated

a.

For

S ax

if

is >

when *

we

**

but

take x greater than

ax
ax>
TbTs *S
s7
&c. will be infinite. There is another Limit alfo, when x
o,
ax
Radical
to which
the
of
reafon
of
the
;
by
impoffibility
Terms or Limits, the Limits of the Semicircle A, B, and D, are cor^
a t the

Sum

of

all

the

Terms

refpondent.
Tranfttion to the

55.

And

thus

much

METHOD

for the

OF FLUXIONS.

Methods of Computation, of which

Now it remains, that

mall make frequent ufe in what follows.
I
mould
of
an
Illuftration
the
for
give fome SpeciAnalytick Art,
of
the
nature
Curves will fupmens of Problems, efpecially fuch as
But firft it may be obferved, that all the difficulties of thefe
ply.
be reduced to thefe two Problems only, which I mall propofe
I

may

concerning a Space defcribed by local Motion, any

how

'

accelerated

or retarded.

The Length of the Space defcribed being continually ( that -*"*

56.
at
fill
?V,
Times) given; to find the Velocity of the Motion at any ffo^
Tune propofed.
JbotA.*** if*
57. II. The Velocity of the Motion being continually given ; to find
I.

Length of the Space defcribed at any Time propofed.

in the Equation xx=y, if y reprefents the Length of
58. Thus
the Space t any time defcribed, which (time) another Space x,
the

by increafing with an uniform Celerity #, mea/ures and

exhibits as

defcribed

SJLJ tt

?%e Method of

20
defcribed
y,

Then zxx will reprefent

moment of Time,

the fame

at

by which the Space

and
;

the Celerity

to be defcribed

proceeds

And

hence it is, that in what follows, I confider

if
were
generated by continual Increafe, after the
they

contrary-wife.

Quantities as

FLUXIONS,

manner of a Space, which a Body or Thing in Motion defcribes.

59. But whereas we need not confider the Time here, any
expounded and meafured by an equable local
whereas only Quantities of the fame kind
can be compared together, and alfo their Velocities of Increafe and
Therefore in what follows I fhall have no regard to Time
Decreafe
formally conficter'd,, but I fhall fiippofe fome one of the Quantities
propofed, being of the fame kind, to be increafed by an equable
Fluxion, to which the reft may be referr'd, as it were to Time j
and therefore, by way of Analogy, it may not improperly receive
Whenever therefore the word Time occurs in
the name of Time.
what follows, (which for the fake of perfpicuity and diftindlion I
have fometimes ufed,) by that Word I would not have it underftood as if I meant Time in its formal Acceptation, but only that
farther than

Motion

as

and

it

is

befides,

other Quantity, by the equable Increafe or Fluxion whereof,

is
expounded and meafured.

'60.

T H
_' .i

>

%f& f'df**

which

thofe Quantities

confider as gradually and

hereafter call Fluents, or

indefinitely increafing,
Flowing
Quantities, and fhall reprefent them by the final Letters of the
Alphabet v, x, y, and z ; that I may diftinguifh them from other
Quantities, which in Equations are to be confider'd as known and.
the initial
determinate, and which therefore are reprefented
I

Now

Time

fhall

by

And the Velocities by which every Fluent

Letters a, b, c, &c.
is increafed by its generating Motion, (which I may call
Fluxions,
oi V* ffm***4t*'Qr fimply Velocities or Celerities,) I fhall reprefent by the fame
V*>

i*i~-

Letters pointed thus

id

tti
'(/

t4

JO the Quantity v
Quantities x, y,

-y,

I fhall

and

x,

y.,

and

z, I fhall put x, y,

1.

two Problems

juft

now

is,

for the

Celerity

of

put v, and fo for the Celerities of the other

Thefe things being premifed,

to the matter in hand } and firft I
6

That

z.

and z

mall

fhall

now

refpeftively.

forthwith proceed

give the Solution of

the:

propofed.

PROF,

and INFINITE SERIES.

R O

B.

21

I.

The Relation of the Flowing Quantities to one another being

given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions.

SOLUTION.
Difpofe the Equation, by which the given Relation is exprefs'd, according to the Dimenftons of fome one of its flowing
Quantities, fuppofe x, and multiply its Terms by any Arithmetical
1.

and then by And perform this Operation feparately

for every one of the flowing Quantities.
Then make the Sum of
all the Products equal to nothing,, aad you will have the Equation
.

Progreflion,

required.

EXAMPLE

2.

y be X'

ax*--{-

If the Relation of the flowing Quantities A; and

3
firft
axy
^
difpofe the Terms according
i.

=o;

and then according to

manner.

to x,
ing,

y,

and multiply them in the follow-

Mult.

by
makes

%xx*

zaxx

-{-

axy

zyy* -f- ayx

*
*

The Sum of

zaxx -k- axy

W*-f- ayx=zo,
the Relation between the Fluxions x and
y.
ax 1 -{-axy
pleafure, the Equation .v
yt

the Produdls

-jx**

is

which Equation gives

For if you take x at

o will give y.

7v*
3..

ax
Ex.

2.

Which

being determined,

it

will

be x

::

yx^zax -{- ay.

of the Quantities

If the Relation

the Equation
preis'd by

2j

-f-

x*y

zcyz +-

x,

y,.

yz*

and z r be exz''

QJ

22

Method of FLUXIONS,

*The

Wherefore the Relation of the

Fluxions

,v, v,

and

is

z,

Celerities

tyy* -\-

or of the

of Flowing,

$zz

2xxy

-f-

6zzy

zczy

4.

But

there are here three

fince

flowing Quantities,

y,

.v,

and

z, another Equation ought alfo to be given, by which the Relation

among them, as alfo among their Fluxions, may be intirely deter2
0.
From whence
mined. As if it were fuppofed that x -\-y

o would be
z
another Relation among the Fluxions AT-HV
thefe
with
the
found by this Rule. Now compare
foregoing Equaand alfo any
of
three
one
the
Quantities,
tions, by expunging any
one of the Fluxions, and then you will obtain an Equation which
will intirely determine the Relation of the reft.
In the Equation propos'd, whenever there are complex Frac5.

I put fo many Letters for each, and fuptions, or furd Quantities,

Afto reprefent flowing Quantities, I work as before.
them
pofing
as
the
afTumed
and
exterminate
terwards I
Letters,
you fee

fupprefs

done

here.

aa
If the Relation of the Quantities .v and y be yy
xx I write z, and thence I
##
o; for x</aa
x\/aa
3
1
2*
x4
aa
two
have the
%,=.&., and a -*
Equations^'
z
will give zyy
o, as before, for the
o, of which the firfl
and z, and the latter will give 2<j*xx
Relation of the Celerities
Ex.

6.

3.

a * xx

o, or

Celerities

x and

-./** 4-

^ aa

g*.>*

XX

z, for the Relation of the

Now z being expunged, it will be zyy

xx for z, we fhall
reftoring x^aa

__ 0>

the Relation between

for

x and

quired.
7.

Ex.

4.

If

.v

that

the Relation

ay*
is

+&

The

firft

Zy^-yz

-u

gives

2W=

o,

between

3^

&

zayy
o,

and

AT

-+-

xx

y, as

make

have zyy

o,

^^

was

re-

expreffes

5;,

and

Lave the three Equations x1^=0.

and ax*y + x 6
-0=0, the fecond gives az +

fhall

^ =o,
3

az-\-yz

3**'

XX \fay

4- j4r

^x \/~ay-+-xx=v, from whence I

ay*

z.

and then

o,

~ ****

and the third

gives

4.axx>y-+-6xx'-i-a}>x*

o, for the Relations of the Velocities

-y,

.v,

y,

and

But
the

and INF NIT E SERIES.

23

the Values of & and

?
iSj
/.

/.

v-.

nrft Equation,

found by the fecond and third Equations,

and

11

7n

,.

and there anies %xx*

Then

o.

for

i',

inflead of

vz

2a)y-^-~^T.

z and v

their Values

refloring

a f

and
>

XX \/ ay

-+-

xx, there will

arife

awMf

6*- A- 3

aa -f-

+ yy

2^

Velocities

x and y

...

o.

^xx*-2ayy
.

which the Relation

by
>

or the

will be exprefs'd.

what manner the Operation

in other
is to be
performed
manifefl
believe is
from hence j as when in the Equation
there are found furd Denominators, Cubick Radicals, Ra-

After

8.

the Equation fought

Cafes, I

propos'd
xx} or any other comdicals within Radicals, as v ax -+- \/'aa
of
Terms
the like kind.
plicate
fhould
9. Furthermore, altho' in the Equation propofed there
be Quantities involved, which cannot be determined or exprefs'd
by any Geometrical Method, fuch as Curvilinear Areas or the Lengths
of Curve-lines ; yet the Relations of their Fluxions may be found,
as will appear

from the following Example.

EXAMPLE

Preparation for
5*
10. Suppofe BD to be an Ordinate at right Angles to AB, ancL
be any Curve, which is defined by
that

ADH

between AB and BD exhibited

Let AB be called A;, and
an
Equation.
by
of
the
Curve
the Area
ADB, apply 'd to Unity,
Then erect the Perpendicular AC
be call'd z.
the Relation

equal to Unity, and thro'

to

AB, and meeting

BD

in

E.

draw

CE

Then

parallel

conceiving

two Superficies ADB and ACEB to be

generated by the
Motion of the right Line BED it is manifeft that their Fluxions,
(that is,, the Fluxions of the Quantities i x z and i x v, or of the

thefe

Quantities

and BE.

Therefore

= * AndBD.

and

x,) are to each other as the generating Lines

:

::

BD

BE

or

i,

and

BD

therefore

hence it is, that z

may be involved in any Equation,
the
Relation
between
.v and
expre fling
any other flowing'Quantityjv ;
and yet the Relation of the Fluxions x and
however be dif1

1.

y may

cover'd,

12

<

fhe Method

24
As

FLUXION s,

<J/"

the Equation zz -\-axz

_y*=r=o were propos'd to exprefs the Relation between x and; as alfo
BD, for determining a Curve, which therefore will be a Circle.

Ex.

12.

5.

if

\/axxx

The Equation zz-^-axz

azX

-f-

and

z.

axz

4_y_y

And

o,

j^=o,

iubftitute this

the Relation

for

therefore fince

it is

Value inftead of

it,

xx 4- axz
Celerities x and

2xz -t- axx \/ax-r

Relation of the

before, will give

as

= x BD
=
x

and there

or

-x

\/ax

will arife the

o,

qyy*

2zz-i-

of the Celerities x,y,

xx

Equation

which determines the

y.

DEMONSTRATION

of the Solution.

The Moments

of flowing Quantities, (that is, their indefithe

acceffjon of which, in
by
indefinitely fmall
are
of
Time,
they
continually
portions
increafed,) are as the Velocities of their Flowing or Increafing.
13.

nitely fmall Parts,

14.
t>y the

Wherefore

if

Product of

its

Moment of any
Celerity x into an

the

one, as x, be reprefented
indefinitely fmall Quantity

by xo,} the Moments of the others <y, y, z,

vot yo, zo ; becaufe vo xo, yo, and zo, are
reprefented by
o (that

is,

other as v, x,
,.

p.
/fc, // natti** cttA

Now

to each

and x.

y,

fince the

15.
u tt i e ^cceflions

will be

Moments,

as

xo and yo, are the indefinitely

of the flowing Quantities

.v

and

y,

by which thofe

any
therefore the Equation, which at all times indifferently exprefles
the Relation of the flowing Quantities, will as well exprefs the

And

x -3- xo and

y-+-yo, as between x and y: So

that x -+- xo and y -f- yo may be fubftituted in the fame
Equation
for thofe Quantities, inftead of x and y.
1 6.
Therefore let any Equation #'
ax* -+- axy
be
^'
Relation between

given, and

fubftitute

x~\-xo

for

x and y
}

-j-

yo for y,

will arife

+
ax 1

2axox

axy +- axoy
y:

lyoy-

$x*oox

-f- x*o''

ax*oo

-h ayox

~ yfooy

-h axyoo

and there

and INFINITE SERIES.

3
ax--3raxy
=o, which thereby Suppofition x
the
Terms
and
remaining
being divided by o,
expunged,
remain ^xx* -f- ^ox -+- x>oo
zaxx
ax 1 o -f- axy -f-

Now

17.
fore being

there will

ayx

_}'

axyo

_f_

3_vy*

to be infinitely
tities

the

of the

zaxx

little,

Terms

axy

-+-

y*oo

3y*oy
that it

may

ayx

reject

3_yj*=

o,

But whereas

o.

reprefent the

that are multiply'd by

Therefore I

reft.

-f-

25

it

o is

fuppofed
Qiian-

Moments of

will be nothing in relbedl

them, and there remains $xx*

as above in
Examp. i.

Here we may

obferve, that the Terms that are not multiply'd

by o will always vaniih, as alfo thole Terms that are multiply'd by o
And that the reft of the Terms
of more than one Dimenfion.
1

8.

being divided by o, will always acquire the form that they ought
Which was the thing to be proved.
to have by the foregoing Rule
now
this
fhewn, the other things included in the
being
19. And
Rule will eafily follow. As that in the propos'd Equation feveral
flowing Quantities may be involved ; and that the Terms may be
of the Dimenlions of the flowmultiply'd, not only by the Number
other
but
alfo
Arithmetical Progreilions ; fo
by any
ing Quantities,
that in the Operation there may be the lame difference of the Terms
according to any of the flowing Quantities, and the ProgrefTion be
difpos'd according to the fame order of the Dimenlions of each of
And thele things being allow'd, what is taught belides in
them.
Examp. 3, 4, and 5, will be plain enough of itfelf.
:

P R O

B.

II.

An

Equation being propofed, including the Fluxions of

O^uantitieS) to find the Relations of tbofe Quantities to
one another.

A PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
i.

As

folved

this

by

Problem

is

the Converfe of the foregoing,

proceeding in a contrary

multiply'd by

manner.

That

is,

it

the

muft be

Terms

being difpofed according to the Dimenfions of

they muft be divided by

*
x

and then by the number of

their

x;

Di-

menfions, or perhaps by fome other Arithmetical Progreffion. Then

the fame work muft be repeated with the Terms
multiply'd by v, y,

or

The Method of

26

FLUXIONS,

or z, and the Sum refulting muft be

the Terms that are redundant.

made

equal to nothing, re-

jeding
2.

EXAMPLE. Let
4- ayx

Divide

3 ATA?*

Quot.
by
Divide by

3A:
.

The

Operation will be after this

2axx-i-axy

Divide

2ax* -\-ayx

by

i.

ax 1

A; 5

Quote

the Equation propofed be ^xx*

o.

Sum #

-{-ayx

2axx 4- axy
manner
:

* -f-

Quot.
Divide by
^.

3
5

Quote

_y

ayx

4- axy
.

i.

4- axy

o, will be the required

y*
axy
Relation of the Quantities x and y.
Where it is to be obferved,
that tho' the Term axy occurs twice, yet I do not put it twice in
ax* -+- axy
the Sum x'>
y* =. o, but I rejed the redundant
Term. And fo whenever any Term recurs twice, (or oftener when
there are feveral flowing Quantities concern'd,) it muft be wrote
only once in the Sum of the Terms.
are other Circumftances to be obferved, which I mall/
3. There
leave to the Sagacity of the Artift
for it would be needlefs to dwell
too long upon this matter, becaufe the Problem cannot always be
folved by this Artifice.
I mail add however, that after the Rela-

Therefore the

ax*

-f-

-,

of the Fluents is obtain'd by this Method, if we can return,

by Prob. i. to the propofed Equation involving the Fluxions, then
the work is right, otherwife not.
Thus in the Example propofed,
after I have found the Equation x>
ax 1 -{- axy
o, if from
y*

tion

thence

feek the Relation

of the Fluxions

x and y by

the

firft

mall arrive at the propofed Equation ^xx*

2axx 4o.
Whence it is plain, that the Equation
i,yy* -faxy
3
o
is
But if the Equation
AT 3
-ax*-+-axy
_y
rightly found.

Problem,

ayx=

o were propofed, by the prefcribed Method I

xy -\- ay
fhould obtain this ^x*
o, for the Relation between
ay
xy
be
Conclufion
would
erroneous: Since by Prob. i.
x and y ; which

xx

the Equation xx
is

different

4.
lhall

xy

yx -+- ay

=
=

o would be produced, which

from the former Equation.

.Having therefore premiled this in a perfundory manner, I

now undertake the general Solution.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

27

A PREPARATION FOR THE GENERAL SOLUTION.

mufl be

the propofed Equation

the Symbols of the Fluxions, (fince they are Quantities of a different kind from the Quantities of which they are the Fluxions,)
to afcend in every Term to the fame number of Dimenfions :
Firft

5.

it

that in

obferved,

ought

And when

it happens otherwife, another Fluxion of fome

flowing
be underflood to be Unity, by which the lower
mufl
Quantity
Terms are fo often to be multiply'd, till the Symbols of the Fluxions
As if
arife to the fame number of Dimenfions in all the Terms.
o
were
the
Fluxion
axx
z
the Equation x -+ x'yx
propofed,
of fome third flowing Quantity z mufl be underilood to be Unity,
by which the firfl Term x mufl be multiply'd once, and the lafl
axx twice, that the Fluxions in them may afcend to as many Di-

Term xyx

menfions as in the fecond

had been derived from

gine

xz -{-xyx-

the propofed Equation

azzx*o, by putting
if

And

thus in the Equation yx =}')'-, you ought to imato be Unity, by which the Term yy is multiply'd.
Equations, in which there are only two flowing Quan-

i.

Now

6.

which every where

tities,

may

this

As

the fame

arife to

always be reduced to fuch a form,

had the Ratio of the Fluxions,

(as
\

4
x

,
.

number of Dimenfions,

as that

or y

other fide the Value of that Ratio, exprefs'd

*

Terms

as

you may

fee here,

4-

-h 2X

on one

fide

may be

or ~
and on the
x ,&c.)

by fimple

Algebraic

And when

y.

the

foregoing particular Solution will not take place, it is required that

you fhould bring the Equations to this form.
of that Ratio any Term is de7. Wherefore when in the Value
nominated -by a Compound quantity, or is Radical, or if that Ratio
be the Root of an affected
the Reduction mufl be per;

Equation
form'd either by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots, or by the
Refolution of an affected Equation, as has been before fhewn.
8.

pofed

As
j

av+y'

if the
firfl

And

Equation ya

by Reduction
in

the

firfl

xa

yx
this

-+-

xx

xy

o were pro-

Cafe, if I reduce

minated by the compound Quantity a

-==

becomes T-=i-f--^-,
ax or

the

Term ^^.,

deno-

x, to an infinite Series of

fimple

The Method of

28
Terms j

fimple

^
y

~ ^

- -f-

&c. by dividing the Numerator

-+-

Denominator a

the

y by

-f-

have -

mall

x,

FLUXIONS,

+-

-f-

x and

7; &c. by the help of which the Relation between

to be determined.

-f-

is

So the Equation

9.

_y_y

xy

being given, or ^-

-j- .XVY.V A:

A-*

and by a

i- xx,

4=4 +V/T

Reduction

farther

-+- A-*

^ -f.

4,
x

I extract

AT

the fquare Root out of the

Series f -{-x*
x* -f- 2X 6

Terms

tute for

have -

&c.
is

\/t H- xx,
~

or.

either

2x*a>=o
anfes ~
x

-I,

or

14*', &c. which

i

'

-f-

-j-

^__
^-_|_
640
5i2
a

as

-f-

a1-

2rf 3

>v 3

and

Equation,

COQi'4
^

&c

as

16384^3

x*x">

-f- a'-x^y

axx*y

Cubick

4.

2x 6

it.

ax

111*5

if I fubfti-

-f-

&c. according

A:

affected

x*

x*

-f-

from

A:5

XX

5*

Equation y*

Root of the
X

-+-

or fubtracled

were propofed,

=a

2X 6

thus if the

I extract the
/-

to

x^-ir-x*

added

And

10.

I (hall

-f-

5*"

xr, and obtain the infinite

-f-

-J

may^

there.

be feen

before.

But here

look upon thofc Terms

only as compounded, which are compounded in refpect of flowing
For I efteem thofe as fimple Quantities which are comQuantities.
pounded only in refpect of given Quantities. For they may be reduced to fimple Quantities by luppofing them equal to other givea
11.

Quantities.
-

it

Thus

may

be obferved, that

"
I

eonfider

the

->

Quantities
^^'

"-TT,
rra*4b' ax-\~bx

>

~^,

may

xi
all

>

v/tfA-

H- bx, &c.

as

fimple Quantities, becaufe they

be reduced to the fimple Quantities

x*} &cc. by fuppofing a -f- b =r= e.

12. Moreover, that the flowing Quantities

i,

-^-,

may

the

may

\/ex (or

more

eafily

be diflinguifh'd from one another, the Fluxion that is put in the

Numerator of the Ratio, or the Antecedent of the Ratio, may not
improperly be call'd the Relate Quantify, and the other in the Denominator, to which it is compared, the Correlate : Alfo the
flowing

and INFINITE SERIES.

29

be diftinguifli'd by the fame Names refpecflowing Quantities may

And for the better understanding of what follows, you may
tively.
is Time, or
rather any other
conceive, that the Correlate Quantity

which Time is expounded and

Quantity that flows equably, by
or
the Relate Quantity, is Space,
that
the
And
other,
meafured.
which the moving Thing, or Point, any how accelerated or retarded,
And that it is the Intention of the Problem,
defcribes in that Time.
the Motion, being given at every Inftant
of
the
that from
Velocity
of Time, the Space defcribed in the whole Time may be determined.
in refpedt of this
13. But
Orders.
into three

Problem Equations may be

and only one

In which two Fluxions of Quantities,

of

diftinguifli'd

14. Firft:
their flowing Quantities are involved.

Second: In which the two flowing Quantities are involved,

their Fluxions.
together with
Third: In which the Fluxions of more than two Quantities
1 6.
15.

are involved.
17.

With

Problem,

Premifes

thefe

according to thefe

{hall

the

attempt

Solution of the

three Cafes.

SOLUTION OF CASE

I.

in
which alone is contain
Suppofe the flowing Quantity,
accordand
the
be
the
the Equation, to
Correlate,
Equation being
on
one
fide to be only the
is,
making
by
ingly difpos'd, (that
Ratio of the Fluxion of the other to the Fluxion of this, and on
the other fide to be the Value of this Ratio in fimple Terms,) mulValue of the Ratio of the Fluxions by the Correlate Quantiply the
then divide each of its Terms by the number of Dimenfions
tity,
with which that Quantity is there afTeded, and what arifes will be
1

'd

8.

other flowing Quantity.

equivalent to the
the Equation yy
xy -+- xxxx ; I fuppofe x
19. So propofing
and
the
Correlate
be
the
to
Quantity,
Equation being accordingly

reduced,

tiply

we

mall have -

the Value of

&c. which Terms

and the Refult x

into x,
I

-f-

x1

.v 4

-f-

fv'

fv'-f-fv

'

and there

arifes

divide feverally by their

+-

Now I mul-

2X & &c.

1
,

&c.

.v-f-AT

xf

-{-

2X\

number cf Dimenfions,
I

put

=y. And

by
this

Method ^/"FLUXIONS,

77je

30

Equation will be defined the Relation between

this

required.

20. Let the Equation be

will arife

ax

Relation between

And

21.

gives

and

'

Value of -

into

-f-

and

A;,

or

A:-

the

x' 1 -\-

-f-

&c.

|.

*+

**

there

the

-tI

#*,

multiply

the

x*

v*
X
,

For

ax^

X -f.

-*-

Terms being divided by

of y will arife as be-

which

x^-i-x^,

number of Dimenfions,

x*

_i_
-,
I

*.!

v-J

Jf^

ax*

was

'* 3

for determining
o

OJ.oi.t~

becomes

it

5i2*

6-}<z

-^ &c

*;

-4-

y, as

'

j-

y.

'

y ZM

thus the Equation

y -+-

A;

--

x and

Value

the

fore.

22. After the fame

\- cy,

Value of

gives

A-

being
or

-{-n'3

-the Value of

manner the Equation

^_

H- -

-}-

multiply'd

by

2^^-y* -h -~i
refults,

;'

1.

v/^)'

there

j,

-^
4- S7=5-7===
\/
f

-.

-i-

arifes

+ v/^ +

cy~>

c %y*.

A -+-

For the

-^

_j_

And

thence

by dividing by the number of the Dimen-

of each Term.

lions

23.

And

fo

=?

=z\ gives y = $z*.

,
3

And

-1

=-

47

gives

r=

But the Equation

.
For f multiply'd
; gives 7
f
^
A:
makes a, which being divided by the number of Dimen~
an infinite
fions, which is o, there arifes
Quantity for the Value

3f^L
into

24. Wherefore, whenever a like

of

-.

whofe Denominator

Term

mail occur in the Value

involves the Correlate

Quantity of one

Dimenfion only

inftead of the Correlate

;
Quantity, fubftitute the
or the Difference between the fame and fome other
given
Quantity to be affumed at pleafure. For there will be the fame
Relation of Flowing, of the Fluents in the
Equation fo. produced,
as of the Equation at firft
and the infinite Relate
j

Sum

propofed

Quantity

and INFINITE SERIES.

means will be diminifh'd by an infinite part of itfelf,

become finite, but yet confifting of Terms infinite in

this

by

tity

and will
number.

=
=

the Equation 4
25. Therefore

now the Rule aforegoing will give_}'= j

x and

the Relation between

So

26.

_f

4*

=
^

you write

if

->

xx.

2X

2Ar 3

ax 4- fx

And

tranfmute x,
.

_{_

j,

&c

At

-rr
b+

~p

~j^

And

&c. for

xx; becaufe

4-3
there

will

Term ~-^

arife

into an in-

will have 4

then according to the Rule

for the Relation of x

6cc.

thus if the Equation -.-=x'^-i-x-

Term x

I here obferve the

pofed j becaufe

y.

27.

ax^

4- 2x% &c. you

|x 4- ^x

for x,

And

reducing the

4.x

Then

-f-

2x 3 4- 2x 4 &c.

x*

_{_

2x4- 2x l

4-2

finite Series

y
and

(_

you have the Equation

if

Term

of the

y.

^ 4-

there will arife

u-^r~X

if for

being propofed,

x, affuming the Quantity b at pleafure,

a^
ax^
fl
11
T^
/*
v
and by
Divifion 4
T
rr 4- 77
*
&

^4-

write

31

_'

_L

_|_

.i#

__

by

4-

are fubftituted,

-i-x

it,

and there

Term

&c. and the

Term

\/i

4- 4-x 4-

fhall

then by the Rule y

or

an(^ therefore
|-x

have 4
X

=. x 4-

3
,

&c.
i ~f-

x 4-

4-x*

to be found,

(or ~j

the

V^S

4-x

the fame as

Now

v/

for

were pro-

AT*

A;".

x 1 4- x

fubftituting

So that

x produces

is

arifes

equivalent

_ _
v

when

is

thefe Values

2x 4- 4x i 4-4-^-x

4- ri* 4 , &c

JL;(

to

,6cc.

An<i

And

oi

others.

28. Alfo in other Cafes the Equation may fometimes be conveniently reduced, by fuch a Tranfmutation of the flowing Quantity.

As

if this

Equation were propofed 4

= -^

^^. ^_ xi
c

inflead

O52

of

.v

write c

Method of FLUXIONS,
i/

and then

AT,

and then by the Rule y

4=

mall have

L.

-f,.

or

~i>

But the ufe of fuch Tranf-

mutations will appear more plainly in what follows.

SOLUTION OF CASE

II.

And fo much for Equations that involve

But when each of them are found in the
only one Fluent.
Equation, fiift it muft be reduced to the Form prefcribed, by
making, that on one fide may be had the Ratio of the Fluxions,
PREPARATION.

29".

fide.
aggregate of fimple Terms on the other
be any
fo
reduced
there
30. And befides, if in the Equations
the flowing Quantity, they muft be freed
Fractions denominated

equal to an

by
from thofe Denominators, by the above-mentioned Tranfmutation
of the flowing Quantity.
o being propofed, or
aax
xxy
31. So the Equation yax
f becaufe of the Term -, I afiume b at pleafure, and
_{_

i_l

for

write b -+- x,

it

will

become 4

-f-

rrr.

As

- b.

x, or

or b

either write b -+- x,

And

we

mall have

&C.

manner the Equation

the fame

after

Term

2x

37
X

<

And

72.
J

fhould

then the

into an infinite Series,

being converted byDivifion

-1-1

if I

..

being propofed;

write

for

_ o V -4- 2
3/

-f-

=-^

^1

infinite Divjfion gives

and the

^x
fore

Term

_f-

6 x *-y

r-=

and

~.-\- X*r
ZX

a
'

-f->'

there will

x,

xy

But the

8x

^y

5
,

&c.

2 -i-

2_y

IOAT*,
-i-

=
by
J

xy* t &c.

xy* -J-_y

-f-_y

y3

'-

+ iox*y

xy* -{-

and^.,

arife

Term

like Divifion gives

5

2v

x -+-y

for

2- v

-4-

_^2~+ xx by
6x a 4- S* ^

3^-i- 3^J

y
i

by reafon of the Terms

if,

&c.

6^^

^xy

There6x*

33-

and INFINITE SERIES.

33

The Equation being thus prepared, when need rethe

Terms according to the Dimenfions of the flowquires, difpofe
ing Quantities, by fetting down fir ft thofe that are not affected by
the Relate Quantity, then thofe that are affected by its lead DimenRULE.

33.

fion,

and

In like manner alfo diipofe the

fo on.

Terms

in

each of

thefe Clafies according to the Dimenfions of the other Correlate

Quantity, and thofe in the firft Clafs, (or fuch as are not affected

by the Relate Quantity,) write in a collateral order, proceeding towards the right hand, and the reft in a defcending Series in the lefthand Column, as the following Diagrams indicate. The work being thus prepared, multiply the firft or the loweft of the Terms in
the firft Clafs by the Correlate Quantity, and divide by the number
of Dimenfions, and put this in the Quote for the initial Term of
the Value of the Relate Quantity.
Then fubftitute this into the
the
Terms of
Equation that are difpofed in the left-hand Column,
inftead of the Relate Quantity, and from the next loweft Terms
you will obtain the fecond Term of the Quote, after the fame manner as you obtain'd the firft.
And by repeating the Operation you
the
as
continue
far
as you
But this will appear
Quote
may
pleafe.
plainer

34.

by an Example or two.

EXAMP.

i.

Let the Equation 4

be propofed, whofe Terms i

by the Relate Quantity _v, you

T.V -+-

fee

=
A'

1
,

^x-\-y-\- x*-{-.vy

which

are not affected

difpos'd collaterally in the

up-

The Method of

3-4

FLUXIONS,

xx for the
by the number of Dimenfions 2, gives
Then this Term
fecund Term of the Value of y in the Quote.
afiumed
to
likewifc
the
Value
of
the
compleat
being
Marginals -{-y
xx and
x
and -+- xv, there will arife alfo
to be added to
the Terms -j-x and -{-xx that were before inferted.
Which being
done, I again a flume the next loweil Terms -f-xx,
xx, and -{-xx,
which I collect into one Sum xx, and thence I derive (as before)
the third Term -|-.ix ; to be put in the Value of y.
Again, taking
this Term -i-x 3 into the Values of the marginal Terms, from the
4
x 3 added together, I obtain
for
next loweft -f-y# 3 and
^-x
And fo on in infinitum.
the fourth Term of the Value of y.
In like manner if it were required to determine
35. Ex AMP. 2.

beino; divid'-d

y
the Relation of x and y in this Equation, - -=.
<
^

-f-

- -f- --v -fa

&*

r'-f-

&*

fuppofed to proceed ad infinitum ; I put I

in the beginning, and the other Terms in the left-hand Column,
and then purfue the work according to the following Diagram.
,

&c. which

Series

is

and INFINITE SERIES.

EXAMP.

37.

6..Y

3,v -+1

-f- SA-

extract the

Terms

3.

In like

Xj* -t-j

i*y -4-;*
-

8.v

_V

manner

as

.vy

A^

-4-;-

IOA-*, &c. and

far as feven Dimensions

4- \oxy*

Value ot y

Equation were propofed

if this
3

35

it

is

of x.

intended to
I place the

order, according to the following Diagram, and I work

as before, only with this
exception, that iince in the left-hand Column y is not only of one, but alfo of two and three Dimensions;
(or of

beyond

in

more than

Value of y,
ted

three,

the degree of
fo

by degrees

far

x~*

,)

intended to produce the Value of y

fubjoin the fecond and third Powers of the

if I
I

gradually produced, that when they are fubftituin the Values of the Marginals

to the
right-hand,

The Method of

36

FLUXIONS,

it
appears
Equation required. But whereas this Value is negative,
that one of the Quantities x or y decreafes, while the other inAnd the fame thing is allb to be concluded, when one of
creafes.
the Fluxions is affirmative, and the other negative.

EXAMP. 4. You may proceed in like manner

Equation, when the Relate Quantity is affected with
38.

menfions.
this

As

Equation,

if it

to refolve the

Diwere propofed to extract the Value of x from

iy

fractional

^y-

-+-

zyx*

-J.v

-f-

77*

-f-

2_y

in

and INFINITE SERIES.

37

tte Method of

38
And

41.

and of

Quantities,

laft

moft

have compleated this moft troublefo'me

Problem, when only two flowing

difficult

together with their Fluxions,

are

comprehended

in

an

But

befides this general Method, in which I have taken

the Difficulties, there are others which are
generally fhorter,

Equation.
in all

thus at
others

all

FLUXIONS,

which the

Work may often be eafed;

by

to

givefome Specimens of which,

ex abundantly perhaps will not be diiagreeable to the Reader.

42. I. If it happen that the Quantity to be refolved has in fome
places negative Dimenfions, it is not of ablblute necefllty that therefore the Equation mould be reduced to another form.
For thus

xx being

propofed, where y is of one negative Dimenfion, I might indeed reduce it to another Form, as
by writing i -f- y for y ; but the Refolution will be more expedite as you have it in the following Diagram.

the Equation y

and INFINITE SERIES,

3.9

The Method

^FLUXIONS,

and INFINITE SERIES,

50. And
tion proceeded, I

here

the

Terms

it

be obferved by the way, that as the Opera-

may

might have
-

and

4**

41

inferted

any given Quantity between

for the intermediate

Term

that

is

deficient,

and fo the Value of y might have been exhibited an infinite variety

of ways.
51. V. If there are befides any fractional Indices of the Dimenfions of the Relate
Quantity, they may be reduced to Integers by

fuppofing that Quantity, which is affected by its fractional Dand then by ftibftitutii g
menfion, to be equal to any third Fluent
;

Fluxion, ariling from that fictitious

Quantity,
inftead
of
the Relate Quantity and its Fluxion.
Equation,
52. As if the Equation
3*7* -\- y were propofed, where the
Relate Quantity is affected with the fractional Index .1 of its Dimenthat

as

alfo

its

y=

fion; a

=
y=
y

Fluent
the

z'> ;

32Z

z, or
being afTumed at pleafure, fuppofe y^
be
will
Relation of the Fluxions, by Prob. i.

Therefore fubftituting ^zz* for

alfo

as

v,

z*

for

y,

3
and z* for y$, there will arife yzz 1
or z
x -\-^z,
^xz*- -+- z
where z performs the office of the Relate Quantity. But after the
Value of z is extracted, as z
&c. inx* -f-J-f-^-Q ,

ftead of

reftore

tween x and

Cubing each
53. In

by Prob.

y\ and you

that

is,

will have the defired Relation

i.v 1

+ -V^ H- T-nr*
3

y =.^x -\- T'_.v -+- T Y T X

manner if the Equation y

xM

2^^ -J-

2zz

i.

y?

fide,

like

given, or_y

=
=

-+- {-x^.

^c

make z =)'^

>

4
;

&c

an(^

be-

^7

</xy were
or zz=y, and thence
</^y

-+-

and by confequence 2zz

2z -f- x*z, or
Therefore by the firft Cafe of this 'tis z
x -fy,

then by fquaring each fide, v=y>; -+- -|Jf^

Ar-f",
,
5
But if you mould defire to have the Value of y exhibited
-i- -i-x
infinite
number of ways, make z =. c -f- x -f- -ytf , aiTuming any
an
initial Term c,
and it will be ss, that is y,
c* -{- zcx
^cx*

-i-v

or y'1

-i.v

-v

-+-

-i-x

-t-

^v

3
.

ing of fuch things as

But perhaps I may feem too minute,

will but feldom come into practice.

SOLUTION OF CASE

in treat-

III.

54. The Refolution of the Problem will foon be difpatch'd,

the Equation involves three or more Fluxions of Quantities.

when

For
between

Method of FLUXIONS,

?$

42

between any two of thofe Quantities any Relation may be afiumed,

when it is not determined by the State of the Queftion, and the Relation of their Fluxions may be found from thence ; fo that either
of them, together with its Fluxion, may be exterminated. For which
reafon if there are found the Fluxions of three Quantities,
only one
need
be
two
to
if
there
be
and
fo on j
affumedj
four,
Equation
be transform'd into another
And then
Equation, in which only two Fluxions may be found.
this Equation being refolved as before, the Relations of the other
Quantities may be difcover'd.
that the Equation propos'd

may

finally

z -f- yx
o ; that I
55. Let the Equation propofed be zx
of
the
obtain
Relation
the
and
Quantities x, y,
z, whofe Fluxions
may
and
z
are
in
the
contained
form
I
a Relation at
x, y,
Equation ;
pleafure between any
a -+- z, or
or 2y

and thence x

two of them,

x=yy,

&c.

as

x and y,

fuppofing that

But fuppofe

at prefent

x=y,

x=yy,

Therefore writing zyy for x, and yy for x,

the Equation propofed will be transform'd into this
q.yy
z-^-yy*
o.
And thence the Relation between y and z will arife, 2yy-{2yy.

In which if x be written for yy, and x* for y~>, we mall

z.
~x^
So that among the infinite ways in which
have 2X -fx, y, and z, may be related to each other, one of them is here
found, which is reprefented by thefe Equations, .v =yy, 2y* +- y*
z.
z, and 2X -+- ^x*

^y=

=.z.

DEMONSTRATION.
thus we have folved the Problem, but the DemonftraAnd in fo great a variety of matters, that we
behind.
and with too great perplexity, from
it
not derive
fynthetically,
foundations, it may be fufficient to point it out thus in

56.
tion is

may
its

And
ftill

genuine

by way of Analyfis. That is, when any Equation is propos'd,

after you have finifh'd the work, you may try whether from the
derived Equation you can return back to the Equation propos'd, by
fhort,

And therefore, the Relation of the Quantities in the deI.

rived Equation requires the Relation of the Fluxions in the propofed
and contrary-wife : which was to be fhewn.

Prob.

Equation,
57. So

the Equation propofed were y

x, the derived Equal
on
and
the
be
;
contrary, by Prob. i. we have

if

y={x

tion

will

xx, that

is,

y=.x,

becaufe

is

fuppofed Unity.

And

thus

from

and INFINITE SERIES.

4.3

x* -f- Lx 1
tf
-+-y -f- xx -+- xy is derived _y
!
vS > &c
i
And thence by Prob. i. y
2x
-4T'
^v+ -+- ^o x
1
x!
Values
of
Which
two
&c.
^-x
-V
y agree
%x> -+- ^-x*

from y

3*

with each other, as appears by fubftituting x

-^x*
xx+^x>
->-J-x , <5cc. inftead of^ in the firft Value.
But in the Reduction of Equations I made ufe of an Opera.,8.
of
which alfo it will be convenient to give fome account. And
tion,
that is, the Tranfmutation of a flowing Quantity by its connexion
Let AE and ae be two Lines indefinitely
with a given Quantity.
s

extended each way, along which two moving Things or Points may
pafs from afar, and at the fame time
E c p E
may reach the places A and a, B and
and
let
&c.
and
B
C
and
d,
c,
b,
^
?
-4
be the Point, by its diftance from which,
or
of
the
the Motion
moving thing

'

AE

is eftimated ; fo that
BA, BC, BD, BE, fucceffively,
point in
the moving thing is in the
when
be
the
Quantities,
flowing
may
E.
Likewife
b
be
a
let
like point in the other Line.
places A, C, D,
BA
and
ba
be
will
Then
contemporaneous Fluents, as alfo
if inftead of the
BC and be, BD andZv/, BE and be, 6cc.
points
B and b, be fubftituted A and c, to which, as at reft, the Motions
and
are refer'd ; then o and
ca, AB and
cb, AC and o,
and
will
be
Therece,
cd,
contemporaneous flowing Quantities.

Now

AD

AE

fore the flowing Quantities are changed by the Addition and Suband ac ; but they are not changed
traclion of the given Quantities
as to the Celerity of their Motions, and the mutual refpect of their

AB

For the contemporaneous parts AB and ab, BC and be,

CD and cd, DE and de, are of the fame length in both cafes. And
thus in Equations in which thefe Quantities are reprefented, the

Fluxion.

contemporaneous parts of Quantities are not therefore changed, notwithftanding their ablblute magnitude maybe increafed or diminimed
by fome given Quantity. Hence the thing propofed is manifeft
For the only Scope of this Problem is, to determine the contemporaneous Parts, or the contemporary Differences of the abfolute QuanAnd
tities f, x, _>', or z, defcribed with a given Rate of Flowing.
of
what
one
thofe
abfolute magnitude
it is all
Quantities are, fo that
their contemporary or correfpondent Differences may agree with the
of the Fluxions.
prcpofed Relation
reaibn
of this matter may alfo be thus explain'd AlThe
59.
:

gebraically.

Let the

Equation

y=xxy
2

be propofed,

and fuppole

Method of FLUXIONS,

77je

44.

x=

pofe

Then by

-+-Z-

Prob.

i.

So that for y =-. xxy

z.

fince ,v=s, it is plain,, that

may be wrote y =. xy -h xzy.
and
z
be
the
not
of the fame length, yet that
x
Quantities
though
in
of y, and that they have equal contemrefpecl:
they flow alike
therefore
may I not reprefent by the fame
poraneous parts.
in
their
Rate of Flowing,; and to dethat
agree
Symbols Quantities

Now

Why

their

termine,

=== xy

not

why may

contemporaneous Differences,
of y
initead
xxy
xxy ?

uie

appears plainly in what manner the contemporary

Lartly
be found, from an Equation involving flowing Quantities.
parts may
~ -+- x be the Equation, when #
Thus if y
2, then _y
24.
it

60..

But when x
2 to 3,

3,

then

=.

from

3.1.

2-i to

and

i,

3.1.

proceed to

more

2-i

ltijt'1

determine the
1.

When

at that

=f

thus laid for

what

follows, I fhall

particular Problems.

PROB.
A

Therefore while x flows from

So that the parts defcribed in

3-^

This Foundation being

1.

now

will flow

time are

this

m.

Maxima and Minima of

H^

is the
greateft or the leaft that
neither flows backwards or forwards.

a Quantity

moment

it

it

can be,

For

if it

flows forwards, or increafes, that proves it was lefs, and will prethan it is.
And the contrary if it flows backwards,
fently be greater
Wherefore find its Fluxion, by Prob. i. and fuppofe
or decreafes.
it

to be nothing.
2.

Ex AMP.

greatefl

Value

i.

of,

If in the

Equation x>

x be required

ax 1

+ axy

jy

o the

find the Relation of the Fluxions

l
2axx -f- axy
of x and y, and you will have 3X.v a
%yy -i-ayx
1
Then making x
o.
o, there will remain
yyy -\- ayx=o,
the
ax.
or 3j*
help of this you may exterminate either x
By

= =
may
ax =
or

y out of the primary Equation, and by the

determine the other,

refulting

Equation you

and then both of them by

3^* -f-

o.

you had multiply 'd the

Terms of the propofed Equation by the number of the Dimenfions
of the other flowing Quantity.^. From whence we may .derive the
famous
3.

This Operation

is

the fame,

2.

as

if

and INFINITE SERIES.

45

famous Rule of Huddenius,

that, in order to obtain the greateft or

Relate Quantity, the Equation mufl be
difpofed according to
the Dimenfions of the Correlate Quantity, and then the Terms are
to be multiply 'd by any Arithmetical ProgrelTion.
But fince neither
leaft

Rule, nor any other that

this

tions affected

with

iiird

know

yet publiihed, extends to

Equa-

Quantities, without a previous Reduction

the following
Example for that purpofe.
If
2.
the greatest Quantity
4. EXAMP.
y in the Equation x*
xx ay ~+" xx
ay~
be to be determin'd, feek the
I fhall give

+ 7+--

=
=

.Fluxions of xand^y, and there will

^^v)

+ 2^n5__ Aaxxy-\-6x\* +
I

a1

-\-

zay

+j*

ay -\- xx

atx 2
-

the Equation 3^^*

zayy-{A
j r
r
r
And
fince by fuppofition y
o,

arife

0.

omit the Terms multiply'd by y, (which, to fhorten the labour,

might have been done before, in the Operation,) and divide the reft

by xx, and there will remain %x

=
%xx =

"*"-'**

^-a"xx

o.

When

Re-

the

made, there will arife ^ay-\o, by help of which

of
either
the
or y out of the
exterminate
x
quantities
you may
prothen
from
and
the
refulting Equation, which will,
pos'd Equation,
duction

is

be Cubical, you
5.

From

this

extract the Value of the other.

Problem may be had the Solution of thefe

may

lowing.
In a given .Triangle, or in a Segment of any
I.
Reftangle.
ir.fcribe the greatejl

fol-

given Curve,

ft>

II. To draw the greatejl or the leafl right Line,

'which can lie:
between a given Point, and a Curve given in pofition.
Or, to draw.
a Perpendicular to a Curve from a given Point.
III. To draw the greatejl or the leajl right Lines, which

pajjin?.-

through a given Point, can lie bet-ween two others, either right Lines
or Curves.
IV. From a given Point within a Parabola, to draw a rivbt
Line, which Jhall cut the Parabola more obliquely than any other.
And to do the fame in other Curves.

V. To determine the Vertices of Curves, their greatejl or lealT

Breadths, the Points in which revolving parts cut each other, 6cc.
VI. To find the Points in Curves, where they hcrce the
great ejT
or leajl Curvature.
VII. To find the Icaft Angle in a given EHi/is, in which the.
Ordinates can cut their Diameters.
VIII..

The Method of

4.6

FLUXIONS,

that pafs through four given Points, to determine the greateft, or that which approaches neareft to a Circle.
IX. 70 determine fuch a part of a Spherical Superficies, which

Of EHipfes

VIII.

in its farther part, by Light coming from a

which
is
refracted by the nearer Hemijphere.
great dijlance, and
And many other Problems of a like nature may more eafily be
propofed than refolved, becaufe of the labour of Computation.

can be illuminated,

R O

B.

draw Tangents

To

Firft

IV.

Curves.

to

Manner.

be varioufly drawn, according to the various

And firft let BD be a right
Relations of Curves to right Lines.
Line, or Ordinate, in a given Angle to
another right Line AB, as a Bafe or Abat the Curve ED.
fcifs, and terminated
1.

Let

Ordinate

this

move through an

inde-

Space to the place bd, fo

be increafed by the Moment

finall

finitely

that

may

Tangents

may

it

AB

by the Moment
^ A
equal and parallel.
Let Da be produced till it meets with AB in T, and
touch the Curve in D or d ; and the Triangles dcD,
cd,

while

increafed

is

which DC

Bb, to

is

So that

fimilar.

TB

it is

BD

DC

(or

B)

this

Line will
will be

DBT

cd.

of BD to AB is exhibited by the
of
the Curve is determined
feek for
the
nature
which
Equation, by
Then
take
TB
to BD
of
the
Prob.
i.
the Relation
Fluxions, by
of
AB
the
Fluxion
to
of
the Fluxion
in the Ratio of
BD, and
will touch the Curve in the Point D.
Ex. i. Calling AB
x, and BD =jy, let their Relation be
3.
o.
And the Relation of the Fluxions will
ax* -h axy
x
_y
2. Since therefore the Relation

TD

-,

be 3xx-i

2ax
...

w* ~~

^yy* -+-

2axx-i-axy
-4-

f!X

and AB,
gent

==

TD

ay

ax

::

BD

ayx-=.
(;-)

or v and x, the length

is

BT

So that y
x
Therefore
BT.

o.

::

BT

^xx

DB

being given, and thence

will be given, by which the Tan-

Therefore the Point

determined.
4-

and INFINITE SERIES.

4.

But

this

47
Make

Method of Operation may be thusconcinnated.

the Terms of the propofed Equation equal to nothing multiply by

the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Ordinate, and put the
Then multiply the Terms of the fame
Refult in the Numerator
Equation by the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Abfcifs, and
the Produdl divided by the Abfcifs, in the Denominator of the
:

put
Value of BT.

Then
way

BT

take

but the contrary

towards A, if its Value be affirmative,

Value be negative.

if that
o

5.

Thus

the

Equation*

-f-

Numbers,

being multi-

axy

ply'd by the upper

13y*=o,
10

ax*

for the

gives axy

3_y

Numerator

and multiply 'd by the lower Numbers, and then divided by x, gives
1
zax -+- ay for the Denominator of the Value of BT.
3-x-

Thus

the Equation jy 3
o, (which
by*
cdy -f- bed -\-dxy
denotes a Parabola of the fecond kind, by help of which Des Cartes
6.

confirufted Equations of fix Dimenfions

fee his

7.

And

thus a 1

whofe Center

is

-x*

A,) gives
-

^X

=
,

o,

or

Geometry,

^--"fr+'^v

Amfterd. Ed. An. 1659.) by Infpeftion gives

42.
Qr

(which denotes an

p.

BT.

And

Ellipfis

fo in others.

And you may

take notice, that

it matters not of what

quantity
be.
the Angle of Ordination
may
9. But as this Rule does not extend to Equations afFefted by furd
Quantities, or to mechanical Curves ; in thefe Cafes we mufl have

8.

ABD

recourfe to the fundamental

10.

Ex.

2.

Let

A;

Method.
1

ay

xx

-+- j-

\/'ay -+-

xx

Equation exprefling the Relation between

AB and BD

the Relation of the Fluxions will be

3***

=0.

o be the

and by Prob. i.

::

(y

+
~

*"*"*

zayy

-f.
*/,.,,,

Therefore

T^Tp ^^
fay

it

will be <ixx

::)

BD

BT.

II.

48

Method of FLUXIONS,

TJoe

ED

ii. Ex. 3. Let

be the Conchoid of Nicomedes, defcribed with
the Pole G, the Afymptote AT, and the Diftance
and let
;

LD

lar

LD
And becaufe of fimic, AB=.v, andBD=;>.
BD
DM MG
Triangles DEL and DMG, it will be LB

'GA

: :

that

is,

=yx.
thus

v/'cc

b -+- y, and therefore b-\-y ^/cc

y
cc
Having got this Equation, I fuppofe
yy
fliall have two
bz
andzz
Equations
~\-yz =yx,
yy

==

yy
and
z,

cc

yy.

By the help of thefe I find the Fluxions of the Quantities x, y, and

From the firft arifes bz -+-yz -\- yz =y'x -+- xy,
z, by Prob. i.
and from the fecond 2zz
o.
Out of
2yy, or zz -j- yy

thefe if

-+ xy,
(y

we

exterminate z, there will

which being
::)

BD

But

BD
AL -f-

as

BT

will be

it

-^

arife

is

y,

-i-yz

=yx

therefore

BT=

BT

is,

!-

J_l

.3-

BL -; where the Sign

denotes, that the Point T mufl be taken contrary

iff

prefixt

refolved

BT.

That
to

(_J

to

the Point A.
12.

SCHOLIUM.

point of the

And hence it appears by the bye, how that

Conchoid may be found, which Separates the concave

from the convex

then v

x
the work, for
is

before,

part.

and

make

fubftitute
it

will

AT
AT

For when

Therefore

be that point.

be

-+-

^l!5
>

-f.

2K

is

and fmce

by -\- yv

-+-

Value
-

Fluxions v, y, and z being found by Prob.

i.

is

BT

Here

-+-

w hich
z

the lea ft poffible,

derived

v.

to

D
-

will

morten

from what

Whence

and fuppofing

the

^=0

and INFINITE SERIES.

)K
--Azy-4-zvy
--- ~-t-z
--=i;
+ iy-l-zyy
z
za
'

iy,

...

.,,

-3. there will anfe

bvProb.
J
J

jy

fubftituting in this

Laflly,

z and zz

values of

for z,

and

cc

had from what goes

are

49

o.

yy for zz, (which

before,)

and making a

o.
-2.be*
due Reduction, you will have y'- -+- ^by*
By the ConThen thro'
ftrudlion of which Equation y or AM, will be given.
of
fall
the
Point
to
it
will
AB,
drawing
parallel
upon

MD

contrary Flexure.
if the Curve be Mechanical whofe Tangent is to be
13.
of the Quantities are to be found, as in Examp.5.
Fluxions
the
drawn,
and
then
i.
the reft is to be perform'd as before.
of Prob.
and
Ex. 4. Let
be two Curves, which are cut in

Now

AD

AC

14.

the Points

BCD,

and

by the right Line

in a
to the Abfcifs

apply 'd
Let
given Angle.

-=

and

Preparat. to

AB

z.

Examp.

x,

Then
5.)

it

AB
BD

=
z = x
y,

(by Prob.

will be

i.

~T>

^ ^

B~

xBC.

Now

15.

AC

let

be a Circle, or any

mine the other Curve AD,

z is involved, as zz +- axz

known Curve

and

to deter-

any Equation be propofed, in which

let

Then by

2zz +- axz
And writing x x BC for z, it will be zxz x BC
-+- axz
4X7*.
Therefore 2z x BC -+- ax x BC -{-+- axx x BC H- axz
4)7'.
BD
BT. So that if the nature of the
x ::)
::
az
(y
4jy
Curve AC be given, the Ordinate BC, and the Area ACB or z ;
the Point T will be given, through which the Tangent DT will

pafs.
1 6.

AD

(y

Prob.

i.

After the fame manner, if

Curve

=_y 4

::)

be (3.3) 3^ x

'twill

BD

BT.

And

=
BC =
32

zy be the Equation to the

zy.

So that

3BC

::

fo in others.

Ex. 5. Let AB=,v, BD =y, as before, and let the length

17.
of any Curve AC be z. And drawing a Tangent to it, as Cl, 'twill
be Bt

::

z, or

x x C/

^-

Now

for determining the other Curve AD, whofe Tangent

to be drawn, let there be given any Equation in which z is in-

18.
is

Ct

volved, fuppofe

(y :
gent

DT

:}

BD

==)'.
:

BT.

may be drawn.

Then

it

will be

But the Point

z=y, fo that Ct
T being found, the

Bf

''

Tan19-

The Method
of
Thus fuppofmg xzsssyy,

19.

z writing

for

y->

fore

-I-

Ex

20.

f~-'

BD

: :

AC

xz

KZ

be

'twill

there will arife

27

Let

6.

FLUXIONS,

-f-

+ zx = zyj

^-^
O/

and

>,

ayy.
''

There-

known

Curve,

DT.

be a Circle,

or

other

any
whofe Tangent is Ct, and let AD be
any
other Curve whofe
Tangent DT is to be
drawn, and let it be defin'd by
afTuming
AB
to the Arch AC ; and
(CE, BD

being Ordinates to AB in a given Angle,)

let the Relation of BD to CE or
be

AE

exprels'd

by any Equation.
21. Therefore call AB or

= And
AC,
AE,
=
^=
Now
= Then = z

CE

is

it

and

C7

i>,

22.

as

are^to

and

let

BD

23.

BT.
Or

let

BD =y, AE=z,

x,

z.

any Equation be given to define the Curve AD,

and therefore Et
;
y
Ct :: (v
x "')
K
:

the Equation be
r~>T?
.

TT-

yz+vx,

Or

24.

::

(y

finally,

::)

BD

BT.

the Equation

let

= (3^ =)

zayy

BD

Ct

3*1;' x

and

it

will

be

y-.

And
Ct

and

plain that v, x, and z, the Fluxions of CE,

each other as CE,
Therefore *x
Ct, and Et.

.v

AC

t.

be ayy

So that

CE

therefore

31;*

v* y and

CE

it

-4-

Et

will be

2 ay x Ct

::

BT.

FC

be a Circle, which
25. Ex. 7. Let
be
a
and let
Curve, which is defined by affuming any Relation of the
to the Arch FC, which is
Ordinate

FD

is

touched by

CS

in

C;

DB

intercepted by

DA

Then

fall

letting

the Circle,

CF

/;

call

and

AE

is

AC

or

AF=i, AB

tz=(t^=)
tv = (/x
-^ =) z. Here I
and
.

v,

drawn to the Center.

CE, the Ordinate in

it

KB

will be

,S

^..

dirninifh'd while

EC

is

increafed.

put z negatively, becaufe

And

befides

AE

EC
AB

::
:

and INFINITE SERIES.

AB

vx

tx*

xv.

-f-

= Now

zy

vx,

xy.

26.

let

pofe

::

ty*

be defined by any Equation, from

may be

that

fo

y,

_x

yx

yx*

yy*

BD(;')

= xx+yy =

AT

x; and

yx

-f-

derived, to be fubftituted here.

Supfirft
to
the
and
i.
Prob.
(an Equation
Quadratrix,)
by

^=_y,
be

will

DF

the Curve

let

which the Value of

it

and thence by Prob. i. zy

Then exterminating v, z, and v, 'tis yx

fo that

BD,

51

:)

if
27. After the fame manner,
6r, and thence

AT= x~
/

//

is

Whence y

xy.

Therefore

ADa
^/.

it

z/

BT.

xx

x*

there will arife

ly,

And

BT

of others.

fo

be taken equal to the Arch FC, the

the fame names
Curve
being then the Spiral of Archimedes ;
of the Lines ftill remaining as were put
Becaufe of the right Angle
afore
'tis xx -{-yy=tf ) and therefore (by Prob. i.)

Ex.

28.

Now

8.

AD

if

ADH

ABD

xx +yy
DB CE,

Tis

//.

AD

alfo

AC

tv=y znd thence (by

Prob. i.) tv -4- vf =y. Laftly, the Fluxion
to the Fluxion of the
of the Arch FC
to AE, or as AD
as
Line
AC
CE,
right
:

fo that

is

to

that

AB,

ix

'tis

tv

fore

QP_
take

vf.

is,

thence

compleating the

(BD

AP

29.

BT
!

::

>

x,

and thence

xx -\-yy

now

Parallelogram

PD

And from

the Equations

Compare

-+-ix=y, and

::

hence

::)

(tt

found, and you will fee

=)

ABDQ^_,
:

^^
if

And there-

you make

that

is,

QD
if

you

will be perpendicular to the Spiral.

(I

imagine)

it

will

be fufficiently manifeft,

of all fcrts of Curves are to be

by what methods the Tangents
be
not
it
However
drawn.
foreign from the purpofe, if I alfo
may
be
fliew how the Problem may
perform'd, when the Curves are reSo that havfer'd to right Lines, after any other manner whatever
of feveral Methods, the eafieft and moil fimple may
ing the choice
:

always be ufed.

Second

The Method of

$2

FLUXIONS,

Second Manner.

be a point in the Curve, from which the Subtenfe

be anOrdinate in any given
is drawn to a
given Point G, and let
AB.
the
let the
to
Abfcifs
Angle
flow for an infinitely fmall fpace
Point
let Gk be
D^/ in the Curve, and in
taken equal to Gd, and let the Parallelogram dcBl> be compleated. Then Dk
and DC will be the contemporary Mo30. Let

DG

DB

Now

GD

---

ments of

GD

and BD, by which they

are diminifh'd while

~Dd be produced,

till it

meets with

the Subtenfe

let fall

Dcdk and

GD

DBTF will be

Now

transfer'd to d.

the right Line

to
T, and from the Point
the perpendicular TF, and then the
Trapezia
is

like;

AB

let

in

and therefore

BD

DB

DF

::

DC Dk.
:

GD

the Relation of
to
is exhibited
31. Since then
by the
find
the
Curve
the
for
of
Relation
the
;
determining
Fluxions,
Equation
in the Ratio of the Fluxion of
to
and take
to the
Fluxion of BD. Then from F raife the perpendicular FT, which
in T, and
being drawn will touch the
may meet with
muft be taken towards G, if it be affirmative,
Curve in D. But

GD

DB

FD

DT

AB

DT

and the contrary way

32. Ex. i. Call
ax 1 -f- axy
be x

if negative.

==

and

BD

o.

Then

+-

-f-

GD

x,

~,

will be

^xx
zax -h ay
~

.'

axy
.

and

From whence

alfo.

concourfe

::

ayx

(y

Then any

BD

axy

ax

^yy

and thence

y"=

2axx

GD
if

with the

=_>', and let their Relation

the Relation of the Fluxions

^yy:

Point

:)

DB

D in

Therefore

o.
:

DF.

^xx

So that

(y)
the Curve being given,

the Point F will be given

be raifed, from its
Perpendicular
Abfcifs AB, the Tangent
may be
or

y and

x,

the

FT

DT

drawn.

And
might
appears,
33
For having difpofed all the
as in the former Cafe.
that a Rule

be derived here, as well

Terms of the given
of the Ordinatejy,
the
one
Dimensions
on
fide,
multiply by
Equation
of
Numerator
a
Fraction.
Then multiply
in
the
refult
the
and place
of
Subtenfe
the
its Terms feverally by the Dimenfions
x, and dividing
the refult by that Subtenfe x, place the Quotient in the DenotoAnd take the fame Line
minator of the Value of DF.
Where
otherwile
the
if
it
be
wards
affirmative,
contrary way..

hence

it

DF

you

and IN FINITE SERIES,

you may obferve, that it
is from the Abfcifs AB, or

is

no matter how
if

it

be at

53

all diftant,

Angle of Ordination ABD.

be as before x*
34. Let the Equation

Point
nor what is the

far diftant the

ax*

J
axy
3
for the Numerator, and 3**
it
axy
3>'
gives immediately
of DF.
-+- ay for the Denominator of the Value
35. Let alfo a -+it

Sedtion,)

-x~y=o,
for the

gives

-f-

(which Equation

is

Conick

to a

for the

Numerator, and

2ax

Denomi-

fly

DF, which

nator of the Value of

And

therefore will be

thefe things will be

thus in the

Conchoid, (wherein
36.
perform'd more expeditioufly than before,) putting

=
GA
=

(5)

cb
is,

GD=x,

c,
:

GL

(x

<:).

BD=^,

will be

it

Therefore xy

cy

BD
=

<r=DF.

Therefore prolong

GD

DL

(;)
cb, or xy

This Equation according to the Rule gives

o.

and

GA

to F,

fo

^-^

(c)

::

cy

that

that

b,

DF

LG, and at F raife the perpendicular FT meeting the Alymptote

AB in T, and DT being drawn will touch the Conchoid.
or furd Quantities are found in the
37. But when compound
to the general Method,
mufl
recourfe
have
except you
Equation, you
fliould chufe rather to reduce the Equation.

38. Ex. 2. If the Equation

yy =zyx, were gven

the
;
(fee
foregoing Figure,
find the Relation of the Fluxions by Prob. i.
As fuppoiing
52.)
p.
will
z
have
the
bz
v/ff
)
-+- yz
yx, and
)')'
you
Equations

for the Relation

between

GD

xv/cr

and

BD

cc

yy=.zz, and

yx

-f-

yx,

thence the Relation of the Fluxions bz-\-yx

and
i

2yy=2Z,z.

And now

z,

and z being
exter-

T&e Method of

FLUXIONS,

exterminated, there will arife

Therefore y

^/cc

\/ cc

J2^

yy

'Jjl U

yy
.v

::

(y

,v

\x

BD

::)

(ji

xy.

DF.

Third Manner.

two Subtenfes

39. Moreover, if the Curve be refer'd to

BD, which being drawn from two

meet

given Points
the Curve: Conceive that Point

at

flow on through an infinitely

Space Del in the Curve ; and in
to

BD

Ak

take

Ad, and Bc

= AD

the Ratio

DF

therefore

BD

to

Moment D&

of the

Moment

and B, may

and
and

Bc/;

AD

Take

and

little

then kD and cD will be

contemporaneous Moments of the Lines
and

BD.

AD

in

/r

the

to

Ratio of the Fluxion of the Line

DC, (that is,
to the Fluxion of the
LineBD,) and draw BT, FT perpendicular to BD, AD,
meeting in T. Then the Trapezia DFTB and DM:
will be fimilar, and therefore the
will touch the
Diagonal
the

in

AD

DT

Curve.
40. Therefore from the Equation, by which the Relation is
defined between
and BD, find the Relation of the Fluxions by
Prob. i. and take
in the fame Ratio.
to

AD

FD

41.

Ex AMP.

AD

Suppofing

tion be

BD

andBD=;',

x,

let

their Rela-

o.
This Equation is to the Ellipfes of
y
the fecond Order, whofe Properties for Refracting of Light are fhewn
by Des Cartes, in the fecond Book of his Geometry. Then the
-f-

e
Relation of the Fluxions will be -

d ::(>:#
42.
e

And

_d

BD

::)

for

BD

: :

'Tis therefore e

DF.

the fame reafon

DF.

y ==o.

In the

if

Cafe take

firft

DF

o,

'twill

be

towards A, and

contrary-wife in the other cafe.

43. COROL.

comes

DF

i.

Hence

if

Conick Section,)

= DB.

DFT

angles
the Angle

And
and

FDB

the Tangent.

d-=.e,

(in

which

cafe

the Curve be-

be
therefore the Tri'twill

DBT
will

being equal,
be bifected by
v

-K

A
44.

and INFINITE SERIES.

55

And hence alfo thofe things will be manifeft of

44. COROL. 2.
themfelves, which are demonstrated, in a very prolix manner, by
Des Cartes concerning the Refraction of thcfe Curves. For as much
and DB, (which are in the given Ratio of d to e,) in refpect
as

DF

DTF

and DTB,
of the Radius DT, are the Sines of the Angles
that is, of the Ray of Incidence
upon the Surface of the Curve,
and of its Reflexion or Refraction DB. And there is a like reafon-

AD

of the Conick Sections, fuppofing

ing concerning the Refractions
or
B
be conceived to be at an infinite
of
the
Points
that either

diftance.

of the
45. It would be eafy to modify this Rule in the manner
Curves
of
it
when
and
more
alfo
to
As
Examples
foregoing,
give
are refer'd to Right lines after any other manner, and cannot commodioufly be reduced to the foregoing, it will be very eafy to find
out other Methods in imitation of thefe, as occafion mall require.
:

Fourth Manner.

As

46.

if the right

Line

B, and one of its Points

Point C fhould be the
interfection of the right
Line BCD, with another
right

Line

pofition.
lation of

AC

BCD

mould revolve about a given Point

mould defcribe a Curve, and another

given in

Then the Re-

BC

and

BD be-

ing exprefs'd by any Equation ; draw BF parallel to

meet DF, perpendicular

perpendicular to DF; and take FT

AC,

fo as to

erect

FT

BC,

that the Fluxion of

BD

to

BD,

in F.

Alfo

fame Ratio to
has to the Fluxion of BC.
Then DT
in the

being drawn will touch the Curve.

Fifth Manner.

A
AC

47. But if the Point

being given, the Equation ihould exprefs
the Relation between
and
} draw
parallel to DF, and
in the fame Ratio to BG, that the Fluxion of
take
has to

BD

CG

FT

BD

the Fluxion of AC.

Sixth Manner.

Or

AC

again, if the Equation exprefles the Relation between

let
and
meet in
and take
in the fune
;
Ratio to BG, that the Fluxion of
has to the Fluxion of AC.
A. id

48.

and

CD;

AC

FT

HT

CD

the like in others.

Seventh

Method of FLUXION

*fhe

Manner

Seventh

The Problem

For

Spirals.

not otherwise perform'd, when the Curves

49.
are refer'd, not to right Lines, but to other Curve-lines, as is ufiial
in Mechanick Curves.
Let BG be the Circumference of a Circle,
in whole Semidiameter AG, while it revolves
be conabout the Center A, let the Point
is

ceived to

move any how,

ADE.

fo as to defcribe the

And

fuppofe ~Dd to be an inof

the Curve thro' which
finitely
part
take Ac
flows, and in
Ad, then
cD and Gg will be contemporaneous Moments
of the right Line
and of the Periphery
BG. Therefore draw Af parallel to cd, that
is, perpendicular to AD, and let the Tangent
meet it in
cd
then it will be cD
;
AT. Alfo let Gt be parallel to the Tangent DT, and it
will be cd
At.
::)
Gg :: (Ad or
Therefore
50.
any Equation being propofed, by which the Relation is exprefs'd between BG and
find the Relation of their
;
in
the
fame
Fluxions by Prob. i. and takeAi?
Ratio to AD: And then
Gt will be parallel to the Tangent.
let their Relation be
x, and
51. Ex. i. Calling EG
5
A: 3
ax 1 -f- axy
and
i.
Prob.
zax-\- ay : 3^*
o,
by
3^*
jy

Spiral

little

AD

AD

DT
AD

: :

AD

AG

AT

AD

==

ax

: :

Gt, and

(y

DT

:)

AD

to
parallel

52. Ex. 2. If

'tis

AD=^,

At.

The

which

it,

y =y>

Point

being thus found, draw

will touch the Curve.

(which

is

the Equation to the Spiral

:
of Archimedes,} 'twill be j
y, and therefore a : b
(y : x : :)
be produced to P,
At.
Wherefore by the way, if
be
be
AB :: a : b y PD will
that it may
perpendicular to
the Curve.

AD

TA

AP

53.

A.

Ex.

And

3.

If

xx

AD

then 2XX
b ::
by, and 2x
be
to
drawn
eafily
may
any Spirals what-

by,

thus Tangents

ever.

Eighth

and INFINITE SERIES.

57

Eighth Manner : For Quad ratr ices.

CA. Now if the Curve be fuch, that any Line AGD, being drawn
from the Center A, may meet the Circular Arch inG, and the Curve in
D; and if the Relation between the
Arch BG, and the right Line DH,
which is an Ordinate to the Bafe

AH

in a given Angle,
be determin'd by any Equation
to
whatever Conceive the Point
infinitean
move in the Curve for

or Abfcifs

to d,
ly {mail Interval

dhHk

rallelogram
ed,

=ArchADBG
produce

and the Pa-

Jf

being compleat-

Ad

to

c,

fo

that

and D/' will be contemporaneous Moments of

and of the Ordinate DH. Now produce Dd ftrait
the
on to T, where it may meet with AB, and from thence let fall
Then the Trapezia Dkdc and DHTF
the Perpendicular TF on DcF.
therefore
and
D/fc
DF. And befides
DC ::
will be fimilar;
if Gf be raifed perpendicular to AG, and meets AF in f; becaufe
of the Parallels DF and Gf, it will be DC Gg :: DF Gf. There-

Ac

then

Gg

DH

fore ex aquo,

'tis

G^

: :

DH

DH

Gf, that

as the

is,

Moments

or

and BG.
Fluxions of the Lines
the Equation which exprefies the Relation of
55. Therefore by
BG to DH, find the Relation of the Fluxions (by Prob. i.) and inDraw
that Ratio take Gf, the Tangent of the Circle BG, to DH.

DF

parallel
creel the

which may meet A/* produced

to Gf,

And

F.

in

at

perpendicular FT, meeting AB in T; and the right

being drawn, will touch the Quadratrix.
i. Making
Ex.
x, and DH=;', let it be xx
fy;
56.
b
::
Therefore
x
2.x
:
then (by Prob. i.)2xx
(y
by.
::)
and the Pointy being found, the reft will be determin'd as above.

DT

Line

EG

DH

GJ;
But perhaps this Rule may be thus made fomething neater
Make x :y :: AB AL. Then AL AD ::
AT, and then
the
For
Curve.
touch
becaufe
of
DT will
equal Triangles AFD and
AT x DH, and therefore AT AD (DF or
ATD, 'tis AD x
:

AD

DF=

JB

x
57.

Gf

DH

Ex.2. Let

or 1 G/::)

AD

f-

AG

or)

AL.

x=y, (which the Equation to the Quadratrix

#=v. Therefore AB AD AD AT.
is

of the Ancients,) then

::

8.

*fhe

58
58.
3;-*

Ex.

zax

3.

Let

(x

Method

axx=y*,
:

:)

^FLUXIONS,

then

zaxx=sMy*.

AB AL. Then AL AD
:

: :

Therefore make

AD

AT.

And

thus you may determine

expeditioufly the Tangents of any other
howfoever
Quadratrices,
compounded.

Ninth Manner.

ABF be any given Curve, which

Line
and
Bt
a part BD of
;
right
the right Line BC, (being an Or59. Laftly, if

is

touch'd by the

dinate in any given Angle to the

Abfcifs AC,) intercepted between

and another Curve DE, has a

Relation to the portion of the
Curve AB, which is exprefs'd by
any Equation: You may draw a
this

Tangent DT to the other Curve,

by taking (in the Tangent of this
Curve,) BT in the fame Ratio to
BD, as the Fluxion of the Curve
right Line
60. Ex.

therefore

^
AB

<f-

hath to the Fluxion of the

BD.
i.

ax

Calling

zyy.

6j. Ex.2. Let

be a Circle,) then

AB ==x, and BD =y-

Then a

zy

(y

:)

BD

be ax==yy, and
:

BT.

(the Equation to the Trochoid, if

^#==7,

fX=y

let it

and a

::

BD

ABF

BT.

62. And with the fame eafe may Tangents be drawn, when the
Relation of
to AC, or toBC, is exprefs'd by any Equation; or
when the Curves are refer 'd to right Lines, or to any other Curves,
after any other manner whatever.

BD

63. There are alfo many other Problems, whofe Solutions are
to be derived from the fame Principles ; fuch as thefe
following.
I. To find a Point
of a Curve, where the Tangent is parallel to the
or to any other
Abfcife,
right Line given in pofition ; or is perpendicular
to it, or inclined to it in
any given

Angle.

To find the Point where the Tangent is moft or leajl inclined to

the Abfcifs, or to any other right Line given in
That is, to find
'pofition.
the confine of contrary Flexure.
Of this I have already given a Specimen, in the Conchoid.
III. From any given Point without the Perimeter
of a Curve, to
draw a right Line, which with the Perimeter may make an Angle of
II.

Contact.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

59

that is, from

Contaft, or a right Angle, or any other given Angle,
or
to
draw
or
a given Point,
right Lines
'Tangents,
Perpendiculars^
that Jhall have any other Inclination to a Curve-line.
IV. From any given Point within a Parabola, to draw a right
Line, which may make with the Perimeter the greateji or leaft Angle
And Jb of all Curves whatever.
poj/ible.
V. To draw a right Line which may touch two Curves given in
or the fame Curve in two Points, when that can be done.
pojition,

VI. To draw any Curve with given Conditions, which may touch
another Curve given in pojition, in a given Point.
VII. To determine the RefraSlion of any Ray of Light, that falls
upon any Curve Superficies.
The Refolution of thefe, or of any other the like Problems, will
not be fo difficult, abating the tedioufnefs of Computation, as that
And I imagine if
there is any occalion to dwell upon them here
have mention 'd
to
Geometricians
more
to
be
barely
may
agreeable
:

them.
;

P
At any given

R O

B.

V.

Point of a given Curve^

Quantity of Curvature.

to

find the

There are few Problems concerning Curves more elegant than

c
that give a greater Infight into their nature.
In order to its
or
this,
Refolution, I mufl: premife thefe following general Confederations.
2. L The fame Circle has every where trie fame Curvature, and
1.

it is
reciprocally proportional to their Diameters.
If the Diameter of any Circle is as little again as the Diameter of
If
another, the Curvature of its Periphery will be as great again.
be
of
the
will
be
the
one-third
Curvature
thrice
the Diameter
other,

in different Circles

as

much, &c.
3.

II.

If a Circle touches

any Curve on

its

concave

fide,

in

any

be of fuch magnitude, that no other tangent

be
interleribed
in the Angles of Contact near that Point ;
can
Circle
that Circle will be of the lame Curvature as the Curve is of, in that
given Point, and

if

it

For the Circle that conies between the Curve

Point of Contact.
and another Circle at the Point of Contact, varies lefs from the
Curve, and makes a nearer approach to its Curvature, than that
other Circle does.

And

therefore that Circle approaches nea'-eil to its

I 2
Curvature,

60

*fbe

Method of FLUXIONS,

which and the Curve no other

Curvature, between

Circle can

in-

tervene.
4. III.

Curve,
dius

is

or

Therefore the Center of Curvature to any Point of a

the Center of a Circle equally curved.
And thus the Raof
the Perpendicular
Semidiameter of Curvature is part

to the Curve,

which

is terminated at that Center.

the
5.
proportion of Curvature at different Points will
be known from the proportion of Curvature of aequi-curve Circles,
or from the reciprocal proportion of the Radii of Curvature.
6. Therefore the Problem is reduced to this, that the Radius, or

IV.

And

Center of Curvature

may

be found.

the Curve
7. Imagine therefore that at three Points of
Peipendkulars are drawn, of which thofe that are

D and ^ meet in H, and thofe that are at D

and d meet in h And the Point D being in the

<f ,

D, and

d,

at

middle,
Curyity at the part Dj^
But
than at DJ, then
will be lefs than db.
are
and
how
much
the
dh
/H
by
Perpendiculars
nearer the intermediate Perpendicular, fo much the
lefs will the diftance be of the Points
and h :
And at laft when the Perpendiculars meet, thofe
Points will coincide. Let them coincide in the Point
C, then will C be the Center of Curvature, at the
if there is a
greater

DH

of the Curve, on which the Perpendiculars ftand ; which is manifeft of itfelf.

8. But there are feveral Symptoms or Properties of this Point C',
which may be of ufe to its determination.
9. I. That it is the Concourfe of Perpendiculars that are on each
lide at an infinitely little diftance from DC.
10. II. That the Interfeftions of Perpendiculars, at any little finite
diftance on each fide, are feparated and divided by it ; fo that thofe
which are on the more curved fide D,f fooner meet at H, and thofe
which are on the other iefs curved fide -Dd meet more remotely
Point

at h.

DC

be conceived to move, while it infifts perpendicularly on the Curve, that point of it C, (if you except the motion
of approaching to or receding from the Point of Influence C,) will
be leaft moved, but will be as it were the Center of Motion.
12. IV. If a Circle be defcribed with the Center C, and the diftance DC, no other Circle can be defcribed, that can lie between
11. III. If

at the Contact.

and INFINITE SERIES.

n. V.

61

the Center II or b of any other touching Circle

degrees to C the Center of this, till at la it it coif

Laftly,

approaches by

then any of the points in which that Circle mall

with the point of Contact D.
cut the Curve,
of
each
thefe
Properties may fupply the means of folving
14. And
But we fliall here make choice of the
the Problem different ways
incides with

'it

will coincide

being the moit fimple.

At
any Point D of the Curve let DT be a Tangent, DC a
15.
and C the Center of Curvature, as before. And let
Perpendicular,
AB be the Abfcifs, to which let DB be apply 'd at right Angles,
and which DC meets in P. Draw
DG parallel to AB, and CG perin which take
pendicular to it,
Cg of any given Magnitude, and
draw gb perpendicular to it, which
as

firlt,

meets

DC

Cg gf
:

: :

in

Then

<T.

(TB BD
:

it

will

be

the Fluxion
:)

of the Ablcifs, to the Fluxion of

Likewife imagine
the Ordinate.
to move in the Curve
the Point
an infinitely little diftance Dd, and

drawing de perpendicular to DG, and Cd perpendicular to the Curve,

let Cd meet DG in F, and $g in/
Then will De be the Momentum of the Abfcifs, de the Momentum of the Ordinate, and J/ the
contemporaneous Momentum of the right Line g. Therefore DF

-De^.^t

Having therefore the Ratio's of thefe Moments, or,

which is the fame thing, of their generating Fluxions, you will have
the Ratio of CG to the given Line C^, (which is the fame as that of
DF to Sf,) and thence the Point C will be determined.
z
16. Therefore let AB
x, BD =y, Cgi, and g
.

'

LJC

then

it

will

be

y, or

mentum

S-f of z be zxo,
(that
of
an
and
infinitely fmall Quantity

Dt'==xxo, de=yx.o, and

'tisQ-(r)
xx

CG

::

(Jf

DF

::)

o,}

zo

r-

Now

let

the

Mo-

the Product of the Velocity

and therefore the Momenta

is,

thence

DF
:

xo

.\o

-f-

+^

Therefore

That

is,

CG=

\y

7-

7%e Method of FLUXIONS,

And whereas we are at liberty to afcribe whatever

62

Velocity
of the Abfcifs x, (to which, as to an
Fluxion
the
pleafe
the reft may be referr'd j) make x
i, and
equable Fluxion,
z
-^. '} and
And thence
then J
z,' and
y
17.

we

to

CG

'-^

DG

any Equation being propofed, in which the Relation of BD to AB is exprefs'd for denning the Curve ; firft find
the Relation betwixt x and y t by Prob. r. and at the fame time fubThen from the Equation that arifes,
ftitute i for ,v, and z for y.
18. Therefore

by the fame Prob.

between

find the Relation

i.

and z, and

#, y,

at

for x, and z for y, as before.

And thus
the
will
obtain
Value
former
of
z, and by
operation you
by the
the latter you will have the Value of z ; which being obtain'd, pro-

the fame time fubftitute

duce

may

DB

make
19.

Ex.

TM-T

DH==

a,

DC in C
D of the

PT

is

o,

DP

=;o

there will arife (by Prob.

for x,

and z

for

zb

hence again there arifes

wrote for ,v and y.) By the

2zz
firft

2zy

we have

^^

Therefore any Point

a +. zbx

i.)

in the
refulting Equation,

which otherwife would have been ax -+ 2&xx

latter

AB, and meet-

parallel to

1
the Equation ax^-hx*
y
being proan Equation to the Hyperbola whofe Latus redtum

(writing

it

and Tranfverfum 2

2zy

that

then will C be the Center of CurOr fince it is i -|- r.y. -7

Curve.

Tk/->

or

'

HC

of the Curve,

Thus

i.

pofed, (which
is

and draw

ing the Perpendicular

vature at the Point

PT

the concave part

H, towards

to

DH =

be

=
z
z=
L^L
zyy

o, (i

and

;)

and

being again

an( j

by tne

D of the Curve being given,

and confequently xand y, from thence z and z will be given, which

7
GC or DH, and draw HC.
being known, make
Z

20.

As

if

definitely

you make

3,

b=i,

and

be the condition of the

Hyperbola.

xx=yy may
aliume x=i, ^11^

2,

z=, z=

li being found, raife the Perpendicular

HC

T T , and

fo that

And

3#-fif

DH=

you
gL.

meeting the Perpendicular

and IN FINITE SERIES.

DC

cular

HC

::

before

drawn

(i

::)

63

or, which is the fame thing, make HD

Then draw DC the Radius of Curva:

ture.

When you think the

21.

may

z and z

fabfHtute the indefinite Values of

Thus

CG.

be too perplex, you

will not

Computation

into

the

Example, by a due Reduction

Yet the Value of DH by
-jyou will have
Calculation conies out negative, as may be feen in the numeral Exmufl be taken towards B
ample. But this only fhews, that
for if it had come out affirmative, it ought to have been drawn the
Value of

DH

in the
prefent
4

=y

'

r*

DH

contrary way.
22. COROL.

changed, that
Ellipfis,)

--

thence

o,

let

be

may

the Sign prefixt to the Symbol -\-b be

-bxx
yy=zo, (an Equation to the

ax

DH=;--f- ilLll^:
fuppofing b=. o, that the

then

23. But

yy

Hence
it

may become ax

Equation
(an Equation to the Parabola,) then

DG

DH

\a

24. From
that the Radius

-f-

and

2X.

-f-

thefe feveral Exprefilons

may

it

eafily

be concluded,

Conick Seftion

of Curvature of any

is

always

aa
2. If
xy- be propofed, (which is the Equa25. Ex.
l
tion to the CiiToid of Diodes,") by Prob. i. it will be firft T> x =.2azy
2xzz
6x
zxzy
2azy-+-2azz -2zy
y-t and then

x*=ay*

zxzy
2Z\
J So
:

that

z=

-3*x

-4- yy

z=

3-^. and
2.vy'

zay

a%z

T.X

^ 2cv+ *~~
-4-

ay

n-.!

There-

xj

thence .v and
any Point of the Ciflbid being given, and
there will be given alfo & and z, ; which being known, make

fore

26. Ex.

= CG.

3.

If b-jf-y^/cc

yy

=.vy

were given, (which

make \/cc
Equation to the Conchoid, inpag.48;)
there will arife

hi) -+-

yv

Now

xy.

Prob. i.)
vv,)
will
latter
and the
give l>v -+-yv
will give (by

2yz

zv

v and z

Equations rightly difpofed

may alfo be found; out of the
i>,

by

fubilituting

y,

laft

the

=y

firft

is

the

y\=zv, and

of thele, (cc

for

_vv
v

2vv, (writing
;)
thefe
And
from
xz.
-{-

will be determined.

But

that

Equation exterminate the Fluxion

and there will

arife

-I- ~"^

Method of FLUXIONS,

y -f- xz, an Equation that comprehends the flowing Quantities,

without any of their Fluxions, as the Refolution of the firft Problem requires.
Hence therefore by Prob. i. we mall have

^2*

Ijzv

byz

2)zs

"\vzv

)?

+-

This Equation being reduced, and difpofed

zz
But when z and z are known, make +
'

27. If

by Prob.
2

divided the

in order,

2Z +- XZ.

will give z.

CG.

Equation but one by z,

laft

we mould have had

which would have been

^,

we had

ZV

-f-

-f-

---

then
-i;

-f.

more fimple Equation than the

former, for determining z.

28. I have given this
Example, that it may appear, how the operation is to be
perform'd in furd Equations: But the Curvature of
the Conchoid may be thus found a fhorter
of the
The

Equation b -\-y ^/cc

there arifes

v\'

*"

-f.

way.

parts

xy being fquared, and divided by yy,

x*, and thence by Prob. i.
2by
y*

or

And
the

hence again
by
J Prob.
*^

i.

^^
y4

-f-

~
y/9

...

1
z,

zz

By

determined, and z by the latter.

be a Trochoid [or Cycloid] belonging to
4. Let
the Circle ALE, whofe Diameter is
and making the Ordinate
j
BD to cut the
firft

refult

is

ADF

29. Ex.

AE

Circle

in

L,

AB=x, BD
and the Arch
AL=/, and
the Fluxion of
the fame Arch

firfl

the

/.

And

(drawing
Semidia-

meterPL,)the
Fluxion ofthe
Bafe or Abfcifs

AB

will be to the

Fluxion of the Arch AL,

as

BL
to

and INFINITE SERIES.

to

PL

that

or

is, A*

: :

from the nature of the Circle ax

Prob.

i.

2X

2-yy, or

And

~a.

-~~*

xx

65

therefore

-y-y,

and therefore by

v.

LD= Arch

nature of the Trochoid, 'tis

30. Moreover from the
And thence (by Prob. i
AL, and therefore -y

-M =y.

of the Fluxions
Laftly, inftead
tuted,

rived

and there

-f-

*ut/

v and

/ let

will arife

*v

-^ =z.
z.

And

Then

/.

v -h / =z.

be lubfti-

their Values

Whence

(by Prob.

thefe being found,

i.)

is

de-

make
z,

and raife the perpendicular HC.

i. Now it follows from hence, that
COR.
2BL, and
31.
CH 2BE, or that EF bifeds the radius of Curvature CO in N.
And this will appear by fubftituting the values of z and z now

==

DH,

DH

'

found, in the Equation

the

**= DH,

and by a proper reduction of

refult.

32. COR, 2.

Hence the Curve FCK,

defcribed indefinitely

by the

another Trochoid equal to this,

ADF,
whofe Vertices at I and F adjoin to the Cufpids of this. For let
the Circle FA, equal and alike pofited to ALE, be defcribed, and

Center of Curvature of

C/3 be

let

drawn

FA =
The

parallel

is

to

EF, meeting the

(Arch EL= NF =) CA.

Circle in

Then

Arch
right Line CD, which is at right Angles to the
33. COR. 3.
Trochoid IAF, will touch the Trochoid IKF in the point C.
in verted Trochoids,) if at
theCufpid K
34. COR. 4. Hence (in the
be
a
a
Thread
the
at the diof
Weight
hung by
upper Trochoid,
the
while
ilance KA or 2EA, and
Weight vibrates, the Thread be
to apply itfelf to the parts of the Trcchoid KF and KI,
fuppos'd
which refift it on each fide, that it may not be extended into a
right Line, but compel it (as it departs from the Perpendicular) to
will

be by degrees inflected above, into the Figure of the Trochoid,

while the lower part CD, from the loweft Point of Contact, ftill
remains a right Line The Weight will move in the Perimeter of
the lower Trochoid, becaufe the Thread CD will always be perpen:

dicular to

it.

35. COR.

5.

Therefore the whole Length of the Thread

equal to the Perimeter of the Trochoid

equal to the part of the Perimeter CF.

KCF, and

its

part

KA

is

CD

is

36.

The Method of

66

FLUXIONS,

COR. 6. Since the Thread by its ofcillating Motion revolves

moveable Point C, as a Center ; the Superficies through
the
about
which the whole Line
continually pafles, will be to the Superabove the right Line IF pafles at
ficies through
whichjthe part
Therefore the
the fame time, as CD* to CN*, that is, as 4 to i.
and
the
Area
Area
of
the
is a fourth
Area
;
part
36.

CD

CN

CFD

CFN

KCNE

of the Area AKCD.

fubtenfe EL is equal and parallel to
37. COR. 7. Alfo fince the
CN, and is converted about the immoveable Center E, juft as
moves about the moveable Center C ; the Superficies will be equal
through which they pafs in the fame time, that is, the Area CFN,
and the Segment of the Circle EL. And thence the Area
will
will be the triple of that Segment, and the whole area
be the triple of the Semicircle.
arrives at the point F, the
38. COR. 8. When the Weight
whole Thread will be wound about the Perimeter of the Trochoid
KCF, and the Radius of Curvature will there be nothing. Wherefore the Trochoid IAF is more curved, at its Cufpid F, than any
Circle ; and makes an Angle of Contact, with the Tangent /3F produa right Line.
ced, infinitely greater than a Circle can make with
that
are
of
Contact
are
there
But
infinitely greater
Angles
39.
than Trochoidal ones, and others infinitely greater than thefe, and
fo on in infinitum ; and yet the greateft of them all are infinitely
3
Thus xx
lefs than right-lined Angles.
y, x* ==ry 5 ,
ay, x
&cc. denote a Series of Curves, of which every fucceeding
x*
is

a fourth part

CN

NFD

EADF

dy+,

one makes an Angle of Contact with its Abfciis, which is infinitely

And the
the preceding can make with the fame Abfcifs.
greater than
firft xx=ay makes, is of the fame kind
Angle of Contact which the
which the fecond x*-=by z makes, is of
that
and
Circular
with
ones;
And tho' the Angles of the fucceedthe fame kind with Trochoidals.
in Curves do always infinitely exceed the Angles of the preceding, yet
of a right-lined Angle.
they can never arrive at the magnitude
1
x
fame
manner
the
After
==y, xx=ay, x*=l> y, x4
c*y,
40.
&c. denote a Series of Lines, of which the Angles of the fubfequents,

their Abfcifs's at the Vertices, are always infinitely lefs

than the Angles of the preceding. Moreover, between the Angles
of Contact of any two of thefe kinds, other Angles of Contact may
be found ad infwitum, that mall infinitely exceed each other.
that Angles of Contact of one kind are in41. Now it appears,
of another kind ; fince a Curve of one
than
thofe
finitely greater
it
may be, cannot, at the Point of Contact,
kind, however great
he
I

made with

and INFINITE SERIES.

67

between the Tangent and a Curve of another kind, however fmall

Or an Angle of Contacl of one kind cannot
that Curve may be.
an Angle of Contact of another kind, as the whole
necefTarily contain
Thus the Angle of Contaft of the Curve x*
contains a part.
cy*,
or the Angle which it makes with its Abfcifs, neceflarfly includes the
i
and can never be contain'd
Angle of Contacl of the Curve x~'
that
it.
For
can
exceed
each other are of the
by
Angles
mutually
fame kind, as it happens with the aforefaid Angles of the Trochoid,
and of this Curve x>
by*.
And
hence
it
42.
appears, that Curves, in fome Points, may be
more
infinitely
ftraight, or infinitely more curved, than any Circle, and
on
that
But all
account, lofe the form of Curve-lines.
yet not,
lie

=^y

by the way only.

43. Ex. 5. Let ED be the Quadratrix
from Center A; and letting fall DB
this

AE, make AB
and AE
Then
i.

perpendicular to

BD =y,
be yx

Then

=xy,

yx*

yy*

i for
x, and z for
l
becomes
zx
Equation
zy
y ; and thence, by Prob.

zx*

again writing

&

But z and

for y,

make

being found,

zx
zzyy

and z

for

i.

zzxx

zx

-f-

x,

'twill

y, the

zx*

the Circle, defcribed

as before.

writing

zy*

to

'

Then
arifes z

there

reducing, and

xxxjy

J, **

DH,

and draw

HC

as

above.

44. If you defire a Conftrudtion of the Problem, you will find it

Thus draw
in P,
very mort.
perpendicular to DT, meeting

and make

and zy
into
"PT*
r 1

aAP

AE

g.

zy-\-x-=.

::

+x=

AP=2.

AB

it is

TATI a

i-4-zz

.
1

-j:

nrfr

T3T
r 1

**
U
r
BlJq
:= i-{- rrTT
=-T-:T " and tnereiore
Bl?
BI?
DH CH==^^.
BT BD
Laftly,
2-

it

is

the negative Value only

as

AP, and -_^_..

Moreover

,)

= DH.

=r

BTy

f.

BT

way

For *

CH.

into
x

T> P\

/i

AT

-BP; and;ey

z
-

AE

DP
PT

from

::

mews,

that

CH

Here

mufl be taken the fame

DH.

other
45. In the fame manner the Curvature of Spirals, or of any
Curves whatever, may be determined by a very mort Calculation.
2
46.

7&e Method of

68

FLUXIONS,

to determine the Curvature without any pre46. Furthermore,

vious reduction, when the Curves are refer'd to right Lines in any
other manner, this Method might have been apply'd, as has beer*
done already for drawing Tangents. But as all Geometrical Curves,
as alfo Mechanical, (efpecially when the defining conditions are reduced to infinite Equations, as I mail mew hereafter,) may be refer'd to rectangular Ordinates, I think I have done enough in this
matter.
He that defires more, may eafily fupply it by his own inilluflration I mall add the Method
duftry ; efpecially if for a farther
for Spirals.

BK

be a Circle,
47. Let
its Circumference.
Let

its

Center, and

a given Point in

ADd

be a

DC

Spiral,

and

dicular,

its

Perpen-

the Center of
the Point D.

Curvature at

Then drawing the right Line

ADK,

and

equal to

CG

AK,

pendicular

parallel and
as alfo the Per-

GF

meeting

inF: Make AB

AK

or

CD

i=CG, BK=#, AD==y,

and

GF

Then conD to move in

z.

the Spiral for an infinitely little Spree

and then through rfdraw the Semidiameter A/, and Cg parallel
to gC, fo that G/ cuts gf
equal to it, draw gf perpendicular
to <p, fo that
in P; produce
and
/, and draw

ceive the Point

Drf',

and

in/

GF

GF

de perpendicular to

AK,

G p=
CD
<

and produce

it till it

meets

and

Then
De

at I.

be Kk,

Moments of BK, AD,

and Fa, which therefore may be call'd xo, yo, and zo.
Ae (AD) :: kK Je=yo, where I
48. Now it is AK
x=i, as above. Alfo CG GF :: de eD oyz, and

the contemporaneous

G<p, will

aflurne

=
dD
CF
dD =
= LDAd,
=(=Z-GG?)
ADJ,
CP

there-

CF
de
Befides CG
oy x
y
becaufe
x
d\
Z_PC<p
CF?. Moreover,
oy
the Triangles
L.
- eSQ -f- Red.)
LCdl
and /.CPp
::
thence
and
AD Dd
(CF)
CP<p and AD</ are fimilar,
take F<p and there will remain PF
From
whence
o x
CFq.
fore

=
(=
=
= oxCF^
yz

: :

for

CFa,

dl

::

'twill

ex z.

PF

P<p

'tis

: :

Laftly, letting

CG eH or DH
:

be

DH

ya!g

fall

CH

LlHf
CFyx

Here

perpendicular

Or
it

to

fubftituting

may

AD

i+zz

be obferved,
that

and IN FINITE SERIES.

69

and
that in this kind of Computations, I take thofe Quantities (AD
from
little
differs
but
the Ratio of which
infinitely
Ae) for equal,
of
Ratio
the
Equality.
from hence arifes the following Rule. The Relation
49.
exhibited
of x and
any Equation, find the Relation of

Now

by
y being
and fubftitute i for x, and yz
x
and
Prob.
the Fluxions
i.)
y, (by
Then from the refulting Equation find again, (by Prob. i.)
for y.

the Relation between x, y, and z, and again fubftitute i for x.

The firft refult by due reduction will give y and z, and the latter

will eive

which being known, make

-f-

Z.X.Z.

= DH,

and

raife

DC

the Perpendicular HC, meeting the Perpendicular to the Spiral

Or
before drawn in C, and C will be the Center of Curvature.
:: z
and
:
i,
which comes to the fame thing, take

HD

CH

draw CD.
the Equation be ax=y, (which will belong to
50. Ex. i. If
or (writing i
the Spiral at Archimedes,) then (by Prob. i.)
y

ax=y

and yz for_y,) ^ =yz. And hence again (by Prob i.) o

Point D of the Spiral being given,, and
yz+y'z. Wherefore any
or y, there will be given z
and
thence the length
,
for x,

AD

3-

H-iz

Which

or)

DA

::
(y)
hence you will
:

make i-t-zz-z
z :: DH
CH.

known,

being

DH.

z=

And

deduce the following Conftrucftion.

AB
that
fo
Arch BK :: Arch BK
to
AB
Produce
Q,
BC^,
:: a
AB
HC.
and make
-+- AQ^: AQj:
1
2. If ax =_)" be the Equation that determines the Re51. Ex.
lation between BK and AD; (by Prob. i.) you will have 2axx=.

And

eafily

DA

or

3Jy,-*,

therefore

i-\-zz

2ax= 3y.

= ^7

DH

Thence again 2a'x= ^zy -+- gsiyy*. 'Tis

' a~ 9 ~ z
and z
Thefe being known, make
s

'-

DA DH.

i-t-zz

to a better form,

make gxx

-f-

10

gxx

Or, the
-f-

::

work being reduced

DA

DH.

Ex. 3. After the lame manner, if ax*

determines
bxy=yi
52.
~
to
there will arife I"*
and
the Relation of
;
z,,

AD

BK

g
.

*~

9 *'-

*7~^;~
Point C,

is

'

bxy

g.

From which

DH/

-f- $)*.

and thence

the.

determined as before.
5qi-

I'he

yo

Method of FLUXIONS,

thus you will eafily determine the Curvature of any53. And

other Spirals ; or invent Rules for any other kinds of Curves, in
imitation of thefe already given.
4. And now I have finim'd the Problem ; but having made ufe

Method which

of a

is

pretty different

from the common ways of

of the number of thofe

operation,
which are not very frequent among Geometricians : For the illuflration and confirmation of the Solution here given, I mall not think

and

Problem

the

as

itfelf is

much

to give a hint of another, which is more obvious, and has a

nearer relation to the ufual Methods of drawing Tangents.
Thus if

from any Center, and with any Radius, a

be defcribed, which may cut any Curve in

Circle be conceived to
feveral Points

if that

Circle be fuppos'd to be contracted, or enlarged, till two of the

And
Points of interfeclion coincide, it will there touch the Curve.
to
towards, or recede
befides, if its Center be

approach
fuppos'd
from, the Point of Contadt, till the third Point of interfedtion fhall
meet with the former in the Point of Contadt ; then will that Circle
be cequicurved with the Curve in that Point of Contadt In like manner as I infmuated before, in the laft of the five Properties of the
Center of Curvature, by the help of each of which I affirm'd the
Problem might be folved in a different manner.
a Circle be
55. Therefore with Center C, and Radius CD, let
:

defcribed, that cuts the Curve

in the Points d, D, and <f ;

and letting fall the Perpendiculars DB, db, <T/3, and CF,

AB
AB
=
AF
=
= BD
Then
to the Abfcifs
x,

call

v,

y,

FC=/,andDC=J.

BF=vx,

and DB-f-FC
The fum of the

=_>>-{-/.

the
Squares of thefe is equal to
1
that is, -D
;
Square of

DC

2VX

-+-

=ss.
ate this,

X* -f- )" -h 2yt -+- /

If you would abbrevi-

make
1

v* -f-/ 1

s
1

=f,

(any Symbol at pleafure,) and it

o.
After you have found
q
1

2vx -f-jy -f- zfy -+becomes x

r 1
/, y, and q*, you will have s-=\/ v -+- 1*
q*.
for defining the Curve,
56. Now let any Equation be propofed
the quantity of whofe Curvature is to be found.
By the help of
the
of
this Equation you may exterminate either
Quantities x or y,
and

and INFINITE SERIES.

71

an Equation, the Roots of which, (db, DB, <f/g,

&c. if y u exterminate x ; or A/>, AB, A/3, &c. if you exterminate
Wherefore fince
are "at the Points of interfedtion d, D, J\ &c.
_y,)
the
Circle
become
both
them
the Curve,
touches
of
"three
equal,
of
be
fame
of
the
Curvature as the Curve, in
and will alfo
degree
But they will become equal by comparing
the point of Contact
the Equation with another fictitious Equation of the fame number
of Dimenfions, which has three equal Roots ; as Des Cartes has
Or more expeditioufly by multiplying its Terms twice by
fhew'd.
an Arithmetical Progreflion.
Let the Equation be ax =yy, (which is an
57. EXAMPLE.
the
Parabola,) and exterminating x, (that is, fubftituEquation to

and there

ting

its

will arife

Value

--

in the forego-

ing Equation,) there will arife

Three of whofe Roots ^ are to be
made equal. And for this purpofe
I multiply the Terms twice by an

^~y*_

_j_

+ \a.

Whence

\a, as before.

-J

it is

o.

= 2x

-{-

zty -f- ?

yi

4*2

Arithmetical Progrellion, as you

fee done here j and there arifes

Or

-+

eafily infer'd,

2J X

that

=
BF

of the Parabola being given, draw the

to
the
2AB,
Curve, and in the Axis take
Perpendicular
in
then
will
to
and erect
C;
FA, meeting
Perpendicular
58.

Wherefore any Point

PF

DP

DP

FC

be the Center of Curvity defired.

in the Ellipfis and Hyperbola,
59. The fame may be perform'd
but the Calculation will be troublefome enough, and in other Curves
generally very tedious.

Of

^uefiions that have fome Affinity to the preceding

Problem.

60. From the Refolution of the preceding Problem fome others

may be perform'd ; fuch are,
I. To find the Point where the Curve has a given degree of Curvature.
if the Point be required
6 1. Thus in the Parabola,
whofe Radius of Curvature is of a given length f: From the Cen-

ax=yy,

ter

of Curvature,

found

as before,

you

will

determine die Radius

7%e Method of

72
to be

which muft be made equal

-~^ \/aa -+- ^.ax,

by reduction there

arifes

FLUXIONS,

^a

Then

to f.

-f-

1/^aff.
To find the Point of ReElitude.
62. I call that the Point of ReEiitude, in which
Flexure becomes infinite, or its Center at an infinite
it is at the Vertex of the Parabola
a*x=y*. And
of
Limit
is
the
contrary Flexure, whole
commonly
II.

the Radius of
diftance

Such

fame Point
Determination
But another Determination, and that not
I have exhibited before.
from this Problem.
derived
be
Which is, the
inelegant, may
fo
of
Flexure
much the lefs the Angle DCJ
is,
longer the Radius
(Fig.pag.6i.) becomes,
Fluxion of the Quantity

and

Moment

the

alfo

this

<F/j

fo that

the

diminim'd along with it, and by the

of
Therefore find the
Infinitude
that Radius, altogether vanimes.
Fluxion z, and fuppofe it to become nothing.
63. As if we would determine the Limit of contrary Flexure in
the Parabola of the fecond kind, by the help of which Cartefius conftructed Equations of fix Dimenfions ; the Equation to that Curve
is AT
o. And hence
bx*
cdx -+- bed 4- dxy
(by Prob. i .) arifes
is

2bxx

3***

and z

for y,

writing

cdx

dxy

-4-

-f-

becomes

it

again (by Prob.

3-v

dxy
zbx

&

o.

Now

cd-{- dy

whence
;
Here again
zb -+- zdz
dz in the
bx
arife

o.

(>x

3* for
exterminating z, by
dxz
there
will
cd -+- dy -fzbx
o,
Equation 3^,v
this being fubftituted in the
o)
cd-$-dy
o.

for

-f- dxz=.o

putting b

And

writing

zbx -+ dy
dxz +- dxz
for y, and o for z, it becomes

i,) 6xx

for x,

ory=c-{-^;

of y in the Equation of the Curve, we fhall have x*

which will determine the Confine of contrary Flexure.
64. By a like Method you may determine
the Points of Rectitude, which do not come
between parts of contrary Flexure. As if the

room

+- bcd-=z. Q

o exhave firfl,
prefs'd the nature of a Curve ; you
i2a*x
faz=o,
i2ax*-+(byProb. i.)4^3

Equation x*

4<w 3

-}-

ba^x*

and hence again 12X*

=o. Here fuppofe z
tion there will

arife

ABi=fl, and

erect

Curve

in the Point of

24^7^ -f- 12^'

==

the

b>y

o,

a.

b*z

and by ReducWherefore take

perpendicular

BDj

this

will

meet

Re&itude D, as was required.

III.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

III.

73

To find the Point of infinite Flexure.

65. Find the Radius of Curvature, and fuppofe it to be nothing.

Thus to the Parabola of the fecond kind, whole Equation is A;*
a

<7y

comes nothing when x

CD

that Radius will be

q*

4"

\/q.ax-\- gxx

6a

which be-

o.

IV. To determine the Point of the greatefl or leaft Flexure.

66. At thefe Points the Radius of Curvature becomes either the
Wherefore the Center of Curvature, at that moor leaft.
greateft
ment of Time, neither moves towards the point of Contact, nor
Therefore let the Fluxion
the contrary way, but is intirely at reft.
be found; or more exof the Radius
let the Fluxion of either of the
peditioufly,
be found, and let it be
or
Lines

CD

AK

BH

made

equal to nothing.

if the Queftion were propofed con67. As

the
Parabola of the fecond kind
cerning
firft
to determine the Center of
xl
o*y ;

Curvature

you

and therefore

BH

?AV

A-

"'

ftitute

1
rf
.y,

BH,

6 ^'

Hence (by Prob. i.)

Fluxion of

DH =

find

will

"-

_j_

^y

aa

make

==

9X
,

->

ox

BH

t}.

But

now

fuppofe

be nothing ; and belides, lince

by
and thence (by Prob. i.) yxx 1 =<?*.}', putting

for

v,

to

-y,

Hypothecs

x=

and there will

arife

4.5x4=0+.

or the

Take

i,

fub-

therefore

AB ==a

=<7 x45|

and raifrng the perpendicular BD, it will"

meet the Curve in the Point of the greateft Curvature. Or, which
is the fame
BD
I.
thing, make AB
3^/5
68. After the fame manner the Hyperbola of the lecond kind
l
3
will be
reprefented by the Equation xy
,
moft inflected in the points
and d, which you
may determine by taking in the Abfcifs AQ== r,
and erecting the Perpendicular
QP_=z= v/5, and
it on the other fide.
to
Then drawQ^/> equal
and
AP
will
meet
the
Curve
in the
ing
A/>, they
D
and d required.
points
y'^j-

: :

V,

The Method of

74

FLUXIONS,

V. To determine the Locus of the Center of Curvature, or to defcribe the Curve, in which tbaf* Center is always found,
have already {hewn, that the Center of Curvature of the
69.
Trochoid is always found in another Trochoid. And thus the Center of Curvature of the Parabola is found in another Parabola of
the fecond kind, reprefented by the Equation axx=y*, as will

We

eafily

appear from Calculation.

VI. Light falling upon any Curve, to find its Focus, or the Conrafted at any of its Points.
courje of the Rays that are ref
70. Find the Curvature at that Point of the Curve, and defcribe
a Circle from the Center, and with-the Radius of Curvature.
Then
find the Concourfe of the Rays, when they are refracted by a Circle about that Point
For the fame is the Concourfe of the refrac:

ted

Rays

in the
propofed Curve.

To

be added a particular Invention of the Curvawhere they cut their Abfcifles at right
For
in
which
the Perpendicular to the Curve,
the
Point
Angles.
with
the
it
cuts
Abfcifs,
ultimately, is the Center of its
meeting
So that having the relation between the Abfcifs x,
Curvature.
and the rectangular Ordinate y, and thence (by Prob. i.) the relation between the Fluxions x and y ; the Value yy, if you fubftitute
71.

thefe

may

ture at the Vertices of Curves,

for

into

it,

and make y

o,

will be the

Radius of Curva-

ture.

72.

Thus

in the Ellipfis

ax

xX=yy,

we fuppofe^=o, and

it is

-*

"

=
=

yy ;

/>,
confequently x
And
a
of
Curvature.
fo
Radius
for
the
i for x, becomes
^writing
at the Vertices of the Hyperbola and Parabola, the Radius of Curvature will be always half of the Latus rectum.

which Value of yy,

if

73-

and INFINITE SERIES.

73.

And
zicc

in like

~T

Prob.

i.)

EG

for the

c or

of Curvature
Conchoids.

xx

zbx

""*

and

c,

eG
at

by the Equation
the Value of yy (found by
t

Now

^ "~~ *

IT

we

f,

yy,

eG

zb

Therefore

and you
the Vertices E and

::

o,

AE EG

::

c,

make

or
:

have the Centers

e of the Conjugate

will

ec,

PROB.

fuppofing y

mail have

Radius of Curvature.

EC, and he

for the Conchoid, defined

bb

will be

and thence #
2(5 -f- f,

manner

cc

75

VI.

To determine the Quality of the Curvature, at a given

Point of any Curve.
I.

or

the Quality of Curvature I mean

inequable, or as it is varied more or

By

lefs

So

if

its

Form,

lefs,

in

its

as

it

is

more

progrefs thro'

were demanded, what is the

Quality of the Curvature of the Circle ? it might be anfwer'd, that
different parts of the Curve.
it

is

it

uniform, or invariable.

And thus
what

if it

were demand-

the Quality of the

ed,
Curvature of the Spiral, which
is described by the motion of
is

the point D, proceeding from

AD

with an accelerated
while the right
velocity,
Line AK moves with an uniform rotation about the Center A ; the acceleration of
in

which

7&? Method of FLUXIONS,

76

which Velocity is fuch, that the

to the Arch BK, defcribed from

AD

has the fame ratio

right Line
a given point B, as a Number has

be afk'd, What is the Quality of the

Curvature of this Spiral 1 It may be anfwer'd, that it is uniformly
And thus other Curves, in
varied, or that it is equably inequable.
their feveral Points, may be denominated inequably inequable, according to the variation of their Curvature.
2. Therefore the Inequability or Variation of Curvature is reConcerning which it may be obquired at any Point of a Curve.
to

its

Logarithm

fay,

if

it

ferved,
3.

I.

That

Points placed alike in like Curves, there

at

is

a like

Inequability or Variation of Curvature.

4. II. And that the Moments of the Radii of Curvature, at thofe
Points, are proportional to the contemporaneous Moments of the

Curves, and the Fluxions to the Fluxions.

III. And therefore, that where thofe Fluxions are not propor5.
For
tional, the Inequability of the Curvature will be unlike.
there will be a greater Inequability, where the Ratio of the Fluxion
of the Radius of Curvature to the Fluxion of the Curve is
And therefore that ratio of the Fluxions may not improgreater.

perly be call'd

the Index of the Inequability

or of the Variation

of Curvature.

and
the points
be
let
there
Curve AD^,
6.

At

d,

infinitely near

to each other,

in the

drawn the
Radii of Curvature DC and dc , and D</
of the Curve, Cc
being the Moment
will be the

contemporaneous
Radius of Curvature,

of the

will be the

Moment
and

-^

Index of the Inequability of

>

For the Inequability may

Curvature.
be call'd fuch and fo great, as the quanof that ratio

tity
j

mews
7^
Ja

it

to be

the Curvature may be faid to be fo

much the more unlike to the uniform

Or

II

Curvature of a Circle.
7.

to

Now

any

line

letting fall

AB

the

perpendicular

meeting DC in P
and thence B&

=
j

-1

= DBBD =
=
=
=

make AB

xo,

and dbt

Ordinates

it

T^

will be
,

#,

y\

Cc

vo; and

making x

i.

Wherefore

and IN FINITE SERIES.

77

Wherefore the relation between x and y being exhibited by any

and 5.) the PerpendicuEquation, and thence, (according to Prob. 4.
of
Curvature i and the
lar DP or /, being found, and the Radius
1

of that Radius, (by Prob. i.) the Index '^ of the Inequabiof Curvature will be given alfo.
lity
8. Ex. i. Let the Equation to the Parabola tax
vy be given
therefore
then (by Prob. 4.) BP
and
a -\-\y=^t.
a,
Alfo (by Prob. 5.) BF
a -+- 2X, and BP
DP
BF "i)C
Fluxion

<y

=
=

at

.v

Now

=1;.

t-~

=v,

+ 2fx __ ^

Z fx

And

2ax

give

i.)

Which

there will arife

i,

the Equations

(by Prob.

and zyy

and

2jvy,

and putting

being reduced to order,

= = r^ =
-, /

- > an<^
)

ztt,

v=

thus y,

x= 4

j^=

and v being found, there will be had

^ the Index

t,

But

v/5,

that^=j

2#==n

or
a

>

then y (==

which

3,

10.

-and

+
7 "=

2ax =}'}', aa-\-yy=tt,

of the Inequability of Curvature.

9. As if in Numbers it were determin'd,

and

DP=

the Index of Inequability.

is

were determin'd, that

if it
f

therefore

= </,

and

3v /2.

-17

A:

=2,

So that

3^/5.

then y

2,

So that

^'=T>

^-=) 6 will be here

the Index of Inequability.

11. Wherefore the Inequability of Curvature at the Point of the
Curve, from whence an Ordinate, equal to the Latus reftum of the
Parabola, being drawn perpendicular to the Axis, will-be double to the
fo drawn is half
Inequability at that Point, from whence the Ordinate
the Latus rectum ; that is, the Curvature at the firft Point is as unlike again to the Curvature of the Circle, as the Curvature at the fecond Point.
12. Ex. 2. Let the Equation be zax
bxx-=.yy, and (by Prob. 4.)
it

will be

=)

na

where,

&v=BP,

--

byy
if for

Tis

yy

alfo

yy.

byy

you
::

fubftitute

DH

f.ll

the Equations

zaxbxx^yy,

2a6x-lrb

tf=(aa

Alfo (by Prob.

BD DP
:

and thence

5.)

it

is

DH =}'

aa, there ariies

//

DC= - =v.
U1

aa

-{

DH

Now (hv Prob.i.)

byy-\-y\-=^t!,

and
give

78

Method of FLUXIONS,

77je

bx =}')', and yy

give a

being found, the Index

^ of

the

/'/,

and

~=

13.

Thus

thus

Inequability of Curvature,

we make

it

is

x=-,
*

and therefore
;

this

it

will

" L
a 3

then Sr-

=|,

which

is

~~

~"

the In-

of Curvature.

appears, that the Curvature of

Ellipfis,

fign'd,

at the Point

here af-

by two times left inequable,

two times more like to the Curis

(or 'by
vature of the Circle,) than the Curvature of the Parabola, at that Point of

Curve, from whence an Ordinate

Jl

let fall

upon the Axis

is

to half the Latus rectum.

14. If

we have

mind

to

BP

and

fo in the

Hyperbola 2ax

-+-

in

> v
for the
)^
a

Examples, in the Parabola 2ax=yy arifes (~

V '
s
Index of Inequability j and in the
Ellipfis zax
bxx=yy,

=J

equaj

compare the Conclufions derived

thefe

(^7-

3 ATA:

and b=-.^

r,

dex of the Inequability

Hence

2X

the Ellipfis

in

=}'}', where

its

And

v.

be known.

aJib

if

byy

bxx

arifes

=yy,

y+3b
the analogy
being obferved, there arifes the Index ("2^
&&
J
\. t
x BP.
Whence it is evident, that at the different Points of

any
Conic Section conn'der'd apart, the Inequability of Curvature is as
the Rectangle BD x BP.
And that, at the feveral Points of the Paraboh, it is as the Ordinate BD.
15. Now as the Parabola is the moft fimple Figure of thofe that
are curved with
inequable Curvature, and as the Inequability of its
Curvature

is

fo

eafily

determined, (for

its

Index

is

t h er e6x^ll^i,)
..
.

fore the Curvatures

to the Curvature

As if
Ellipfis 2X
1

6.

it

of other Curves

of this.
were inquired,

$xx=yy,

at

determined by affuming x
it
might be anfwer'd, that

may

not improperly be compared

what may be the Curvature of the

of the Perimeter which is

that Point

=
it

is

Becaufe its Index is 4., as before,

like the Curvature of the Parabola
6.v

and IN FINITE SERIES.

of the Curve, between
=)')', at that Point
the perpendicular Odinate is equal to |.
Thus, as the Fluxion of the Spiral
6.v

fuppofe as

=y

AP

and P

to

the Fluxion

AD,

AD

x
dd

is

the Axis

in a certain given Ratio,

on its concave fide erect

to e;

AP

which and

ADE

17.

of the Subtenfe

79

ee

perpendicular to

AD,

will be the Center of Curvature,

and

r=?

or

1J

a.i

will be the

ee

Index of Inequa-

So that this Spiral has every where

its Curvature alike inequable, as the Parabola
6x
yy has in that Point of its Curve, from
whence to its Abfcifs a perpendicular Ordibility.

nate

let

is

And

8.

Trochoid,
fore

its

which

fall,

is

to

equal

thus the Index of Inequability at any Point

(fee Fig.

in

Art. 29. pag. 64.)

Curvature at the fame Point

to that of a Circle, as the Curvature of

the Point where the Ordinate

19.

the

And from

is

is
is

AB

found to be

as inequable,

any Parabola
AB

of the

Where-

or as unlike

ax

is

at

of the Problem,

as

yy

^a x -^

thefe Confiderations the Senfe

conceive, mufl be plain enough; which being well underftood, it

will not be difficult for any one, who obferves the Series of the
to furnifh himfelf with more
Examples, and
things above deliver'd,
of
other
Methods
as
occafion
to contrive many
operation,
may rethat he will be able to manage Problems of a like nature,
So
quire.
(where he is not difcouraged by tedious and perplex Calculations,)
Such are thefe following ;
with little or no difficulty.
I

To find the Point of any Curve, where there is either no Inequabior infinite, or tie grcatej?, or the leajl.
lity of Curvature,
the
Vertices of the Conic Sections, there is no Inat
20. Thus
of Curvature; at the Cuf] id of the 1 rcchoid it is infiequability
nite ; and it is greatefl at thofe Points of the Ellif.fis, where the
I.

Rectangle BD x BP is greatefl, that is, where the Diagor.al-Lines

of the circumfcribed Parallelogram cut the Elliriis, whofe Sides
touch

it

in their principal Vertices.

1o determine a Curve of fame definite Species, l'nfp rje a

Section, liioje Curvature at any Point may be cqiu:l and Jiitiilar
Curvature of any other Curve, at a given P./:./ of it.
II.

C.n:c
r

to the

8o

"The

III.

ri?//i7V

to the

Method of FLUXIONS,

To iL-termine a Conk Sctfion, at any Point of which, the Curand Pojition of the tangent, (in refpeSt of the AxisJ) may be like
Curvature and Pofition of the Tangent, at a Point ajfigrid of

any other Curir.

21. The ufe of which Problem is this, that inftead of Ellipfes of
the fecond kind, whofe Properties of refradling Light are explain'd
by Des Cartes in his Geometry, Conic Sections may be fubftituted,
which mall perform the fame thing, very nearly, as to their ReAnd the fame may be underfhood of other Curves.
fractions.

R O

P
To find as

many Curves

as

B.

VII.

you

pleafe y

Areas may

ivbofe

be exhibited by finite Equations.

AB

be the Abfcifs of a Curve, at whofe Vertex

be raifed, and let CE be
i
perpendicular
drawn parallel to AB. Let alfo DB be a rectanI.

Let

AC

CE

gular Ordinate, meeting the right Line

the Curve
in D.
And conceive

AD
ACEB and ADB

and

Areas

in

let
D

E,

thefe

be generated by the
right Lines BE and BD, as they move along the
Line AB, Then their Increments or Fluxions will
be always as the defcribing Lines BE and BD.
Wherefore
the Parallelogram

Curve

ADB

to

ACEB,
And

call z.

the

make

or AB x i, =.v, and the Area of the

the Fluxions x and z will be as BE and

= =

BD.
BE, then z
be
a/Turned
at
any Equation
pleafure, for determining
the relation of z and x, from thence, (by Prob. i.) may z be deAnd thus there will be two Equations, the 'latter of which
rived.
will determine the Curve, and the former its Area.

BD;

2.

fo that

Now

making x

if

EXAMPLES.
3.

Aflume ##:=:, and thence (by Prob.

becaufe
4.

x=,

Aflame

i.)

2xx=s

or

2x=c:,

i.

^=z,

and thence will

arife

=;s

an Equation

to the Parabola.
5.

A flume ax* =zz, or

or ^(?x

a'f

x*=z, and there

will arife \a^x'

=^^,

zz, an Equation again to the Parabola.

i

6.

and INFINITE SERIES.

81

a*x *
Affume a 6 x~ 1 =zz,or a*x-' =z, and there arifes
z,
Here the negative Value of z only infinuates,
o.
or a'' -j-2xx
that BD is to be taken the contrary way from BE.
1
z 1 , you will have zc*x
if you affume c'-a -+- c^x*
f

6.

Again
2zz and

7.

8.

Or

if

and

v,

you affume

it

will be

the Equation aa
if

being eliminated, there will

-f-

you exterminate
9.

firflieek

\/aa --+- xx

'Z.
aa

z,,

-J-.VA-

make

^ =s,and then (by Prob.i.) ^p

xx
<u,

=
it

011;

gives

2X

become

will

=
3

-j^-

<z

-}- ATA-

Alfo

zvv, by the help of which

= =
z

j-

\/ aa-^-xx.

you affume 8
3^2 -f- ^&=. zz, you will obtain
Wherefore
2Z&.
3x2; -f- $z
by the affumed Equation
the Area z, and then the Ordinate z by the reiulting Equa-

Laftly,

32;

aa-^-xx
-

arife

if

tion.

may

And

thus from the Areas, however they may be feign'd,

you
always determine the Ordinates to which they belong.

10.

P
To fad as

R O

many Curves

have a relation

to the

B.

VIII.

you pleafe, -wbofe Areas fiall

Area of any given Curve, a/fignas

able by finite Equations.

FDH

i. Let
be a given Curve, and GEI the Curve required, and
conceive their Ordinatss
and EC to move at right Angles upon

DB

A
.11

C
G,

/V

their Abfciffes or Bafes

AB and

AC.

of the Areas which they defcribe,

Then

the Increments or Fluxions

thofe Ordinates drawn

will be as

into

fhe Method of

82

into their Velocities of

Therefore

Abfcifles.

CE =y,

the Area

moving, that

=
=

AFDB

zy

=
2.

we

if

fuppofe x

and thence

t,

Therefore

let

AB

make

the Fluxions of the Areas be

Therefore

FLUXIONS,

BD

x,

and

and

i,

And

=
=

AC
AGEC

and the Area

j,

into the Fluxions of their

is,

v,

will be

it

v=s,

/,

xv zy
:

as before;

and
and let

z,

: :

t.

will be

it

=y.

any two Equations be affumed

one of which

may exprefs the relation of the Areas s and t, and the other the
relation of their Abfciffes x and z, and thence, (by Prob.
let the
i.)
Fluxions
3.

Ex.

xx

= w,

and

s=:f, and thence

to determine z,
x and z.
4.

As

if

xx

FDH

=)

let

ax=zz;

for

=^-.

= =

i.)

\/ aa

s.s,

therefore

=. 2zz:
it

zz

aa

aa \/

But

'

remains

It

between the Abfciffes

relation

then (by Prob.

"

then y

z,

and y

f,

fome

by afluming

you fuppofe

that fubflituting

(\/ax

=>'.

be a Circle, exprefs'd by the

other Curves be fought, whofe
be equal to that of the Circle.
Therefore by the Hy-

may

pothefis

make

be found, and then

Let the given Curve

i.

Equation ax
Areas

and

So

is

*y

is

the

Equation to the Curve, whofe Area is equal to that of the Circle.

After the fame manner if you fuppofe xx =. z, there will
5.
ariie

2x

=s,

(==] ~

and thence _)'=

;

exterminated,
6.

Or

if

it

will be

7.

cc

you fuppofe

-- =
T-V

thence

y=-

= --

(5

ax

Ex.

pofe alfo

2.

ax

ZZ.

-j

and x being

7"-'
2Z 2

xz,

v az
+-

'-

?>

Let the Circle ax

Curves be fought, whofe Areas
As
to the Area of the Circle.
8.

whence

there arifes o

=z +

xz, and

2^3

Again, fuppofing

-^and thence

cc.

z, (by Prob. i.) \t'isa

which denotes

+ s=:z,

mechanical Curve.

=w

be given again, and let

xx
have
any other aflumed relation
may
if

(By Prob.

you
i.)

afliime

'tis

cx
s

t,

and fup-

t,

and a

Therefore

and INFINITE SERIES.

= = ~~;
2

Therefore y
5

for x,

and f

But

9.

you affume

if

^! =/,

=
=

i;

(by Prob.

Where

xx and

\/ ax
10.

if

But

for

you expunge v and

there will arile

2;,

ss

2zz; and

A;

therefore

_y

j,

=j

2!2L

Oi
'

fl

ax

xx

'tis

y=.

fubftituting their values

\/tf;s

=
= V = 4^-

and x

f,

for

you will have

and therefore

by

_)=-"

z,

xx

the Equation

2x= 2vv,

gives

i.)

y-

Therefore

z.

exterminating v,

you affume

if

2w=r^, and

and x

=/,

Now

iJ'u,
.

and

^ ax

and fubftituting

^ v'^

4-

'tis;'=

83

will

there

zz,

arife

Anc

xx and &z, it will become y

and x fubftituting \/ ax
\Sa-zz;, which is an Equation to a mechanical Curve.
be found, which
1 1. Ex.
3. After the fame manner Figures may
have an aflumed relation to any other given Figure. Let the Hyperbola cc -{- xx
and
wu be given ; then if you affume s
/,
5

xx=cz,

.r=

you

will have

Then

-.

12.

=: 2Z

And

will have

=
=
vx

-u,

13.

i/cz

-{-

Therefore

y= -

i.

x=^-ui;, and

and c*z*
Ex.

4.

xx

for x,

'tis

cz;

for

j,

=
=^

But

~.

if

now

***

Then

/'

-,

xx

+-

- s

therefore h +- -

it

(by Prob.

=1;
and
-

i.)

cc-\-xx

^c

^-^^_-

for x,

fubftituting \/i<,-t-xx

the Ciffoid

related Figures are to be found,

Fluxion

and C-z^

_)'

s=zf, and xx
cz, you
But
and
thence
cz.
v=.s,

becomes y =.

it

Moreover

^/ax

and thence

zz.

v-^-vx

you affume
its

and

xv
s=t, and 2X

which other

and

thus if you affume

1?^ gives

for

fubftituting v/cc -+-

s;

will be y
*

2X =

fuppofe

were given,

for that purpofe

*/ ax

xx

***
/.

to

But the Equation

h,

=M

84
3

=/j/j gives

*A

7%e Method of

FLUXIONS,

.V.

if

==2.^, where

And

=
ax

\/ aa

=z

bcfides

fuice

Now

t.

is

- s

.)

/&,

z,

2zz, or z
a

it

will be

xx ,

z and

determine

Jaxxx

V..

And

it

to

then (by Prob.

you exterminate

afTume

'

A;

Equation belongs to the Circle, we mall

have the relation of the Areas of the Circle and of the Ciflbid.
~.

v/tftf

And

14.

and x

Equation

thus

as this

if

you had aflumed

z, there would have been

again to the Circle.

">/

ax

derived

xx -h ~

y-=.\/as>

fy

an

.22-,

like manner if
15. In
any mechanical Curve were given, other
mechanical Curves related to it might be found.
But to derive
it
will
be
of
that
convenient,
geometrical Curves,
right Lines deon
each other, fome one may be taken for
pending Geometrically
and that the Area which compleats the Parallethe Bafe or Abfcifs
logram be fought, by fuppofing its Fluxion to be equivalent to the
Abfcifs, drawn into the Fluxion of the Ordinate.
;

Ex.

6.

5.

Thus

the Trochoid

ADF

being propofed, I refer

it

to the Abfcifs

ABj

and the

Parallelogram
being

ABDG

compleated, I
leek for the

complemental

Superficies

ADG,byfuppofing

it

to

be

defcribed

the

by
Motion of

the right Line

GD,

and therefore

drawn
as

AL

as the

into the
is

GD

Fluxion to be equivalent to the Line

Now whereVelocity of the Motion ; that is, x*v.

parallel

its

to the

Tangent DT,

Fluxion of the fame

AB

to the

therefore

AB

will be to

Fluxion of the Ordinate

BL
BD,
that

and INFINITE SERIES.

that

as

is,

to

So that

-j.

ADG

Therefore the Area

<u

== BL.
BL fince

and therefore xv

Ah

described by the Fluxion

is defcribed
by the fame Fluxion,

is

therefore the circular Area

they will be equal.

85

ALB

ADF

manner if you conceive

to be a Figure of
or
of
verfed
is
that
Ordinate
whole
Arches,
Sines,
is,
equal to
Arch
the
lince the Fluxion of the Arch
is to the Fluxion
;
In like

17.

BD

AL

AL

of the Abfcifs
then

-y

AB,

as

--/

v ax

xx

to

BL,

Then

vx,

Wherefore

7=^=.
xx

will be 2V

PL

<,*

if

that

is,

::

\/ ax

the Fluxion of the Area

.v.v,

ADG,

--.'
Line equal to
ly .x

a right

ATV

be conceived to be apply 'd as a rectangular Ordinate at B, a point of

the Line AB, it will be terminated at a certain geometrical Curve,
whole Area, adjoining to the Abfcifs AB, is equal to the Area

ADG.
And

thus geometrical Figures may be found equal to other

Figures, made by the application (in any Angle) of Arches of a
Circle, of an Hyperbola, or of any other Curve, to the Sines
1

8.

right

or verfed of thole Arches, or to any other right Lines that

Geometrically determin'd.

As

may

be

the matter will be very fliort

For from the
the Arch
being defcribed, with any
Radius AG, cutting the right Line
in G, and the Spiral in D ;
fince that Arch, as a Line moving upon the
Abfcifs AG, delcribes the Area of the Spiral
fo that the Fluxion of that Area is
19.

to Spirals,

DG

Center of Rotation A,

AF

AHDG,

to the Fluxion of the Rectangle i x AG, as

to i ; if you raife the perpenthe Arch
dicular right Line
equal to that Arch,

GD

GL

in

by moving
Line AC, it

like

manner upon the fame

will defcribe

the Area

The
And

A/LG

AHDG

the Area of the Spiral

Curve A/L being a geometrical Curve.

equal to

if

the Subtenfe

= |AGx GD =

fartlirr,

xGL

ADH

AL be drawn, then A ALG |

AGDj therefore the complernental

Sector

will alfo be equal.

AL/ and
And this not only agrees
to the Spiral of Archimedes^ (in which cafe A/L becomes the Parabola
of Apoliomus,) but to any other whatever; fo that all of them

Segments

may

be converted into equal geometrical Curves with the fame

eale.

20.

tte Method of

86

FLUXIONS,

20. I might have produced more Specimens of the Conftruction

of this Problem, but thefe may fuffice; as being fo general, that
whatever as yet has been found out concerning the Areas of Curves,
or (I believe) can be found out, is in fome manner contain'd herein,
and is here determined for the moil part with lefs trouble, and with-

out the ufual perplexities.

21. But the chief ufe of this and the foregoing Problem is, that
nffuming the Conic Sections, or any other Curves of a known magnitude, other Curves may be found out that may be compared with

Equations may be difpofed orderly in

a Catalogue or Table. And when fuch a Table is contracted,
when the Area of any Curve is to be found, if its defining Equation
be either immediately found in the Table, or may be transformed
into another that is contain'd in the Table, then its Area may be
known. Moreover fuch a Catalogue or Table may be apply'd to
the determining of the Lengths of Curves, to the finding of their
Centers of Gravity, their Solids generated by their rotation, the Suand to the finding of any other flowing
perficies of thofe Solids,
Fluxion
a
analogous to it.
quantity produced by
thefe,

and that

their defining

P R O

B.

IX.

To determine the Area of any Curve propofed.

1.

The

refolution of the

Problem depends upon

this,

that

from

the relation of the Fluxions being given, the relation of the Fluents
may be found, (as in Prob. 2.) And firft, if the right Line BD,
by the motion of which the Area required
is defcribed,
move upright upon an Abfcifs
the Paralgiven in pofition, conceive (as before)
mean
time
to be defcribed in the

AFDB
AB

lelogram

ABEC

on the other

a line equal to unity.

Fluxion of the Pathe
being fuppos'd
will be the Fluxion of the Area
rallelogram,
fide

AB, by

And BE

BD

required.
2.

and

Therefore

BE

BD=z,

make

Call alfo

x.

as alfo

tion expreffing

AB

=~,
X

BD,

and then alfo

the Area AFDB

becaufe

at the

ABEC=i \x=x,

x,

x=i.

fame time the

z,

and

it

will be

Therefore by the Equaratio

of the Fluions

IS

and INFINITE SERIES.

is
exprefs'd, and thence (by Prob. 2. Cafe
relation of the flowing quantities x and z.

3.

Ex.

or z,

and (Prob.

rabola,)

AB

Jc.

Let there be ^
eiven

BD,

z,

z,

Area

Therefore ^>

z.

AFDB.

to a
Equation
*

fan

the fecond kind,) and there will arife

(the Equation to the Pa-

Area of the Parabola

aa

be found the

may

i.)

equal to fome fimple quantity.

there will arife

2.)

-L

is

Let there be given

4.

or

When BD,

i.

87

-^

z, that

is,

Parabola of

~ AB

BD

AFDB.

Let there be given

z'
XX ~
1
or a^x
x-:,
(an Equation to
an Hyperbola of the fecond
kind,)
and there will arife
a3 x 1
z
6.

or

Area

HDBH,

the Ordinate

And

j.

is,

of an

BD,

thus

AB x BD

infinite

were given

if there

ax

let

Moreover,

BD
9

Let

10.
1 1.

And

fide

of

z, there

would

arife

Area

AFDB.

~=zz-

Let ax*

z~>

=
^=
fV =

z,

~a^x^

arife

za*x

then

s, or 2

then
;

then

z, or

(an Equation again

z,, that is, i-AB

= AFDH.
AB BD = HDBH.
i AB xBD = AFDH.
AB x BD

s, or 2

=zz',

Let

will

fo in others.

12.
13.

Ex.

2.

Where z

14.

15.
6.

equ.il to

is

an Aggregate of fuch Quantities.

LetAT-H^ij then^-h
~ then ax
Let
-{- ^
,

zz, or a*x*

to the Parabola,) and there

on the other

length, lying

as its negative value insinuates.

Z.

2XX
8.

That

z.

<z

*-

=
=

z>

&>

+-

2r
Let 3*i
4**
z ; then 2x^
x
^
Ex. 3. Where a previous reduction by Divifion is required.
-

Let there be given j~, =.& (an Equation to the Apollonian

in injinittun, it will be
Hyperbola,) and the divifion being performed
17.

FLUXION s

l%e Method of

_ ^ 4.

x __

^l

?f

And

&c.

Let there be given

^

8.

~=i

thence (by Prob. 2.) 2

H- ^-

-i

2X

2x^

divifion

will be

it

-f-^

1#

+ 7^

I3AT

=z,

And

&c.

=AFDBi

&c.

\/ aa

divifion

And
+ V A<^ &c

x' -fProb. 2.) z

T3x3
$x*
yx*
20. Ex. 4. Where a previous reduction
of Roots.

and by

34*%

-f-

'

~!Li X

'
X4 -f- -.,
A.

X-^1

=HDBH.

&c.

5,

s=

elfe

SA.''

19. Let there be given

be z

--^

~J

3X*

==*, and by

^ XX

x 6 , &c. or

x*-{-x*

"

or

a*x

A/4

5^/3
1

^^

z= -y

1.

will obtain

you

U~A ^

"x a

/.

as
(by Prob. 2.)

thence,
11

the fecond Set of Examples,

in

6cc.

will

it

thence (by

required by Extraction

is

xx, (an Equation to the

an infinite multitude
Hyperbola,) and the Root being extracted to
21. Let there be

of terms,

it

will be

given

22. In the fame

given,
b

23.

(which

And

= ax+
manner

-h

Circle,)

x'f

x*

4-**

^x

-r'-g-x^,

xx were

z=ax

And

6cc.

therefore

bx
x

And

H-irf

6<

-h 43^4, &c.

-f^
T

z=a-\-

.ix*

24^

.\

gjs

occ.

/'*v3

-,

thus v^~ZT7~

z=i-+- T^-V*

gives

-- ---

xx, (an Equation again to the Cir-

by extraction of the Root it

^*
Jf3
whence 2;
<7Ar -f25.

&c

TT^

77^

the Equation z
\/aa
would be produced

TT
___
Thus s === v//z<* -^- AV
.

&c. whence

r,
fit*

were given z-=\/x

xx, (an Equation
there
would arife
Root
the
by extracting

Vz

cle,)

-7

I I

to the Circle,) there

24.

X
6

if

7-

~\
Q f,9.*if.
f ,l

fo if there

the

to

ft

ii2a s

^Oi.J

alfo

is

z=i a 4-

as in the foregoing ss

-\-

&c.

^, by a due reduction gives

then 2

AT -f-

^ + V^
V^
3

-f-

_l_^

S &c.

'

- Vo^

26.

and INFINITE SERIES.

Thus

26.

z=a

Root, gives

gfr
C

-t-A'

Ex.

''

Where

5.

But

-fA

if z~'

by

this

will be

2x*z

cz*
f?

.v

2;

**

is

by the

required,

Equation z>

c *z -f-

2x ?

-+- c*

32'

2"

2rc

r^

At T

&c.

correfponding Areas,
i.v 1

z-=ax

o were the

.v-f- !i'

Root;

-,

<-

--(_

refo-

a*z

obtain'd as before

&c. or S
Jl,
1

three

tb,e

&c.

-1

=7

a previous reduction

whence

zaa

X4
8.

extradl the Root, and there will arife

o,

of

T^t,

6c

= +
s=

or

thence

to the Curve, the refolution will afford a three-fold

Equation
either

values

2.)

elfe

A
And

!4^-. &c.

_j_

64.2

29.

by the extraction of the Cubic

~ ~ w &c. and then (by Prob.

T> &c. = AFDB. Or *=

lution of an affected Equation.

28. If a Curve be defined

j_

= HDBH.

&c.
567*

2a"'

-+-

-+-

*=** + -~,

27.

z=l/a*

finally

89

+^

^0,

And

hence will

ex

&e. and

arife

the

x*

ex

.,S

30. I add

24^'

flrr
CCC>

nothing here concerning mechanical Carves, becaufe

form of geometrical Curves will be taught af-

their reduction to the

terwards.

But whereas the values of z thus found belong to Areas

are fituate, fometimes to a finite
part AB of the Abfcifs,
fometimes to a part BH produced infinitely towards H, and fometimes to both parts, according to their different terms: That the
due value of the Area may be alTign'd, adjacent to any portion of
the Abfcifs, that Area is always to be made equal to the difference
of the values of z, which belong to the parts of the Abfci/s, that
are terminated at the beginning and end of the Area.
31.

which

32.

For Inflance

to the

Curve exnrefs'd bv the Equation

i-^-'xx
'

m^^ JTC-

fhe Method of
~,

z=x

found that
Now that
&c.
is

it

_l_ 4_,vS

^x

may

FLUXIONS,

de-

termine the quantity of the Area

MDll, adjacent to the part of the
Abfcifs /'B; from the value of z,

which

by putting AB
z, which

arifes

I take the value of

remains x
that Area

WDB.

be
jqere will

To

33.

-Lx*

Whence

had the whole

Whence

Ab=x,

by putting

x>

and there

&c. the value of

-J-x',

if A*, or x, be put equal to nothing,

x' -+- -^x', &c.
x
Area

AFDB

the fame Curve

L, &c.

&c.

^-x',

x,

arifes

there

found

alfo

is

what

again, according to

z,

is

- -+

==.

before, the Area

5**
1

I
1

__

]V\T\

_.

,_

--

oCC

'-

"

'

^""1

'

-)

&/~f*
OCC.

*"T

J.

ppr^TOt'f
ijCl
CIUI C

AB, or x, be fuppofed infinite, the adjoining Area bdH

H, which is alfo infinitely long, will be equivalent to
if

-f-

&c.

For the

vanifh, becaufe of

34.

To

-4-

its

infinite

^-35
-f-

~, &c.

denominators.

the Curve reprefented by the Equation a-\-

found, that

:s

Series

latter

CA

z=.ax

Area &/DB.

-.
X

But

this

Whence
becomes

it

is

that

infinite,

toward

=
-

^
will

Z,^

it

ax

whether x be fup-

and therefore each Area AFDB and

;
and the intermediate parts alone, fuch as

pofed nothing, or x infinite

&/H

is

infinitely great,

And

always happens when the Abwell in the numerators of fome of the terms, as
in the denominators of others, of the value of z.
But when x is
in the numerators, as in the firft
found
the value of
only

&/DB, can be
fcifs x is found

exhibited.

this

as

Example,

And
belongs to the Area fituate at AB, on this fide the Ordinate.
when it is only in the denominators, as in the fecond Example, that
value, when the figns of all the terms are changed, belongs to the
whole Area infinitely produced beyond the Ordinate.
35. If at any time the Curve-line cuts the Abfcifs, between the

z,

b and B, fuppofe in E, inftead

points
of the Area will be had the difference
of the Areas at the diffe&/E*

BDE

rent parts of the Abfcifs ; to which if

here be added the Rectangle

he Area
t

dEDG

will be obtain'd.

and INFINITE SERIES.

36. But

that when
x of only one dimension

chiefly to be regarded,

it is

divided by

in the value

of

&

the Area corre;

term belongs to the Conical Hyperbola ; and thereAs is done in
fore is to be exhibited by it felf, in an infinite Series

any term
fponding

is

to that

what

follows.

~ glA

fl3

'= z, be an

77. Let ax
J
it

becomes

xx

-f-

Equation to a Curve

2a +- 2X

h^

aa

and by
divifion
J

and thence

&c.
y

X*

2X>
l
'

l^

2ax

-f-

x1

To*

^T

And

&c.

the Area

2*5

aa

Terms

Now

38.

and

1-1
aa

aa

to the

Marks

the

xx

zax

,&*.

Where by

&/DB

denote the

little

Areas belonging

and
that |^

and

may

|j|

make Kb,

be found, I

or

to

be definite, and bE indefinite, or a

flowing Line, which therefore I
call

;' ;

ing to

fo that

will be

it

B, that

-^;

'

'

-{-

and then

if Z>B

of a definite length,

and

&c.

-,

40. Moreover,

i>,

definite Line,

will be x

it

and therefore the whole Area required

the fame manner,

39. After

Area adjoin-

or -

therefore,

-*

21 3
2A3

xx H

to that Hyperbolical

Divifion
But by
J

is,

A4

WDB

or

_i- ^-^-'

CB

it

AB,

or x,

might have been ufed

would have been

be bifefted in C, and

and Cb and
=_)',

for

'twill

CB
be

AC

indefinite

be affumed to be
then making AC

bd= -^ s=-\-

'

-)-

&c. and therefore the Hyperbolical Area adjacent

to

'A Mt&od
to the Part of the Abfcifs

Twill be

.&c.

&c.

And

2f

Thus

in the

nature of a Curve,

&c.

Whence

6cc.

And

4'

~r,

Root

there arifes

And

&c.

&c. will be

-f- z,* ~$-

will be

z,

Sum

of thefe

equivalent to

x~=

,v

Lxx

=-.

=o,

-x

-|

denoting the
8

Y
TA

the Area

the

5'

3
Equation a

its

'

-f-

CB

Si"*-

'

Jf

-\~

7-

41.

= -~ = ? - ~ + ~ - ^ +
st^

+
~r

l
,

Areas

DB

will be

therefore the Area adjacent to the other part of the Abfcifs

11
7*

"

alfo

&C

FLUXIONS,

of

_1

Six'

T, &c.
&c.

_ ^

&c.

that

is,=:|.v

_!_

'

ox

KC

/^r^ '

^'

.'X
TA

Six

for the moft

pnrt, may be very
42. But this Hyperbolical term,
the
avoided,
by
altering
commodioufly
beginning of the Abfcifs,
it
or
that is, by increafing
diminiihing
by fome gi\ en quantity. As

in the

former Example, where

z was

the Equation to
the Curve, if I fhould make
beginning of the Ablcifs*
determinate
of
to
be
Al>
and fuppofmg
any
length 4/7, for the renow
write
fliall
x
I
Abfcifs
Thst is, if I dimiB,
mainder of the
x
a
-finftead of
it will
nifti the Abfcifs
a, by writing
v

vv

b to be the

by

^~^,.

-become

&

_!!
273

whence

Ci

x,

~> and

arifes

= \ax

Area

'

^ z 4--^'bia-' &c.

thus by affuming another and another point for the beArea of any Curve may be exr-ivib'd an
ginning of the Abfcifs, the

43.

And

infinite variety

of ways.

44. Alfo the Equation

into the

two

rj-p

=z
--

-2

infinite Series z,

.V

**--}-;

&c. where there

is

might have been refolved

"

found no
2

-+- "-^
X
}

Term

&c.

a -f

divided b} the

.v

fir ft

Power

and INFINITE SERIES.

93

But fuch kind of Series, where the Powers of A* afcend

in the numerators of the one,
and in the denominators
infinitely
of the other, are not fo proper to derive the value of z from, by

Power of

x.

Arithmetical computation,

when

the Species are to be changed in-

Numbers.

to

difficult can occur to

any one, who is to un45. Hardly any thing
in
fuch
a
after
value of the Area
the
dertake
Numbers,
computation
Yet
for
in
the
more
is obtain'd
Species.
compleat illufhation of the
I
mall add an Example or two.
foregoing Doctrine,
be propofed,
the
Let
Hyperbola
46.
whofe Equation is \/x-+-xx=z; its Vertex be-

AD

ing at A, and each of

its

Axes

equal to Unity.

is

From what goes before, its Area ADB=-i.v>

A*' -+- T'T* ?
-+T^P*'"' &c that
j'^
"

'

s
x* into Lx -+- x*
T T .v
T4T V
y T .v
&c. which Series may be infinitely produced by
'

is

'

>

multiplying thelaft term continually by the fucceeding terms of this

~~'" q
J
5
That is
&c.
Proereffion i- #.
.v
x
Xi
A
2 S
8.-n
10.15*.
47
6-9
1
the firft term
I_3 x makes the fecond term -L.v* :
Which
x

^^r

^..v

"

'

2 -5

-~ x makes the
l

multiply 'd by

^x

tuin.

Now let AB
Number

x T>

for

This

.v,

being

&c

-^3333333>
'

into

term

TV-vl

'

by

this

third

makes T T .v ? the fourth term; and

tiply'd

or

^^'v

Which mulfo

ad

hifini-

be affumed of any length, fuppofe ^, and writing

and its Root 4 for x*, and the firft term ^x^
reduced to a decimal Fraction,
it
becomes

This into

makes

'- ^

makeso.oo625 the fecond term.

0.0002790178, &c. the

third term.

And

4-7 4

But the term?, which I thus deduce by degrees, I

in one, and the
negadifpole in two Tables; the affirmative terms
tive in another, and I add them up as you fee here.
fo

on

for ever.

-i-o.

"The

94

Method of FLUXIONS,
00002790178571429

0.0833333333333333
62500000000000
271267361111
5135169396
144628917
4954581
190948
7963

34679066051
834^65027
26285354
961296
3 86 7 6

1663

75

35 2
1

0.0002825719389575
0.0896109885646518

-f-

4- 0.0896109885640518

"0^3284166257043

fum of the Affirmatives I take the fum of the neand there remains 0.0893284166257043 for the quantity
gatives,
which was to be found.
of the Hyperbolic Area ADB

Then from

the

47.

which

Now

let

isexpreffed by the equation

whofe Diameter is
its Area AdB
goes before

that

AdF

the Circle

is,

be

\/x

propofed,

xx

=z

>

unity, and from what

will

be -!#*

..#*

&

I n which Series, fince

c>
T T xi
-fT^i
from
differ
the terms of the Sethe terms do not
which above exprefs'd the Hyperbolical Area, unlefs in the
ries,
;
nothing elfe remains to be done, than to
Signs -4- and
terms with other fignsj that is, by
numeral
fame
conned: the
of both the afore -mention'd tables,
fubtracting the connected fumsfrom
the
firft term doubled
1
6
0.1666666666666,
93
0.08989 3 560 503
&c. and the remainder 0.0767731061630473 will be the portion
A^B of the ciicular Area, fuppoiing AB to be a fourth part of the
And hence we may obferve, that tho' the Areas of the
diameter.
Circle and Hyperbola are not compared in a Geometrical confideration, yet each of them is dilcover'd by the fame Arithmetical com'

putation.

48.

The

portion of the circle A^/B being found, from thence the

may be derived. For the Radius dC being drawn,

whole Area

multiply Ed, or -^v/S?

s-Vs/3'

or

Ulto

-^C,
2 75

-54 12 ^5 8 773^5

cWB;

which added

Sector

ACd

to

the

or i,

w '"

^e

Area AdB,

0.1308996938995747,
whole Area.

and half of the product

^e

va ^ ue

there

f the Triangle
be had the

will

the fextuple

of

which

49.

And

and INFINITE SERIES.

95

49- And hence by the way the length of the Circumference will
be 3.1415926535897928, by dividing the Area by a fourth part of
the Diameter.
50. To thefe we mail add the calculation of the Area comprehended between the Hyperbola dfD and its Afymptote CA. Let
C be the Center of the Hyperbola, and putting

be -^

a+x =BD,

'twill

the Area

AFDB

and -^

-=.bd; whence
- -

bx

4-

"

-*,

&c. and the Area

4-

&c. and the fum 0aL>&=. 2ox-\

~ 4- ^
AB =
Cb

4-

Now

&c.

let

CA

us fuppofe

AB

/'/.<

= AF=i,

and

Kb

i.i ; and fubftituting thefe

being 0.9, and CB
for a, b, and x, the firft term of the Series becomes 0.2,
the fecond 0.0006666666, &c. the third 0.000004 ; and fo on, as

or

TL.,

numbers

you

fee in this Table.

O.2OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
6666666666666
40000000000
285714286
2222222
l8l82

The fum

0.200670695462151

1= Area bdDB.
AD

be defired feparately,
51. If the parts of this Area Ad and
fubtract the lefler
from the greater dA, and there will remain

BA

3-+ -^4and

-jig.

h --

for x,

&c.

Where

if

be wrote for a and

the terms being reduced to decimals will

b,

iland

thus;
O.O

IOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

500000000000
3333333333
25000000
2OOOOO
1667

The fum

o.

= A^

AD,
52-

The Method of

96

Now

FLUXIO N

s,

of the Areas be added to, and fubtracted

from,their fum before found, half the aggregate o. 1053605156578263
be
the greater Area hd,
will
and half or the remainder
will
be
the
lefler
Area AD.
0.0953101798043248
52.

53.

as

By the fame tables thofe Areas AD and hd will be obtain'd

when AB and Ab are fuppos'd T ~, or CB=i.oi, and

alfo,

d>

if this difference

o.gg, if the numbers are but duly transferr'd to lower places,

may be here feen.
O O2OOOOOOOOOOOOOC0
O.O30ICOOOOOOOO3OO
66666666666
50020000
4000000

3^

28

Sum

o 020000(5667066(195

Sum

0.0001000050003333

AJ

AD.

==AD.
0^

fo putting
0.999, there will be obtain'd

=
AD =
=

and

A
or

or

AB andA=-~o-> orCB=i.oor,

And

54.

and'

Ad= 0.0010005003335835,

o. 0009995003330835.

AF=

CA

AB

and
i) putting
55. In the fame manner (if
fe
Areas will arife,
o.2, or 0.02, or 0.002, the

and

A^=o.223 1435513 142097, and ADz=o. 1823215567939546,

0.0 19802 627296 1797,
A</= 0.0202027073 175194, and AD
o.ooi
AW=o.oo2oo2
andAp

=
=

From

56.

thefe Areas thus

found

it

will be eafy to derive others,

f'

by addition and fubtradtion alone.

the

fum of

the Areas 0.693

For

as

it

2.

into

is

-^

2,

to the Ratio's

47 I ^5599453 belonging

o 8
upon the parts of the Abfcifs 1.2
and 1.2
2, as is known.
o.9,)will be the Area AFcPjS, C/3 being
the fum 1.0986122886681097 of the
Again, fince ^ into 2
3,

^|and

^-

(that

is,

infifting

Area's belonging to
and 2,
^-|

Again, as
Areas

will

c /3=5;

And

it

thus,

x 10 xo.98
-

is

be

and

~=

and 2

x5=

obtain'd

Area AFcT/3, C/3 being

10,

10x10=100,

7,

=499

=AF

and

lox

it is

plain,

i.i

and

<

10x100=1000,

= n,

and

that the Area

the compofition of the Areas found before,

3..

by a due addition of

AF^/3,
1.6093379124341004
when
C/3
T/3,
2.3025850929940457

fince

5,

will be the

'

=when
10.

and

^5

'

.'

^)

and

AF^/3 may be found by

when C/3
i oo
i ooo

7>

and IN FIN ITE SERIES,

97

of the above-mention'd numbers, AB

BF being
7; or any other
I
to
method
was
a
This
that
llill
infinuate,
willing
might
unity.
be derived from hence, very proper for the conftrudtion of a Canon

which determines the Hyperbolical Areas, (from

which the Logarithms may ealily be derived,) correfponding to fo
many Prime numbers, as it were by two operations only, which are
But whereas that Canon feems to be derivanot very troublefome.
ble from this fountain more commodioufly than from any other,
what if I mould point out its contraction here, to compleat the
whole ?
of Logarithms,

of the
57. Firfl therefore having affumed o for the Logarithm
is
as
for
the
of
and
i
number
the
10,
genei,
Logarithm

number

done, the Logarithms of the Prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 1 1,

the Hyperbolical
13, 17, 37, are to be inveftigated, by dividing
which is the Area corAreas now found
rally

by 2.3025850929940457,
Or which is the fame thing, by mulThus for Inftance,
its
reciprocal 0.4342944819032518.
tiplying by
if 0.69314718, &c. the Area correfponding to the number 2, were
multiply'd by 0.43429, &c. it makes 0.3010299956639812 the Lorefponding to the number 10:

garithm of the number 2.

58. Then the Logarithms of

all

the numbers in the Canon,

are made by the multiplication of thefe, are to be found

And the void
the
addition of their Logarithms, as is ufual.
by
be
the
are
to
help of this
interpolated afterwards, by
places

which

Theorem.
be a Number to which a Logarithm is to be adapted, A59. Let
the difference between that and the two neareft numbers equally
diflant

on each

fide,

whofe Logarithms

are already found,

be half the difference of the Logarithms.

Then

and

let

the required Loga-

Number

n will be obtain'd by adding d-\+- gr^,

&c. to the Logarithm of the leffer number. For if the numbers

rithm of the

expounded by C/>, C/3, and CP, the rectangle CBD or C,&T=i,

if n be wrote
as before, and the Ordinates pq and PQ^being raifed
for C/3, and x for p or /3P, the Area pgQP or
~,
-+are

~ +
}

&c. will be to the Area pq}$ or

+-f&c. as the diffe^,
rence between the Logarithms of the extream numbers or 2(i, to
the difference between the Logarithms of the leffer and of the middle
*-

one;

Tie Method of

g8

dx*

dx

FLUXIONS,

one: which therefore will be x

divifion

is

perform'd, d-\-

The two

60.

firft

2n

-4-

dx*

-+-

-f.
A' 3

A"*

+i

Zfj s

&C.

-4-

that

is,

when the

&c.

&c.

terms of this Series d-\-

I
2n

think to be accu-

enough for the construction of a Canon of Logarithms, even

tho' they were to be produced to fourteen or fifteen figures; provided the number, whofe Logarithm is to be found, be not lefs
rate

And

can give

little trouble in the

calculation, beor
the
number
2.
Yet
it is not necefunit,
all
the
the
of
this
For the
Rule.
places by
help
fary to interpolate
are
of
numbers
which
the
produced
by
Logarithms
multiplication or
divifion of the number laft found, may be obtain'd
the numbers

than 1000.

caufe

is

this

generally an

by
whofe Logarithms were had before, by the addition or fubtraction
Moreover by the differences of the Logaof their Logarithms.
rithms, and by their fecond and third differences, if there be occalion, the void places may be more expeditioufly fupply'd ; the foregoing Rule being to be apply'd only, when the continuation of fome
wanted, in order to obtain thofe differences.
6 1. By the fame method rules may be found for the intercalation
of Logarithms, when of three numbers the Logarithms of the leffer
and of the middle number are given, or of the middle number and
of the greater; and this although the numbers mould not be in
full places is

Arithmetical progreffion.
62. Alfo by purfuing the fteps of this method, rules might be
for the conftruction of the tables of artificial Sines
eafily difcover'd,
and Tangents, without the affiftance of the natural Tables. But of
thefe things only by the bye.
63. Hitherto we have treated of the Quadrature of Curves, which

by Equations confirming of complicate terms ; and that

by means of their reduction to Equations, which confift of an infiBut whereas fuch Curves may fomenite number of fimple terms.
times be fquared by finite Equations alfo, or however may be comother Curves, whofe Areas in a manner
may be confipared with
der'd as known ; of which kind are the Conic Sections
For this

are exprefs'd

to adjoin the two following catalogues or tables

thought
of Theorems, according to
of
promife, conflructed by the

reafon

fit

my

help

the jtb and Bth aforegoing Propofitions.

64.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

99

firft of thefe exhibits the Areas of fuch Curves as can be

the fecond contains fuch Curves, whole Areas may be
and
fquared
compared with the Areas of the Conic Sections. In each of thefe,
the letters d, e, f, g, and h, denote any given quantities, x and z
the Abfcifles of Curves, v and y parallel Ordinares, and s and t
The letters and 6, annex'd to the quantity z,
Areas, as before.
denote the number of the dimenfions of the fame z, whether it be

64.

The
;

integer or fractional,

JZ1ZZZ2 3 , z

is

"=z

s
,

affirmative or negative.

z-=z-~>

or-'
3

&+'

As

if

=3,

z*, and z*-'

then

=z*.

in the values of the Areas, for the fake of brevity,

65. Moreover
inftead of this Radical \Se-{-f& t or </e-t-fzi-\-gz**>,
written

and/

inflead of </b-t-iz* t

affected.

by which the value of the Ordinate^

is

10O

"fhe

Method of FLUXIONS,

t
CO
rt

ii

'5

en

e*

CO

U
3

1
I

*
u

N v,
S
1
1

Curve

+
T
1

V
CO

'

*~
*J-

^
~

and INFINITE SERIES.

T-

T*

II

101

II

II

II

II

II

CO

o
G

s
bo

**

II

a f
o

O
iM

OJ

01

\
ol

X"

\O

""*
I

cno

*?>

X X
s

CO

H-

oa'j j?

M M

cr>

-f'

?r
M

x"

s:

IO2

jff>e

Method

-o^

FLUXIONS,

67. Other things of the fame kind might have been added ; but I
now pafs on to another fort .of Curves, which
be com-

fhall

may

And in this Table or Catalogue

pared with the Conic Sections.
you have the propofed Curve reprefented by the Line QE^R, the
beginning of whole Abfcifs is A, the Abfcifs AC, the Ordinate CE,
the beginning of the Area
and the Area
a^,
But the beginning of this
or the initial term, (which com-

defcribed

Area,

a^EC.

commences at the beginning

of the Abfcifs A, or recedes to an infinite
diftance,) is found by feeking the length of
the Abfcifs Aa, when the value of the
Area is nothing, and by eredling the
per-

monly

either

pendicular a^/.
68. After the fame manner
you have the Conic Sedlion reprefented by the Line PDG, whofe Center is
A, Vertex a, rectangular

Aa and AP,

the beginning of the Abfcifs A, or a,

or a, the Abfcifs AB, or aB, or aB, the Ordinate BD, the Tangent
meeting AB in T, the Subtenfe aD, and the Re&angle infcribed
or adfcribed ABDO.
the letters before defined, it will be
69. Therefore retaining
or aB
and
t,
x,
i;,
z,
a.%EC

Semidiameters

DT

AC
ABDP

CE=y,

or

aGDB=j. And

AB

befides,

BD

when two Conic

Sections are

of any Area, the Area of the latter

required, for the determination
mall be call'd <r, the Abfcifs |, and the Ordinate T.
Put p for

and INFINITE

103
Tl

.V3
.

+
BL,

>*,

i?

Q
O
rt

S
ea

Q
O
14

en

O
Q

_2

Q
O

Q
O

M
OH
Q
pa

rt

>s| =
CO

O
eg
Q

Q
O

oa

rt

-y

CO

**

I
4-

o
U.

--V-

Method of FLUXIONS,

104

.<v
fa.

Q
Oa

o
Q
O

c
h

O
OJ

.5

Pi

Q
O

cj

O
Q

o
on

rt

(LI

Q
O

m
3

rt

^1^

X
15

"T

K+
I

dina

fr

SJ

4 I

ed

t
3|

%
II

II

3
+

a
-

ji

I
o

4-

4-

fe

-V"

and INFINITE SERIES.

<
Q
CO

13

$N

I.Hf
1

4-

Mj
Tf-

s-

^ ^

U
S)

u
O
It

*-

tt

<5

+
b<j

4
I?

'

-V

<J-.

o
4-

H-|
^i
t.

1=

Method of FLUXIONS,

io6

J*

to

_u

I
3

+
v.

t/>

o
fa

and INFINITE SERIES,

71. Before

go on

107

by Examples the Theorems that

to illuftrate

of Curves, I think it proper to obferve,

in
the
whereas
Equations reprefenting Curves, I have
72. I. That
all along fuppofed all the figns of the quantities d, e, f\ g, />, and i
to be affirmative ; whenever it fhall happen that they are negative,
Abfcifs and Orthey muft be changed in the fubfequent values of the
alfo
of
and
the
Area
ninate of the Conic Section,
required.
numeral
II. Alfo the
of
the
Symbols and 0, when they
figns
73.
Moreare negative, muft be changed in the values of the Areas.
are deliver'd in thefe claffes

Theorems themfclvcs may

over their Signs being changed, the

Thus in the 4th
quire a new form.

ac-

Form of Table 2, the Sign ot

d
~~~'
becomes -;_ iv,.-j~~^
,-^
'

being changed, the 3d

x &c.

that

Theorem

-}>

=}', *"==*,
7=^=
cz
-f-/a

is,

'

2.w

into

And

3^===^.

The

the fame

is

to be obferved in others.

of each order, excepting the 2d of the ift Taeach way ad infinitum.

For in the Series of
ble, may be continued
the
numeral
cf
co-efficients of the
Table
Order
and
the -;d
i,
4th
are
fonn'd by multiinitial terms, (2,
96, 768, Sec.)
4, 16,
6,
8,
ro, &c. continually
2,
4,
plying the numbers
and the co-efficients of the fubfequcnt terms are deinto each other
III.

74.

feries

rived

from the

initials in

A,
*

>

i,

4-,
plying by
the denominators

the 3d Order, by multiplying gradually by

-Li, &rc. or in the 4th Order by multiBut the co-efficients
-rV. &C.
T>
f,

&c. a rife by multiplying the

i, 3,
15, 105,
numbers i, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. gradually into each other.
d
ft
h
and
the ad Table, the Series of the i , 2
3'', 4
c; ",
75. But in
Thus having
io th Orders are produced in infinitum by diviiion alone.

of'

.4--1-'

t/x

v,

there will arifo

venient period,

==.)'.

Table

i,

Whence
__

_il

The

firft

it

appears,

putting

x=r

three terms belong to the

that

Area

the

to the ift Species

d
Jc
3n
-

is

7^-

1^f

'j

ift

Order of

cf

this Order.
~

--4

<:

?r

for the Area of the Conic Section, whofe Abfcifi

*'

is

diviiion to a con-

~z

j~

and the fourth term belongs

you perform the

in the ift Order, if

and Ordinate v

d
- r--.
g

7&e Method of

io8

FLUXIONS,

the Series of the

^th and 6th Orders may be infinitely
76. But
the
continued, by
help of the two Theorems in the 5th Order of
As alib the 7th and 8th
Table i. by a due addition or fubtraction
means
of
the
Theorems
in
the
6th
Order of Table i. and
Scries, by
the Series of the nth, by the Theorem in the roth Order of Table i.
For inftance, if the Series of the 3d Order of Table 2. beto be farther continued, fuppofe 6
and the ift Theorem of the
4>j,
:

jth Order

of Table

=.
this Series

i.

-^-=^f.

to be

8fts~

wll become

4l|

produced, writing

for

</,

v/^-h/ 2

=/>

into

I2e

it is

f%>

and 'Qfr'-'S/*'
ize

So that fubtrafting the former values of / and

RS
a
J- 1
4J
Ii;/?}
10/1/3
/
qnez

3>1

5/b~

But according to the 4th Theorem of

<x=v,
'

~~ 1

/,

ft

__

there will remain

_,,

Thefe being mul-

ij j

tiplied

a 5th

by

and,

Theorem of

(if you

pleafe) for

writing xv*, there will arife

the Series to be produced,'

,

v,

and

-r-

Some of thefe Orders may

As in the 2d Table, the 5th,

77. IV.
others.

-~

alfo

f.

be otherwife derived from

6th, 7th, and nth, from the

So that I might have omitted them,

8th; and the 9th from the loth

but that they may be of fome ufe, tho' not altogether necefftry. Yet
I have omitted fome Orders, which I might have derived from the ifr,
and 2d, as alfo from the 9th and loth, becaufe they were affected by
Denominators that were more complicate, and therefore can hardly be
:

of any ufe.
the defining Equation of any Curve is compounded of
78. V. If
feveral Equations of different Orders, or of different Species of the
Afame Order, its Area mufl be compounded of the

correlponding
taking care however, that they may be rightly connected with
For we mufl not always add or fubtra<fl at the
their proper Signs.
fame time Ordinates to or -from Ordinates, or correfponding Areas
to or from correfponding Areas ; but fometimes the fum of thefe,
and the difference of thofe, is to be taken for a new Ordinate, or to
And this muft be done, when the
conftitute a correfponding Area.
constituent Areas are pofited on the contrary fide of the Ordinate.
reas

Huf that the cautious Geometrician

may

the

more

readily avoid this

in-

and INFINITE SERIES.

109

d their proper Signs to the feveral Vainconveniency, I have prefix'

lues of the Areas, tho' ibmetimes negative, as is done in the jth
and yth Order of Table 2.
It is farther to be obferved, about the Signs of the Areas,
70. VI.
that -f- * denotes, either that the Area of the Conic Section, adjoinis to be added to the other
quantities in the value
ing to the Abfcifs,
or
that
the Area on the other
the
ifl
fee
of t , (
Example following ;)
be
s
is
to
fubtracled.
on the contrary,
And
fide of the Ordinate
denotes ambiguoufly, either that the Area adjacent to the Abfcifs is
to be fubtradled, or that the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate
Alfo the Value of f, if
is to be added, as it may feem convenient.
it

comes out

affirmative, denotes the

Area of the Curve propoled ad-

:
And contrariwife, if it be negative, it reprejoining to its Abfcifs
fents the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate.
80. VII. But that this Area may be more certainly defined, we
mull enquire after its Limits. And as to its Limit at the Abfcifs, at
the Ordinate, and at the Perimeter of the Curve, there can be no unBut its initial Limit, or the beginning from whence its de-

certainty:

commences, may obtain various pofitions. In the following

Examples it is either at the beginning of the Abfcifs, or at an infinite
But it
diftance, or in the concourfe of the Curve with its Abfcifs.
fcription

And wherever it is, it may be found, by

be placed elfewhere.
of the Abfcifs, at which the value of f becomes
ieeking that length
an Ordinate. For the Ordinate fo raifed
nothing, and there erecting
will be the Limit required.
8 1. VIII. If any part of the Area is pofited below the Abfcifs,
/ will denote the difference of that, and of the part above the Abmay

fcifs.

the dimenfions of the terms in the values of

too high, or defcend too low, they may be
afcend
.v, i;, and /,
.reduced to a juft degree, by dividing or multiplying fo often by any
be fuppos'd to perform the office of Unigiven quantity, which may
as often as thole dimenfions mail be either too high or too low.
82. IX.

Whenever
(hall

ty,

83. X. Befides the foregoing Catalogues, or Tables, we might allb

conftrucT: Tables of Curves related_tp_ other Curves, which may be the

moftfimple intheirkind; as to <Ja-\-fx* =v, ortox</e-t-fx* =v,

So that we might at all times derive the
or to ^/e-\-Jx*
y, &c.
Area of any propoled Curve from the fimpleft original, and know
But now let us illuitrute by Exto what Curves it llands related.
delivered.
been
already
what
has
amples.

<

84-

no

The Method

^FLUXIONS,

QER

be a
84. EXAMPLE I. Let
Conchoidal of fuch a kind, that the Q
Semicircle

AC

QH A being defcribed, and

being creeled perpendicular to

A Q^_ if the Parallelobe
gram QACI
compleated, the Diabe
AI
drawn, meeting the Segonal

the Diameter

micircle in

H the'per-

H, and from

HE

be

1C

let fall to

pendicular
Curve, whole Area

ACEQJs

then the Point

will defcribe

fought.

make AQ^==a, AC=z,

^.Therefore

CE=y,

and becaufe of the

continual Proportionals AI,

'twill be ECor_>'=
AQ^, AH, EC,
86.
that this may acquire the Form of the
Equations in the
make
and
for z~- in the denominator write z*, and
Tables,

--^

Now

=2,

for

a*z~-*

flf
a -\-x,

or

;]-'

in the numerator,

an Equation of the

>

f=

.fo

that 4/
v

.J''
ii

T-<

x,

will arife_y

Species of the ad Order of Table 2,

ift

and the Terms being compared,

/

and there

it

will
3

be^
tf

1
.*;

=
=

rf

3
,

-u,

a*,

and xv

and
2s

t.

Now that the values found of x and v may be reduced to a

number of dimen lions, choofe any given quantity, as a, by

87.

as unity,

which,

in the value

a*

of v, a>

may be
may be

multiplied once in the value of x, and

1
divided once, and
And by
twice.

^x

1
.v
=1', and xv
s/"^niTr =^,^/a
t: of which the conllradion is thus.
2s,
88. Center A, and Radius AQ^_ defcribe the Qigadrahtal Arch
raiie the perpendicular BD meeting
;
QDP ; in AC take AB
Then the double of the Scclof
that Arch in D, and draw AD.

this

means you

will obtain

= AH

ADP
or

will be equal to the

'

on

AB.?=) BD, or-y and .vj

ADB'-f- aBDP, that is, either
;

2*A

Of which

ACEQ^

Area fought

values the affirmative

aDAP

2s= 2 A ADB 2
aOAD, or=2DAP:

belongs to the Area ACEQ,

aC^AD belongs to the Area

fide EC, and the negative

extended ad infi.ritum beyond EC.
'of Problems thus found
89. The folutions
this

For

RE R

made more

elegant.

Thus

in the prefent cafe,

may fometimes

drawing RH

be

the le-

midiameter

in

and INFINITE SERIES.

the Sector

QRH

of the Surface

QH A,

is

ACEQ^

EXAMPLE
Angular point E

QH

becaufe of equal Arches

and DP,
half the Sector DAP, and therefore a fourth part

midiameter of the Circle

AGE be a

Let

Curve, which

is defcribed
by the
whilft
one
of
of the Norma AEF,
the Legs AE,
the
interminate,
continually
through
given point A,
being
paffes
and the other CE, of a given length,

90.

flides

upon the

II.

AF giEH per-

r,

right Line

ven in pofition.

Let

fall

and compleat
pendicular
and
the Parallelogram AHEC ;
CE
AC
z,
calling
=_y, and
EF
rf, becaufe of HF, HE,
to

AF,

HA

continual Proportionals,

y=

HAor
91.
or 2

will be

it

Now

that the

Area

AGEC may

be known, fuppofe

*,

tr-i

and thence

it

j==
~z^

will be

'

numerator

is

Here

=}'

fl

"ce

in the

of a fraded dimenfion, deprefs the value of/ by di~ V)

viding by

z&, and

it

will be

7=7=
~

ya

S> an

of the

Equation

ad Species of the ;th Order of Table 2. And the terms being comSo that z 1
a*.
i, and
pared, it is </= i,
/-

'

__ N A

\*~

.i

jV/^i

e=
.v

/=

_=

-u,

and

xv

/.

Therefore fince

^a-x*

an Equation to a
:
with the Center A, and diftancq a or
Circle
EF let the Circle PDQ^be defcribed, which CE meets in D, and let
then will AC
^,
the' Parallelogram ACDI be compleated ;
ACDP
xv
^
CD=<u, and the Area fought AGEC
*

and z

and fince
is a
Diameter
whofe
are equal,

is

92.

Ex-

The Method of

112
EXAMPLE

92.
Circle

Let AGE be the Ciflbid belonging to

with
Let DCE

III.

the

defcribed

ADQj

the diameter

FLUXIONS,

AQ..

be drawn perpendicular to the

and meeting the
diameter,
and E. And naCurves in

D
=

ming AC

AQj==
CA, CE

of

and

CD,

and dividing by z,

'tis

~~

az

'

Therefore zr~ l
I

== ^, or

=V

CE =.y,
y

:,

continual Proportiowill be CE or

it

nals,

becaufe

,and thence

an Equation or

aai-i

The
the 3d Species of the 4th Order of Table 2.
'tis d-=. I,
e
and
i,
being compared,

=
*AC =

%
it

x,

is

xx

</ax

CD
4AADC

3ACDH

x,

==

v,

and

v,

f=a.

and 3^
thence

2xv

3*

Terms

=
=
=ACDH
2x1;

Wherefore

/.

fo

that

Area of the Ciflbid

Area
Segments ADHA

ACEGA. Or, which is the fame thing, 3

Area AHDEGA.
ADEGA, or 4 Segments ADHA
IV. Let PE
EXAMPLE
93.

therefore

Therefore

Conchoid of the
Ancients, defcribed from Center
G, with the Afymptote AL,.
and diftance LE. Draw its
Axis GAP, and let fall the OrThen calling AC
dinate EC.
CE
a, and
=: z,
=.y, GA

be the

firft

Ap

becaufe of the Pro-

AL

A C CE
:

portionals

GC

CE,

it

will be

CE

*
04.

Now

that

its

Area

or

PEC may

be found from hence,

the

And if
the Ordinate CE are to be confider'd feparately.
paits'of
,
divided in D, that it is
v/^
the Ordinate CE is fo

CD

and

and INFINITE SERIES.

and

= *\/V

DE

^ CD
;

will be

the Ordinate of a Circle de-

from Center A, and with the Radius AP. Therefore the

the Area PDC is known, and there will remain the other
of
part
DPED to be found. Therefore fince DE, the part of the Orfcribcd

part

by which

dinate

pofe 2

the

ift

it

and

w,

Species

is

it

defcribed,

becomes

x,

\/

=
=

1
-+- c* x

= DE,

of the 3d Order of Table

being compared, itisd=t>,

1
Z

z*

-^/e*
f

z*

equivalent to -\/e*

is

an Equation of
The terms therefore

2.

i; and therefore

and/=

v, and

fup-

--

zbc l s

t.

Z.

reduce them to a juft number of

95. Thefe things being found,
and
dimenfions, by multiplying the terms that are too deprefs'd,
fome given Quantity. If this
dividing thofe that are too high, by

be done by

--

ex

c,

there will arife

The

x,

x%

c * -t-

</

Conflruclion of which

in this

is

v,

and

manner.

96. With the Center A, principal Vertex P, and Parameter aAP,

defcnbe the Hyperbola PK. Then from the point C draw the right
And it will be, as
Line CK, that may touch the Parabola in

AP

to

2AG,

fo

EXAMPLE

97.

the Area

is

5.

CKPC

Let the

to the

Norma

Area required

GFE

fo revolve

F may

DPED.

about the Pole

upon the right

continually
angular point
Curve
PE to be dein
conceive
the
then
given
pofition ;
fcribed by any Point E in the
Now that the
other Leg EF.
Area of this Curve may be
as that

G,

Line

its

AF

found,

let fall

GA

and

flide

EH per-

pendicular to the right Line

AF, and compleating the Pa-

rallelogram

AHEC,

AC

call

and
2, CE=j, AG
EF=; and becaufe of the
AG
Proportionals HF EH
:

AF,

we

bz
.

Va

mall

have

Therefore

: :

AF
CE or

zz
b

But whereas </cc

of a Circle defcribed with the Semidiameter

zz
;

is

the Ordinate

about the Center

A
let

Method of FLUXIONS,
PDQ_be defcribed, which CE produced

*fhe

fuch a Circle

let

then

it

will be

DE

= ^=rS

there remains the Area

tion

Suppofe therefore

=:2, and

PDEP

G=^

B?
or

the hel P of

it

will be

which EqUa ~

be determin'd.

DERQ^to

and

DE= V

sn Equation of the ift Species of the 4th Order of Table

the Terms being compared, it will be b-= d, cc =e, and
fo that

bV cc zz
Now as the value

meets ia

i^~
ft

>

And

i.
j

==/;

l>R=f.

of t is negative, and therefore the Area

98.
that its initial Limit
/ lies
;
beyond the Line
reprefented by
t becomes nowhich
for
of
at
feek
that
z,
length
may be found,
to
Therefore continue
thing, and you will find it to be c.
Q^>
that it may be AQ==c, and erect the Ordinate QR.; and

DE

AC

DQRED

will be the

Area whofe value

now found is
to know the

b\/cc

zz.

fhould define
quantity of the Area
99. If you
the
at
co-extended
Abfcifs
with it, without
and
AC,
PDE, pofited
determine
thus
it.
the
Limit
QR, you may
knowing
100. From the Value which / obtains at the length of the Abfcifs AC, fubtract its value at the beginning of the Abfcifs ; that is,

from

PAGK,

fubtract

&, and

there will arife the defired

Therefore compleat the Parallelogram

fall
and let
perpendicular to AP, which meets
will be equal to the Area
and the Parallelogram

quantity A:
in

zz

b\/ cc

b\/ LC

zz.

DM

GK

PKML

PDE.
Whenever

the Equation defining the nature of the Curve

cannot be found in the Tables, nor can be reduced to limpler terms
be transform'd into
by divifion, nor by any other means ; it muft
of Curves related to it, in the manner fhewn in
other
101.

Equations

Prob. 8. till at laft one is produced, whofe Area may be known by

And when all endeavours are ufed, and yet no fuch
the Tables.
can be found, it may be certainly concluded, that the Curve probe compared, either with rectilinear Figures, or with
pofed cannot
Sedions.
Conic
the
102. In the fame manner when mechanical Curves are concern'd,
they muft fir ft be transform'd into equal Geometrical Figures, as is
fhewn in the fame Prob. 8. and then the Areas of fuch Geometrical

Curves are to be found from the Tables.

Of

this

matter take

the following Example.

103.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

EXAMPLE

115

Let it be propofed to determine the Area of

Arches
of any Conic Section, when they aie
the Figure of the
made Ordinates on their Right Sines. As let A be the Center of
the Conic Section,
"
103.

AQ_and AR

6.

the

^\

.'

CD

the
Semiaxes,
Ordinate to the Axis
AR, and PD a Perpendicular at the
Alfo let
point D.
AE be the fa id

Curve

mechanical

meeting CD in E;
and from its nature

CE

before defined,
will be equal to the

ThereArea A EC

Arch QD.
fore the

fought, or comthe parallelogram ACEF, the excefs

is
To
required.
pleating
which purpole let a be the Latus rectum of the Conic Section, and
b its Latus tranfverfum, or
and CD=_>';
2AQ^_ Alfo let

is

AEF

AC=z,

then
as

is

it

will be

known.

Alfo

Now

i,

-f-

-zz

=y,

an Equation to a Conic Section,

PC= -z, and thence PD = v/^H ~- zz.

QD

is to the fluxion of
Arch
the fluxion of the Abfcifs be
fupthe Fluxion of the Arch QD, or of the Ordinate CE,

104.
the Abfcifs
pos'd

V ^bb

fince the fluxion of the

AC,

as

PD

to

CD

if

**+"-*~~
will be i/

will

If

arife

4
.

Draw

z /

therefore

for

in

the

Ordinate

into

this

FE,

or z, and there

fluxion of the

the

CD

take

you

Area

AEF.

CG

-zz

the

Area

AGC, which

is

defcribed

-zz

moving upon AC,

will be equal to the

Area

AEF,

by

CG

and the Curve

AG

n6
AG

Method of FLUXIONS,

77je
will be

fought.

AGC

Geometrical Curve.
Therefore the Area
let z* be fubflituted for z* in the
purpofe

To

this

= CG,

<

Equation, and

becomes &*-*

it

j-^

\/^-j-,

i;

is

laft

an Equa.-

tion of the

ad Species of the
comparifon of terms it is d

$=
~s

fo that

*:

That

t.

\/ ^bb
*
is,

CD

the Conftruction of

~]

i,

is

'

\/

now

=,/=

e-=.i-bb

zz=x.
x, DP

what

And from

ith Order of Table 2.

v,

Afl

and

-f-

Jj

xx

~
r,

and

i>.

and

And

/.

this is

found.

QK

perpendicular and equal to QA, and thro*

draw HI parallel to it, but equal to DP. And the
the point
Line KI, at which HI is terminated, will be a Conic Section, and
the comprehended Area HIKQ^will be to the Area fought

At Q^ erect

105.

PC

as b to a, or as

to

AEF,

AC.

Here obferve, that if you change the fign of b, the Conic

Section, to whofe Arch the right Line CE is equal, will become an
if you make b
the Ellipfis becomesEllipfis; and befides,
And in this cafe the line KI becomes a right line parallel
a Circle.
106.

the Area of any Curve has been thus found and con107. After
confider about the demonftration of the conwe
fhould
ftrucled,
ftruction

that laying afide

be, the

may

become

fit

for publick view.

monftrating, which I mail

Algebraical calculation, as much as

adorn'd, and made elegant,, fo as to
And there is a general method of de--

all

Theorem may be

endeavour to

iiluftrate

by the follow-

ing Examples.

Demonftration of the Conjlruflion in Example 5.

1

08. In

Arch PQ^take a point d indefinitely near

113.) and draw de and dm parallel to DE and

the

(Figure p.
and
meeting
of
the
Area
ment

DM

Area

LMKP.

AP

p and

in

Draw

But

it

therefore Dj>

::

pd

: :

will

will be

DE^/ be the momoment of the

the

AD, and conceive the indewere a right line, and the triand therefore D/> pd:: AL LD.

and ALD will be like,

HF EH AG AF that

angles -D/^/

Then

D,

DM,

the femidiameter

fmall arch ~Dd to be as

finitely
it is

/.

LM//

PDEP, and

to

ML

DE.

is,

AL LD

Wherefore

::

ML

Dp DE
x

= pdDE; ML

and

That

and IN FINITE SERIES,

That

is,

the

moment DEed

is

equal to the

moment

LM;;//.

117
And

demonflrated indeterminately of any contemporaneous

it is
plain, that all the moments of the Area
all
the
to
are
PDEP
contemporaneous moments of the Area
equal
whole
Areas compofed of thofe moments
the
therefore
PLMK, and
are equal to each other.
C^JE. D.
fince this

is

moments whatever,

Demonftration of the ConftruSfion in Example

be the momentum of the fuperficies

109. Let DEed
A</DA be the contemporary
moment of the Segment ADH.
Draw the femidiameter DK,

and
it

Cc

is

Befides

AC

Cc

AC

zDd-x.

AK

meet

let de
:

it is

in c

-,

3.

AHDE,

and

and

Dd :: CD DK.
DC QA (aDK)
:

: :

DE. And therefore

2Dd :: DC aDK ::
DE, and Cc x DE
AC. Now to the mo:

periphery Dd
that is, to the tanproduced,
the
of
Circle, let fall the
gent
and AI will
perpendicular AI,

ment of the

AC.

So that
AI
x
zDd
4
moment
that 4 Triangles
So
AD</.
Triangles
is
DE^/. Therefore every moment of the fpace
quadruple
and
the
therefore
moment
of
of the contemporary
Segment ADH,
whole
that whole fpace is quadruple of the
Segment.
Q^E. D.

be equal to
zDd x AC

AD^/=C^xDE=
AHDE

Bemvnftratwn

iiS

"The

Method of FLUXIONS,

Demonftration of the ConftruRion in Example 4.

no. Draw
from

ce

CE, and

parallel to

at

an indefinitely fmall diflance

and the tangent of the

Hyperbola ck t and let fall
it,

KM

AP. Now
perpendicular
from the nature of the Hyperbola it will be AC
A? ::
to

AP AM, and therefore AC?

GLq
AC?: LE? (or AP V ::
:

::

')

AP?

AM?

and

divlfim*

AG/

AL? (DE?) ::.AP?: AM?

AP?(MK?) And invent, AG:
;

AP

DE

::

little

Area

MK.

DEed

is

But the

to the Tri-

DE

angle CKr, as the altitude

as
to -LAP.
Wherefore
to
are
all the
contemporaneous

AG

And

to 4-AP.

is

to half the altitude

KM

in. Draw c*/ parallel and

meeting the Curve

Then by

q.

litude

of the

Eq

::

Dp

HI

that

is,

AG

Demonjlration of the Conjlruftion in Example

and

all the moments of the Space PDE

moments of the Space PKC, as
therefore thofe whole Spaces are in the fame ratio.

AE

in

e,

infinitely near to
and draw hi and

the Hypothefis

~Dd=

Triangles Ddp and DCP,

(PD) HI, fo that Dp x HI

moment

CD,

6.

(Fig. in p. 115-)

fe meeting DCJ in p
Eg, and from the fimiit

will

be

= Eg xCPj
AC
moment

D/>

(Dd)

and thence

(the
Eg x
AC. Wherefore

EF/e) ::
fince PC and AC
EyxAC :: CP
are in the given ratio of the latus tranlverfum to the Jatus rectum
of the Conic Section QD, and fince the moments HI//) and EFfe
of the Areas
HIKQ^and AEF are in that ratio, the Areas themfelves will be in the fame ratio.
Q-^E. D.

E ? xCP

(the

HI/'/.)):

112. In this kind of demonilrations it is to be

obferved, that I
affume fuch quantities for equal, whofe ratio is that of
equality
And that is to be efteem'd a ratio of equality, which differs lefs
from equality than by any unequal ratio that can be
Thus
:

affign'd.

in the laft

demon ftration

fuppos'd the rectangle E^xAC, or FE?/,

to be equal to the
fpace FEt/j becaufe (by realon of the difference
lefs
than them, or nothing in comparifon of
Eqe infinitely
them,)
I

they

and INFINITE SERIES.

119

of inequality.
And for the fame reafon I
they have not a ratio
HI//6 ; and fo in others.
DP x HI
here made ufe of this method of proving the Areas
1
13. I have
of Curves to be equal, or to have a given ratio, by the equality, or
by the given ratio, of their moments ; becaufe it has an affinity to

made

But that feems more natural

the ufual methods in thefe matters.
which depends upon the generation of Superficies, by Motion or
Fluxion.
Thus if the Confbuclion in Example 2. was to be demonftrated

ID

line

ID

AGE

From

(Fig. p.i

and

it is

AI

the nature of the Circle, the fluxion of the right

is to the fluxion of the
1.)
right line IP, as AI to
ID
ID
from
the
nature of the Curve
CE,
:

ID x IP. But CE x ID
to
and therefore CE x ID
And therefore thofe Areas, being gethe fluxion of the Area PDI.
nerated by equal fluxion, muft be equal.
Q^E. D.
fake
of
farther
the
1
For
illustration, I fliall add the demon14.
flration of the Confrruc~r.ion, by which the Area of the Ciffoid is
Let the lines mark'd with points in the
determin'd, in Example 3.
and the Afymptote
fcheme be expunged; draw the Chord
from
of
the
Ciffoid.
the
nature
of the Circle, it Is
Then,
QR
and
AQ_x CQ^,
DQj;

DQ^

thence (by Prob.

Fluxion of

And

i.)

DQj= AQjcCQ.

therefore

AQ_:

Alfo from the

it is
of
the
Ciffoid
nature

2DQj CX^

AD

::

ED

DQ^

AQ^:

There-

fore

ED AD

and

EDxCC^=ADx2DQ^,

or

4xiADxDQ^ Nowfmce

DQ__

perpendicular at the
end of AD, revolving about

is

and i AD x QD

to the fluxion

generating the Area

ED x CQ^== fluxion generating the Ciffoidal Area

Wherefore
that Area QREDO
QREDO.
infinitely long, is geneof
the
other
rated quadruple
ADOQ^ Q^E. D.
its

quadruple alfo

SCHOLIUM.

The Method of

120

FLUXIONS,

SCHOLIUM.
the foregoing Tables not only the Areas of Curves, but
of any other kind, that are generated by an analogous
quantities
of
flowing, may be derived from their Fluxions, and that by
way

By

115.

the affiftance of this Theorem That a quantity of any kind is to an

unit of the lame kind, as the Area of a Curve is to a fuperficial
unity ; if fo be that the fluxion generating that quantity be to an
unit of its kind, as the fluxion generating the Area is to an unit of
its kind alfo ; that is, as the right Line moving perpendicularly upon
the Abfcifs (or the Ordinate) by which the Area is defcribed, to a
:

Wherefore if any fluxion whatever is expounded by

fuch a moving Ordinate, the quantity generated by that fluxion will
be expounded by the Area defcribed by fuch Ordinate ; or if the
Fluxion be expounded by the fame Algebraic terms as the Ordinate,
the generated quantity will be expounded by the fame as the deTherefore the Equation, which exhibits a Fluxion of
fcribed Area.
any kind, is to be fought for in the firft Column of the Tables, and
the value of t in the laft Column will mow the generated Quan-

linear Unit.

tity.
1 1 6.

As

if

\/

_
1

exhibited a Fluxion of any kind, make it

may be reduced to the form of the Equations

-h

and that
equal to y,

it

in the Tables, fubftitute z* for z,

7y,
And

an Equation of the

comparing the
8a

and thence

+-i8z

^~

,~

it

\S

gz
-

+-

quantity

1/1

-id

which

-4-

be

will

==

will be

it

Species of the

firft

terms,

and

-p.

R>
is

'

</

-+-

z
43

3d Order of Table

</=

=/.

z~

i,

e=i,f=2.

_,

>

Therefore

generated

i.

it

is

the

by the Fluxion

4"
3 17,

And

thus if v'l -f- J^l- reprefents a Fluxion,

by a due re7
9

&

duftion, (or by extracting

for

2~^) there will be had

-or,

out of the radical, and

writing

*/s&--!
ga*

=7,

the ad Species of the 5th Order of Table 2.

an

Equation

of

Then comparing

the

terms,

and INFINITE SERIES.

it is

terms,

'

^7

_j_

d=.

i,

-u,

and/=

the fluxion v/
quantity generated by

making

it

to be to an Unit of

fuperficial unity

its

1 1

8.

Thus fuppofing \/i 4-

no longer
inftance, which

imagine
for

found,

the

being
ill

be known,

kind, as the Area j*

to the fame,

_~

to fuperficial unity.

+ L^Z

**,

by

by

is

to

fuppofing the

Superficies, but a quantity of anits own kind, as that fuperficies

no longer to reprefent a
quantity
other kind, which is to an unit of
t

own

which comes

or

Which

= =
-

So that x 7

i.

=- =A

and 4 J

121

to reprefent a linear Fluxion,

to fignify a Superficies, but a Line ; that Line,

is to a linear unit, as the Area: which (accord-

is to a
fuperficial unit, or
ing to the Tables) is reprefented by t,
On
that which is produced by applying that Area to a linear unit.
which account, if that linear unit be made e, the length generated

by the foregoing

fluxion will be

And upon

this

foundation

be apply'd to the determining the Lengths of

Curve-lines, the Contents of their Solids, and any other quantities
whatever, as well as the Areas of Curves.

thofe Tables

may

Of
I.

^uejlions that are related hereto.

To approximate

method

Areas of Curves mechanically,

that the values of two or more

to the

this,
right119. The
lined Figures may be fo compounded together, that they may very
the value of the Curvilinear Area required.
nearly conftitute

120.

Thus
xx

is

for the Circle

= zz

AFD

which

is

denoted by the Equa-

tion
}
having found the value of
**
#*
the Area AFDB, viz.
/,**
of
values
fome
the
&c.
Rectangles are to
J-x*,
.v

be fought, fuch

the value

x\/x

xx, or x*
of
the
z*
T#*
rectangle
the
value
of AD x
and
or
BD x AB,
x^/x,
#',
be
are
to
thefe
values
AB. Then
multiply'd by
is

TV#% & c

any

different letters,

that

ftand for

numbers

indefinitely,

and then
to

2^2 Method of

122

FLUXIONS,

added together, and the terms of the fum are to be compared

with the correfponding terms of the value of the Area AFDB, that
As if thofe Paralleloas far as is poffible they may become equal.
\ex^
grams were multiply'd by e and f, the fum would be ex*
to be

{$$, &c. the terms of which being compared with

^x

or

,^x

=
=
AB

/=

to .!#*

equivalent

from the Area

tracted

i^=

+/=-!, and
4.,
4
that
So
x
AB
x
AD
-fTr
TT
^-BD
*
For
AB
is
x
AD
AB
x
-f. T T
nearly.
^-BD
&c.
which
_^.v*
_L.,v*,
4.**
being fub-

TV*% &c. there arifes

and
%
Area AFDB very
,

thefe terms

AFDB,

leaves the error only

T'-#

-j-

TV#*,

&c.

Thus

121.

AB x DE
-2-#*
128

if

will be

--

were bifected

x\/x

x*, &c.

1024

the rectangle

AB

AB

J-x*

AD

Area

--

-\

E, the value of the rectangle

-^x*
%xx, or x*
with
this
And
compared
r
8DE + zAD

x AB, gives

AFDB,

the

&c. which

x*

in

into

error
is

being only
always lefs than

5760

560

AFDB

even tho'
part of the whole Area,
But this Theorem may be thus
of
a
Circle.
were a quadrant
prois
the
fo
into DE, added to a
rectangle
pounded. As 3 to 2,
and DE, to the Area AFDB,
fifth part of the difference between
TJ^JTJ.

AB

AD

very nearly.
and
122. And thus by compounding two rectangles
AB x BD, or all the three rectangles together, or by taking in ftill
other Rules may be invented, which will be fo
more

ABxED

rectangles,

much the more exacT:, as there are more Rectangles made ufe of.
And the fame is to be understood of the Area of the Hyperbola, or
of any other Curves.
Nay, by one only rectangle the Area may
often be very

as in the
foregoing Circle,
to
the
as v/io
x
will be
5,
rectangle
as 3 to 2, the error
being only T TAT* -fr-

commodioufly exhibited,

by taking BE to AB
to the Area AFDB,

AB

ED

The Area being g hen, to determine the Abfcifs and Ordinate.

123. When the Area is exprefs'd by a finite Equation, there can
But when it is exprefs'd by an infinite Series, the
be no difficulty
affected root is to be extracted, which denotes the Abfcifs.
So for
II.

the

W^^

**

and INFINITE SERIES.

the Hyperbola, defined by the Equation

123

we

z, after

have

bx

&c. that from the given Area

,
-^ -+the Abfcifs x may be known, extract the affedled Root, and there
- 4will arife x
&c.
And
,

found

that

by a

is,

Thus

124.

-xx

ax
1 i

} -+

as

-^

-f-

zz,

after the

were required, divide ab by /z 4- AT,

&c. and there will arife z=l>>
,
s

=
is

t*

equal to x.

the Equation
arifes

which

Area

ax

And
a

-xx
3

5<:

is

exprefs'd

found z

by the Equation
a%x *

^a?x*
,

and

for x*,

and

becomes

it

&c. and extracting the root

this value

is

for

-i-j,

= **. ^L

z, the given Area,

i;'

-JjjL

.5

to the
Ellipfis

Hf_, &c. write

^!^

&c.

-f-

the Ordinate

if

moreover,

/=

being fubflituted inftead of

in

zz, and the root being extracted, there

38*' __
'7Sf*

Q7^

5c c>

So that from

225018

and thence v or ./"I,

the Abfcifs #
f
za*

will be

All which things may be accommogiven, and the Ordinate z.

dated to the Hyperbola, if
the flgn of the
quantity c be changed,
only
wherever it is found of odd dimenfions.

RO

B.

*The

124-

Method of FLUXIONS,

P R O

B.

X.

many Curves as we pleafe, vohofe Lengths

may be exprcfsd by finite Equations.

1o find as

The

1.

this

following pofitions prepare the

way

for

the

foltirion

of

Problem.

If the right Line DC, ftanding perpendicularly

Curve AD, be conceived thus to move,
2.

I.

upon

any.

its
points G, g, r, &c. will defcribe
other Curves, which are equidiftant, and
perpendicular to that line : As GK, gk,

all

rs,

&c.

Line is continued
each
its
extremities will
indefinitely
way,
move contrary ways, and therefore there
will be a Point between, which will have
no motion, but may therefore be call'd
the Center of Motion.
This Point will
be the fame as the Center of Curvature,
hath at the point D,
which the Curve
Let that point
as is mention'd before.
3.

II.

If that right

AD

beC.

we

AD

not
fuppofe the line
but
circular,
unequably curved, fuppofe more curved towards <T, and lefs toward A; that Center will
continually change its place, approaching nearer to the parts more
curved, as in K, and going farther off at the parts lefs curved, as in.
4. III. If

to

be

kt and by that means will defcribe fome line, as KG.

IV. The right Line DC will continually touch the line de5.
fcribed by the Center of Curvature.
For if the Point
of this
line moves towards ^, its point G, which in the mean time pafTes
to K, and is fituate on the fame fide of the Center C, will move
the fame way, by pofition 2.
moves
Again, if the fame point
towards A, the point g, which in the mean time paffes to k, and
k fituate on the contrary fide of the Center C, will move the conmoved in the former cafe,
trary way, that is, the fame way that
Wherefore K and k lie on the fame fide of
while it pafs'd to K.
the right Line DC.
But as K and k are taken indefinitely f :>r any

points,

and INFINITE SERIES.

125

the whole Curve lies on the fame fide of the

plain that
is not cut, but
therefore
and
only touch'd by it.
DC,
the
line
<rDA is continually more
6. Here it is fuppos'd, that
for if its greateft or leaft
;
curved towards <T, and lefs towards
it is

points,
right line

Curvature
D, then the right line DC will cut the Curve KC ;
but yet in an angle that is lefs than any right-lined angle, which is
the fame thing as if it were faid to touch it.
Nay, the point C in
or
which
the two parts of the
at
the
is
cafe
Limit,
this
Cufpid,
moft
in
the
oblique concourfe, touch each other ;
Curve, finishing
and therefore may more juftly be faid to be touch'd, than to be cut,
which divides the Angle of contact.
by the right line DC,
V. The right Line CG is equal to the Curve CK. For conis

7.
ceive

in

the points r, 2r, 3;-, ^.r, &c. of that right Line to defcribe
the arches of Curves rs, 2r2s, 3^3;, &c. in the mean time that they
the motion of that right line ; and
approach to the Curve CK, by
fmce thofe arches, (by polition i.) are perpendicular to the right
all

lines that

touch the Curve

CK, (by

follows that they

Wherefore the parts of

pofition 4.)

it

will be alfo perpendicular to that Curve.

the line CK, intercepted between thofe arches, which by reafon of
their infinite fmallnefs may be confider'd as right lines, are equal to
the intervals of the fame arches ; that is, (by polition i.) are equal
And equals being added
to fo many parts of the right line CG.
will be equal to the whole Line
to equals, the whole Line

CK

CG.
thing would appear by conceiving, that every part
of the right Line CG, as it moves along, will apply itfelf fuccefof the Curve CK, and thereby will meafure
fively to every part
them ; juft as the Circumference of a wheel, as it moves forward by
revolving upon a Plain, will meafure the diflance that the point of
8.

The fame

ContacT; continually defcribes.

And

hence it appears, that the Problem may be refolved, by

afiuming any Curve at pleaflue A/'DA, and thence by determining
the other Curve KC, in which the Center of Curvature of the
aftumed Curve is always found. Therefore letting fall the perpendiculars DB and CL, to a right Line AB given in pofition, and in
.v and BD
v
to
AB taking any point A, and calling AB
be
affumed
AD
let
relation
between x and v,
define the Curve
any
and then by Prob 5. the point C may be found, by which may be
determined both the Curve KC, and its Length GC.
9.

10.

Method of FLUXIONS,

126

=yy

EXAMPLE. Let ax

10.

be the Equation to the Curve,

And, by Prob. 5.

which

therefore will be the Apollonian Parabola.

will be

found

and DC

*
,

AL=|

= 2if

-+.

KC

Which
is

ax.

being obtain'd, the Curve

determin'd by AL and LC, and

Length by DC.

For

as

its

we

are at

and
liberty to aflume the points
let
us
in
where
the
Curve KC,
anf

Curvature of the Parabola at its Vertex ;

and putting therefore AB and BD, or
x and y, to be nothing, it will be
fuppofe

DC

AK,

to be the Center of

And

-irf.

or

from the former

DC,

and

u*

is

the Length
fubtracted

indefinite value of

GC or KC
-^- V aa +. ax
Now if you defire to know what Curve

leaves

11.
its

this

DG, which being

\a.
this

is,

and what

is

zt
Length, without any relation to the Parabola ; call KL
and
or
AL
and
it
will
be
&==.
LC
AT,
v,
\a
3 x,
^z
'
S!
==
or
Therefore
CL
ax =yy.
v,
4v

/-

'''

which fhews the Curve

And

for

writing

its

~z

KC

Length there

for

>r

27 #

aa

to be a Parabola of the fecond kind.

arifes

in the value

The Problem

27

=
=
= = =

llil

^/^aa

-f-

az

a,

by

of CG.

be refolved by taking an Equation,

which fhall exprefs the relation between AP and PD, fuppofing P to
be the interfeclion of the Abfcifs and
12.

Perpendicular.

For

alfo

may

calling

AP=,v,

CPD to move
and PD =/,
an infinitely fmall fpace, fuppofe to
the place Cpd and in CD and Cd taking CA and CeT both of the fame
r, and to
given length, fuppofe
CL let fall the perpendiculars A^ and
fy of which Ag, (which call
may meet Cd inf. Then compleat
the Parallelogram gyfe, and making
conceive

=z)

x,y, and

the fluxions of the quantities

,v,

y,

and x,

as

before
it

and IN FINITE SERIES.

it

Ae

will be

And A/:

P/>

::

A/

CA

A?P

:t

'

All*

Then

P.

"
?

Q"P

127

CA]

Ae:Pp

a>quo t

TT

::

::

'

^11

CP.

But P/> is the moment of the Abfcifs AP, by the acceiTion of which
it becomes Ap ; and Ae is the contemporaneous moment of the perthe decreafe of which it becomes fy.
pendicular Ag-, by
fore Ae and Pp are as the fluxions of the lines Ag (z) and
that

as

is,

is

z and x. Wherefore
a
i
CAI
AgT

=~*

Cgl

CP_=

::

&&, and

CP.

CA

And

fmce

i ;

will be

it

it

an uniform fluxion, to which the reft are to be

be that fluxion, and its value is unity, then CP

three x,y, and

13. Befides

zz )

(x),

Moreover fmce we may aflume any one of the

referr'd, if

2,

~-

There-

AP

it

: :

~z

for

CA

is

(i)

CP CL
:

Z z.

Ag

(z}

therefore

Laftly,

CP

::

it is

PL; alfo
2Z
PL
:

drawing /^parallel to the

CA
,

(i)

and

CL

Cg

infinitely fmall

Arch D</, or perpendicular to DC, P^- will be the momentum of

DP, by the acceflion of which it becomes dp, at the fame time that
AP becomes A/>. Therefore Pp and Pg are as the fluxions of AP
(x)

PD

and

triangles

fame

that

(;'),

as

is,

ratio,

it

will be

and

Ppq and CAg, fmce

CA
.

y.

Therefore becaufe of fimilar

and Ag,

or

Whence we

and z,

have

are

in

this folution

the

of

the Problem.

the propofed Equation, which exprefles the relation

between x and^x, find the relation of the fluxions x and y, (by Prob. i.)
be had the value of _)-, to which z
and putting x
i, there will
14.

From

Then fubftituting z for/, by the help of the lafl Equaequal.

tion find the relation of the Fluxions x,y, and z, (by Prob. i.) and
Thefe
fubftituting i for x, there will be had the value of z.
is

again

being found

= CL;

make

^21= CP,
Z

zx

CP

PL, and

CP

x v/

yy

be a Point in the Curve, any part of which

Line CG, which is the difference of the
to the Curve \)d from the points
tangents, drawn perpendicularly

KG

is

and

will

equal to the right

C and K,

7%e Method of

I2 8
Ex. Let

15.

between

tion

Trob.

=
y

it

i.)

be the Equation which exprefles the

and PD ; and (by

ax=yy

AP

will be

ax= 2yy,

firft

Then zyz -f- zyz

2yz.

z.

Thence

yy

FLUXIONS,

it

is

rela-

or

o, or

CP

l_J

4-vv

And from CP and PL

taking

x.

and

AL

away y and

away y

CD
~ Now

there remains

and

aa.

?a

x, becaufe

aa
I

take

when CP and

have affirmative values, they fall on the fide of the point P toand A, and they ought to be diminiihed, by taking away
wards
the affirmative quantities PD and AP.
But when they have negative
will
the
fide
fall
on
of the point P, and then
values, they
contrary
they muft be encreafed, which is alfo done by taking away the affirmative quantities PD and AP.
in which the point
1 6. Now to know the Length of the Curve,
of
between
two
its
and
C ; we rauft ieek
C is found,
any
points
the length of the Tangent at the point K, and fubtradt it from CD.

PL

K were the point, at which the Tangent is terminated, when

and
CA
Ag, or i and z, are made equal, which therefore is fituate
in the Abicifs itfelf AP ; write i for z in the Equation
2yz,

As

if

a=

whence
that

is

Therefore for y write ^a in the value of CD,

and it comes out
And this is the length
a.

a=2y.
in

DG

the difference between

of the Tangent at the point K, or of
;
which and the foregoing indefinite value of CD, is
-i#> that

--

is

GC,

to

which the

part of the Curve

KC

is

equal.

may appear what Curve this is, from AL (hav17.

firft
its
ing
changed
fign, that it may become affirmative,) take AK,
which will be ^a, and there will remain KL
%a, which

Now

that

it

call /,

and in the value of the

aa anc

->

is

^ere

a "fe

line

CL, which

\/^at

call

or

v, write

vv,

for

which

an Equation to a Parabola of the fecond kind, as was found before.

i a,

and INFINITE SERIES.

129

the relation between t and v cannot conveniently be

reduced to an Equation, it may be fufficient only to find the lengths
PC and PL. As if for the relation between AP and PD the Equa3
were affumed; from hence (by Prob. i.)
tion
8.

When

^x-^-^y

firft

there arifes a

and therefore
given

PC

it

=o

_}'

4-^*2

is

""',

and

y*z
yy

PL

aa

then

o,

z=

and

,
'

aaz
aa

y*z=o,

zyyz

Whence

are

yy

2rxPC, by which

the point

is

And the length of the Curve,

determined, which is in the Curve.
be
known
will
fuch
between two
points,
by the difference of the

two correfponding Tangents, DC or PC

y.
i, and in order to determine
19. For Example, if we make
fome point C of the Curve, we take y
2
then AP or x becomes

a=

.y

3"'.v_ _

T'

Zaa

Then

-_. T> zz

T>

determine another point,

to

AP=6,

=i, z

PC"1V
if

we

and rLl
PI
ana

2>

take

PC=

^'

3,

it

?
will be

andPL=

ioi.
84,
>ir,
Which being had, if y be taken from PC, there will remain
4
in the firil cafe, and
the
j
87 in the fecond, for the lengths
difference of which 83 is the length of the Curve, between the two

DC

points found C and c.

20. Thefe are to be thus underftood, when the Curve is contiand C, withnued between the two points C and c, or between
For when
out that Term or Limit, which we call'd its Cufpid.

one or more fuch terms come between thofe points, (which terms
are found by the determination of the greateft or leaft PC or
DC,)
the lengths of each of the parts of the Curve, between them and the
muft be feparately found, and then added together.
points C or K,

PROB.

XI.

To find as many Curves as you pie ofe, whofe Lengths may

be compared with the Length of any Curve propofed,
or with its Area applied to a given Line y by the help
of
finite Equations.

performed by involving the Length, or the Area of the

in the Equation which is affumed in the
foregoing
propofed Curve,
the relation between AP and PD (Figure
to
determine
Problem,
Eut that z, and z may be thence derived, (by
Art. 12. pjg. 126.)
i.

It

is

Prob.

7%4 Method of

130

FtuxioNS,

Prob. i.) the fluxion of the Length, or of the Area, muft be firft
difcowr'd.
2. The fluxion of the Length is determin'd by putting it" equal to
the fquare-root of the fum of the fquares of the fluxion of the Abbe the perpendicular OrdiFor let
fcifs and of the Ordinate.
the
Abfcifs
and
MN,
nate, moving upon
be the propofed Curve, at which
let

RN

QR
RN terminated.
NR=/, and

s,

Fluxions
ceive the

nr

s,

/,

Line

and

MN

Then calling
QR='i>, and

is

their

refpeclively ; coninto the place

<u

NR to move

and letting
to nr, then RJ, sr,

infinitely near the former,

fall

RJ perpendicular

_
M"

N"

and Rr will be the contemporaneous moments of the lines MN,

NR, and QR, by the accetfion of which they become
nr, and
And as thefe are to each other as the fluxions of the fame

M,

lines,

and becaufe of the right Angle Rsr,

Rr, or

\/V

-f- f-

it

>/R/

will be

-f-Tr*

<v.

But to determine the fluxions s and t there are two Equationsand NR,.
required; one of which is to define the relation between
or s and /, from whence the relation between the fluxions s and tis to be derived ; and another
which may define the relation beor
in the given Figure, and of AP or x in that retween
3.

MN

MN

quired,
x or i

NR

from whence the

may
Then

relation of the fluxion s or t to the fluxion

be difcover'd.

being found, the fluxions y and z are to be fought

by a third aflumed Equation, by which the length PD or y may be
4.

defined.

DC

<u

Then we

= PC

y,

are to take

as in the

PC

= '-^,

PL

=y x PC,

and

foregoing Problem.

ss=tt be an Equation to the given Curve

Ex. i. Let as
5.
be
a Circle; xx
as the relation between the
which
will
QR,
and
the
relation between the length of
lines AP and MN,
Lv=.y,
the Curve given QR, and the right Line PD.
By the firft it will

be as

By

2ss

the fecond

third

u=y,

2tt, or
it

is

that

zt

2X
is,

's=i.

=
^=

as,

And

thence

and therefore -t

z } and hence

zt

=v

=. v.

s*-i-t* ==: v.

And by

^'=2;.

the

Which
being

and INFINITE SERIES.

PC

muft take
being found, you

== PC

PC

or

y,

= -^.
1

Where

131

PL=/x PC,

DC

and

of
appears, that the length
cannot be found, but at the fame time 'the

QR-

QR

it

the given Curve

muft be known, and from thence the
length of the right Line
and fo on the
is found ;
length of the Curve, in which the point C

DC

contrary.

Ex.2. The Equation

6.

an d

irv

And by

^ax-=.^ay.

2iw

third

4^

"

3L

Then from hence

ss

the

But by the fecond

as above.

by the

as

ff

=
^=

make #

remaining,

there will be found

firft

407,

== z

and therefore ^

s,

or (eliminating

-y,

And

v.

-y)

j,

z.

st, a +
Let there be fuppos'd three Equations, aa
denotes
an
which
the
Then
firft,
*s
by
x, and A: -f- v =}'
and therefore '-V" 4- "
',
Hyperbola, it is o=rf+/i, or
7

Ex.

j.

3.

V/M
- v/w

=
=

-f- tf

-+-

v.

v.

By the fecond it
And by the third

is

3*

it

is

and therefore

i,

== y

-u

or

3'

</ss-4-tt=:z; then

it is

from hence

w =s,

that

putting

is,

3'

Fluxion of the radical

for the

equal to

^=

iv,

or

And

2W7i;.

-f-

firft

7C'i;,

-^

</"

-t-

^, which

fubftituting

dividing by aw, there will arife

P^

then

/',

= =
iv

be

it

from thence

there will arife

~ for

if

1.

for

Now

z.

_>'

made

^
s,

and

and

in the fivft Example.

perform'd as
is
8. Now if from any point Q_of a Curve, a perpendicular
let fall on MN, and a Curve is to be found whofe length may be

being found, the

known from

reft

is

QV

the length

to any given Line

let that

arifes

produced by fuch application be

fince the fluxion of the Area

which

is

call'd

<y,

and

its

QRNV
reiTtangular parallelogram made upon VN,
as the Ordinate or moving line NR
by which

And

Area of a
E,

QRNV

by applying the Area

given Line be call'd E, the length

which

fcribed, to the

is

to the

t,

moving Line E, by which the other

S 2

fluxion v.

Fluxion of the
with the height
is

this

is

deicribcd

dcin

the

FLUXION

tte Method of

132

s,

the fame time ; and the fluxions v and } of the lines v and
or of the lengths which arife
(or s,)
by applying thofe Areas to the

MN,

this

by

Rule the value of v

as in the

perform'd
9.

Ex.

or

=
=v

Then

t.

and y

the

Examples aforegoing.
be an Hyperbola which

Equation, aa -+

firft

being found,

and thence
other

will give

or
ct

if for the

the latter will give y

and fubftituting

//

ft

make -r~

v,

or

for

t,

arifes

=
z =

j,

reft to

I.)

=tf,

aflumed

x=s

(by Prob.
are

= =

whence v

becomes

=== CP, and_y x

then from hence

-g,

be

defined by this

is

two Equations

it

Therefore

be inquired, and the

QR

Let

4.

will be

it

to

is

v= ~
s

given Line E, are in the fame ratio

=~

z= ^

Now

hit

CP =n PL,

as

and

and z

beforehand

thence the Point C will be determin'd, and the Curve in which all
fuch points are fituated The length of which Curve will be known
from the length DC, which is equivalent to CP
v, as is fuffifliewn
before.
ciently
10. There is alfo another method, by which the Problem may
be refolved ; and that is by finding Curves whofe fluxions are either
equal to the fluxion of the propofed Curve, or are compounded of
the fluxion of that, and of other Lines.
And this may fometimes
be of ufe, in converting mechanical Curves into equable Geometri:

Curves

cal

of which thing there

is

a remarkable

Example

in fpiral

lines.
1

1.

Let

ing upon
taining

which

AB be
AB as

Line given in pofition,

an Abfcifs, and yet re-

a right

as its Center,

that arch

AD^

Spiral,

BD

an Arch mov-<

at

is

continually terminated,
bd an arch indefinitely near it, or the place
into which the arch
by its motion next

BD

DC

a perpendicular to the arch bdt

the difference of the arches,
another Curve equal to the Spiral AD,
a
arrives,

dG

AH

BH

right Line moving perpendicularly upon

AB, and terminated at the Curve AH, bh the

next place into which that right lane moves,

^
andHK

~B~<T
perpendicular to
bb.

And

bb.

and INFINITE SERIES.

and HK,
infinitely little triangles DG/

in the

133
lince

DC

HK

are equal to the fame third Line Bb, and therefore equal
and
to each other, and Dd and Hh (by hypothecs) are correfpondent
and therefore equal, as alfo the angles at G
parts of equal Curves,
third fides dC and hK will be equal
and K are
angles ; the

right

Moreover

alfb.

it

is

AB BD

(CG)

therefore - A B

Ab bC
CG. If
:

&

fince

dG, and /jK

B,

AB

hb

this

and

AB=*, BD=-y, andBH=>',

therefore

::

(Qb)

be taken

= dC =

dG

remain

there will

from dG,

::

BD

bC

fince

away
Call

/6K.

their

fluxions

are the

contemporaneous moments of the fame, by the acceflion pf which they become

to each other as the fluxions.
A, bd and bb, and therefore are lafl
in
the
moments
Equation let the fluxions be
Therefore for the
and there will arife-y
as alfo the letters for the Lines,

and

z, v,

y refpedtively,

fubftituted,

^~ ==
"

Now

-.y.
*'

z be

fuppos'd equable, or the

the Equation will be

reft are refer'd,

which the

unit to

if

of thefe fluxions,

i;

^=)'-

z
Wherefore the relation between AB
the Spiral is defined,
which
and v,) being given by any Equation, by
the fluxion v will be given, (by Prob. i.) and thence alfo the fluxion
and BD, (or between

12.

;',

it

by putting

the line

Ex.

i?.

If the

i.

v.

And

of which

BH,

or

y,

equal to

(by Prob. 2.) this will give

the fluxion.

it is

Equation jzrzr-u were given, which

2

thence (by Prob.

of Archimedes,

Spiral

take -

or -

2?_-r.

and there

Which fhews

will

i.) -^

to the

is

From hence

v.

remain -

=y, and thence (by Prob. 2.)

AH, to which the Spiral AD

the Curve

i
is

2U

to be the Parabola of Apollonius, whofe Latus reclum

equal,
is
or whole Ordinate
always equal to half the Arch BD.
If
2.
the
Ex.
Spiral be propofed which is defined
14.

is

2??;

by

the

BH

3
Equation a

=a'v

1
,

or

}_

=;^T

there arifes (by Prob. i.)

_l_

from which

if

you take ^, or

~,

fl

there will remain

i

thence (by Prob.

EU,

AH

2.)

will be

2i T

produced ^l

v.

That

2^ T

i.

=-r,

v,

ano

-BD

nrr

3^
being a Parabola of the fecond kind,

>

tte Method of

134
15.

Ex.

Prob.
(by
'

^/- ?,

If the Equation to the Spiral be

3.

i.)

FLUXIONS,

a
,

?.~-

V ac -\- cz

from whence

there will remain

, ~..

z</"^ =-y,

if

you take away

Now

y.

thence
""-

or

fince the quantity

generated by this fluxion y cannot be found by Prob. 2. unlefs it be

refolved into an infinite Series; according to the tenor of the Scholium to Prob. 9. I reduce it to the form of the Equations in the firft

column of the Tables, by

fubftituting z*

=.y, which Equation belongs

Orderof Table

andf=c,

that

fo

-~

ac

belongs to a Geometrical Curve

Spiral

-f-

cz

z,

then

it

becomes

to the 26. Species of the 4th

And by comparing the

i.

for

terms,

it is

== f=y.

AH, which

is

d=,e=:ac,

Which

Equation

equal in length to the

AD.

PROB.

XII.

To determine the Lengths of Curves.

In the foregoing Problem we have fhewn, that the Fluxion of
is
equal to the fquare-root of the fum of the fquares of
of
the Abfcifs and of the perpendicular Ordinate.
the Fluxions
Wherefore if we take the Fluxion of the Abfcifs for an uniform and
1.

a Curve-line

determinate meafure, or for an Unit to which the other Fluxions

are to be refer'd, and alfo if from the Equation which defines the
we mall have the
Curve, we find the Fluxion of the Ordinate,
Fluxion of the Curve-line, from whence (by Problem 2.) its Length
may be deduced.
be propofed, which is defined by
2. Ex. i. Let the Curve

FDH

--

the Equation

-f-

'-

moving Ordinate DB
from the Equation
(by
\
s

Prob.

fluxion of

=_y

i.)
'

aa

z being

12Z.S.

i,

making the

be had,

y,

-/ '

the

be

-h |-f-

AB

-^ ==

it,

s, and the
Jr

v-

and y being

Then adding the

the fluxion of y.
of the fluxions, the fum
fquares
v/ill

Abfcifs

Then

=y.
will

X~

and extracting the

root,

and INFINITE SERIES.

135

= t
and thence (by Prob. 2.) ^
Here / ftands for the
fluxion of the Curve, and / for its Length.
if the
length </D of any portion of this Curve were
3. Therefore
d and D let fall the perpendiculars db and
required, from the points
DB to AB, and in the value of t fubftitute the quantities Ab and
AB feverally for z, and the difference of the refults will be JD the
a, writing La for #,
Length required. As if Ab === ?a, and AB
t,

becomes

it

from whence

then writing a for #, it becomes /

the firfl value be taken away, there will remain
;

if

Or

for the length </D.

if

only h.b be determin'd to be ^a, and

AB

be look'd upon as indefinite, there will remain aa for the value of

2ft

_i_ -1
24

you would know the portion of the Curve which is reprefented by /, fuppofe the value of / to be equal to nothing, and there
If

4.

z*

arifes

and

eredT:

or

z= --

Therefore if you take AB=-^- >

V*z
y, 2
the perpendicular bdt the length of the Arch ^D will be
And the fame is to be underflood of all Curves
,

or

11%

aa

in general.
5.

..

12

manner by which we have determin'd

After the fame

-^L

the

=y

if the Equation
be propofed,
-flength of this Curve,
for defining the nature of another Curve ; there will be deduced

_lL -=.t\ or
1

if this

3"

La*y?~*.
"*

Equation be propofed,
*

2_

there will arife

*

.-

5
^ -f-i^ '=

=_>', where

or Fraction,
Integer
o

we

t.

Or

in

if

general,

it

is

cz* -{-

u fed for reprefenting any number, either

,-8"
(hall have cz*
/.
is

4&Qi

od<r

Ex.2. Let the Curve be propofed which is defined by this

"" +
\/ #a -t=t^,V; then (by Prob. i.) will be had
Equation
6.

_y

= ^^-r

To the

^+

^f*-*

fquare of

4*
^

or exterminating y t

which add

i.

y=

and the fum will be

'-'</~aa-{- zz.
-J-

~
aa

4 4

4- a*

and

ttt Method of

136
and

Root

its

tain'd

7.

Ex.

Equation

-f-

aa

FLUXIONS,

Hence (by
Prob.
* *

t.

be ob-

will
2.)
/

Let a Parabola of the fecond kind be propofed, whofe

3.

z*

is

ay

Therefore

r==y.

~ =_y, and

or

<

-+- 2f:

2a a

thence

i -+-

.by Prob.

ss

yy

derived

i. is

Now fmce the

4<*

length of the Curve generated by the Fluxion / cannot be found by

Prob. 2. without a reduction to an infinite Series of fimple Terms, I
confult the Tables in Prob. 9. and according to the Scholium belonging to

have

it,

'

v/

the lengths of thefe Parabolas

-t-

And

ay*, 2?

thus you

r=

may

z>

ay*,

find
ay*,

&c.
8.

Ex.

Let the Parabola be propofed, whofe Equation

4

4.

rfy

and thence (by Prob.

^=:^;

or

"

Therefore v/

-f-

i^7

-+- i

</yy

will arife

i.)

t.

1^

is

_y.

This being found,

ga

confult the Tables according to the aforefaid Scholium, and by comthe 5th Order of Table 2, I have
paring with the 2d Theorem of

sF

x,

v/i

-f9

^ = v,

and

|j=?.

Where x

denotes the

Ab-

the Area of the Hyperbola, and / the

by applying the Area %s to linear unity.
length which
the fame manner the lengths of the Parabolas z 6 =ay',
9. After
7
z* :z=y , z' =ay', &c. may alfo be reduced to the Area of the
fcifs,

the Ordinate,

and

arifes

Hyperbola.
jo.

Ex.

Equation

v/ az

5.
is

Let the CuToid of the Ancients be propofed, whole

__ ; an d thence (by Prob.
i.)
'
22,*
V az. 2.Z.

^T^jL"

zz=y,

and

therefore

-^

^/"^

=^

yy

-f-

'

which by writing 2?

for

or

z~\ becomes

v/ az"

=
=

-f- 3

/,

an Equation of the ift Species of the 3d Order of Table 2 ; then

fo that
is
d, 3 =. e, and ^
comparing the Terms, it
^

=^5

'u,

and

/:

6;

20;'

4</c

i3

AT

My

2iA?

___.l_into

s=f.
And

and INFINITE SERIES.

And

a for Unity,

taking

by

the

1 1.

to a juft

<

Which are thus conftructed.

The Ciflbid being VD, AV

AF

Multiplication

be reduced

which, thefe Quantities may

xx,
menfions, it becomes az

it

is

its

DB

=
AG = jAV,

Of

or Divifion

number of Diand

v,

ax

the Diameter of the Circle to

adapted,
Afymptotc, and
in
Curve
with the
the
;
AV, cutting
and
the
AF
Semiaxis
AV,
Semiparalet the
meter
Hyperbola

which

37

perpendicular to

and taking AC a mean

AB and AV, at C
between
Proportional
drawn perpendiVK
and
let
CA
and V

YkK be defcribed

the Hyperbola in ,
right Lines kt and
in
touch it in thofe points, and cut
the
let
at
and
/and T;
Rectangle

AV,

to

cular

and K, and

<:ut

KT
AV

let

AV

AVNM

be defcribed, equal to the Space

TK&. Then the length of the Ciflbid
will be fextuple of the Altitude VN.
12. Ex. 6. Suppofing Ad to be an Ellipfis, which the Equation

VD

2zz

i/az

=y
be

AD

reprefents

the mechani-

let

v ''

cal Curve
propofed of fuch a nature, that
if B</, or_)', be produced till it meets this Curve
at D, let BD be equal to the Elliptical Arch &d.
that the length of this may be deter-

Now

2.zz=. y will give

min'd, the Equation \/ az
to the fquare of which if i be added, there ariies
zy az
aa
4
of the fluxion of the arch A.J.
To which
, the fquare

=y,

Szz

02

if

-^

^ ^-

the fluxion of the Curve-line

AD.

be added again, there will

=.*

__
2ZZ

/
2y az

is

and

tracted out of the radical,

"

--

'

Table
e

and

arife

for

Fluxion of the

ift

whofe fquare-root

Where

2,

=rt;

-1 + ,=

fo

that

into,

z=

z be ex-

be written c", there will be

Species of the 4th Order of

Therefore the terms being collated, there will

2.

if

x,

\/ ux

arife

d=.^a,

_.v.v

<

Method of FLUXION

J3 8

s.

is thus; that the right line </G

be
the
center
of
the
Ellipfis, a parallelogram may
double
of
the
and
its
equal to the fedlor AC/,

The Conftruaion of which

i-i.

being drawn

to

made upon AC,

the Curve
height will be the length of

AD.

Ex. 7. Making A/3= tp, (Fig,

a -+
whofe
bola,
Equation is v/
let the Curve
being drawn
be propofed, whofe

%=

14.

i.)

being an Hyper$&, and its tangent <TT

and

CL

WD

Abfcifs

is

and

its

Ordinate

pendicular

BD, which

length

applying the Area

the

arifes

by

a^To.

to

Now

linear unity.
length of this

per-

is

that the

VD

Curve

may be determin'd, I feek

the fluxion of the Areaa<rTa,
when AB
and

flows uniformly,

find

'

'tis

ax,
fluxion unity.

its

AT

= =
t>p

into the altitude

defcribed

,
'

-p

v/ b

Ordinate

</a*b

-^

=,
For

</z, and

/3<^,

its

or v/

whofe half drawn

fluxion

is

-rV
za v z

+-

is

the fluxion of the Area

by the Tangent

Therefore that fluxion

<TT.

is

az, and this apply'd to unity becomes the fluxion of the

To

BD.

the fluxion

is

be

putting AB

v/ b

and

to

it

add
~^~
^
^~

the fquare of this

BD, and

a>z-\- ibfrz*-

l6

the fquare of

ta

whofe root -^
is the fluxion of the Curve VD.
But this
2
and
Table
of
of
the
Species
7th Order

there

a fluxion of the ift

fl

i,

arifes

^+

the terms being collated, there will be

</,

aab=e,

a*=f,

l
and therefore z
a*x -fx, and \/a b
to one Conic Section, fuppofe HG, (Fig. 2.) whofe
(an" Equation
v ;) alfo
Area EFGH is j, where EF
==%,
#, and FG

=g,

and */i6bb

a*%

a&t-

=Y

*-

(an Equation to another Conic

Section,

and INFINITE SERIES.

ML (Fig. 3.) whofe Area IKLM

Section, (hppofe
T/"T

*w*

and Kl_/= TiJ

/XT

fl5^Y*tf4y

2aftbb^f

is

where IK

<r,

"
Aaabb?

T.2abbs
2

L,aitiy

DJ

that the length of

Wherefore

139
/\

of the Curve

any portion
db perpendicular to AB, and make Kb
may
z ; and thence, by what is now found, feek the value of t.
Then make AB=,s, and thence alfo feek for /. And the difference of thefe two values of / will be the length Dd required.
16. Ex. 8. Let the Hyperbola be propos'd, whofe Equation is
15.

VD

be

known,

let fall

=)', and

To

\/aa 4- tzz

aa -\-

will be ^/

thence, (by Prob.

the fquare of this add

bz.z.

bits.

in the Tables, I 'reduce

y

it

;= </ 1
t ==

becomes

the root,

hence (by Prob.

2.)

will be

Now as this fluxion

/.

/ 3

4
5

'

7*

is

and

/ 1

^2:4 H-r 2

-f-jaS

Or

*
>

not to be found
firft

&c

divifion

by

a d

a-

may

=-

had^

and the root of the fum

i,

to an infinite Series

it

"

i.)

extracting
,

&
,*

&c.

A
And

be had the length of the Hyperbolical Arch

the Ellipfis \/aa

bz,z=.y were propofed, the Sign of
17. If
b ought to be every where changed, and there will be had z 41 i ^t_s 7 , &c. for the length of its
*-z' -^
_f-

&

And

Arch.

likewife putting Unity for

b,

it

will be

-+-

-^

-f-

Now the
of the Circular Arch.
&c. for the length
3ii_4_ IJil
>
O
2V.''
104
numeral coefficients of this feries may be found adinfinitum t by mul,

the terms of this Progreflion

tiplying continually
S x 9

'

10 x

^-

>

'
i

Ex. 9.
Vertex is V,
18.

VDE
AV

Laftly, let the Quadratrix

being the Center, and

be propofed, whole

the femidiameter of the interior Circle, to

which it is adapted, and the Angle

VAE

Now

any right Line

being

a right

Circle

being drawn through A, cutting the

in K, and the Quadratrix in D, and

AKD

Angle.

the perpendiculars KG,

call AV =.a,
to
}

AE

DB

AG

being
c;,

let

VK
2

fall

x,

and

BD

y,

and

it

will

The Method of
will be as in the foregoing

Extract the root

&c.

*7
,

4 "

js,

and there will

and there

AG GK

it is

i.)

which add

::

=
y=- ^

will arife y

(by Prob.

j; 4-

-^
9Aa9

AB

BD

^
^.

AB
VR x,
AB x GK by AG,

'tis

-^--,

and the root of the fum

_6o4^

6 4 v7

&c __
^

1Z /S~S U

&c.

And thence,

&c. to the fquare of

will be

\vhence (by Prob.

Arch of the Quadratrix

viz.

YD

GK.

= =

(y), divide
^

&c. will be

,
*7?r\/j9; *

4-

^
'-J

or the

4-

whereas by the nature of the Quadratrix

fince

4-

-r~

z= x ^ 4-

arife

#
2^j

and

=.z 4-

Example, x

&c. whofe Square fubtract from AKq. or a l s and the

root of the remainder

Now

FLUXIONS.

2.)

x 4-

may

^j

il il

-f-

be obtain'd,
-f

'

&c.

895025

THE

THE

METHOD

FLUXIONS

of

AND

INFINITE SERIES;
O

A PERPETUAL
the foregoing

R,

COMMENT
TREATISE,

upon

THE

METHOD

of

FLUXIONS

AND

INFINITE SERIES.
ANNOTATIONS

on the Introduction

OR,

The

SEc

T.

Refolution of Equations by

I.

Of

the

Nature and

INFINITE SERIES.

ConftruElion of Infinite

or Converging Series.
great Author of the foregoing Work begins
with a fhort Preface, in which he lays down
his main defign very concifely.
He is not to be
here underftood, as if he would reproach the modern Geometricians with deferting the Ancients,
or with abandoning their Synthetical Method of
Demonftration, much lefs that he intended to difparage the Analytical Art ; for on the contrary he has very nauch
improved both
and
this
he
in
Treatife
Methods,
particularly
wholly applies himfelf
in
he
which
has
fucceeded to univerial apto cultivate Analyticks,
Not
but
and
admiration.
that
we
mail find here fome explaufe
of
the
Method
which
are very mafterly
likewife,
Synthetical
amples
and elegant. Almoft all that remains of the ancient Geometry is
indeed Synthetical, and proceeds by way of demonftrating truths
it

already

known, by mewing

their

dependence upon the Axioms, and

other

-tb e

144
other

But the
mediately or immediately.
fuch Mathematical Truths as
be fuppos'd at leaft to be unknown.
It afiumes

fir ft
Principles,
hiiinefs of Analyticks

really are, or

may

Method of FLUXIONS,
either

is

to invcftiga'te

thofe Truths as granted, and argues from them in a general

ner, till after a .fcries of argumentation, in which the -feveral

manfteps

connexion wjth each other, it arrives at the knowof

the
ledge
propofition required, by comparing it with fomething
This therefore being the Art of Invention,
really known or given.
be
it
deferves
to
cultivated with the utmoft
certainly
induftry. Many
of our modern Geometricians have been perfuaded, by confidering
the intricate and labour'd Demonftrations of the Ancients, that
they
.were Mailers of an Analyfis purely Geometrical, which they ftudiouily conceal'd, and by the help of which they deduced, in a direct
and fcientifical manner, thofe abftrufe Proportions we fo much admire in tome of their writings, and which they afterwards demonftrated Synthetically.
But however this may be, the lofs of that
have

a.

neceftary.

Analyfis, if any fuch there were, is amply compenfated, I think,

by our prefent Arithmetical or Algebraical Analyfis, especially as it
is now
improved, I might fay perfected, by our fagacious Author in
the Method before us.
It is not only render 'd vaftly more univerfal,

and

exterriive

than that other in

probability could ever be, but is

Analyiis for the more abftrufe Geome-

likewife a moft

all

compendious
Speculations, and for deriving Conftructions and Synthetical
Demonftrations from thence ; as may abundantly appear from the
trical

enfuing Treatife.
2. The conformity or correfpondence, which our Author takes
notice of here, between his new-invented Doctrine of infinite Series,
and the commonly received Decimal Arithmetick, is a matter of confiderable importance, and well deferves, I think, to be let in 3. fuller

Light, for the mutual illuftration of both ; which therefore I fhall

For Novices in .this Doctrine, tJho' they
here attempt to perform.
be
well
inay already
acquainted with the Vulgar Arithmetick, and
with the Rudiments of the common Algebra, yet are apt to appre-

hend fomething

abftrufe

and

difficult in infinite Series

deed they have the fame general foundation

whereas in-

Decimal Arithmetick,
Decimal
and
the
fame
or Notation is only
Notion
Fractions,
efpecially
ftill farther, and rendered more univerfal.
But to mew this
tarry'd
in fome kind of order, I muft inquire into thefe following particulars.
Firft I muft (hew what is the true Nature, and what are the genuine
Principles, of our common Scale of Decimal Arithmetick.
Secondly
what is the nature of other particular Scales, which have been, or
as

may

and INFINITE SERIES.

145

Thirdly, what is the nature of a

which lays the foundation for the Doctrine of infinite
general Scale,
Scale ot
Series.
Laftly, I ihall add a word or two concerning that
the
Root
is
in
which
and
thcrefoi-e
Arithmetick
unknown,
propofcd
to be found ; which gives occafion to the Doctrine of Affected Equa-

may

be, occasionally introduced.

tions.

Firft then as to the

common

Scale of

Decimal Arithmetick,

it is

that ingenious Artifice of expreffing, in a regular manner, all conceivable Numbers, whether Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd,
the feveral Powers of the number Ttv/, and their Reciprocals;

by
with the affiftance of other fmall Integer Numbers, not exceeding
Nine, which are the Coefficients of thofe Powers. So that Ten is
here the Root of the Scale, which if we denote by the Character X,
as in the Roman Notation and its feveral Powers by the help of this
3
Root and Numeral Indexes, (X
1000,
ico, X
10, X
X4
10000, &c.) as is ufual then by ailuming the Coefficients
o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, as occafion (hall require, we may form or
Thus for inflance 5X 4 -f- jX 3 -fexprefs any Number in this Scale.
1

4X

+ 8X

Scale,

and

-rf-

is

3X

will be a particular Number exprefs'd by this

as 57483 in the common way of Notation.

the fame

Where we may

from the other way of

Powers of X (or Ten)
are fupprefs'd, together with the Sign of Addition -f-, and are left
For as thofe Powers afcend
to be fupply'd by the Underftanding.
of Units, (in which is always X, or i,
regularly from the place
muhiply'd by its Coefficient, which here is 3,) the feveral Powers
will ealily be understood, and may therefore be omitted, and the

Notation only

obferve, that this laft differs

that here the feveral

in this,

Thus
Coefficients only need to be fet down in their proper order.
6
5
3
will
oX*
(land for
the Number 7906538
-+-f-+-6X -f-

gX

yX

^X* -f-3X' -f-3X, when you fupply all that is underftood. And
the Number 1736 (by fuppreffing what may be ealiiy -underftood,)
will be equivalent to

Integer

Root X,

-+-

Numbers whatever,

and the

of all other
exprefs'd by this Scale, or with this

7X

3X

-f-

-f-

like

or Ten.

The fame

Artifice

is

uniformly carry'd on, for the expreffing of

all Decimal Fractions, by means of the Reciprocals of the ll-vcral

c.:c.
Powers of Ten, fuch as ^
o, i
0,0 1 ;
0,001
5^1

which Reciprocals may be intimated by negative Indices.

Decimal Fraction 0,3172 (lands for 3X~'-j- iX~~ -f-7X
and the mixt Number 526,384 (by {applying what is

Thus

-{-

the

2\~~4 i

underfl

becomes

Method
becomes

X + 2X>
4

-f-

6X

<?/*

FLUXIONS,

-f- 3 X~' -f-

infinite or interminate Decimal Fraction

9 X^'

-f-

gX-

nite Series

is

-4-

9X~

H-

-f-

equivalent to Unity.

Ten and

by the feveral Powers of

their Coefficients,

conceivable

9X~

which

are

all

Numbers may be

fracled, rational or irrational

9 X~

8X"1

4 X-

and the
;
&c.
ftands for
0,9999999,
&
&c.
which
infi-+- yX~
-f-

So that by

this

Decimal

their Reciprocals,

the whole

Scale, (or

together with

Numbers below Ten,)

all

exprefs'd, whether they are integer or

at leaft by admitting of a continual
;

progrefs or approximation ad infinitum,

And the like may be done by any other Scale, as well as the Decimal Scale, or by admitting any other Number, befides Ten, to be

Root of our Arithmetick. For the Root Ten was an arbitrary

Number, and was at firft aflumed by chance, without any previous

the

Other Numbers perhaps

be
may
affign'd, which would have been more convenient, and which
have a better elaim for being the Root of the Vulgar Scale of ArithBut however this may prevail in common affairs, Mathemetick.
maticians make frequent life of other Scales ; and therefore in the
fecond place I (hall mention fome other particular Scales, which
confideration of the nature of the thing.

have been occafionally introduced into Computations.

The moft remarkable of thefe is the Sexagenary or Sexagefimal Scale
of Arithmetick, of frequent ufe among Aflronomers, which expreffes
poffible Numbers, Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd, by the
Powers of Sixty, and certain numeral Coefficients not exceeding fiftyThefe Coefficients, for want of peculiar Characters to reprenine.
fent them, muit be exprefs'd in the ordinary Decimal Scale.
Thus
all

if

ftands for 60, as in the Greek Notation, then one of the/e Num53^ -f- 9^' -+- 34!, or in the Sexagenary Scale 53", 9*,

bers will be

Again,
equivalent to 191374 in the Decimal Scale.
the Sexagefimal Fraclion 53, 9', 34", will be the fame as 53^= -f-

34, which

is

Decimal Numbers will be 53,159444, &c.

infinitum.
appears by the way, that fome Numbers
may be exprefs'd by a finite number of Terms in one Scale, which
in another cannot be exprefs'd but by approximation, or
by a pro-

9|f+ 34~

greffion of

Another

which

aa

Whence

in

it

Terms

in infinitum.
particular Scale that

has been confider'd, and in fome

meafure has been admitted into practice, is the Duodecimal Scale,

which

mon

exprefles

affairs

we

all

Numbers by the Powers of Twelve. So

Dozen, a Dozen of Dozens or a Grofs,

fay a

in
a

comDozen

of GrofTes or a great Grofs, Off.

And this perhaps would have been
the mod convenient Root of all otherSj by the Powers of which
to

and IN FINITE SERIES.

to conftruct the popular Scale of Arithmetick

but that

its

to

as

not being fo lig

Multiples, and all below it, might be eafily committed

and it admits of a greater variety of Divifors than any

memory
Number not much
;

147

greater than

itfelf.

Befides,

it is

not fo fmall,

Numbers exprefs'd hereby would fufficiently converge, or

by a few figures would arrive near enough to the Number required;
the contrary of which is an inconvenience, that muft neceflarily

'but that

attend the taking too fmall a

Number

for the

Root.

this Scale into practice, only two fingle Characters

to denote the Coefficients Ten and Eleven.

Some have
which

to admit

would be wanting,

confider'd the Binary Arithmetick, or that Scale in

the Root, and have pretended to

and to find considerable advantages in it.
TIDO

And

is

make Computations

But this can never

it,
be a convenient Scale to manage and exprefs large Numbers by, becaufe the Root, and confequently its Powers, are fo very fmall, that
they make no difpatch in Computations, or converge exceeding flowly.
The only Coefficients that are here necelTary are o and i. Thus
i x 2 5 -f- i x 2* -h o x2 3
i x2* -f- i x 2' -f- 0x2
is one of thefe

by

Numbers,
tation

is

(or compendioufly 110110,) which in the common Nono more than 54. Mr. Leibnits imngin'd he had found

great Myfteries in this Scale.

of Paris, Anno 1703.

In common affairs

See the

Memoirs of

the

Royal Academy

we

have frequent recourfe, though tacitly, to

and
other Scales, whofe Roots are certain
Millenary Arithmetick,
Powers of Ten. As when a large Number, for the convenience of reading, is diftinguifli'd into Periods of three figures: As 382,735,628,490.
Here 382, and 735, &c. may be confider'd as Coefficients, and the
Root of the Scale is 1000. So when we reckon by Millions, Billions,
Trillions, &c. a Million may be conceived as the Root of our Arith-

Alfo when we divide a Number into pairs of figures, for

metick.
the Extraction of the Square-root ; into ternaries of figures for the
Extraction of the Cube-root ; &c. we take new Scales in effect, whofe

Roots are 100, 1000, &c.

Any Number

whatever, whether Integer or Fraction, may be made

a particular Scale, and all conceivable Numbers
may be
exprefs'd or computed by that Scale, admitting only of integral and
affirmative Coefficients, whofe number (including the
Cypher c)
need not be greater than the Root. Thus in

the

Root of

(Quinary Arithmetick,

which the

compofed of the Powers of the Root 5, the

need
be
Coefficients
only the five Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, and yet all
Numbers whatever are expreffible by this Scale, at leaft by approxiin

Scale

is

mation,

Method of FLUXIONS,
Thus the common Number
accu-racy we pleafe.

j^B

77oe

mation, to v/hat
would be 4 x 5 4
2827,92 in this Arithmetick
I

ox5 H-2x5-f-4x5~ H-3x 5~

I

s
;

as

Powers of 5 by the Imagination only,

common

Scale, this

Number

will be

-+- 2

x 5'

-|- 3

x 5*

we may fupply the

we do thofe of Ten

or if

in

42302,43

-\~

feveral
in the

Quinary Arithme-

tick.

All vulgar Fractions and mixt Numbers are, in fome meafure, the
a particular Scale, or making the Denoexpreffing of Numbers by
be the Root of a new Scale.
to
Thus
Fraction
is
of
the
minator
1
is
the
fame
as
8
and 8-fx 5 '-f- 3 x j-'j
2
in effect o x
;

and

25-5-

ther

x^"

reduced to this Notation will be

2x9'

-4-

7x9

-4-4X9""

And

fo

25x9
of

+ 4x 9'

or ra-

other Fractions and

all

mixt Numbers.

A Number
to

computed by any one of thefe Scales is eafily reduced

by fubftituting inftead of the Root in one
what is equivalent to it exprefs'd by the Root of the other

any other Scale affign'd,

Scale,
Scale.

Thus
6x10,

reduce Sexagenary

to

Numbers

to Decimals,

becaufe

60
3 6X
^=2i6X 3 ,
or|=6X, and therefore |
&c. by the fubilitution of thefe you will eafily find the equivalent
Decimal Number. And the like in all other Scales.

The

not neceflarily confin'd to be

affirmative integer Numbers lefs than the Root, (tho' they mould be
fuch if we would have the Scale to be regular,) but as occafion may
Coefficients in thefe Scales are

be any Numbers whatever, affirmative or negative,

require they may
And indeed they generally come out promiffractions.
integers or
Nor is it neceflary that the
cuoully in the Solution of Problems.

Powers mould be always

Numbers, but may

be any regular Arithmetical Progreffion whatever, and the Powers

Indices of the

themielves either rational or irrational.

come by degrees to the Notion of what

integral

And
is

thus (thirdly)

call'd

an univerfal

we

are

Series,

For fuppofing the Root of the

or an indefinite or infinite Series.
or
a
to
be
Scale
indefinite,
general Number, which may therefore
be reprefcnted by x, or y, &c. and affuming the general Coefficients
are Integers or Fractions, affirmative or negaa, b, c, d, &c. which
as it may happen ; we may form fuch a Series as this, ax* -ftive,

ex* -f- dx -f- ex, which will reprefent fome certain Number,
If fuch a Number prothe Scale whofe Root is x.
exprefs'd by
ceeds in hfif.itum, then it is truly and properly call'd an Infinite
x being then fuppos'd greater than
Series, or a Converging Series,

lx*

_j_

Such for example is x

\x~ '-\-^.x'--+ ^*~3 , &c. where
Unity.
the reft of the Terms are underftood ad in/initum, and are iniinuated

and INFINITE SERIES.

And

bv, oV.
for

its

as

Indices,

And

it

may have ~any dcfcending Arithmetical

m
xm
-+- ^v*
-+-"*.. \s, Gfc.
\x

we

thus

149
Progreffion

have been led by proper gradations, (that

arguing from what

well

is

known and commonly

received,

by
what

is,

to

difficult and obfcure,) to the

knowledge of
the
Learner
will
find
of
which
infinite Series,
frequent Examples
And from hence it will be eafy to
in the lequel of this Treatife.
make the following general Inferences, and others of a like nature,
which will be of good ufe in the farther knowledge and practice of
t-hefe Series ; viz. That the firft Term of every regular Series is al-

before appear'd to be

ways the

mo ft

coniiderable,

which approaches nearer

or that

to the

Number

intended, (denoted by the Aggregate of the Series,) than

other
That the fecond is next in value, and fo on
lingle Term
any
That therefore the Terms of the Series ought always to be difpoled
:

in this regular defcending order, as is often inculcated by our Author :

there is a Progreflion of fuch Terms-/;? infinitum, a few of

That when

the firft Terms, or thofe at the beginning of the Series, are or fhould
be a fufficient Approximation to the whole ; and that thefe may
come as near to the truth as you pleafe, by taking in ftill more
Terms That the fame Number in which one Scale may be exprefs'd
by a finite number of Terms, in another cannot be exprefs'd but by
:

an

infinite Series,

or by approximation only,

and vice

versei

That

the bigger the Root of the Scale is, by fo much the fafter, cafen'.i
for then the Reciprocals of the
paribus, the Series will converge
Powers will be fo much the lefs, and therefore may the more fafely
;

That

T os

by increafing Powers, fuch

bx* -+- ex* -|-</.v , &c. the Root x of the Scale mull be underftood to be a proper Fraction, the lefler the better.
Yet whenever a Series can be made to conveige by the Reciprocals of Ten,
or its Compounds, it will be more convenient than a Series that
converges fafter j becaufe it will more eafily acquire the form of the

be neglected
as

if a Series

ax -^

Decimal

coir

Scale, to

which,

in particular Cafes,

all Series

are to be ul-

timately reduced.
LafHy, from fuch general Series as thefe, which
refill
are commonly the
t in the
higher Problems, we muft pafs (by
fubftitution) to particular Scales c; Series, and thofe are finally to be
And the Art of finding fuch general
reduced to the Decimal Scale.
their
and
then
Reduction
to -particular Scales, and laft
all
Series,
to the

common

Scale of

of
the prefent TrcuUic.
j

abrtiull-r pares

Decimal Numbers,

Amly

ticks, as

may

ulmoll the whole of

be fecn in a good meaiiire'by
is

Method of FLUXIONS,
took notice in the fourth place, that this Doctrine of Scales, and
Series, gives us an eafy notion of the nature of affected Equations,
or fhews us how they ftand related to fuch Scales of Numbers.
In
Inflances
other
of
and
even of general ones,
the
particular Scales,
the Root of the Scale, the Coefficients, and the Indices, are all fiippos'd to be given, or known, in order to find the Aggregate of the
But in affected Equations, on
Series, which is here the thing required.
I

the contrary, the Aggregate and the reft are known, and the Re ot of
the Scale, by which the Number is computed, is unknown and reThus in the affected Equation $x* -j- 3*2 -f- ox* -+- 7*quired.
the
Aggregate of the Series is given, viz. the Number
53070,

53070, to find x the Root of the

be 10, or to be a

Number

Scale.

This

exprefs'd by the

is

eafily difcern'd to

common

Decimal

Scale,

we

efpecially
fupply the feveral Powers of 10, where they are underftood in the Aggregate, thus 5X 4 -+- 3X 3 -f-oX 1
-4-oX
if

53070.
will not be

Whence by companion

'tis

+7X'
= X=io.
As
^x~
^x~ =
x

fo eafily perceived in other instances.

3
Equation 4^+4- ax

-f-

3** -f-ox"

-f-

2x

-f-

if I

But this
had the

-f-

2827,92

Ihould not fo eafily perceive that the Root

was 5, or that this is
a Number exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick, except I could reduce
3
*
it to this form,
4x5* -+- 2x $
3*5*
0x5' -f- 2 x 5 H- 4x5

2827,92, when by comparifon

would preiently apthe

be
that
Root
muft
So
that
fought
finding the Root of
5.
pear,
an affected Equation is nothing elfe, but finding what Scale in Arithjnetick that Number is computed by, whofe Refult or Aggregate is
-+- 3

5~~

it

which is a Problem of great ufe and

given in the common Scale
this is to be done,
extent in all parts of the Mathematicks.
either in Numeral, Algebraical, or Fluxional Equations, our Author
;

How

its due
place.
difmiis this copious and ufeful Subject of Arithmetical
Scales, I fhall here make this farther Observation ; that as all conceivable Numbers whatever may be exprefs'd by any one of theie

will inflruct us in

Before

or by help of an Aggregate or Scries of Powers derived frcm

fo likewife
Root
any
any Number whatever may be exprefs'd by
fome fingle Power of the fame Root, by affuming a proper Index,

Scales,

integer or fracted, affirmative or negative, as occafion fhall require.

Thus in the Decimal Scale, the Root of which is 10, or X, not

Numbers i, 10, 100, 1000, &c. or i, o.i, o.oi, o.ooi, &c.

the
feveral integral Powers of 10 and their Reciprocals,
is,
may
s
the fingle Powers of
X' , 1
or 10, viz.
be exprefs'd
,
,
only the

that

by

or

X, X- X~%
1

X--% &c.

but alfo
refpectively,

X X
,

all

the inter-

mediate

and INFINITE SERIES.

151

mediate Numbers, as 2, 3, 4, Gff. u, 12, 13, Gfr. may be exprefs'd

or 10, if we aflame
Powers of
proper Indices.
by fuch fingle
'477",&c. 4 =__ Xo/o-.o, &e. g^ Qr jj
JOI03> &CX
X'
Thus 2
3

X*.s89s,&c.
And the like of
2=== X'>7i" 8 &e> 456
Thefe Indices are ufually call'd the Logarithms of
all other Numbers.
Numbers
the
(or Powers) to which they belong, and are fo many
Ordinal Numbers, declaring what Power (in order or fucceflion) any
And different Scales of Loof any Root aflign'd
given Number is,

_.X''4'3!>.

&C

'

different Roots of thofe Scales.

garithms will be form'd, by afluming
thefe
how
But
Indices, Logarithms, or Ordinal Numbers may be
conveniently found, our Author will likewife inform us hereafter.
All that I intended here was to give a general Notion of them, and
to mew their dependance on, and connexion with, the feveral Arith-

metical Scales before defcribed.

It is eafy to obferve from the Arenariiu of Archimedes, that he
confider'd and difcufs'd this Subject of Arithmetical Scales,
had
fully
in a particular Treatife

or Principles
a'^^tl,

which he there quotes, by the name of his

which (as it there appears) he had laid the

in

foundation of an Arithmetick of a like nature, and of as large an

It
extent, as any of the Scales now in ufe, even the moft univerlal.
a
he
had
that
notion
of
the
acquired
very general
appears likewife,
But how far he had accommoDodtrine and Ufe of Indices alfo.
dated an Algorithm, or Method of Operation, to thofe his Princimuft remain uncertain till that Book can be recover'd, which
ples,
than expedled.
However it may be
is a
thing more to be wim'd
his great Genius and Capacity, that fince he
from
concluded
fairly
thought fit to treat on this Subject, the progrefs he had made in it

was very confiderable.

But before we proceed
ration with

to explain cur Author's methods of

it
may be expedient to enlarge a

infinite Series,

Opelittle

and formation, and to make fome general

upon
Reflexions on their Convergency, and other circumftances.
Now
their formation will be beft explain'd by continual Multiplication
after the following manner.
Let the quantity a -+- bx -{-ex 1 -+- <A' -+- ex 4 6cc. be aflumed as
a Multiplier, confming either of a finite or an infinite number of
their nature

farther

Terms

and

let alfo - -+-

x=

the

Root

will

produce
*

If thefe

2Xf?*
a

o be fuch a Multiplier, as will give

two

are multiply'd

2f_V + "1^5^ +
a

together,

*i
n

V,

they

&c.

152
o

wi

tp

and

FLUXIONS,

we

its

+ bg

fy+"<!

o
p

dj>

we

eg

if

tp+bq
-f-

divide

by

/*

ep

give us a

-,

and

+ Jq x -

f-

dp

&c.

the Series

'

/3
-. -f-

cq
-*-

x
11*

tranfpofe,

t*

value

it

ef+t/f
-^-^-?

p*
-

will be

>

j*
"*"

aq
.

....

,7

which

Series,

infight into the nature of infinite

plain that this Series, (even though it
continued to infinity,) mufl always be equal to a, whatever
be fuppofed to be the values of p, q, a, b y c, d} &c.
For

may

For

Series in general.

were

may
,

here fubflitute

thus derived,

f
x -

or if

TTT

of x

if inftead

ap
become -

&c.

The Method of

the

firft

good

is

it

part of the firflTerm, will always be

removed or deflroy'd

by its equal with a contrary Sign, in the fecond part of the feeond
Term. And
x- the firfl part of the fecond Term, will be re,

moved by its equal with

third Term, and fo on
Aggregate of the whole

we may

a contrary Sign, in the fecond part

:

So

Series.

as

-finally to leave

And

here

it is

of -the

or a, for the

likewile to be obferv'd,

flop whenever we

pleafe, and yet the Equation will be

good, provided we take in the Supplement, or a due part of the next
Term. And this will always obtain, whatever the nature of the
Series may be, or whether it be converging or diverging.
If the

that

be diverging, or if the Terms continually increafe in value,

then there is a neceflity of taking in that Supplement, to preferve
But if the Series be converging, or
.the integrity of the Equation.
if the Terms continually decreafe in any compound Ratio, and therefore finally vanifh or approach to nothing ; the Supplement may be
Series

as vanishing alfb, and any number of Terms

maybe taken, the more the better, as an Approximation to the QiumAnd thus from a due confederation of this fictitious Series,
a.
tity
the nature of all converging or diverging Series may eafily be apprefafely neglected,

Diverging Series indeed, unlefs when the afore-mention'd

increafing Supplement can be affign'd and taken in, will be of no

hended.

And

Supplement, in Series that commonly occur, will

be generally fo entangled and complicated with the Coefficients of
the Terms of the Scries, that altho* it is always to be understood.,
neverthelef?, ii is often impoffible to be extricated and affign'd.
But however, converging Series will always be of excellent ufe, as
Affording a convenient Approximation to the quantity required, when
In thefe the Supplement aforefaid,
it cannot be othei wile exhibited.
feivice.

this

tho'

and INFINIT

SERIES.

153

and unnflignable, yet continually decreafes

the
of
the
with
Terms
Series, and finally becomes lefs than any
along
tho' generally inextricable

aflignable Quantity.

The. lame Quantity may often be exhibited or exprefs'd by feveral

converging Scries but that Series is to be mod edeem'd that has the
Rate of Convergency. The foregoing Series will converge
greateft
;

fo

much

the fader, cteteris paribus, as

- is lefs

Fraction

For

than Unity.

if

is

than q

lefs

be equal

it

or as the

to, or greater

than

Unity, it may become a diverging Series, and will diverge fo much

the fader, as p is greater than q.
The Coefficients will contribute
or

little

nothing to

Convergency or Divergency,

this

if

they are

fuppos'd to increafe or decreafe (as is generally the cafe) rather in a

fimple and Arithmetical, than a compound and Geometrical Proportion.
To make fome Edimate of the Rate of Convergency in this
Series, and by analogy in any other of this kind, let k and / reprefent two Terms indefinitely, which immediately fucceed each
other in the progrefTion of the Coefficients of the Multiplier a -+bx -if ex* -f-^x 3 , &c. and let the number n reprefent the order or

place of

fented

Then any Term of the

k.

by

Series indefinitely

mud

l'-Jf-~*- where the Sign

-f-

be

may

be repre-

-+- or

accor-

?"

ding

as

a,

then &
fo

1',

and the

= =
l

/>,

of the red.

grefTion after

Term

if

the

be

Terms

then

in the

Term will
next Teim

-f-

-^~lp"~

-f-

fame

7
/."

==

if

will be -f- *_LlL^Z

and the fecond

c,

Alib

/,

firft

?"

cefiive

Thus

an odd or an even Number.

is

]f

then

i,

==2j

be

And

^~p.

in the aforefaid

will

be any

pro-

two

fuc-

?"

Now

Series.

in

order to a due Conver-

gency, the former Term abfolutely confider'd, that is fetting afide

the Signs, mould be as much greater than the fucceeding Term, as
conveniently

may

Let us fuppoie therefore that

be.

JL^Jp-i

i"

than

greater

'

"
r

that ^

/f?

is

that Ipq -f-

mon

'
~^ ^p",

IpqJ

that - x

dividing

all

by the

common

factor c"

\
}

'

t"

than

or

multiplying both by pq,

than nip* +- Ipq, or (taking away the comkrf is greater

1
that kf is greater than //.y, , or (by a farther Diviiion,)
is

fl

greater

or

greater than unity

and

as

much

greater as

may

be.

This

7%e Method of

FLUXIONS,

on a double account

;
firft, the greater k is in
the
is
in refpect of p\
of ;;;, and fecondly,
greater 5*
refpecl:
in the Multiplier a -\-bx -f- ex* -\-dx>, &c. if the Coefficients a, b,
in any decreafing ProgreiTion, then k will be greater than
r, &c. are

This

will take effeft

Now

will be greater than

therefore
m.
Alfo if q be greater than p, and
(in a duplicate ratio)
is
So
that
be
than
will
(cater
faribus) the degree of
/*.
greater
j*
from,
the Rate according to
is here to be
eftimated,
Convergency

which

/,

is

greater than

fo that a fortiori k

w hich

&c. continually decreafe, compounded

its
duplicate,) according to which q fhall
be fuppos'd to be greater than />.

the Coefficients a, b,
with the Ratio, (or rather

The fame

c,

A
/

Term

the
things obtaining as before,

.j_

be

will

For if the Series be

call'd the Supplement of the Series.
continued to a number of Terms denominated by n, then inftead of
all the reft of the Terms in itifinitutn, we may introduce this Supvalue of a, inftead of
plement, and then we fhall have the accurate
Here the firft Sign is to be taken
an approximation to that value.
Thus if
if n is an odd number, and the other when it is even.

what was

n=

i,

and confequently

== a.

Or
.

c\i

L---a.

Or

if

and

/=

3,

And

=.$.

== 2,

if

k=a,
a,

fo on.

ment always compleats the

/=

and

/=

we

<,

ill +

lX

c,

.i

then

then

Here the taking

in

of

and

a,

tll

xt

ff->r f-a
p
_L_L_I
x - -4-

J-If

bb-^-a-j
i

value

have

fhall

<{$ -4-

cq

of the Supple-

makes

it

perfect,

whether the Series be converging or diverging ; which will always

be the beft way of proceeding, when that Supplement can readily
happens, in fuch infinite Series as gewe muft have recourfe to infinite converging Series,
nerally occur,
wherein this Supplement, as well as the Terms of the Series, are

But

be known.

as this rarely

diminifh'd ; and therefore after a competent number of

them are collected, the reft may be all neglected in infinitum.
From this general Series, the better to aflift the Imagination, we
will defcend to a few particular Inftances of converging Series in
infinitely

Let the Coefficients

pure Numbers.
<

,,

^
'

to, refpectively

^c!
(XC<

/>,

c-,

** _

then

d,

&c. be expounded by

x ^

L^_fl^ x ^ H_-2^ x ^_^-+5ix

4,
f
/

'

or

5
'.

a,

That the

27

Series

r.x; ?

hence arifmg

x 4?

may

4x55.

converge,

3'

make/

&C.
lefs

than

FINITE SERIES.

a?:d IN
than q in any given

ratio,

TV x

|.x|H-4^x^

Fractions, which

=
=

fuppofe

&c.

-J.,

~, or

155

/>

That

i.

i,

Series

this

is,

then

2,

of

or by the

computed by Binary Arithmetick,

Reciprocals of the Powers of Two, if infinitely continued will
Or if we defire to flop at thefe four
finally be equal to Unity.
and
reft
inftead
of
the
ad infinitum if we would introduce
Terms,
the Supplement which is equivalent to them, and which is here

known

to be

T'o-

i,

eafy to

is

pounded by

|,

i,

1f

X 47

4f

&c. then

-f,

or

infinitely,

may

it

will be -

by

by introducing the Supplement

;?,

-+-

be fum'd after any number of

~
i,

exprefs'd

Thu Series m

&

4 X 5?

J*

be continued

i,

Hull have 4
-fT
| -+Or let the fame Coemdents be ex-

prove.

-i,

4iz^

we

x T
or TV,
y,

as

is

ehhei

Terms

infteadof

all

then -2

_f.

H-IXJ*

the

Or more

reft.

we make (jr=

particularly, if

$p,

^
&c.
i, v/hich is a Number
30X;;!'
20X^4
And this is eafily reduced to the
exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick.
Decimal Scale, by writing
for -f, and reducing the Coefficients ;
for then it will become
if we take thefe
i.
0,99999, &c.
five Terms,
mall
have exadly
we
together with the Supplement,
--

7-^-. -+-

6x5!

liXjS

-f

-f-

2x5

11-

r
6x,i

we make

^^-

>c

x 3

-12-

12x5}

-iiccoo

-f-

20x54

77= ioo/^,

here JJ

40

~9

X
3

which converges very

we

"

30x5'

<

co

oooooo -f-

And

4- ^-,
6x;

i.

Again,

if

have the Series

fhall

4
fa ft.

+ -~

Now

-':

4X 5

27

locoocooo

we would

reduce this to the regular Decimal Scale of Arithmetick, (which is always fuppos'd to be
done, before any particular Problem can be faid to be coinplcatly
folved,)

we muit

let

if

when

the Terms,

decimally reduced, orderly

under one another, that their Amount or Aggregate may be tlifcover'd

and then they will ftand as in the Margin. Here the Aggregate of the firfc five Terms is 0,99999999595,
0,985
which is a near Approximation to the Amount of the
;

whole
lake,

infinite Series, or to Unity.

we add

And

for proof-

if,

+/

'

to

this

the Supplement

0,00000000405, the wh<

be

1L
5
'

,/'

,-

'"
|OJ

Unity exaclly.

There

The Method of

3f6

FLUXIONS,

*f

Methods of forming converging

are alfo other

There

whe-

Series,

ther general or particular, which fhall approximate to a known quanand therefore will be very proper to explain the nature of Contity,
and to
how the Supplement is to be introduced, when

mew
vergency,
be done, in order to make the Series finite ; which of late
it can
has been call'd the Summing of a Series.
Let A, B, C, D, E, &c.
and a, />, c, d, e, &c. be any two Progrcffions of Terms, of which
is to be
exprefs'd by a Series, either finite or infinite, compos'd
of itfelf and the other Terms. Suppofe therefore the firft Term of

the Series to be a, and that

Then
as

or

-}-/>,

the fupplement to the value of a.

is

~a

That

plement.
/A

xi

a
A
x
~~B~

R=7

value of the Supplement

nominated by the Fradion

>
.

Cc
Cc x
x

B
as

/;

(^

we

7
i

==

where

That

is

-\-

_,.

11

7,

TV-

orr

Now

as this

Cc
-jj-

r.

= (--

/A

is

the whole

a
r-

at

lafr.

'>

r-

- x Cc,
-rr-a
U -+-

That

s.

/;

Cc

or

s,

T>d
x

77

we have

A j
And

=
/-

lo

is,

a
x
-77Ij

on

as far

the value of A.'=a-\-p,

~l)-\-q, where the fecond Supple-

AA

TT-C -}- r,

x
'^D

finally

.,

next Supplement put

for the

where the Supplement p

inent q

....

'

-g-

rr-

'

So that

..

-\-q, or

-XTJ

only afTume fuch a part of it as is denominated

TJ

pleafe.

and for the next Supplement put

= =

Bl>

x -7^

= (p=)

x
value of the Supplement r,

and

= (?=)

by the Fraction

1S 1S the whole
Again, as
only aflume fuch a part of it as is de-

I fhall

q>

whole Supple-

the

is

only take fuch a part of it

and put q for the fecond Sup-

I will afiimie

is,

this

I fhall

denominated by the Fraction -

is

As

order to form a Series,

in

ment,

is

where r

C c D d
-7- x -rr
U x H,r-e-\- 1. And
A a.
B
A a
a -+b .+x ^-c -\

Cc

l>

^~ x -]y

4-

s,

fo

on ad

(*.

/;

-J7-e,

-a

r^

tnfinitum.

Eb
x
-7

TT\

-O Of*
ere.

Kc. where A, B, C, D, E,

x -jj-

and a y

be any two Progreffions of Numbers whatever,

whether regular or defultory, afcending or defcending. And when

b, r, d, e, 6cc.

may

it

it

happens

and INFINITE SERIES.

thefe Progreffions, that either A

157

in

a,

B=^,

or

or

of itfelf, and exhibits the

5cc. then
But in other cafes it apvilue of A in a finite number of Terms
the
value
to
of
But in the cafe of an
A.
proximates indefinitely
faid Progreffions ought to
the
infinite Approximation,
proceed reHated
it
will
be
Law.
Here
to feme
eafy to ob"ularlv, according
if 1C and k are put to reprefent any two Terms indefifcrvc," that
aforefaid Progreffions, whofe places are denoted by the
the
in
nitely
number ;/, and if L and / are the Terms immediately following ;
then the Term in the Series denoted by n -f- i will be form'd from
___

the Series terminates

(v

the preceding

A, k
/t

DC

**

and

',

"

fo

Series will

f-*

at this

fo

Series

l=b,

B,

TC

/-

As
by -^ /.
and the fecond

t"1~ipn

17

-L

"R

--

if

Term

"

i,

will

'

Term

A
will be

a,

much

the
a,

== ~tT
jr-^* ~7cT
happen that L =/,

Term, and proceed no

approximates
Numbers A, B, C, D, &c. and
each other refpedively.

Now

it

And whenever it fhall

reft.

ftop

T
*

and the third

of the

a,

r>

z c,

Term, by multiplying

b, c,

r;

then the

And

farther.

catcris paribus,

fafter,

f>

~Tr~

the
the

as

d, &c. approach nearer to

fome Examples in pure Numbers. Let A, B,C, D,

we
&c.
i, i, i, i, &c- then
2, 2, 2, 2, &c. and a, b, c, d, &c.
fo
when
And
c
i -h 1 Hfhall have 2
always,
T +* -V>
Series
will be a
the
of
are
Ranks
the given Progreffions
equals,
this
we
would
have
If
G<~ metrical Progrefnon.
Progieffion ftop at

to give

the next Term, we

to be 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,

one which.

For

&

either fuppofe the

or the fecond to be

may
i,

in either cafe

we

mall have

firft

i,

given

i, i,

L=
TC

/,
^

i,

Progreilion
i,

that

2,
is
p*

'tis

all

F ==/,

or
i.
and therefore the laft Term muft be multiply'dby
,
I
Then the Progreffion or Series becomes 2
Tci
+T-r-ir~+"T
and
'if A, B, C, D, &c.
&c.
d,
c,
a,
b,
5,
5,
+-TT5,
5,
Again,
+
c
&
&c. =4, 4> 4, 4, &c then 5
H-H
T
4
T
*-TT,
T
TTT
&c
if
Or
&c.
-ior ^.
H- T T
-4 T
4,
A, B, C, D,
T!T>
and </, *, f d, &c.
then
5, 5, 5, 5, &c.
4, 4, 4, 6cc.
- S
&c. If A, B, C, D, &c.
&c.
*- T H- ^Tr,
5, 5, 5, 5,
i -4- -fV
6
6, 7, 8, 9, &c. then 5
and tf, ^, c, d, &c.
T7-f-4-Xy8
^-xf x-f-y -h x-fx AX 10, &c. If we would have the Series
or if we v/oiud find one more Term, or Supplement,
ftop here,
which fhculd be equivalent to all the reft ad inftnitum y (which indeed
-

'

-^-

=
== +
=

=
=

4=5

Method of FLUXIONS,
deed might be deiirable here, and in fuch cafes as this, becaufe of thcllow Convergency, or rather Divergency of the Series,) fuppofe F==/j
and therefore ~
T mu ^ be niultiply'd by the la ft
-

Term.
^
X

T9

3, 4, 5,

So that the Series becomes 5

'*
* ^
4
*
3
10
T vX T vX> T vx TJf
T vX T X T vX T TO
&c. and
i, 2,
b, c, d, &c.
*

= ""7^ ^
'

'

i,

2,

13

Tf
r

1.7 -f-

.1.

CD

-^-S

A R
for
**> ^ ^> ^> (XU

fx

..

2>
-->

1-43, 4, &c. then 2

If A,B,C,D,6cc.
&c.
3 +|x^xi4-|-|x^xix^5,
and ^, b, c, d, &c.
2, 3,4, 5, &c. then i
3, 4, &c.
X
HT
T XT;<i5
T x|4
*T T X T 6 > &c And from
Series may infinite other particular Series be eafily de<--,

T-+^x^
=^

'

this general

which fliali perpetually converge to given Quantities the chief

ufe of which Speculation, I think, will be, to iliew us the nature
rived,

of Convergency in general.

There are many other fuch

form'd, which mall converge
confliucl a Series

ther with a

that

Rank

flrali

like general Series that

to a given Number.

converge to Unity, I fet

&c
--"""""'"'
'*

-h

As

be readily

if I

down

i,

would
toge-

of Fractions, both negative and affirmative, as

here follows.

may

and INFINITE SERIES,

both affirmative and negative,
which being added together obliquely

with

iiich as are feen

it,

following Series.

4-

159

as before,

here below

will produce the

j6o

Method of FLUXIONS,

*fi>e

In order to obtation of the ufual praxis of Divifion in Numbers.

of
the comaa
or
relblve
the
divided
b
to
tain
Quotient
by -f- x,
into a Series of fimple

pound Fraction T|T-

Quotient of aa divided by
is

which write

Term, and

this

whence

Then
the

the Product aa -h

the

find

next

"~

orderly under the

find the

This

Divifor.

the Divifor by

under the Dividend, from

will leave the

Remainder

Term (or Figure) of the Quotient, divide

Term of the Divifor, or by b, and put
the fecond Term of the Quote.
Multiply

firft

for

Term, and

the Divifor by this fecond

tracted, to

Term of the
Then multiply

firft

in the Quote.

Remainder by the

the Quotient

fet

the

muft be fubtracted, and

it

to

fet

l>

the

find

firft

Terms,

Remainder

laft

the Product

from whence

new Remainder -h

"-^bo

^r

^
it

muft be fub-

Then

to find the

of the Quotient, you are to proceed with th-is new

Remainder as with the former ; and fo on in infimtum. The Qup-

Term

next

? .+-

K*

a*

tient therefore

is

-+-

^-

So that by

6cc.)

a*x3

c*x*

this

&c.

(or

Operation the

-j

into

Number

or

1
from that Scale in
,
(or a x^-t-*!" ) is reduced
Quantity
Arithmetick whofe Root is b -+ x, to an equivalent Number, the
1

Root of whofe

Scale,

whofe converging quantity)

(or

is

And
much

found, will converge fo

the fafter to the truth, as b is greater than x.
To- apply this, by way of illustration, to an inftance or two in
common Numbers. Suppofe we had the Fraction |, and would
jeduce it from the feptenary Scale, in which it now appears, to an
Then
mall converge by the Powers of 6.
equivalent Series, that
and therefore in the foregoing general
we (hall have j
;

Number, or

this

infinite Series thus

=^

Fraction

-^x
b

make a-=.

i,

6,

and

#==1, and

the Series

-"j~

will
Y.

of

~
become f
^
Or if we would reduce

8,

becaufe

f=

^, &c. which
it

to

make

will

be equivalent to

by the Powers
and .v
i,

a Series converging

a=

i,

^=8,

then

and IN FINITE SERIES.

then ~

T +

Or

than the former.

x=

then 7
0,1428, &c. as
3

if

-+-

>

&- c -

which

Series will converge fafter

we would reduce it to

becaufe f

Scale,

Decimal)

&

-+-

~*

-~r-

-rV -4- -4-0- -+-

be

may

Wo-o-

common Denary (or

the

niake

j6r

a=

-f- -o-Vo-o-

l>

i,

and

10,

TO-O-^O-S-J <* c '

And hence we may

maybe reduced a great va-

eafily collected.

obferve, that this or any other Fraction

of ways to infinite Series ; but that Series will converge iafteft
riety
But that
to the truth, in which b mall be greateft in refpect of x.

mod

reduced to the common Arithmetic^,

which converges by the Powers of 10, or its Multiples. If we
will be

Series

eafily

2+5,

or i -f- 6,
refolve 7 into the parts 3 -f- 4, or
or fuch
have
of
we
mould
inftead
Series,
&c.
converging
diverging
be
to
taken
in.
as require a Supplement
And we may here farther obferve, that as in .Divifion of common Numbers, we may flop the procefs of Divifion whenever we
and inftead of all the reft of the Figures (or Terms) ad inpleafe,
we may write the Remainder as a Numerator, and the

mould here

finituniy

'Divifor

Denominator of

a Fraction,
Quotient : fo the

as the

which Fraction

will

be

fame will obtain in the

the Supplement to the
in
Thus
the
of
Divifion
prefent Example, if we will flop
Species.
at the

Or

firft

we

if

we mall
Term of the Quotient,
^

have

'

will

Or

ft

if

at the

op

we

Term, then

will flop at the third

_ ^-

thefe Supplements

fecond

may

And

fo

-^b + X
--r\.

=
=j
o

Term, then

in the fucceeding

always be introduced, to

"~

bX

^L.
|- x

/;

"-~r

-f-

^- = ^

Terms,

make

in

which

the Quotient

in fome of
compleat.
to
the following Speculations, when a complicate Fraction is not
to
be
reduced
a
to
or
be intirely refolved, but only to be deprefs'd,
commodious form.
fimpler and more
havhence
we
Or
change Divifion into Multiplication. For
may
its
and
of
the
firft
Term
Supplement, or
Quotient,
ing found the
*'
K
ta
aax
aa
i
i
-i
/lit
the Equation ^
multiplying it by ? , we fhall
x

This Obfervation will be found of good ufe

have
IldVC

-^i

-^

T~^3a

-,

fo

,
'

ant

_ffL_
.

a>A'*-

that fubftituting
Ml

in

the

firft

Equation,

where the two

firft

it

will

become

Terms of

this

^= y
aa

the Quotient are

aa

value of
aaX

-^

-f-

now known.
Multiply

162
this

Multiply
*

aa

=.

t-^-x

hi

become

--

I*

and

become
17

become

a*

Again,

^7^ =
5 .v4

fubftituted
a*x*

.v

5T-

t9-^-6x
fo every

Equation s
a1x !

a**4

.<3
1

where eight of the

'

a*x*

in the laft
7

this
a*x 6

---JT+ ~
multiply

fl-.v4

i V8

-4

will

.
'

now known.

which being

aa

it

r-

rf

r- -,

-.

iS+i*X

A.4

^-

fyi-

--

the Quotient are

-p
will

will

it

b*

Equation by

it

and

----

...

by

which being fubfthuted in the laft Equation, it will become

1
ra
aav
a' x*'
fi^.v
a***
.1
n
c
-4
1where the four nrlt
rb
b*

Terms of
,-,

Method of FLUXIONS*

The.

firft

p- 4-

Terms

are

now
num-

known. And
fucceeding Operation will double the
ber of Terms, that were before found in the Quotient.
This method of Reduction may be thus very conveniently imitated in Numbers, or we may thus change Divifion into Multipliof the
cation.
Suppofe (for inftance). I would find the Reciprocal
m
Decimal
Prime Number 29, or the value of the Fraction T T
Numbers. I divide 1,0000, Gfc. by 29, in the common way, fo
far as to find two or three of the firft Figures, or till the Remainder becomes a fingle Figure, and then I afliime the Supplement to compleat
Thus I mail have T ~ =. 0,03448^ for the compleat
the Quotient.
Quotient, which Equation if I multiply by the Numerator 8, it will
'

give

^ = of0,275844^.,
Fraction

or rather

^.==0,27586^.

I fubftitute

the
in the firft Equation, and I (hall have
this initead
Again, I multiply this Equation by 6,
^=1:0,0344827586^.
*
==
and it will give T 7
o, 2068965517^, and then by Subftitution T 7
I multiply this Equation by 7,
0,03448275862068965517^. Again,
anditbecomes T7? =o,24i3793io3448275862oi|-,andthenbySubfti-

'

where every Operation

will at

leaft

double the number of Figures

this will be an eafy Expe-

And

found by the preceding Operation.

dient for converting Divifion into Multiplication in

the Reciprocal of the Divifor being thus found, it
into the Dividend to produce the Quotient.
ply'd

Now

as

it is

aa

here found, that

aa

=7

n*x

all

Cafes.

may

For

be multi-

-**

77 -+ ~jr

**S

Z7~>

&c. which Series will converge when b is greater than A* fo when

than b, that the
it
happens to be otherwife, or when x is greater
muft
have recourfe to
Powers of x may be in the Denominators we
;

the

and INFINITE SERIES,

the other Cafe of Divifion,
a

"^

^-

_j_

in

which we

fhall

find

and where the Divifion

&c.

163
-^-^
is

=^

perform 'd as

before.

In thefe Examples of our Author, the Procefs of Divifion

exercife of the Learner) may be thus exhibited :
(for the
6.

5,

xi
1

+o
.V4

AT

+7 *-

Now
we

order to a due Convergency, in each of thefe Examples,

muft fuppofe x to be lefs than Unity; and if x be greater than
in

Unity,

we muft

=^

invert the
I

7*

Terms, and then

c
&c

i
*

we
i

fhall

have

XX "^

ii

*/*

io. This Notation of Powers and

7, 8, 9,
fractional, affirmative and negative, general

Roots by integral and

and particular Indices,
was certainly a .very happy Thought, and an admirable Improvement of Analyticks, by which the practice is render'd eafy, regular,
and univeifal. It was chiefly owing to our Author, at leaft he carA Learner fhould
.ried on the Analogy, and made it more general.
be well acquainted with this Notation, and the Rules of its feveral
Operations fhould be very familiar to him, or otherwife he will often
I fhall not enter into any farfind himfelf involved in difficulties.
ther difcuffion of it here, as not properly belonging to this place,

or fubject, but rather to the vulgar Algebra.

1 1. The Author proceeds to the Extraction of the Roots of
pure
Equations, which he thus performs, in imitation of the ufual Pro^
To extract the Square-root of aa +- xx ; firft the
cefs in Numbers.

which muft be put in the Quote. Then the Square

from the given Power, leaves -+-xx
Divide this by twice the Root, or 2a, which is
a Refolvend.

Root of aa
of
for

is

a,

this, or aa, being fubtradted

th

the

Method' of FL u X r or N s,

?$

164

part of the Divifor,

firft

Term

fecond

of the Root,

and the Quotient

as alfo the

fecond

xx

of the Root, and the Produft

from the Refolvend.

Term

of the Divifor.

Multiply the Divifor thus compleated, or

Term

muft be made the

~

-za -J-

This will leave

by the fecond

muft be fubtrafted

new

for a

Refolvend,

4-"

which being divided by the

for the third

will give

before found, with this

of the double Root, or

Term

be fubtrafted from the

laft

added to

it,

or 2a -+-

^-

Root

-^

be-

muft
640''

and the Remainder

Refolvend,

2tf,

the

1-

8^4

4a*

-f-

new Refolvend, to be
next Term of the Root
we (hall have \/ aa -+-xx

proceeded with as before,

will be a

finding the

for

Twice

the Root.

Term, the Product

ins multiply 'd by this

Term
Term of

firft

'

So that

pleafe.
1

and

fo

on

as far as

= a+ _
'-

-' _i_
oa*

T.a

you

io*

eafy to obferve from hence, that in the Operation every new

Column will give a new Term in the Quote or Root; and therefore
It is

no more Columns need be form'd than it is intended there mall be

Terms in the Root. Or when any number of Terms are thus exThus havtraded, as many more may be found by Divifion only.
ing;

found the three

firft

their double -za

folvend

-\-

in.

c* 8
1

2 Oil

The

;
'

-\

7^:

the

Root a

',-

2a

fcu3

,
"

by
J

the three

firft

Terms of

the Quotient
^*

Rel6&^

2 COrt*

Series

-f-

dividing the third Remainder or

04*.

7x

Terms of
v4

v^

will be the three fucceeding

fj

^i H

-f-

TT*

>

^ c<

Terms of

^ us f untl f

the Root.
r

the fquare-

root of the irrational quantity aa -f- xx, is to be understood in the

In order to a due convergency a is to be (iippos'd
following manner.
greater than x, that the

than Unity, and that a

root required.

quantity

But

Root or converging quantity

may

as this

may

be

leis

be a near approximation to the fquaretoo little, it is enereafed by the fmall

is

which now makes

it

too big.

Then by

the next

Operation

and INFINITE SERIES.

Operation it is diminim'd by
diminution being too much, it
quantity

-7--r

which makes

the

it

is

165

fmaller quantity

ftill

which

^;

again encreas'd by the very fmall

too great, in order to be farther di-

by the next Term. And thus it proceeds in infinitum, the

Augmentations and Diminutions continually correcting one another,
till at lalt
ihey become inconfiderable, and till the Series (fo far conminifli'd

01

verted,
in

Ids than x, the order of the Terms muft be inihe fquare-root of xx -+- aa muft be extracted as before;

Wh-ii a

12.

Approximation to the Root required.

a lufficiemly near

is

tinued)

which

cafe

is

will be

it

-+- 2X

-f-.5

&c.

,
'

And

in

Series

this

the converging quantity, or the Root of the Scale, will be -. Thefe

two Scries are by no means to be understood as the two different Roots
of the quantity aa -+- xx for each of the two Series will exhibit thofe
two Roots, by only changing the Signs. But they are accommodated
to the two Caf s of
to
according as a or x may
-,

Convergency,
happen
be the greater quantity.
I (halt here refclve the foregoing Quantity after another manner,
the better to prepare the way lor what is to follow.
Suppofe then
fi'-d the value of the Root
where
we
the
xx,
may
y

yv=.cni-\f

11

,wir

or zap -+- pp
or

--qq;

=
= xx =

Proccfy

;.j

yy

aa
(If

-+-

XX=

p=

(\f)'

= -.

'-,

oi,'

(if

O-|t.

zaq

(if

+
+

rr

rf-f-/)

q}

^ -H^=

2rf?-J-

= aa^-zap
~
xx +
=
_^

VU*

by

-\-pp-,

-{-

?===

or

>

&c. which Procefs

j)

may
J

in wo-ds.

be thus explain 'd

In order to find

V ua --xx,
1

yy-=aa-\-xx,

or

Root y of this Equation

wheie a is to be undeiftood as

the

^-f-/',
iuppofc y
a pretty near Approxii: arion to the value of _y, (the nearer the betand p is the lnv.,11 Supplement to that, or the quantity which
ter,)
makes it compleat. Then by Subftitution is deiivcd the fir It Sunxx, whole Root/; is to bt fou:,d.
plementiil Lqu^i'oa zap -+-//;

INOW

as 2uJ>

plement/,)
exactly

;-

n:iich bigger than ff,

is

v;c
:
;

fh;.!l

-f-

-',

za

have nearly p

fuppofmg q

(lor

to

is

bigger than the Sup-

or at leaft

ve

(hall

have

reprefent the fecoiid Supple-

ment

j66

ment of the Root.

^1

Then by

will be the fecond

fecond Supplement.

much

lefs,

=.

Method of FLUXIONS,

*ft>e

And

fo -that
-f- r,

Subftitution zaq -+-

-4-^=

Supplemental Equation, whofe Root q

Therefore

we

if r

^q

q will be a

mall have nearly

little

q=

the

is

quantity, and qq
g--3

or accurately

be made the third Supplement to the Root.

r
therefore zar -fU

-f- r*

4^

will be

fou*r

the

L^,"

whofe Root is r. And thus we may

form Refidual or Supplemental Equations, whofe Roots will continually grow lefs and lefs, and therefore will make nearer and nearer Approaches to the Root y, to which
they always converge. For y =5= a -{-/>, where p is the Root of this

third Supplemental Equation,

go on as far as we pleafe, to

Or y =: a~\-

Equation zap-- pp-=xx.

Root of

this

Equation zaq

*
-. -f- r.

oa>

Ztt

where r

rr-=. -~
I

~.

is

-\

the

And

-q-\-qq-=z

Root of

fo on.

this

The

-+-g,

--

where q

Or y

Equation zar
"Refolution of

the

is

-f-

-f-

any one

of thefe Quadratick Equations, in the ordinary way, will give the

which will compleat the value of y.
refpeclive Supplement,
I took notice before, upon the Article of Divifion, of what
may
be call'd a Comparifon of Quotients; or that one Quotient
be

may

exhibited by the help .of another, together v/ith a Series of known

Here we have an Inftance of a like 'Comparifon
or iimple Terms.
of Roots; or that the Root of one Equation may be exprels'd by
the Root of another, together with a Series of known or fimple

Terms, which will hold good in all Equations whatever. And to

we mall hereafter find a like Comparifon of
carry on the Analogy,
one
where
Fluents ;
Fluent, (fuppofe, for inftance, a Curvilinear
Area,) will be exprefs'd by another Fluent, together with a Series
of fimple Terms. This I thought fit to infinuate here, by way of
that I might mew the conftant uniformity and haranticipation,
mony of Nature, in thefe Speculations, when they are duly and regularly purfued.

I mall here give, ex abundanti, another Method for this, and

of Extractions, tho' perhaps it may more properly bekind
fuch
Refolution of Affected Equations, which is foon to follong to the
low ; however it may ferve as an Introduction to their Solution.

But

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The

167

Refidual or Supplemental
Equation in the foregoing Procefs was
which
xx,
2ap -\-pp-=.
may be refolved in this manner.
firft

Bccaufe
**

/>= -^-,
za + t

it

'

will be

"
by
3 Divilion p

=-

-{
Aa*

za

-f-

x*tA

+ -^

,-^7

&c.

Divide

all

the

Terms of

this Series (except the

by p, and then multiply them by the whole

value of />, and
you will have p
fir ft)

=-

ia

^ -g

where the two

6cc.

Terms of
p

in

are clear'd of />.

-^ -f-

8*4

3Z

Divide

all

the

except the two firft, by />, and multiply them

or
/>,
by the firft Series, and you will have a Series
And by rethe three firft Terms are clear'd of p.

which

peating the Operation, you

So that at

pleafe.

Terms

or by the

'

this Series,

by the value of
for

firft

8*'

Series,

laft

you

may

clear as

will have

p=

many Terms of p

-+-

as

you

7^

&c. which will give the fame value of y as before.

of thefe Examples, and
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. The feveral Roots
of all other pure Powers, whether they are Binomials, Trinomials,
or any other Multinomials, may be extracted by purfuing the Method of the foregoing Procefs, or by imitating the like Praxes in
Numbers. But they may be perform'd much more readily by gene-+-

^~,

for that purpofe.

And as there will be frecertain general Operathe
for
enfuing Treatiie,
quent
as Multiplication,
fuch
be
tions to
perform'd with infinite Series,
Divilion, railing of Powers, and extracting of Roots ; 1 mall here
derive fomc Theorems for thofe purpofes.
ral

Theorems computed
occalion, in

A H- B 4- C + D -+-

E, &c. P-f-Q^-R-f-S-t-T, &c. and

a _l__j_^_{_j\.4_ g) &c. reprefent the Terms of three feveral Series
and let A-|-B-{-C-f-D-|-E, &c. into P+Q-t-R-f-S+T,
refpedlively,
a, -\- /B -{&c.
y -i- -\- e, &c. Then by the known Rules of
be multiMultip'ication, by which every Term of one Factor is to
AP, /3
AQ^-jply'd into every Term of the other, it will be
I.

Let

<f~

BP,
BS

7=AR-i-BQ^-CP, ^z^AS-i-BR-i-LQH-DP, g=AT-f-

+ CR-t-DQ^-4- E'P
.

1-

4-

and

fo on.

"^.-t-K -f- o -t-

Then by

Subftitution

it

will be

i7ov. = AP +BP -i-Cf'+DP-f-E,-,

<3c.

And

68

Method of FLUXIONS,

'The

And

be a ready Theorem for the Multiplication of any

each other 5 as in the following Example.

this will

infinite Series into

(A)

(D)
*J

(C)

(B)

afr*+
JL/rv
t* A
,

_
^^TT

(QJ

(P)

A'4

(T)

(S)

(R)
1

,,

+~, $cc, =^+t^+tf^

&>+X^+i*?,rb
=

(E)

+ & + &> &c mto*-fx-f- -x

X*

X*

v* a
**

-P.

A4
'-

V-1

\2a"

9#

+**'+
i!
7a

+7|?
*
4

\a '*

.3*
^

-*-

And

fo in all

II.

From

other cafes.

the fame

Equations

.-DQ.-CR-BS-AT

we

above

have

fhall

-.

And then by Subftitution ^

^(A + B-J-C+D + E, &c. =) S +

commodioufly for the Divifion of one infinite Series by

Here for conveniency-fake the Capitals A, B, C, D, &c.
another.
in the Theorem, to denote the firft, fecond,
retained
are
third, fourth,
&c. Terms of the Series refpedively.
will ferve

Thus,
(>)

ii x *
the

for

if

Example,

(/)

(t)

_}_ ^-ii^-_{_

Quotient

we would

'

z ,

&c. by the Series

be

a *"~
-

-f-

A, B, C, D, &c. which reprefent the

order, the Quotient will become a

And

after the

fame manner in

all

a+^x-i-

~^.

-f-

&c.

T*

fx*

-f-

&c.

(0)

"

will

divide the Series #* _f. .ax -+.

p
(
(QJ
(S)
(ij

Or

feveral

f#

the Values

reftoring

Terms

as
z

of

they /land in
_i_ .11
*^

ga 3

'

&
Ut r
^'

other Examples.

HI.

and INFINITE SERIES.

In the

III.

laft

Theorem make .r=r,

/3

o,

o>=o, ^

169
0,60:.

^_

then

V.

DQ+CR+BS+AT

&(

~~F~

l'

whkh Theorcm win

~~p

readl]y find th

Here A, B, C, D, &c. denote the feveral

of any infinite Series.
Terms of the Series in order, as before.
cal

p)
(QJ
the Reciprocal of the Series a-\- f.v-{(

Thus

we would know

if

(T)

(S)

<R)

_|_

And

&c.

4-

---12^--h
1-

^- 2.
l

fhall

have by Subftitution

reftoring the Values of

la

we

&c.

^~-

84

it

will be

*-

&c. for the Reciprocal required.

>

720*'

,. x + f ..- A< ..{

fa of others.
IV. In the

A, B, C, D, &c.

t_i

if

f.

+ + i*+i<, &c.

And

f.v

Theorem if we make P=A, Q^==B, R

C,
if we make both to be the fame Series
that
we
mail
have
&c.
is,
S=D,
*
zAD + 2 AE + zAF + zAG.tff.
A+B+C+D+E+F+G7&^ tf= A+ zAB + zAC+
1
firft

+ B + zBC + BD + zBE + aBF

+ L* + zCD+ zCE
+ D*
2

will be a

which

Theorem

for finding the Square of

infinite

any

Series.

Fv

-_
-'_

aa

Sa'^lba 5

iz8a 7

256^

4^*

"

ga^iea*

zSafl"

64

---

x1

*^c

Ex. J
3.

^a

2
u

H--^3
bx*

'

t 1 x'

&c.

txl

25!.,

.'<>

2a s

A-4

TTTI

.7/4 4

64*4

Ex. 4

_l H_H_l^J

Ii

2434"

^-,

*_- ii._fil

30."
>

9<?4

v.

Method of FLUXIONS,
V. In this laft Theorem, if we make A*= P, aAB
Qv 2 AC
1
1
2
AE
2BC
C
-+- 2BD -fS,
T, &c. we
_f- B =R, 2AD -+R
O
R
S
BC
D
fhallhave A
P^ B
-^- E==
^-, C==-^-

T ~ 2BD ~ C

Qr

-4~
zA ^^

-4-

z
1

==

2BD

-4-

zA

C^

&c.

-4-

2A

"*

+ Q + K-hS+TH-U,

2RC

2A

.-

Or p

&c.

iA

BE
2A

^
|

^CD
'

pi

&c
<xu

Theorem

the Square-root of any infinite Series may eafily be

B, C, D, &c. will reprelent the feveral Terms of
the Series as they are in fucceffion.
this

By

Here A,

extracted.

^i

^1

Ex 2^1-

P,

a
,

4-2a/3-f-

Q^ R, S,
i
/

is

of any
of the

a4

fli

by the fourth Theorem a -{-@-i--y-\-<f<-t-t,&tc.

2a^

+ 2a^H-

1
T, &c. write a

&c. refpedively.
X

And this will

_i_

"'~~
o

VI. Becaufeit

i^-

be a

2ae, &c. in the third

2> + j8S

2a/3,

-f- 2/3y,

2ag-

Then

for finding the Reciprocal of the Square

Here A, B, C, D, &c.

ftill

denote the

R,

S,

Terms

Series in their order.

VII. If in the

Theorem

firft

for P,

Q^

&c.

we

write

+ B 2AD -H 2BC, &c.

(that
A+B+C+D,&c.| byTheor.4.)wemallhaveA+B+C+D+E+F
= A 3A*B + sAB -h sA*D 3AC + 360, &c.
6ABC+ 36^0
3BD
6ACD
B'
6ABD-f+
-- 6ABE

A*,

|*

for

Theorem

infinite Series.

2a^

Theorem

2AC

2AB,

refpedively,

is

-j-

-i-

6cc.|

5.

-f-

which

will readily "

give the

Cube of any
r.

*'
*"

"

*'*
"T~

2*

"
11 "

13

yjf^

v9'
X

infinite Series.
A-

11

^^

15 3

Ex.

and INFINITE SERIES,

171

Ex.2. t* 1 -i~
VIII. In the laft

if

Theorem,

'+.3A'C =
B=
C=

we make

A =P,
3

--

R, B'-f-6ABC-|-3A D
_
R 3 AB*
S-6ABC

Q_

p:

?A
,

Sec.

&c. then

S,

3A*B

Bi

+l + ^
j^

i^K +

A=PT,
that

fisc.

is

Here alfo A, B, C, D,
root of any infinite Series may be extracted.
&c. will reprefent the Terms as they ftand in order.
xs
IPX'*
T?
x' 1
8* 15
;**
7*"*
7_
~ _*
~
"'
8
I

- z'

-~"I"

Ex.

2.

8
f* 4 -h T 7 A; H- T | T x
'

IX. Becaufe
a*

R,

+ 3a
S,

/3

it is

6cc. l^

=t**-t-r T ** H-Trr^ 4

by the feventh Theorem a

T, &c. write

-f-

/3

3j8, 3/S -f-Sa

3'fr &c.

refpeflively

^
;

/3

&c.

&c.
y -\Theorem for

-f-

&c. in the third

',

243a

'

-f- 3 a/3

^ + 8i

-f-

J
j

P,

6a/3>-f-

then

This Theorem will give the Reciprocal of the Cube of any infinite
Series ; where A, B, C, D, &c. ftand for the Terms in order.
;
X. Laftly, in the firft Theorem if we make
,
Q ==3A 1 B,
&c. we {hall have
>

P=A

A+B-f-C-i-D, &c.

will be a

And

4
I

=A^H-4A

B-{-6A 1 B 1 -|-4ABs&c. which

Theorem for finding the Biquadrate of any infinite Series.

we might proceed to find particular Theorems for any

thus

other Powers or Roots of any infinite Series, or for their Reciprocals, or any fractional Powers compounded of thefe ; all which will

be found very convenient to have at hand, continued to a competent

number of Terms, in order to facilitate the following Operations.
Or it may be fufticient to lay before you the elegant and general

Theorem, contrived for this purpofe, by that fkilful Mathematician,

and my good Friend, the ingenious Mr. A. De Mo'rore, which was
firft
publifh'd in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, N 230, and which
will readily

perform

all

thefe Operations.

Or

The Method of

172

FLUXIONS,

Or we may have

recourfe to a kind of Mechanical Artifice,

by
the
which
foregoing Operations may be perform'd in a very eafy
and general manner, as here follows.
all

When two

infinite Series are

to find a third

which

is

to be

multiply 'd together, in order

one of them the

to be their Product, call

and the other the Multiplier. Write dawn upon your

Multiplicand,
Paper the Terms of the Multiplicand, with their Signs, in a defcending order, fo that the Terms may be at equal diftances, and juft
under one another. This you may call your fixt or right-tand Paper.
Prepare another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down
the Terms of the Multiplier, with their proper Signs, in an afcending Order, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal diftances
from each other as in the Multiplicand, and juft over one another.

This you may call your moveable or left-hand Paper. Apply your
movenble Paper to your fixt Paper, fo that the firft. Term of your
Multiplier may ftand over-againft the firft Term of your Multiplicand.
Multiply thefe together, and write down the Product in its
for the firft Term of the Product required.
Move your moveplace,
abie Paper a ftep lower, fo that two of the firft Terms of the Mulftand over-againft two of the firft Terms of the Multitiplier may
Find the two Produces, by multiplying each pair of the
plicand.
Terms together, that ftand over-againft one another ; abbreviate

may be done, and- fet down the Refult for the fecond
of the Product required.
Move your moveable Paper a ftep
the
of
firft
Terms of the Multiplier may ftand
lower, fo that three
of
the firft Terms of the Multiplicand.
three
Find the
over-againft
each
of
the
Terms
three Products, by multiplying
pair
together that
one
another
fet
down the
abbreviate them, and
ftand over-againft
j
And proceed in the lame
Refult for the third Term of the Product.
them

if it

Term

manner

to find the fourth,

I ihall iiluftrate this

from the

common

ana

all

the following Terms.

Method by an Example of two

Scale of

Denary

01

taken

Series,

Decimal Arithmetick

which

will equally explain the Procefs in all other infinite Series whatever.
&c. and
Let the Numbers to be multiply 'd be

528,73041, &c. which, by fupplying

ftood, will
_j_

3X~

-t-

cand, and
prefcribed,

10 where

it

is

under-

3X -\- jX -+- jX-'-f- aX-'-f- 8X-*

&c. and 5 X* -f- aX 4- 8X -j- 7
-+-4X-4-f- iX-s, &c. and call the firft the Multipli-

become

oX-

37,528936,

or

the Series

9 X-44- 3X-5H- 6Xl

the fecohd the Multiplier.

will ftand as follows.

X- +

Thefe being difpofed

as

is

Multiplier,

and INFINITE SERIES.

Multiplier,

-H4X-+
-f-oX-'

8X

Multiplicand

?X

174
der one another.

Method of FLUXIONS,

}e

This

is

your

fixt

or right-hand Paper.

Prepare

another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down the

Terms of the Divifor in an afcending order, with all their Signs
changed except the firft, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal
This will be your
distances as before, and jufl over one another.

moveable or left-hand Paper.

Apply your moveable Paper

to

your

Paper, fo that the firft Term of the Divifor may be over-againft

the firft Term of the Dividend.
Divide the firft Term of the Dividend by the firft Term of the Divifor, and fet down the Quotient
over-againft them to the right-hand, for the firft Term of the Quotient required.
Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that
two of the firft Terms of the Divifor may be over-againft two of
the firft Terms of the Dividend.
Colleft the fecond Term of the
Dividend, together with the Product of the firft Term of the Quotient now found, multiply'd by the Terms over-againft it in the lefthand Paper ; thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be
the fecond Term of the Quotient required.
Move your moveable
Paper a ftep lower, fo that three of the firft Terms of the Divifor
may ftand over-againft three of the firft Terms of the Dividend.
Collecl the third Term of the Dividend, together with the two Produds of the two firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd into the Term over-againft it, in the left-hand Paper.
Thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be the third
Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep
lower, fo that four of the firft Terms of the Divifor may ftand overCollecl: the fourth
againft four of the firft Terms of the Dividend.
Term of the Dividend, together with the three Products of the three
firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd by
Thefe divided by
the Term over-againft it in the left-hand Paper.
the firft Term of the Divifor will be the fourth Term of the QuoAnd fo on to find the fifth, and the fucceeding
tient required.
fixt

Terms.
For an Example
.a*

_]_

+ tax 4-j_

let

x 1 H-+-

-^

it

be propofed to divide the infinite Series

^+
I2IA-5

&c.

28|X4

7^1

.,

1C'

&c. by the

Thefe being difpofed

as

Series
is

a 4- fx
1

prefcribed,

will ftand as here follows.

Divifor,

and INFINITE SERIES.

Divifor,
;

fr

175

7^^ Method of

FLUXIONS,

c on tne otner
3-4>
Paper, when they meet together, will
numeral
Coefficients.
Apply therefore the fecond Term
compkat the
.of the move-able Paper to the uppertnoft Term of the fixt Paper,
>

ij

'

;ind the Product made by the continual Multiplication of the three

Factors thatftand in a lin-e over-againft one another, [which are the
fecond Term of the given Series, the numeral Coefficient, (here the
given Index,) and the firft Term of the Series already found,] divided by the firft Term of the given Series, will be the fecond Term
of the Series required, which is to be let down in its place overMove the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and the two
againft I.
Produces made by the multiplication of the Factors that ftand overand elfewhere, care muft be had to
-againft one another, (in which,
Coefficients
numeral
take the
compleat,) divided by twice the firft
Term of the given Series, v/ill be the third Term of the Series reMove
quired, which is to be fet down in its place over-againft 2.
the moveable, Paper a ftep lower, and the three Products made by
the multiplication of the Factors that ftand over-againft one another,
divided by thrice the firft Term of the given Series, will be the
And fo you may proceed to
fourth Term of the Series required.

and the fubfcquent Terms.

be
amifs to give one general Example of this Reducnot

find the next,

It

may

If the Series az
will comprehend all particular Cafes.
c&' -+-dz*, ,&c. be given, of which we are to find any
Power, or to extract any Root; let the Index of this Pov>er or Root
be m.
Then prepare the moveable or left-hand Paper as you fee
below, where the Terms of the given Scries are fet over one another
tion,
_l_

which

b^

_j_

edge of the Paper, and

put a full point, as a

Alfo
of
after every
Multiplication,
and after every one, (except the firft or loweft) are put the feveral
as m, zm, pn, 40;, &c. with the negative
Multiples of the Index,
Likewife a vinculum may be undei flood to
after them.
Sign
be placed over them, to connect them with the other parts of the
numeral Coefficients, which are on the other Paper, and which
make them compleat. Alfo the firft Term of the given Series is
the reft by a line, to denote its being a Divifor, or
feparated from
of a Fraction. And thus is the moveable Paper
Denominator
the
in

order, at the

Term

is

at equal diftances.

Mark

prepared.
To prepare the fixt or right-hand Paper, write down the natural Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, &c. under one another, at the fame equal
diftances as the Terms in the other Paper, with a Point after them
as a Mark of Multiplication ; and over-againft the firft 1 erm o
write

and INFINITE SERIES.

Term of the Series required. The reft ot
the Terms are to be wrote down orderly under this, as they (hall be
To the firft Term o in the
found, which will be in this manner.
the
fecond
Term
of
the
moveable Paper, and they
fixt Paper apply
write a*"z m for the

firft

*-* m ~~
will then exhibit this Fraction

to this

Term

aw*

<

of the

and you

will

~ t &s*+ I

" z

which being reduced

as,.

fet down in its

place, for the fecond
Move the moveable Paper a ftep lower,
a
have this Fraction exhibited
cz*. 2m
o. a z m
,

muft be

Series required.

az. 2

which being reduced

become mu m -

will

c-{-

mx "LL a m --b* xz m+'~,

Bring
to be put down for the third Term of the Series required.
the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and you will have the
m n
dz,*.
o. a z

down

Fraction

yn

-f-

.+-

cz*.

bz?.

ma

*c -+-

L a m- l b 3

az. 3

for the fourth

ner are

all

the

Term of

Moveable
Paper, &c.

And

the Series required.

in the

fame man-

of the Terms to be found.

reft

Fixt Paper
o.
i.
-

2.

*.

-3 .
J

mx-

a^i-o*

-x7.

-f-

ma m~*c x z"

-a m *l>>+mx.'-

'

am

6c+Ma m

dxz"

az.

will produce Mr. De Moivre's Theorem

the
mentioned before,
Inveftigation of which may be feen in the
place there quoted, and fhall be exhibited here in due time and
And this therefore will fufficiently prove the truth of the

N. B. This Operation

place.

prefent Procefs.

In particular Examples this

very eafy and practicable.

Method

will be

found

But

The Method of

178
now

FLUXIONS,

mew

fomething of the ufe of thefe Theorems, and

jit
way for the Solution of Affected and
we
will
here
Fluxional Equations;
make a kind of retrofpect, and
refume our Author's Examples of fimple Extractions,
beginning
with Divifion itfelf, which we fhall perform after a different and an
eafier manner.

But

to

the fame time to prepare the

Thus

aa by b

to divide

into a Series of fimple

Now
is

r^=y,

make

or by -f- xy

to find the quantity

manner

this

Terms

or to refolve the Fraction

-f- x,

y difpofe the Terms of this Equation after

a 1 , and proceed in the Refolution as
you fee

*-J

done here.
I

a*x

=**

a*.*

a^J

+ xy\

h-r

a *x t
-77-

7T +

-T-*--T*

TT

-75

&C..

>

IT

-JT-

OCC.

>

Here by the difpofition of the Terms a*- is made the firft Term
of the Series belonging (or equivalent) to by, and therefore
dividing
of
the
firfl
be
Term
Series
will
the
to
equivalent
by b,
y, as is fet

down

below.

Then

will

a^x

be the

firft

Term

of the Series

which is therefore fet down over-againft it; as alfo it is fet

down over-againft by, but with a contrary Sign, to be the fecond
a
Term of that Series. Then will
be the fecond Term of
y
-4- xy,

to

be

fet

down

in

cond Term of -f- xy

for the third

y,

Term

and therefore

its

of

with a contrary Sign

fore

'~

and

will be

place,

by.

which

will give

-^- for the fe-

with a contrary Sign muit be

Then will +
be the third

this

~-

down
Term of

fet

Term of 4- xy, which

mufl be made the fourth Term of by, and therethe fourth Term of y.
And fo on for ever.
will

be the third

Now

the Rationale of this Procefs, and of all that will here follow of the fame kind, may be manifeft from thefe Confiderations.

The unknown Terms

of the Equation, or thofe wherein y

are (by the

Hypothecs) equal to the

known Term

aa.

is

And

found,
each of
thofe

IN FINITE SERIES.

a?id

unknown Terms

thofe

refolved into

is

170

equivalent Series, the

its

Ag-

gregate of which muft (till be equal to the fame known Term aa

Therefore all the fubfidiary and adventitious
(or perhaps Terms.)
are
which
introduced into the Equation to aflift the Solution,
Terms,
the
Supplemental
(or
Terms,) muft mutually deftroy one another.
Or we may refolve the fame Equation in the following manner
;

y^
Here a 1

made

is

the

= --

firft

a*

la*

A"

.V

Term

of

k*a*
-X

-4

-+-

-Ha*
A;4

.
,

&c.

down for the firft Term of y. This will give +

firft Term of by, which with a contrary Sign muft be
~ muft be put down
Term of -+- xy, and therefore
be put

--

Term

cond

which with

of y.

will

be the fecond

a contrary Sign will be the third

+-

therefore

Then

will be the third

fore the Fraction propofed

is

Term

refolved

muft

xv,
" and therefore x

of y.
into

the

for

the fecond
for the fe-

Term

of by y

Term of -|- xy, and

And fo on. There-

the fame

two

Series as

were found above.

+ * were given to be refolved, make

x y=. i, the Refolution of which Equation

If the Fraction

'

or y -+- l
rrxpre than writing
v

x+x

down

the Terms, in the

xx,&cc.
,

ccc..

+x*y 3

is

manner following

-V"

little

----(-x- 1 *-4-|_xi
x-'-+x- x~ & &c.

Here in the firft Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of y, fo

1
x*- will be the
be the firft Term of x*y, and therefore
will x
be
and
will
therefore
x*
the
of
fecond Term of
fecond Term
y,
x* will be third Term of y ; &c.
Alfo in the
x*y, and therefore -+fecond Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of x*y, fb will -f- x~'be the

Term

firft

Term

of x*y, or

of y, and therefore
x~- will be the fecond
x~* will be the fecond Term of y ; &c.

a 2

To

tte Method of

180

FLUXIONS,
i
zx

To

refolve the
i

=y,

I+*
quation

compound

13 =

i
*

2.y a

make

Fraction

#v

or 2**

3.

~* -

into fimple

Terms,

^xy, which E-

y 4- AT^

3*

be thus refolved

may

2A^

X^

3**

+ 34^*

73**, &c.
34* } &c.
3

39**, &c.

Terms of

Place the

the Equation, in

which the unknown quan-

defcending order, and the known Terms

here.
Then bring down zx^ to be the firfl

in a regular

is

found,
tity y
above, as you fee is done
Term of y, which will give -f-

2x

for

the

firfl

Term of

the Series

which mufl be wrote with a contrary Sign for the fecond

Term of y. Then will the fecond Term of 4- x^y be
2x%, and
will
be
which
the firfl Term of the Series
6x^,
3*7
together
And this with a contrary Sign would have been wrote
SAT*.
make
4-

x*y,

for the third

Term of y, had
J

reduces

it

4- jx

to

Term
x* been above, which
Term of y. Then will 4- yx*
and 4- 6x* will be the fecond Term

not the

for the third

Term

of 4- x*y,
collected with a contrary Sign, will make
of
3fly, which being
1
3** for the fourth Term of y ; and fo on, as in the Paradigm.
If we would refolve this Fraction, or this Equation, fo as to accommodate it to the other cafe of convergency, we may invert the
Terms, and proceed thus

be the third

3-v

V1
x

y
Bring down
will be the firfl

AT*

=f

*-

-i-

1, &c.
X'

-f-

to be the

Term

4f *

firfl

of y, to be

Term of
down in

fet

'

ft*3-vy,
its

6cc.

whence

place.

~\-

Then

the

firfl

and INFINITE SERIES.

Term

Term

fecond

Then

of y.

fx, which with

a contrary Sign
will be the
3*?, and therefore -+- f
the fecond Term of -+- x^y will be -f- f#s

of +- x^y will be
will be the fecond Term of
firft

181

-f-

of y being -+- f x*, thefe two collected with a

*.#* for the third Term of
have made
3*}',
contrary Sign would
z
had not the Term +- zx' been prefent above. Therefore uniting
x* for the third Term of
3*7, which
thefe, we fhall have -f-

and the

firft

Term

?j-x~* f
of -+- xh be

will g lve

Term

the third

Then will the third

fecond Term of y being -+- -%,
the
Sign will make -f- if for

Term

of

y.

if, and the

a contrary
with
thefe two collected
and therefore
fourth Term of
T,xy,
Term of y and fo on.

TT*""

will be

^ e fourth

-,

thus much for Divifion ; now to go on to the Author's pure

or fimple Extractions.
To find the Square-root of aa -f- xx, or to extract the Root y of

And

a -+-/>, then we fhall have

aa-{- xx ; make y
Equation yy
xx, of which affected Quadratick Equaby Subftitution zap -f- pp

this

we may thus extract the Root p. Difpofe the Terms in this

manner zap-^= xx, the unknown Terms in a defcending order oa
H-/AJ
one fide, and the known Term or Terms on the other fide of the
tion

Equation, and proceed in the Extraction as

-)

**/==*

*4

here directed.
7 *'

+ H53.

5x8

5i

s74

is

_^i + ^!_^:,
+"J-\.__
+^
J
4*
8*4

x*

A4

za

8a l

this Difpofition

By

izSa 1

is

made

'

7*

10

.,

&C.

-t-f-t

25O'
the

Term

firft

of

then

zap

Term

as here

of the Series p,

Term

firft

\6a !

of the Terms, x 1

the Series belonging to

will be the

CA 9

*6

-I-

12Sa 8

640*

fet

of the

we

down

Series

have

fhall

for the

underneath.

*,

to

be put

firft

Therefore

down

in

its

4474

place over-againft

be put

which

down with
will

make

Then, by what
a contrary

the fecond

Sign

Term

is

obferved before,

as the fecond

of/> to

be

Term

it

muft

of zap,

Having

therefore

Method of
FLn
/

77jt2

fore the

two

firft

of the foregoing

two

the

ries,)

Terms of P
Methods for

firft

Terms

*-

~, we

!-;

s,-

fhall liave,

(by any

finding the Square of an infinite Se-

of p 1

=~

3-

'

#4 4

AfCi

which

la ft

Term

be wrote with a contrary Sign, as the third Term of

zap.
Therefore the third Term of * is ^ * and the third Term of Lp*
irmft

,
'

-~

(by the aforefaid Methods) will be

a

Term

of p will be

"""
7IsI

which

'

is

Term

fourth

contrary Sign, as the

and therefore the

-||_,

to be

is

wrote with

Then the fourth

fourth Term of/* is

of zap.

to be

which

wrote with a contrary Sign for the

fifth

Term of zap. This will give 2^- for the fifth Term of p and fo
2^O'
we may proceed in the Extraction as far as we pleafe.
Or we may difpofe the Terms of the Supplemental Equation thus
.

----

zap

-f-

a*

>

zax

za*

-+-

~ *
x

'

c
&c

AX3

,
y

&c.

'

* ,&c.

Term of the Series/ 4 and therefore x,

be the firft Term of p.
Then zax will be the
(or elfe
x,) will
zax will be the fecond Term of
firft Term of zap> and therefore
Here * a

is

made

the

So that becaufe /> 1

firft

#a

by extracting the Square-root

of this Series by any of the foregoiug Methods, it will be found
a will be the fecond Term of the Root />.
x
a, &c. or
/
Therefore the fecond Term of zap will be
2<2% which muft be
1
third
for
the
Term
a
wrote with contrary Sign
of/ , and thence (by

p"-

Extraction) the third

.third

to be

of/.

Then

Term

2rfx, 6cc.

Term

of zap to be

of
,

will be --

and therefore (by Extraction) o

This makes the fourth Term of zap
,

will be the fifth

This

will

make

the

which makes the fourth Term of/4

Term
I

of/.

will be the fourth

to

be o, as

Then

alfo

the fifth

Term
of / z

Term of
zap

and INFINITE SERIES,

zap
f

will be

.ll

and therefore o

4*

which

. ,
5

will

make

the fixth

=
=x

aa

-\-

Term

Term of p,

will be the fixth

Here the Terms will be alternately deficient

Equation yy

183

xx, the Root will be y

is

-f-

to

be

fo that in the
given

-f-

&c. which

/>*

&c.

^-} -h -^-s
fhould change the order of the Terms, or if

&c. that

of

-f-

"->

the fame as

is

we fhould change
a.
into
x
and
a into x,
If we would extradl the Square-root of aa
xx, or find the
aa
xx make y
a -f- p, as beRoot y of the Equation yy
x
then zap -f-/*
fore
x*-, which may be refolved as in the following Paradigm :
if

we

= =

f I"

+r

t>

X6

.v4

*4

1-

J*

,^_ __

^.V

8a4

4fl

X'

64,1

H- ^~;
84

<;*

-f-

CX

JC
.

-{-

6^.6

"4
k~^_

^^^^

^^

"7

J,

c
cSCC*

x 1 the firft Term of -J-/ 1

Here if we mould attempt to make
we mould have ^/ x 1 or x^/ i, for the fi rfl Term of/ ; which
no Series can be form'd from that
being rnpoflible, fliews
Suppofi,

tion.

To

of #

xx, or the Root y in this Equa1

x^
x
tion yy
x
xx, make y
p, then x -+- zx^p -f- p
x*, which may be refolved after this
xx, or zx^p -+- /*
find the Square-root

manner

x* the firft
being rightly difpofed, make
x* be the firft Term of p.
Therefore
of zx^p; then will
a
3
firft Term of
be
the
will
which
is
alfo
to
be
with
wrote
~\- px
/

The Terms

a contrary Sign for the fecoiid Term of 2x'-p, which will give
fA *
Then (by fquaring) the fecond Term of
for the lecond Term of p.
-

will be

i^ 4 which
,

will give

i* 4

for the

fecond

Term

of

zx^p,

Method of FLUXIONS,

ffi?

184

and therefore

-V^

Term

for the third

of

and

fq op.

Therefore in this Equation it will be y=z x'*

f x*
f A-'"
rV*''"*
&c.
So to extract the Root y of this Equation yy =.aa-\-bx
xxt
make y
then
bx
which
be
-+thus
a-{-p
p*
xx,
zap
may

refolved.

=fa

+ *fi,

X*

&C

L'-x'

tx

Make
of

p.

firft

of zap; then will

Term

firft

be the

~-

firft

be

will

x*

-<

^'

to be

gjr

of p 1 will be

which

Then by

will

Term

20.

-+-

which

be wrote with a contrary Sign, fo that the fecond

*

Ixl

Term

Therefore the

alfo to

zap

bx the

x*

make

the fecond

fquaring, the fecond

is

Term of
Term of

Term of/*

which muft be wrote with a contrary Sign

7 *-* -g^
for the third Term of zap.
This will give the third Term of p
Therefore the Square-root of the
as in the Example; and fo on.
will be

Quantity a^

Alfo

if

-f-

bx

xx

a -+

will be

we would extract the Square-root

of

a*
<

-f.

-^ _,

we may

ex-

Roots of the Numerator, and likewife of the Denominator, and then divide one Series by the other, as before ; but more
tract the

dire.ctly

Make

thus.

_**!

=
=

-f- p, then ax*

Suppofe y
which Suppplemental Equation
i

yy,

or

zp -+-p

may

-{-

ax 1
bx*-

yy

zbx*-p

b*x*y*.
bx*-p*,

be thus refolved.

zp

and INFINITE SERIES,

185

+TT*\
ab

^ab

1
,

&c.

~a^b &c.
t

bx^p* _

&c.

Make ax -f- bx* the firfl Term of 2/>, then will frf.v l -f- f&v
abx*
b*x* will be the firfl
Therefore
"be the firfl Term of /.
and
Term of
^a*x* -f- -^abx* -f- -^bx* will be the firfl
2bx*p,
Term of/*. Thefe being collected, and their Signs changed, muil
be made the fecond Term of 2/, which will give abx* -f- |J*A
2bx*p
%a*x* for the fecond Term of/. Then the fecond Term of
i
and the fecond Term of p*
l>*x -f- ^a bx
will be
-^ab^x
1

>

(by fquaring)
the

firfl

will be

Term

found f a bx
l

of

bx*p

which

Term

of 2p,

far as

you

\ab*x
6
will be
^a^bx

j-a''X

-{-

$frx

6
,

and

-^ab'-x

f^'AT

pleafe.

thus if

Root y of

this

Subflitution a

+-

and the Signs changed, will make the third

half which will be the third Term of p ; and fo on as

being collected

And

A: S ,

we were

to extract the

Equation 7'
1

a 3 41

Cube-root of a* 4- x*, or the

make y
a -f-/, then by
j

=&

3d / -f- ^ap -+- p>

which fupplemental Equation
-f-

tf 3

-+- x*,

may

243

B b

or 3

-f

be thus refolved.

The

Method of FLUXIONS,
The Terms
<ia*p

which

will be #',

make

will

order, the

being difpos'd in

the

will

Term

make the firft Term ofp

Term of/ 1

firft

firft

to be

And

of the Series

*.

to be

Thiss

make

this will

the

Term

which with a contrary Sign muft be

of ^ap* to be
,
the fecond Term of 3/z*/>, and therefore the fecond Term ofp will

firfl

be
.

Then

(by fquaring) the fecond

and (by cubing) the

ff!
Oa*

Term

of

*"=

of ^ap 1 will be

win be

fi
6

Thefe

27<:<
r

the third
.

y9

make

being collected

ill
__
_j_

firft

Term

which with

a contrary

Sign muft be

Term of ^a^p, and therefore the third Term of p will be

Then by fquaring, the third Term of ^ap* will be

and by cubing, the fecond Term of/

collected will

make

^T,

will be

8j<i'

y^-j

>

will be

anc^ therefore the

and the fourth

'

Term

^^, which being

fourth Term of-^^p

of p will be

--

2 43 a

11

And

fo on;'

Arid thus
in a

more

All that

is

may
direct

the Roots of

all

pare Equations- be extracted, but

and fimple manner by the foregoing Theorems.

here intended,

is,

to prepare the way for the Refolution

in Numbers and Species, as alfo of

affected Equations, both

Fluxional Equations, in- which this Method will be found to be of
And firfl we mall proceed with our Author to
very extenfive ufe.
the Solution of numerical affected Equations.

of

SECT.

II L

The Refolution of Nttmeral AffeSted Equations*

Refolution of affected Equations, and firft

in Numbers ; our Author very juftly complains, that before his time the exegefa numcroja, or the Doctrine of the Solution
as to the

of affected Equations in Numbers, was very intricate, defective, and

What had been done by Vieta, Harriot, and Oughtred
inartificial.

Attempts for the time, yet howSo that he had good reaever
operofe.
fon to reject their Methods, efpecially as he has fubftituted a much
better in their room.
They -affected too great accuracy in purfuing
in this" matter,

tho' very laudable

was extremely perplex'd and

exact

and INFINITE SERIES.

exact Roots,

which

led

them

into tedious perplexities

but he

187
knew

very well, that legitimate Approximations would proceed much more

and would anfwer the fame intention
regularly and expeditioufly,

much

better.

20, 21, 22. His Method may be eafily apprehended from this one
Inftance, as it is contain'd in his Diagram, and the Explanation of

Yet for farther

it.

of

When

Illuftration Lfhall venture to give a fhort rationale

Numeral Equation

propos'd to be refolved, he
Root as can be readily and
takes as near an Approximation
And
this may
obtain'd.
always be had, either by the
conveniently
known Method of Limits, or by a Linear or Mechanical ConitrucIf this be greater or
tion, or by a few eafy trials and fuppofitions.
lefs than the Root, the Excefs or Defect, indifferently call'd the
Supplement, may be reprefented by p, and the affumed Approximation,
together with this Supplement, are to be fubftituted in the given.
it.

is

to the

Equation inftead of the Root. By this means, (expunging what will

be fuperfluous,) a Supplemental Equation will be form'd, whole Root
is now p, which will confift of the Powers of the affumed Approximation orderly defcending, involved with the Powers of the Supplement
which accounts the Terms will be conregularly afcending, on both
a
in
decuple ratio or falter, if the affumed Aptinually decreafmg,
proximation be -fuppos'd to be at leaft ten times greater than the
Supplement. Therefore to find a new Approximation, which fhall
nearly exhauft the Supplement p, it will be fufficient to retain only
the two firft Terms of this Equation, and to feek the Value ofp from
the refulting fimple Equation.
[Or fometimes the three firft Terms
be
may
retain'd, and the Value of p may be more accurately found
from the refulting Quadratick Equation; Sec.] This new Approximation, together with a new Supplement g, muft be fuhftituted initead of p in this laft fupplemental Equation, in order to form a
And the fame things may be obferved
fecond, whofe Root will be q.
of this fecond fupplemental Equation as of the firft; and its Root, or
an Approximation to it, may be difcover'd after the fame manner. And
thus the Root of the given Equation may be profecuted as far as
we pleafe, by finding new iiipplemental Equations, the Root of every
one of which will be a correction to the preceding Supplement.

So
that

in the

-{-/>,

As p

is

2x2x2

=
2x2 =
2y

4,

o,

'tis

eaiy to perceive,

which mould make

=
=
5.

p be the Supplement of the Root, and it will be y

i -fand therefore by fubftitution
Q.
lop -+- 6p* -\-p=
here fuppos'd to be much lefs than the Approximation 2,

Therefore
2.

prefent Example jy
2 fere ; for
let

B b

ty

The Method of

i88
by

an Equation will be form'd, in which the Terma

this fubftitution

and

will gradually decreafe,

is

fere,

'o-

-h ?

fere

and

o, 6

q=

r for

f^e,

the third

1,237 + 6>3?* 4-

which

in

Therefore
or q-=.

it

all

0,61

0,0054-)^

=o,

<f

much
1

-f-

and therefore

than the

1,23.^

o,

ym?,.

by afluming

fubftituted

being

is

are farther

lefs

accurate,

laft

which

o,

Terms

the

q will be

is

This

Supplement.

11,162;-, &c.

0,000541554-

-+-

Equation,

former Supplement p.
or

which the Supplement

in

i -fTerms,
io/>=o,
Supplement q, 'tis

firft

This being fubftituted for p in the

accurately.

new Supplemental

deprefs'd,

the fafter, cateris parities, as

affuming a fecond

or

becomes

it

Equation,

much

Ib

So taking the two

greater than p.
or p
T_.

=.

FLUXIONS,

will

r-=

give

'^^-^

&c. or_y
0,00004852, &c. So that at laft/=2 -{-^>
&c.
2,09455148,
And thus our Author's Method proceeds, for finding the Roots of
affedted Equations in Numbers.
Long after this was wrote, Mr. Rapb-

Jon publifh'd his Analyfis Mquationum imiverjalis, containing a Method for the Solution of Numeral Equations, not very much different from this of our Author, as may appear by the following Com
parifon.
To find

Root of the Equation y*

takes as

His

thus.

that he has_y==g-+Ar.

or

if

ment

5, Mr. Rapbfon
he
calls
Approximation
g, which he
near the true Root as he can, and makes the Supplement x, fo

the

would proceed

g=2,

'tis

Then by

Subftitution g 3 -f-3^ 1 Ar+3^x a -f-x 3

2
2
<

iOAr-f-6.v* -4- x*

i,

=5,

to determine the Supple-

Powers may be rejected,

This added tog or 2,
nearly.

This being fuppofed fmall,

x.

zy

firft

its

and therefore iox= i, or ,v

o, i
and
makes a new
x
2,1,
being ftill the Supplement, 'tis y
5
2,1 +x, which being fubftituted in the original Equation _y
zy
3
x
0,6 1, to determine the,
5, produces 11,23^-4- 6,3**
new Supplement x. He rejects the Powers of x, and thence derives

^___oj __
I

,25

and confequently y
becaufe the Powers of x were
0,0.054,

2,0946, which
rejected, he makes

not being exaft,

the Supplement again to be x, fo that
2,0946 -f- x, which be&c.
ing fubftituted in the Original Equation, gives 11,162^-+he has
0,00054155. Therefore to find the third Supplement x,

y=

.v

="

54
,'

62

'

5S

2,09455148, &c. and

0,00004852,

fo that

y =.2,0946

+ *=

To on.

By

and IN FINITE SERIES.

we may

this Procefs

By

fee

how

nearly thefe

189

two Methods

agree,

and wherein they differ. For the difference is only this, that our
Author conftantly profecutes the Refidual or Supplemental Equations,
But
to find the firft, fecond, third, &c. Supplements to the Root
Mr. Raphjbn continually corrects the Root itfelf from the fame fupwhich are formed by fubftituting the corrected
plementaf Equations,
And the Rate of Convergency will
the
Roots in
Original Equation.
be the fame in both.
In imitation of thefe Methods, we may thus profecute this Inmanner. Let the given Equation to be
quiry after a very general
m
m
o, in
refolved be in this form ay -+- by"-* -4- cy-* -J- dy ~* &c.
which fuppofe P to be any near Approximation to the Root y, and
P -4-/>. Now from
Then is y
the little Supplement to be p.
Powers and extracof
the
is
(hewn
what
before, concerning
raifing
m
m
P* -f- wP m-'/>, &c.
P -h/>
ting Roots, it will follow that y
m
or that thefe will be the two firft Terms of y ; and all the reft,
And for
being multiply'd into the Powers of />, may be rejected.
m~ l
m ~l
m~
m~
P m ~- -+
iP
P
the fame reafon y
-h m
p, &c. y
:

2 P"-=p, &c.

and

.4- ~niaP

Therefore thefe being fub-

fo of all the reft.

it

ftituted into the Equation,

n- l

a ]>>

=
=

will be

&c."l

-, &c.

m
m

2c

~*p, &c.

7 JP "-"</>,

>= o

Or

by P"

dividing

&c.

&c.
'-

-j-^/P-s

-\-m

= --

^dP~*p, &c.

we mail have/
confequently
^
J

&c.

=
,

o.

ma?- 1

From whence

*P-'

cP-

lbV~' -{.m

taking the Value of

+ rfp-*

ar,.

z^~3 + m

J^P-4

/>,

and

Jjff .

r=

,.
To reduce

this to a

more commodious form, make Pi= - , whence

i
B% &c. which being fubftituted, and
Numerator and Denominator by A" , it will be

P=A-'B, P- =Aalfo
the
multiplying
~~
~
+"
I

'B

A."-"-B*+

=4rfA"-?Bi.

be a nearer Approach to the Rootjy, than

jp

or P,

^c-.

and

will
fo

much
the

Method of FLUXIONS,

77je
'

the nearer as

And hence we may

near the Root.

is

derive a very

convenient and general Theorem for the Extraction of the Roots of

Numeral Equations, whether pure or affected, which will be this.
m ~~m~ s
Let th,e general Equation ay m -^- by"
&c.
-+ cy
-f- d)
,
=: o be propofed to be folved ; if the Fraction - be affumed
1

Root y

the

near

as

iAA m

31

as

4.

this

inflead of the Fraction

puted, may,be,ufed

the

be,

4B4,'feff

3n/A

And

to the .Root.

nearer Approximation

may

conveniently

zcA m -S

+7

Fraction,

Fraction

when com-

by which means

Bearer Approximation may again -be had ; and fo on,

we pleafe.
proach as near the true Root as

we

till

ap-

This general Theorem

Theorems

particular

tion ify

+ by === c,

as

may be conveniently refolved into as many

we pleafe. Thus in the Quadratick Equa-

will be

it

if

Equation y*

+ ty +

cy

y
*

A1

2t\

will be

be

^ ==

irt* -+- 2/)AB-4- iB~ x

rB4

-f-

==

In the Cubick

fere.

A
.

3<i
1

In the Biquadratick Equation y*

y^r^.

p
D

....

it

d,

rB z

-4-

,"7 D X
DO
J

111-1
c
llke of hl

it

-+-dy=ze,

-{- by* -\- cy

>/^' And the

l_

S her

Equations.
;

For an 'Example of the Solution of a Quadratick Equation,

let

it.be propofed to extract the Square-root of 12, or let us find the

Then by comparing with
value of_y in this Equation y 1
1.2.
And
12.
the general formula, we fliall have b =. o, and <:
or making
g
taking 3 for the firft approach to the Root,

#=

/I

=T>

that

Az=3

is,

^~

and

B;=

i,

we

fliall

have by Substitution y ^==.

=4-, fora nearer Approximation. Again, making A

7
12l == || for a nearer Approxiand B
2, we fliall have y
14 X 2
mation.
A
28, we fliall have _y=
Again, making
97 and B

97j

x 28i

i:!

'94*

=
=

__

lil7

fo r

7o8ic8o77 /ior a nearer

1|^

fame method,

nearer

S45 2

making A= 18817 and B =543

==

we may

>

we ^a11 have

Approximation.

find as near an

_
y=

Approximation.

And

Aeain,

__

'

-r
if

we go on

Approximation

to the

in

the

Root

as

y/e pleafe,

This

and INFINITE SERIES.

191

This Approximation will be exhibited in a vulgar Fraction, which,

if it be always kept to its loweft Terms, will give the Root of the
That is, it will alEquation in the fhorteft and fimpleft manner.
the true Root than any other Fraction whatever^
nearer
be
ways
whofe Numerator and Denominator are not much larger Numbers
If by Divifion we reduce this laft Fraction to a Dethan its own.

we mall have 3,46410161513775459 for the Square-root

of 12, which exceeds the truth by lefs than an Unit in the lall place.For an Example of a Cubick Equation, we will take that of our
cimal,

Author

=.

_y

2,

2?

=
=

and d==.

Root, or making

and therefore by Companion b

o,
the
to
for
the
firft
2
Approach
taking
we mall
2 and
that is, A

5,

5.

^-

And
4.,

have by Subftitution y ==the Root.

Again, make
mall have y

3x11761

6615

1000

^561 5

And

= 44
A=
__
6=
=

2x5615

B=i,

and B

21

+ 2500

A= 11761

make

Again,
y

9-

a nearer

10,

Approach to
and then we

Hj-L for a nearer Approximation.

5615

and

3
1

5615,

and

we

mall

have
.

9759573 16 495

we might proceed to find as near an Approxi'

proximation.
mation as we think fit. And when we have computed the Root
near enough in a Vulgar Fraction, we may then (if we pleafe) reThus in the prefent Example we
duce it to a Decimal by Divifion.
&c.
And after the fame manner
fhall have ^
2,094551481701,
we may find the Roots of all other numeral affected Equations, of
whatever degree they may be.
fo

SECT. IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by infinite

Series ; and firft for determining the forms
of the
Series^

and

their initial Approximations.

TTT^ROM

the Refolution of numeral affected

Equations,
our
Author
J/
proceeds to find the Roots of Literal, Specious, or Algebraical Equations alfo, which Roots are to be exhibited
by an infinite converging Series, confiding of fimple Terms. Or
they are to be exprefs'd by Numbers belonging to a general Arithmetical Scale, as has been explain'd before, of which the Root is denoted by .v or z.
The affigning or chufing this Root is what he
means here, by diftinguiming one of the literal Coefficients from the
23, 24.

reft,

if

there are feverul.

And

this

is

done by ordering or difpofing

the

Method of FLUXIONS,
the given Equation, according to the Dimenfions of
It is therefore convenient to chufe fuch a
that Letter or Coefficient.
Series may
is
choice
of
the
Root
Scale, (when
allow'd,) as that the
Fraction
a
lefs
or
If it be the leaft,
converge as faft as may be.
the

Terms of

than Unity, its afcending Powers muft be in the Numerators of the

Terms. If it be the greateft quantity, then its afcending Powers
muft be in the Denominators, to make the Series duly converge.
If

it

be very near a given quantity, then that quantity

made

may

be con-

Approximation, and that fmall difference,

veniently
or Supplement, may be made the Root of the Scale, or the conThe Examples will make this plain.
verging quantity.
26.
The
25,
Equation to be refolved, for conveniency-fake, iliould
be
reduced
to the fimpleft form it can be, before its Refoalways
But
Jution be attempted ; for this will always give the leaft trouble.
all the Reductions mention'd by the Author, and of which he gives
the

firft

us Examples, are not always neceflary, tho' they may be often conThe Method is general, and will find the Roots of Equavenient.
tions involving fractional

or negative

Powers,

as

well as cf other

Equations, as will plainly appear hereafter.

be refolved, in diftin27, 28. When a literal Equation is given to
its Root is to conwhich
or
a
guifhing
proper quantity, by
affigning
three cafes or varieties ; all which,
verge, the Author before has made
For becaufe
for the fake of uniformity, he here reduces to one.
the Series mull neceffarily converge, that quantity muft be as fmall

of the other -quantities, that its afcending

Powers may continually diminim. If it be thought proper to chufe
the greateil quantity, inftead of that its Reciprocal muft be introAnd if it approach
duced, which will bring it to the foregoing cafe.

-,as

poffible,

in

refpect

near to a given quantity, then their fmall difference may be introduced into the Equation, which again will bring it to the firft cafe.
So that we need only purfue that cale, becaufe the Equation is always fuppos'd to be reduced to it.
But before we can conveniently explain our Author's Rule, for
finding the firft Term of the Series in any Equation, we muft confider the .nature of thofe Numbers, or Expreffions, to which thefe

Equations are reduced, whofe Roots are required ; and in this

Inquiry we ihall be much aiTifted by what has been already difcourfed
of Arithmetical Scales.
In affected Equations that were purely numethe feveral Powers
ral, the Solution of which was juft now taught,
of the Root were orderly difpoied, according to a fingle or limple

literal

Arithmetical Scale, which proceeded only in longum, and was there

fufficient

#nd INFINITE SERIES.

But we muft enlarge our views in thefe
Equations, in which are found, not only the Powers
of the Root to be extracted, but alfo the Powers of the Root of the
Scale, or of the converging quantity, by which the Series for the
Root of the Equation is to be form'd ; on account of each of which
circumftances the Terms of the Equation are to be
fafficient for their Solution.

literal affected

regularly difpofed,

and therefore are to conftitute a double or combined Arithmetical

Scale, which muft proceed both ways, in latum as well as in longum,
as it were in a Table.
For the Powers of the Root to be

extraded,
fuppofe y, are to be difpofed in longum, fo as that their Indices may
conftitute an Arithmetical Progreffion, and the vacancies, if
any,
may be fupply'd by the Mark #. Alfo the Indices of the Powers
pf the Root, by which the Series is to converge, fuppofe x, are to
be difpofed in latum, fo as to conftitute an Arithmetical
Progreffion,
and the vacancies may likewife be fill'd up by the fame Mark *,
when it hall be thought neceffary. And both thefe together will
make a combined or double Arithmetical Scale. Thus if the

Equa-6a*
x*
fax*
44were
i!y4
4y
$xy
7* #/
=a=-o,
given,
find the Root y, the Terms
be
thus
may
difpofed
6
V4
y*
y*
y
yS
yl
yo

tion

to

=
=o fhould be thus

Alfo the Equation v f

x*
by* 4- gbx\
in order to its Solution :
jpofed,
*
*
*
y'
by*

0;

dif-

Method of FLUXIONS,

When
is

Terms of

the Equation are thus regularly difpos'd, ft

then ready for Solution ; to which the following Speculation will
the

be a farther preparation.
29. This ingenious contrivance of out' Author, (which we may
call Tabulating the Equation,) for
finding the firft Term of the
indeed
be
to the finding all the Terms,
extended
Root, (which may
or the form of the Series, or of all the Series that may be derived
from the given Equation,) cannot be too much admired, or too careThe reafon and foundation of which may be
fully inquired into
thus generally explained from the following Table, of which the
:

Construction

is

thus.

ba+bb

a^-bt,

ja-\-bb

2-+J*

+4*

40+4^
711+3^

70+ zJ

\a-\-zb

za-\-zb

za+b

za

za

zb

zl

azb

3a
3a

50

bab
bazb

zb

73*

In a Pfor.e draw any number of Lines, parallel and equidiftant, and

cthers_at; right Angles to them, fo as to divide the
far as is neceffary, into little equal Parallelograms.

whole Space, as
Aflume any one

of thefe,- in which write the Term o, and the Terms a, za, 30, 4.a,
&c. in-the fuceeeding Parallelograms to the right hand, as alfo the
the left hand.
Over the Term
Terms -*-^
2a,
3^7, &c. to
the
write
Terms
fame
^, zb, 3^, 4^, &c. fucColumn,
o, in. the
And
and the Terms
b,
zb,
3^, &c. underneath.
ceffively",'
Now to infert its proper. Term
thefe Ave ma^f call primary Terms.
in any other afitgiVd. Parallelogram, add the two primary 'Terms
that' ftand over-againft if each- way, and write the Sum
together..,

And-* thus all the Parallelograms bethe given Parallelogram.

as
oecafion
there
is
as-far
every way, the whole. Space
ing fill's,
in

will

and INFINITE SERIES.

-will

become

a Table,

which may be

195

a combined Arithmetical

called

of the two general Numbers a and t\

ProgreJJion in piano, compofed
will
be
the chief properties.
of which thefe following
of Terms, parallel to the primary Series o, a, za, ^a,
Any

Row

&c. will be an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common Difference

is a ; and it may be any fuch Progreflion at pleafure.
Any Row or
&c.
will be an
Column parallel to the primary Series o,
zb, 3^,
Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference is ^j and it may
be any fuch Progreflion. If a ftr-ait Ruler be laid on the Table,
the Edge of which mall pafs thro' the Centers of any two Parallelograms whatever ; all the Terms of the Parallelograms, whofe Centers mail at the fame time touch the Edge of the Ruler, will conftitute
an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference will coniiit of
two parts, the firfl of which will be fome Multiple of a, and the other
If this Progreflion be fuppos'd to proceed injeriora.
a Multiple of b.
or
from
the
upper Term or Parallelogram towards the lower ;
verjus,
each part of the common difference may be feparately found, by fubthe primary Term belonging to the lower, from the primary
,

tracling

If this common diffebelonging to the upper Parallelogram.

made
to
be
when
found,
nothing, and thereby the Rerence,
equal
determined
the
b
be
and
a
lation of
Progreflion degenerates into a
Hank of Equals, or (if you pleafe) it becomes an Arithmetical ProgrefIn which cafe, if
fion, whofe common difference is infinitely little.
the Ruler be moved by a parallel motion, all the Terms of the Parallelomall at the fame time be found to touch the Edge
grams, whofe Centers
And if the motion of
of the Ruler, fhall be equal to each other.
the Ruler be continued, fuch Terms as at equal diftances from the
found to touch the Ruler, fliall form
firfl: fituation are fuccerTively

Term

an Arithmetical Progreflion. Laftly, to come nearer to the cafe in

hand, if any number of thefe Parallelograms be mark'd out and dithe reft, or aflign'd promifcuoufly and at pleafure,
flinguifh'd from.
whofe
Centers, as before, the Edge of the Ruler ihall fucthrough
from any two (or more)
in
its
parallel motion, beginning
ceflively pafs
initial or external Parallelograms, :whofe Terms are made equal ; an
Arithmetical Progreflion may be found, which ihall comprehend and
take in all thofe promifcuous Terms, without any regard had to the
Terms that are to be omitted. Thefe are fome of the properties of
this Table, or of a combined Arithmetical Progreflion in piano by
which we may eafily underfland our Author's expedient, of Tabulating the given Equation, and may derive the neceflary Confequen~es from it.
>,

c 2

For

The Method of

196

FLUXIONS,

For when the Root y is to be extracted out of a given Equation,

confifting of the Powers of y and x any how combined togetherother known quantities, of which x is to be
promifcuoufly, with
the Root of the Scale, (or Series,) as explain'd before fuch a value
;

of y

is

to be found, as

when

fubftituted in the

Equation inftead of

and become equal to nothing. And

y, the whole (hall be deftroy'd,
firft the initial Term of the Series^or the firfl Approximation, is to be
found, wtyich in all cafes may be Analytically reprefented by Ax* ;
or we may always put y
Ax m &c. So that we mail have y 1
A 4 * 4 *, &c. And fo of other
A*x* m 6cc. 4
A*x, &c.
Powers or Roots. Thefe when fubftituted in the Equation, and by
that means compounded with the feveral Powers of x (or z} already
found there, will form fuch a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in
flano as is above defcribed, or which may be reduced to fuch, by
and
I.
Thefe Terms therefore, according to
making
1

_>'

_}>

a=m

the nature of the Equation, will be promifcuoufly difperfed in the

Table j but the vacancies may always be conceived to be fupply'd,
and then it will have the properties before mention'd. That is, the
Ruler being apply'd to two (or perhaps more) initial or external
Terms, (for if they were not external, they could not be at the beginning of an Arithmetical Progreffion, as is neceflarily required,)
and thofe Terms being made equal, the general Index m will thereby
be determined, and the general Coefficient A will alfo be known.
If the external Terms made choice of are the loweft in the Table,
which is the cafe our Author purfues, the Powers of x will proceed
by increafing. But the higheft may be chofen, and then a Series
will be found,

in

which the Powers of x

will proceed

by

decreafing.

be other cafes of external Terms, each of which will

eommonly afford a Series. The initial Index being thus found, the
other compound Indices belonging to the Equation will be known
be found', in which
alfo, and an Arithmetical Progreffion may
they
form of the Series wifll
the
and
are all comprehended,
confequently

And

there

may

be known.

of the Equation, as above,

reduce
if
the Terms themfelves
we
fame
in
be
the
will
effedt,
thing
to the form of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion, as was fhewn
before.
But then due care mufl be taken, that the Terms may be
otherwife the Ruler cannot be acrightly placed at equal diftances j
of the Indices, as may
tually apply'd, to difcover the Progreffions
be done in the Parallelogram.

Or

inftead of Tabulating the Indices

it

For

and INFINITE SERIES,

197

For the fake of greater perfpicuity, we will reduce our general

Table or combined Arithmetical Progreffion in piano, to the partiwhich will th.n appear
cular cafe, in which a-=.m and b=. i
-,

thus

- 2M+0

m+6
_,,

+5 +

+
-

AO-f- 2

m-\-

M-6
"'"+5

"-+5

w+4 + 4
zm-if 3

JOT+6

2W+4

4'"+ 4

CT+2

2OT-4-2

4W+2

OT+I

2OT+

m +4

5^2
2m

<

>

601

Now

the chief properties of this Table, fubfervient to the prefent

If any Parallelogram be feledted, and anwill be thefe.
purpofe,
other any how below it towards the right hand, and if their included
Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number m,
which in this cafe will always be affirmative ; alfo if the Edge of the

Ruler be apply 'd to the Centers of thefe two Parallelograms ; all the
Numbers of the other Parallelograms, whofe Centers at the fame time
touch the Ruler, will likewife be equal to each other. Thus if the
be feleded, as alfo the ParalleloParallelogram denoted by m -+- 4
and if we make m -t- 4
^m -H 2, we mall have
-f- 2

gram

377*

m=i.

jm

2,

m -f- 4, 3^7 -|- 2, $m,

;;; -h 6,
Alfo the Parallelograms
&c. will at the fame time be found to touch the Edge of

m=

i.
the Ruler, every one of which will make 5, when
And the fame things will obtain if any Parallelogram be felecled,
and another any how below it towards the left-hand, if their included Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number
m, which in this cafe will be always negative. Thus if the Parallelogram denoted by 5/w-i-4be felecled, as alfo the Parallelogram 402 -f- 2;
Alib
2.
and if we make ^m-\-^.-=^.m -t-2, we fliall

have>=

the Parallelograms

6w+6, 5^4-4, 4^ + 2,

3?;;,

zm

2,

6cc.

will

7%e Method of

198
found

will be

which

will

fame time to touch the Ruler, every one of

at the

make

FLUXIONS,

when

6,

2.

The fame

things remaining as before, if from the firft fituation of

move towards the right-hand by a parallel motion,
it will
continually arrive at greater and greater Numbers, which at
equal diftances will form an afcending Arithmetical Progeffion. Thus
if the two firft felected
1
whence
Parallelograms be zm

the Ruler

(hall

m=.,

be

it

the

Numbers

Then

-j.

if

5;;;

3,

in all the

correfponding Parallelograms will

the Ruler moves towards the right-hand, into the

I, &c. thefe Numbers will each be

%m-\- i, 6m
moves
to
the
fame diftance, it will arrive at
forwards
3.
which
will
&c.
each be
If it moves forward
+- i,
4/7; -{-3, 7/
5^.
to
it
will
arrive
the fame diftance,
at yn -fagain
5, %m -f- 3, &c.
which will each be 8f. And fo on. But the Numbers f, 3, 52.,
8y, &c. are in an Arithmetical Progreffion whofe common diffe-

parallel fituation

If

rence

it

is

And

2-i.

the like, mutatis mutandis,

in

other circum-

fiances.

And hence
of the Ruler,

contra, that if from the firft fituation

moves towards the left-hand by a parallel motion,
it will
continually arrive at lefler and leifer Numbers, which at equal
diftances will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion.
But in the other fituation of the Ruler, in which it inclines downit

will follow

<?

it

wards towards the left-hand, if it be moved towards the right-hand

by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at greater and greater
Numbers, which at equal diftances will form an increafing Arith-

Thus

metical Progreffion.
rallelograms be

Numbers

8m

if the

= $m

two
i,

firft

~~
=Numbers

feleded

whence

in all the correfponding Parallelograms will be

moves
into the parallel fituation 5^-4-2,

the Ruler
upwards
thefe Numbers will each be

2m

f.

If it

move on

at the

or Pa-

and the
4!..

If

2;;;,

8fc.

fame diftance,

m-+- i, 6cc. which will each be i-i. If it

move forward again to the fame diftance, it will arrive at
m -f- 4,
And
fo
&c.
which
will
each
be
on.
But
the
-+Num2,
4/;z
4^.
or
bers
&c.
.Ll,
i, |, -L, &c. are in an in4,1,
i|, i-i, 4.1,
it

will arrive at

3,

creafing Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe common difference is , or 3.

And hence it will follow alfo, if in this laft fituation of the Ruler

moves the contrary way, or towards the left-hand, it will continually arrive at lefler and lefler Numbers, which at equal diftances
will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreflion.
Now if out of this Table we fhould take promifcuoufly any number of Parallelograms, in their
proper places, with their refpeclive
it

Num-

and INFINITE SERIES,

Numbers

included, neglecYmg

tain Figure, fuch as this,

all

the reft

199

we mould form fome

cer-

of which thefe would be the

properties.

"M-3

2OT-J-I

The Ruler

5;;;+ 1

two (or perhaps more) of the

Ambit or Perimeter of the Figure,
Parallelograms, and their Numbers

being apply'd to any

which are in the

two of the external
being made equal, by determining the
Parallelograms

that

is,

to

general Number m ; if the

over
all the reft of the Parallelograms by a
paffes
parallel motion, thofe Numbers which at the fame time come to the Edge of the
Ruler will be equal, and thofe that come to it fuccefllvely will form
an Arithmetical Progreffion, if the Terms mould lie at equal diftan-

Ruler

be reduced to fuch, by fupplyingany Terms

that may happen to be wanting.
Thus if the Ruler fhould be apply'd to the two uppermoft and
external Parallelograms, which include the Numbers 3/w-f-^ and
o, fo that
^m ~}_ 5, and if they be made equal, we mall have m
The next Numbers that the Ruler
each of thefe Numbers will be 5.
will arrive at will be m -f- 3, 4;;; +3, 6/ -f- 3, of which each will
So that
be 3. The la ft are zm -f- i, 5>-f- i, of which each is i.
ces

or atleaft-they

may

and the Numbers

which form a
decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion, the common difference of which
And if there had been more Parallelograms, any how difpofed,
is 2.
would have been comprehended by this Arithmetical
Numbers
their
or at leaft it might have been interpolated with other
Progreffion,
Terms, fo as to comprehend them all, however promifcuoufly and
have been taken.
irregularly they might
if
the
Ruler be apply'd to the two external PaThus fecondly,
and
6m-}- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made
rallelograms 5/72+ 5
we mail have m
2, and the Numbers themfelves will be
equal,
each ic. The three next Numbers which the Ruler .will arrive at

here

#2

0,

arifing are

5, 3, i,

will

The Method of

20O
will be each 11,

bers 15,

n>

and the two

5. will be

laft

FLUXIONS,

will be

comprehended

Progreffion 15, 13, 1 1, 9, 7, 5, whofe

Thirdly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the

6m

^ach

But the

5.

Num-

in the decreafing Arithmetical

common difference is 2.

two

external Parallelograms

and 5*0-4-1, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhall

The two next
2, and the Numbers will be each
9.

-f- 3
have tn

Numbers

that the Ruler will arrive at will be each

5, the next
the
next
and
the
laft
i.
All
which
will be
i,
-+3,
in the afcending Arithmetical
comprehended
Progreffion
9,
7,

will be

whofe common

-+- i,

i,

3,

5,

difference

is

2.

Fourthly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two loweft and external

Parallelograms 2m-\-i and 5/77 -+- i, and if they be made equal,
we fhall have again m
o, fo that each of thefe Numbers will be i
The next three Numbers that the Ruler will approach to, will each
be 3, and the laft 5.
But the Numbers i, 3, 5, will be

compre-

hended

in

difference

is

an afcending Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe

2.

Ruler be apply'd to the two external Parallelograms

Fifthly, if the
in -f- 3

have

common

2m
=Numbers
and

2,

+- i, and if thefe Numbers be made equal,

and the Numbers themfelves will be each

we

fhall

The

5.

that the Ruler will approach to will each be 1 1,

three next
the
next
will
be each 15.
two
and
But the Numbers 5, 1 1, 15, will
be comprehended in the afcending Arithmetical Progreffion 5, 7, 9,
II, 13, 15, of which the common difference is 2.

Laftly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two external Parallelograms

pn -f- 5 and m-\- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhali

m=.

have
The
I, and the Numbers themfelves will each be 2.
next Number to which the Ruler approaches will be o, the two next
are each
All which Numbers
i, the next
4.
3, the laft
will be found in the defcending Arithmetical Progreffion 2, I, p,

common

i,
2,
4, whofe
3,
fix are all the poffible cafes of external

difference

is

And

i.

thefe

Terms.

Now

to find the Arithmetical Progreffion, in which all thefe refulting Terms fhall be comprehended ; find their differences, and the
greateft common Divifor of thofe differences fhall be the common

difference of the Progreffion.

Numbers were

5,

common Divifor

is

the refulting
differences are 6, 4, and their greateft
Therefore 2 will be the common difference of

1,15,
2.

Thus in the fifth cafe before,

whofe

the Arithmetical Progreffion,

which

will include

all

Numbers 5, n, 15, without any fuperfluous Terms.

plication of all this will be beft apprehended from the
are to follow.

the

refulting

But the
Examples

.ap-

that

30

and INFINITE SERIES.

30.

We

have before given the form of

1

6<? 3 .Y 5

ja*x )* +-

_j_ I!y4

4-^Ar*

o,

this

201

Equation, y<

when

the

Terms

$xy*
are dif-

to a double or combined Arithmetical Scale, in orpofed according

Or obferving the fame difpofition of the Terms,
der to its Solution.

they

may

requires.
dices of

A;

be inferted in their refpedive Parallelograms, as the Table

Or rather, it may be fufficient to tabulate the feveral Inonly,

when

they are derived as follows. Let Ax" repreSeries to be form'd for y, as before, or let

Term of the
Then by
&c.
y=;Ax'",
A 6m
tion, we fhall have
fent the

firft

.\-

fubftituting this for y in the given Equam l

a
tIB
s
x$
.v

$A

-+-

-f.
7*A
-^xv+s
of AT, when felected from

o.
Thefe Indices
will ftand
their
with
the general Table,
refpective Parallelograms,
6fl 3 x J -f-^.x'4,

thus:

&c.

Tfo Method of

2 02

will give the

This here

Equation

FLUXIONS,

A6

7rt*A*

5
-j- 6<z

o,

which,

A=v/

has thefe fix Roots,

3*7,.
,/tf,
^/2a,
the
are
Of
two
laft
and
to
be
the
of which
impoffible,
rejected.
be
for
taken
others any one may
A, according as we would profecute
this or that Root of the Equation.

Now

that this
Ax m

is

a legitimate

Method

for rinding the firft

that when

Ap-

Confequently they

may

may appear from confidering,

the
proximation
Terms of the Equation are thus ranged, according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the initial or external Terms, (each Cafe in its turn,)
become the moil confiderable of the Series, and the reft continually
decreafe, or become of lefs and lefs value, according as they recede
,

more and more from

Terms.

thofe initial

rejected, as leaft confiderable, which will make thofe initial

or external Terms to be (nearly) equal to nothing ; which Suppofi-

be

all

tion gives the Value of A, or of

And

Ax n

for the

fir ft

Approximation,

afterwards regularly purfued in the fubfeSuppofition

and
proper Supplements are found, by means of
quent Operations,
which the remaining Terms of the Root are extracted.
this

We

try here

may

for the

^m

is

_j_ y

likewife, if

we

can obtain a defcending Series

Root y, by applying the Ruler to the two external Terms

and 6m ; which being made equal to each other, will give

The Ruler in
an d hence each of the Numbers will be 9.
Then at zm -f- 2, or
its motion will next arrive at $m-\- i, or 8f.
Then at 4. And laftly at 3. But thefe Numbers 9, 8f, 5, 4,
5.
be comprehended in an Arithmetical Progreffion, of which
3, will
So that the form of the Series here
the common difference is i.

m =T>

y =A.v* -f- Ex -+- Cx^ -f- D^, &c.

external Terms equal to nothing, in order

But

will be

proximation,

we

mail have

A4

=o,

we

if

put the two

to obtain the
or

-f-

firft

o,

Apwhich

So that we can have no

will afford none but impoffible Roots.
this fuppofition, and confequently
tial Approximation from

ini-

no

Series.

But

laftly,

we may

to try the third and laft cafe of external Parallelograms,

the Ruler to 4 and 4^2-4-3, which being made equal,

apply

The next
-, and each of the Numbers will be 4.
will be 3 ; the next 2m -\- 2, or 2| ; the next 50* -{- i, or
But the Numbers 4, 3, af, 27,
the laft will be 6m, or if.

will give

Number
27;

if, will

all

common
6cc. may

be found in a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe

+ Bx

So that Ax*
reprefent the form of this Series,

difference will be

H- Cx~*

if the

-+-

Dx~s

circumftances of
the

and INFINITE SERIES.

203

the Coefficients will allow of an Approximation from hence.

if

we make

the

initial

Terms

equal to nothing,

we

But

mall have
a,

which will give none but impoflible Roots. So that

we can have no initial Approximation from hence, and confequemly
no Series for the Root in this form.
1
# =o, when the Terms
by -+- qbx*
3 i. The Equation y

-\- b*

o,

are difpofed according to a double Arithmetical Scale, will have the

form as was (hewn before ; from whence it may be known, what
cafes of external Terms there are to be try'd, and what will be the

circumftances of the feveral Series for the Root y, which may be

Or otherwiie more explicitely thus. Putting
derived from hence.
"
of the Series y, this Equation will become
firft
Term
the
for
Ax
1

if

we

M*
1

A'A.-?"

by Subftitution

thefe Indices

take

of

1"

o.
So that
x*, 6cc.
gbx*
out of the general Table, they will
-f-

ftand as in the following Diagram.

in order to have an afcending
we may apply the Ruler to
Series for

Now

y,

the two external Parallelograms

2W, which
give m
will be 2.

i,

The Ruler then

will firft

progreis
bers 2, 3,

are
5,

will here be

or

;'

Coefficient

come

to 3, and then to yn, or

But the Num5.
contain'd in an afcending Arithmetical
Progrefiion,
difference is i
Therefore the form of the Series
AA; -f- B* 1 -f-(*', &c.
And to determine the

=we

A,

that

9,

in its parallel

all

whofe common
firft

2 and

made equal, will

and each of the Numbers

therefore being

is

fhall

have the Equation

=+

So that

3.

either

bfcx 1

-f-

4-3*,

or

qbx*

--

o,

3^ may

Approximation, according as we intend to extract the

affirmative or the negative Root.
We mall have another cafe of external Terms, and perhaps another afcending Series for_y, by applying the Ruler to the Parallelograms 2; and 5;^, which Numbers being made equal, will g;ive
be the

initial

2;=

m =zo.

(For by the way, when we put

5/77, we are not at
that
to
becaufe
this would
Diviiion,
argue by
liberty
bring
And the laws of Argumentation require, that no
us to an absurdity.
Abfurdities muft be admitted, but when they are inevitable, and
the
are of ufe to
of fome
when

2=5,

mew

they

fliould therefore here argue

then

5//f

tion

2:>i

thought

falfity

Supposition.
by Subtraction, thus: Becanfe cm

o, and therefore
o, or pn
the more necellary, becaufe I have

d 2

o.

We
^t>i
t

This Cau-

obferved f >mc,

who

Method of FLUXIONS,

"The

204

lay the blame of their own Abfurdities upon the AnalyBut

thefe Abfurdities are not to be imputed to the Art,
Art.
tical
the
unikilfulnef of the Artift, who thus abfurdly apbut rather to

who would

the Principles of his Art.)

o, we {hall
Having therefore
have the Numbers 2/77.
in its parallel
The
o.
Ruler
577*'
motion will next arrive at 2 ; and then at 3. But the Numbers o,

= =

plies
alfo

777.

2, 3, will be comprehended in the Arithmetical Progreffion o, i, 2, 3,

whofe common difference is i. Therefore y
A -+- Ex -+- CAT*, &c.
will be the form of this Series.
Now from the exterior Terms A*
3
bA*
o, or A
by or A
fi, we {hall have the firft Term

of the Series.
There is another cafe of external Terms
afford a defcending Series for y.

bly may
the Parallelograms 3 and

7/7=4, an d ea ch of
will come to 2
and

5777,

and making thefe equal, we

Numbers

thefe

to be try'd, which poffiFor applying the Ruler to

or

will be

3.

have

(hall

Then

the Ruler

But the Numbers

--

3, 2, if,
common
whofe
in
a
comprehended
defcending Progreffion,
Ax^
difference is f.
Therefore the form of the Series will be y
laftly 2777,

will be

_f.

BA"T

-|-

CA^

A=

-f-

And

D, &c.

the external

Terms

.v

A: 3

Now

as the two former'

will give
i
for the firft Coefficient.
cafes will each give a converging Series for y in this Equation, when
is lefs than
.v
Unity ; fo this cafe will afford us a Series when x is

than Unity ; which will converge fo much the fafter, the

is
greater
fuppofed to be.
have
32.
already feen the form of this Equation y> -\-axy -f-

greater

We

=o,

A? 3
2# 3
aay
double Arithmetical

Ax*

Scale.

to reprefent the
have by fubftitution

when

the

And

Terms
if

we

firft

are difpofed according to a

take the fictitious quantity

to the Root ;', we {hall

Approximation
2^ 3 Sec,
A' 3
A'X= m -f- aAx m + -+- a'-Ax"
Thefe Terms, or at leaft thefe Indices of x, being felecled

o.

out of the general Table, will appear thus.

to obtain an afcending Series for the
Root y, we may apply the Ruler to the three

Now

external
equal,

Terms

o,

777,

will

give
are each o.

3777,

o.

which being made

Therefore

thefe

In the next place the

Numbers
Ruler will come to 777.4- i, or i ; and laftly
But the Numbers o, i, 3, are contain'd in the Arithmetical
to 3.
Progreffion o, i, 2, 3,
the form of the Root
if the

Equation

whofe

difference

y=. A -+- Ex -{-Cx -+A <2a' =o, (which is

is

a1

common

is

i.

Dx>,

Therefore
6cc.

derived

Now

from the
initial

initial

the

is

Term?,)

Quotient

and INFINITE SERIES.

divided by the factor A -f- ah. ~t-

o, or

A=.a

205
2a*,

for the initial

will give

it

Term

of the

Root^y.

we would

If

may
being

alfo derive a

defcending Series for this Equation,

apply the Ruler to the external Parallelograms 3, yn,

i
alio thefe
made equal to each other, will give m

we

which

Num-

Then the Ruler will approach to m-\- i, or 2 ;

bers will each be 3.
But the Numbers 3, 2, i, o, are a dethen to //;, or i ; laftly to o.
difference
creafing Arithmetical Progreflion, of which the common
So that the form of the Series will here be
-+- B -+is i.

y=Ax

And

the Equation form'd by the external Terms

,
3
3
or
i.
x3
.v
will be
o,
1
c'x 3 -f- c 7
of the Equation x*)' s
o,
y+X}
33. The form
as exprefs'd by a combined Arithmetical Scale, we have already feen,
us all the varieties of external Terms, with
which will eafily
ra
But for farther illuftration, putting A,v for
Circumftances.
other
their
'

CA,

&c.
-f- Dx~-

A=

mew

the

Term

firft

of the Root

y,

we

I
i"
c'x* -+- c\ &c.
36--A ,v
will
ftand
thus.
tabulated,
to have an afcending
I

Now

we mufl

Series,

m
have by fubftitution A t x^ + l
Thefe Indices of x being

("hall

=o.
2

the

apply

Ruler to the two external

Terms o and yn -\- 2, which
being

made

.*-,

Number

equal, will give

and the two Numbers anting

that the Ruler arrives at

is

zm

will be each o.

or

r,

.J.

The

and the

next

la ft is 2.

But the Numbers o, i, 2, will be found in an afcending ArithmetiTherefore y =. Ax~

cal Progreffion, whofe common difference is
the Root.
To deter-f- C -f- D.x^, &c. will be the form of
_l_ B.v
from
the
exterior
have
Terms
mine the firft Coefficient A, we fhall
-i-.

'>

A'-f-6the

firft

o,

Term

which

will give

or Approximation to the

y^c

Root

c'\

will be

Therefore

y ==.

J/-^

&c.

We

may

try

if

we

can obtain a defcending Series, by applying

two external Parallelograms, whofe Numbers

o, and
and 5;-f-2, which being made equal, will give ;;;

the Ruler to the

Numbers
i

and

will each be 2.
laftly

at

o.

whofe

ProgreiTion,
Series will here be

But

thefe

The Ruler

will next arrive at 2///-J- i, or

the Numbers 2, i, o, form a de Icon cling

common difference is i.
CvA -f. B,v
y

are 2

So that die form of the

J
,

&c,

And

putting the
initial

The Method of

206
initial

to nothing, as
they ftand in the Equation, we
or
for the firft Approximation
o,
<r,
this Series will be accommodated to the cafe of Con-

Terms equal

have A'*
And
to the Root.
1

ihall

FLUXIONS,

c*x*

Series is accommovergency, when x is greater than c as the other

other
when
x
is
lefs
than
c.
to
the
dated
cafe,
6
If
the
o,
27^
34.
propofed Equation be 8z, f> -\- a^y*
thus
refolved
without
When
reduced
it
be
to
any preparation.
may
-,

our form,

8z 6y/ -}-az 6J\*

will ftand thus,

it

,,
1
f=o; and by*
3
27^9

*
B

putting_y=A

',&:c.it willbecome

8A*z*"

+ +aA
6

z*'

m +' s

&c.7

27^3

The

Terms

cafe of external

firft

m=s

will give

$A*z* m

27.^'

o,

Thefe Indices or Numbers

But 0,2,
therefore will be each o ; and the other 2/-f- 6 will be 2.
will be in an afcending Arithmetical Progreffion, of which the common difference is 2. So that the form of the Series will be y=. Az~~1
And bccaufe 8A'
-|- B -h Cs. -+- Dz*, &c.
27^9, or 2A=3^3,

whence 3/^-1-6

it

Root

the

J-0

Therefore the

Term

firft

or

Approximation

to

-^2 2. *

be

will

2.

will be

or

0,

But another cafe of external Terms will give aA*-z~- mJc 6

Thefe Indices or Numo, whence 2w-f-6
o, or /;;
3.
bers therefore will be each o j and the other yn -+- 6 will be
3.
found in a defcending Arithmetical P/ogrefiion,
But o,
3, will be
So that the form of the Series will
whofe common difference is 3

= Az~*
A=+

be y
J
tis

-f-

Ez~

3v/3 x^

4
>

Cs-'

-f-

And

ccc.

^A 1

becaufe

27^',

^''^ Coefficient.

external Terms, which may

Laftly, there is another cafe of
pom"a 6
m 6
afford
a
us
-f- aA*z"- ^~
Series,
by making SA*z3
defcending
bly
And the Numbers will be each equal to 6 ;
o.
o ; whence

=:

is o.
But 6, o, will be in a
of
which the common difference
defcending Arithmetical Progreffion,
6
is
6.
Therefore the form of the Series will be _y=
-f- Ez~ -f1
Oc- 11 &c. Alib becaufe 8A -+- a A
o, it is A
{a for the

the other

or Index

Number,

of z,

firft

=A

Coefficient.

produce one Example more, in order to fhew what variety

may be derived from the Root in fome Equations; as alib
all
the cafes, and all the varieties that can be derived, in the
to fhew
Let us therefore affume this Equation,
prefent ftate of the Equation.
I fhall

of

Series

y*

--_ +
1,vl

rather y 3

a~ y x
1

--_ + - _ _
3^ a

-+- a=

-\- x>

o.

ClI

/.

a>y~- x

Which

3-

if

-+-

_
I

_j_

a\)

__
fl\*

}'

a \y~ z A.

we make

.+.

A.\

o,

or

a 6 x~ s
&c. and

-}-

m
,

difpofe

and INFINITE SERIES.

difpofe the Terms according to a
fion, will appear thus

207

combined Arithmetical Progref-

***
*

.*x"

+**

Now here it is plain by the difpofition of the Terms, that the

Ruler can be
apply'd eight times, and no oftner, or that there are
eight cafes of external Terms to be try'd, each of which may give
a Series for the Root, if the Coefficients will allow it, of which four
And firft for the four cafes
afcending, and four defcending.
of afcending Series, in which the Root will
converge by the afcending Powers of x ; and afterwards for the other four cafes, when the
Series
converges by the defcending Powers of x.
I.
Apply the Ruler, or, (which is the fame thing,) afTume the
s
1 " -*
1
a"' A- *Equation a A~=x~^
o, which will give
3/77
will be

2in

from

or

2,

thefe Indices

7/7= 2;

next come to the Index

to o ; then to zm
2, or 2

then to 3

But the Numbers

or 6.

in its parallel

refulting

motion

will
or
2
then
zm-{- 2,
;
and laftly to 3/7; and 2/774- 2,
2, o, 2, 3, 6, are in an af-

then to

3
;

The Number

A=^.

But the Pailer

6.

is

alfo

6,

3,

cending Arithmetical Progrellion, of which the common difference

is i ; and therefore the form of the Series will be
Ax --Bx*

-f-

C.v, &c. and

II.

its firft

Term

will be

Affume the Equation a x~

give
3
ber refulting

zm
hence

2,
is

or

=f

1-

a''A
}

alfo

x--

==z o, which will

The Num-

a*.

the next will be

or

iJL ; the
37/7,
the
next
;
2,
;
2/>-f- 2, or j
or i ; the two laft zm 4- 2 and
are
each 3.
But
3/7;,
3,
the Numbers
will
be
in
i,
found
an
i,
3,
j, o,
i|, 3,
Arithmetical
of
which
the
common
difference
afcending
Progreffion,

next 2/72
the next

is

or

the next o

and therefore the form of the

Dx% &c. and its firft Term

Series will be
will be

+ ^/ax.

= Ax^

+-

Bx

+-

III.

208

7?je

III.

Method of FLUXIONS,

or;;;=

2?/7

a* A. 1 .* 11""-

Aflame the Equation a 6 x~*

alfo

=+

o,

which

will

The Num2m
2,

a*.

2,
f;
3
give
ber refulting is
3 ; the next 3;?;, or
if ; the next
i ; the next o ; the next 2m -+- 2, or i ; the next
or
3z, or
the
two
laft
and
2m
which
are
each
But
the
if;
-f- 2,
3
3.
Numbers
be
all
if,
i, o, i, if, 3, will
3,
comprehended
in an afcending Arithmetical Progreiiion, of which the common dif-

ference

~h B

f and therefore the form of the Series will be y - A.y~

Cx* -f- Dx, &c. and the firft Term will be
a*x~'f or

is

-f-

"v/;-

IV. Affume the Equation

give

2, or ;/z
the next will be

2;

= = The

^'A 1 *-'*- 2

A: 3

alfo

2;

o,

which

a*.

will

Number

2m -{-2, or
2 ;
the next 3 ; the two laft
and
2#?4-2, each of which is 6. But the Numbers
6,
3/tf
2, o, 2, 3, 6, belong to an afcending Arithmetical Progref3,
Therefore the form of
fion, of which the common difference is i.
the Series will be y
Ax~- +- Bx~' -+- C -f- Dx, &c. and its firft
6 ;
the next o; the next
is

refulting

2m

2,

the next

or 2

Term will be ^
The four defending

Series are thus derived.

Afllune the Equation

I.

give

3;;z

fulting

O; the
3/72

is

2/w -4- 2, or #2
;

2;;z-f-2, or

2m

and

2,

2,

greflion,
of the Series will
X
Term will be .

be/

<

alfo

the next 2m
25 the next

each of which

is

which

will

The Number

re-

o,

2,

6.

or 2

the next

3; the two laft

But the Numbers

belong to a defcending Arithmetical Prodifference is i.

Therefore the form
1
C
Ex
D.*Ax* -i&c. and the firft
~f-f,
6,

3,

of which the

a-'A 1 x"- m + l

2;

the next will be 3

next

6, 3, 2, o,

Au

common

S,

Affume the Equation

2m -+- 2
3, or ;;:= f
II.

x*
alfo

a~

x im Jri

=+

a*.

which

will give

The Number

refulting

o,

be 3;^, or if; the next

2;/z-f-2, or i ; the
,/
or
i ;
the next
2,
if; the
yn, or
two laft
and
2m
2
are
each
But
the
Numbers
3
3.
3,
if, i, o,
i,
if,
3, belong to a defcending Arithmetical
Therefore the
ProgreiTon, of which the common difference is i.
form of the Series will be_)'
Ax^-i-Ex+Cx~^-{- DAT*', &c. and
the firft Term will be
^/ax.
the next wi:
3
next o ; the next
is

III.

and INFINITE SERIES.

Aflume the Equation x

<7A-** *+
+
2 w H- 2, or TW
f alfo A
gve 3
ber refulting from hence is 3
the next will be
III.

whichare

the next o

if

two
Numbers
the

But the

the next
laft

3;;?,

2m
and 2m

3
if, i, o,

which

o,

a*'.

next 2m -+-2, or
the next 3777, or

209
will'

The Numor if
2, or

the
i

each of

2,

3, are
a
Arithmetical
comprehended
defcending
Progreflion, of which
the common difference is f
Therefore the form of the Series will
3.

3,

if,

i,

in

bcy=Ax~*-t-Bx~'-i-Cx~~ l -l-Dx- %

+ a*x~*

be

or

+a

&c

an d the

Term

will

IV. Laftly, aflume the Equation a 6 A-ix~i m

which

firft

2m -f-

rfA.- I

==='#.
alfo
;
next
zm
2,
refulting is 6 ; the next will be 3 ; the
or 2 ; the next o ; the next 2m -f- 2, or
2 ; the next
the
;
3
two next 3#; and 2m
But the Numbers 6, 3,
6.
2, are each
2, o,
2,
6, belong to a defcending Arithmetical Progref3,'
of
which
the
-common
difference is r.
Therefore the form of
iion,
will give

3;;;

2,

or

The Number

the Series will

be/=A x
<

H-BA

4-Cx 4-t-Dx-5 &c. and

,

the

firft

'

rn

Term is
And this may
.

fuffice

in all Equations of this kind, for finding

the farms of the feveral Series, and their

we muft
finding

all

firft

Approximations.

proceed to their farther Refolution, or to the

the reft of the

Terms

fucceffively,

Now

Method of

no

.SECT. V. The Refolution of Affe&ed Specious Equations,

firofecuted by various Methods of Analyfis.

TTT ITHERTO

has been fhewn, when an Equation is

~J_ propofed, in order to find its Root, how the Terms of the
Equation are to be difpoied in a two-fold regular fucceffion/fo as
thereby to find the initial Approximations, and the feveral forms of
the Scries in all their various circumftances.
the Author proceeds in like manner to difcover the fubfequent Terms of the Series,
which may be done with much eafe and certainty, when the form
35.

it

Now

of the Series is known.

For this end he finds Refidual or Supplemental Equations, in a regular fuccefTion alfo, the Roots of which
are a continued Series of Supplements to the Root
In
required.
one
of
which
the
every
Supplemental Equations
Approximation is

found,

The Method of

2io

FLUXIONS,

found, by rejecting the more remote or lefs confiderable Terms, andfo reducing it to a fimple Equation, which will give a near Value
of the Root. And thus the whole affair is reduced to a kind of
Comparifon of the Roots of Equations, as has been hinted already.
The Root of an Equation is nearly found, and its Supplement, which,
ihculd make it compleat, is the Root of an inferior Equation > the Supplement of which is again the Root of an inferior Equation ; and fo on
for ever.

retaining that Supplement, we may flop where we pleafe.

Author's Diagram, or his Procefs of Refolution, is very

Or

36. The
eafy to be underflood ; yet however it may be thus farther explain'd.
Having inferted the Terms of the given Equation in the left-hand
therefore are equal to nothing, as are alfo all the
fubfequent Columns,) and having already found the firft Approximation to the Root to be a ; inflead of the Root y he fubflitutes its

Column, (which

equivalent a-\-p in the feveral Terms of the Equation, and writes

the Refult over-againfl them refpedtively, in the rightrhand Margin.
Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below, in the
.

of which rejecting all the Terms of too high a

;
i
i
he
retains
only the two loweft Terms ^.a p-\-a x=.o^
compofition,
x for the fecond Term of the Root. Then
which give p
-%x-}-q, he fubflitutes this in the defcending Terms
afluming/>
to the left-hand, and. writes the Refult in the Column to the righthand. Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below
Of which rejecting again all the higher
in the left- hand- Column.
i
o i which
T T-cx
Terms, he retains only, the two loweft ^a*q
left-hand

Column

==

for the third

give a

Or

Term

And

of the Root.

fo on.

imitation of a former Procefs, (which may be feen-, ,pag;

the Refolution of this, and all fuch like Equations, may be
in

165.)
thus perform'd.

i)3_|_tf^y=

-+.axy-h

2fl'= (if y=-a-irp}

A?

a*

!L

'$a*'p-\-T> ap -}-p*

+ +ay
a*

Or collecting
> andexpung}

J ing,

I
r

collecting and expunging,

By which

Procefs the

Root

will be

found

_y

X
<z

7* 4-

^,

&c.

Or

and INFINITE SERIES.

Or in imitation of
may thus refolve the

Method

before taught, (pag. 178, &c.) we

Supplemental Equation of this Example

the
firft

>a

a'-x -+ x*

w>. W-p -f- axp -f- 3^/ -4-/

muft be difpos'd in the following manner.
it

briefly denotes, that a

for the Value of y.

the

Term

the fecond

-,

Term

of the Series, to be derived

f#, &c. infinuates, that
fx

firft

Alfo^=*

is

where the Terms

But to avoid a great deal

a, &c.
may be here obferved, that y

of unneceffary prolixity,
is

211

of the fame Series

y.

Alfo y

* -f-

644

&c.

that -4- r

infinuates,

is

the third

643

Term
And fo

out any regard to the other Terms.

Terms ; and the like is to be underftood of

of the Series

y,
**

with-

all the
fucceeding
other Series what-

for
all

ever.

==

4*'/l

a*x

+*

&c.

40963
13 1x4

c
&c

7T7T

To

it
a*x is
may be obferved, that here
the Series, into which ^a l
p is to be rea*x, &c. and therefore p
x, &c. which

this Procefs,

explain
the firft

made
folved
is fet

or 4 .a*p

down
a

_f-3^)

Term of

= Then

below,

-t-Tz-ax

is

axp
^ax
&c. each of which are

l
,

per Places.

which with

a contrary Sign

or 4d a/>

&c. Then axp=.*-^-^

&c. and (by cubing) />

1
,

&c. and (by fquaring)

down in their procollecled, will make

-V^S
muft be fet down for the fecond Term

Thefe Terms being

of ^a*p

-f-

-r'^ax

let

&c. and therefore

=
=

* -f-

-?-

>

il. >
&c. and (by fquaring) 3<?/> a
*
W^" ' ^ c T^efe being collected

be wrote down with a contrary Sign; and

with A: 3 , one of the Terms of the given Equation,
this, together
* * -f- --'x* } &c. and therefore />= * * -f- -^- ?
will make a*p
'*" a

will

make

^,

to

~~
i

&c.

Then

axp= *

* -J-

=
s

1*4
,

&c. and (by fquaring)

3^/1*

* *

Ih* Method of

212
1&22

&c

FLUXIONSJ

and (by
* -f- -1^1
&c. all which
cubing) *
N ]
ft!
1024*
1
***-fbeing collected with a contrary Sign, will make 4tf />
59i_*
&c. and therefore
And by the
-f,' &c.
_,

'

,
'

4096.1

/=***

40961*

we may

fame Method

163841

'

we

continue the Extraction as far as

pleafe.

The

Rationale of this Procefs has been already deliver'd, but as

it will be of frequent ufe, I fhaM here mention it again, in femewhat a .different manner. The Terms of the Equation being duly
order'd, fo as that the Terms involving the Root, (which are to be
refolved into their refpecttve Series,) being

and

fide,

known Terms on

t,he

all

Column on one

in a

the other fide

any adventitious

Terms may be introduced, fuch as will be neceffary for forming the

feveral Series, provided they are made mutually to deftroy one another, that the integrity of the Equation may be thereby preferved.
Thefe adventitious Terms will be fupply'd by a kind of Circulation,
which
ceffary

pofe the Equation,

foregoing Theorems.

one by one, by any of the

muft be derived
-

are willing to avoid too many, and to0 high Powers

in thefe Extraction's, we may proceed' in the following manner.

Or

we

if

The Example mall be the fame Supplemental Equation as before,

which may be reduced to this form, 4a* -f- ax -+- ^ap -4- pp -x.p =s
of which the Refolution may be thus
a*x * 4-#
3

"

'

.'
'

-'!

make the work eafy and pleafant enough ; and the neTerms of the fimple Powers or Roots, of fuch Series as comw^ill

'

4rf

__, 3

H- ax
.

h TV**

X*

64

The Terms

-4-/

.-

2a

77^

&c:

I*S

5i2i

16384^3^

I call the
aggregate Factor, of
or
which I place the known part
parts 4<2* -{- ax .above, and the
unknown, parts ^ap -f- pp in a Column to the left-hand, fa as that
their refpeclive Series, as they come to be known, may be placed

4^*

-f-

ax-\-

them.
regularly over-againft

^p-^-fp

Under
2,

thefe a

Line

is

drawn, to receive
the

and INFINITE SERIES.

2*3

the aggregate Series beneath it, which is -form'd

by the Terms of the
as
become
Under
this aggregate Seknown.
Factor,
they
aggregate
ries comes the fimple Factor />, or the
of
the Root to be
fymbol

Terms become known alfo. Laftly, under all are

the known Terms of the Equation in their proper
Now as
places.
thefe laft Terms (becaufe of the Equation) are equivalent to the Product of the two Species above them
from this confideration the
Terms of the Series p are gradually derived, as follows.
extracted, as

its

Term 4^

(of the aggregate Series) is brought

no
other Term to be collected with
having
Term, multiply 'd by the firft Term of />,
firft Term of the
is
to
the
fuppofe q,
Product, that is, ^.a'-q
equal
a*x, it will be q
~x, cr p
-L.v, &c. to be put down
in its
we
have
T
Thence
(hall
place.
ap-=.
%ax, &c. which towith
will
make
the fecond Term
for
-}-ax above,
gether
-^^'ax
Firft,

the

down into
it.
Then

initial

place, as
becaufe this
its

>

of the aggregate Series.

Now if we fuppofe r to reprefent the le-of
and
to
be
cond Term
wrote in its place accordingly ; by crofsp,
-'y-ax^ =^ o, becaufe the fecond
multiplication we lhall have ^.a^r
_v^

Term of the Product is abfent, or=ro. Therefore r-=.

which
64*'
* -f- -^x
may now be fet down in its place. And hence yap
l
&c. and p*
^x*, &c. which being collected will make ^~x
Now if we fuppofe
for the third Term of the aggregate Factor.
of
then
s to
third
Term
the
p,
by crofs-multiplication, (or
reprefent

^=

&c.
5

(for

to be fet

512^*

and

^2l

Multiplication

2a

_j_

for

256

fore

3
-,

by our Theorem
* ;
256

is

the

down

third Term

&c.

infinite

Series,)

q.a ;

of the Product.)

in its place.

Azea

of

Then

-lap

which together

4-

There* * -4-

will

make

Term of the aggregate Series. Then putting

fourth Term of p, by multiplication we fliall have

for the fourth

/.to reprefent the

^=

= -^L

to be
o, whence /
'
4096*
2048^
would proceed any farther in the ExIf
fet down in its place.
of the Setraction, we mufl find in like manner the fourth

we

Term

ries

3/, and the third

Term
And

of p*-,

in order to find the fifth

Term

thus we may eafily and furely carry

of the aggregate Series.
on the Root to what degree of accuracy we pleafe, without any
danger of computing any fuperfiuous Terms ; which will be no mean
advantage of thefe Methods.

Or

Method of FLUXIONS,
Or we may

we
The

proceed in the following manner, by which

avoid the trouble of

fliati

Supany fubfidiary Powers

of
the
fame
-f+axp
^ap* -fExample, ^cfp
plemental Equation
all
of
others
in
imitation
a*x-{-x*, (and
this,) may be
p=
at

railing

reduced to

this

form,

which may be thus

/\.a*-

-+-

ax-+- ^a

-f-

The Terms being difpofed as in

firft Term of the
aggregate

or^=

this

Series.

~#x

the Refult

Then

firft

Series,

we

fhall

may

it

ax

the Term above,

Term of the aggregate
Term of />, and we fhal'l
collect

-r-s-^x

Term

have 3^ x ~~a

o,

of^>.

-I- -rV-v

or r

Then
1

of the aggregate Series.

Again, fuppofing
of p, we ftiall have by Multiplication,
third
s

',

256

256

'

=x

that

be

by crofs-

^or tne third

to reprefent the

(fee the

is,

to

as above,

= ^V^

Term

for that purpofe,) A.a

4^*

call'd,

Term

Term

be

ftill

will be the fecond

have by Multiplication q.a'-r

wrote every where for the fecond
multiplication

as

r reprefent the fecond

let

x>,

down

Paradigm, bring

of p.
with
of 3#-f-/>x/>,
which product

ax

a*x

of the Series p. Then will

~x, which is to be wrote every where
x for the firft Term
Multiply +- 3*2 by

q to reprefent the

a*x,
4^*5'
for the firft Term
or -+-

x/> x/>

ax

for the

refolved.

4#*

and fuppofe

-{-

all.

Theorem,

s=^^
5iz

.
'

to

be wrote every where for the third Term of p.

And by the lame
of
the
Term
of
the
fourth
way
Multiplication
aggregate Series will be

found to be

\-2L.
}

And

Among

all

muft not omit

which

will

make

the fourth

Term

-of

to be

fo on.
this

variety

to ftipply

of Methods

for

thefe Extractions,

the Learner with one more, which

is

we

com-

mon

and INFINITE SERIES/

and obvious enough, but which fuppofes the form of the Series required to be already known, and only the Coefficients to be
unknown. This we may the better do here, becaufe we have alhow to determine the form and number of fuch Seready fhewn
cafe
This Method confifts in the aflumption
in
propofed.
any
ries,

mon

of a general Series for the Root, fuch as may conveniently reprefent it, by the fubftitution of which in the given Equation, the geThus in the prefent Equaneral Coefficients may be determined.
A' 5
2a 3
tion y= 4- axy 4- aay
o, having already found (pag.
A 4- Bx -+- Cx*, &c.
204.) the form of the Root or Series to be y
for
of
of
the
Methods
any
Cubing an infinite Series,
by the help
we may eafily fubrtitute this Series inftead of y in this Equation,
which will then become

4~

4~ ^n.D l x 1 4~
4^ 3A*C 4-

ijX

4~

-D'AJ" 3

^"*> *^c*

6ABC4- 36^
}

4-

6ABD

-f-

aDx*, &c.

o.

aBx

aA.x 4-

Now

becaufe

known.

Thus,

4- aCx*

1-

an indeterminate quantity, and muft continue'

fo to be, every Term of this Equation may be feparately put equal tonothing, by which the general Coefficients A,B, C, D, &c. will be determined to congruous Values ; and by this means the Root^ will be
as

is

( i.)

3A B
a

before.

(2.)

1
4- a A

-+-

aA

2a~>

-+- a*-B

=
=

o,

which

o, or

will give

A=/r,

B==

i
B -4-6ABC-j-3A*D4-rfC-H a D
o,
orD'=^_>
aD 4- ^E
A*E
6ABD
AO
44o, or
3
3B-C
3
(5.)
_^2_
And. fo on, to determine F, G, H, &c. Then by fubfti163^4^^
Values of A, B, C, D, &c. in the aflumed Root, we
tuting thefe
3

(4.)

(hall

have the former Series y

we may

=ax + ^4- '+ ;%^>

&c.

conveniently enough refolve this Equation, or

the fame kind, by applying it to the general Theorem,
any other of
ra CT 1 90. for extracting the Roots of any affedted Equations in NumFor this Equation being reduced to this form ;i3 * 4- a 1 4-^x
bers.

Or

laftly,

2.

x/

The Method of

2l b

2rt 3 -+-A:'

x.y

we

o,

fliall

FLUXIONS,

have there

#2

And

3.

inftead

of the firft, fecond, third, fourth, fifth,- &c. Coefficients of the Powers
x , o,
2# 5
of y in the Theorem, if we write 1,0, aa -f- ax,
?

.&c. refpectively

and

A= a and B =

or

mation

we make

if
i

4^

Approximation

4"

A
,
a

if

.t5 -(-

48a*.v4

-f-

>

for a nearer

A=

-f-

we make
Again,
by Subftitution we fliall

ax,

-f-

firft

we. fliall have

the Root.

to

the

Zfi4 ,* -f-

Approxi4^' -f- x*, and

have
zqSjt

.*

the Fraction
*

+1*9

,.

And taking this Numerator

we fliall approach nearer ftill.
near, that if we only take the firft

nearer Approximation to the Root.

for A, and the Denominator for B,

But

this laft

Approximation

is

fo

Terms of the Numerator, and

Terms of the Denominator, (which,
troublefome Operation,) we fliall
Series, fo often found already.

them by the

divide

five

firft five

no
managed,
of
the
have the fame five Terms
will be

if rightly

Theorem will converge fo faft on this, and fuch like ocA

a, (ma-cafions, that if we here take the firft Approximation
**
have
we fliall
a
&c.
i
~x, &cc.
y
,)
king B
-^ ^
a
.And if again we make this the fecond Approximation, or A
we fliall have y
i,)
t*, (making B

And

if

ax ~T

-i

we make

again

the

this the third

&c. (making

Approximation, or

'B==

we

z 4

A=:a

fliall

have the Value of the

to eight Terms at this Operation.

the number of Terms., that
double
will
ation

For every new Operwere found true by the

D ti&

*-**

true

Root

laft

Operation.
proceed

To

J,)

with the fame Equation we have found before,

we might likewife have a defcending Series in this
AA'H-B -j-Cx- &c. for the Root y, which we fliall
ftill

that
pag. 205,

form,

or three ways, for the more abundant

exemplification of
It has been already found, that
this Doctrine.
i, or that x
Make therefore y =. x
is the firft Approximation to the Root.
x>
and fubftitute this in the given Equation jy 3 -f- axy -f-

extract

*a=
-4-

-^

two

A=

o,

which

ax 1

-f-

a^x

_t_

ax

will then

-+- a* -f- 3.v/>

be refolved as follows.

any

^p

become
-f- axp -f- a?p -\- ^xf
This may be reduced to this form
o.

-{-/* x/>

ax"-

a*x

2a*,

and

may
OAT*

and INFINITE SERIES.

1

4_

/,..
'

3-v*
"

_i_^

rt*

-f-

ax _
.

p*

aX

-f-

3A'

217

a*

_+_

+^

_+_

-f-

t rfl

~~
-U_

*""*

+~
_i-

IE1

_;

Sec.

&c>

&c.

64 " 4

c --

81^^

3-v

The Terms of the aggregate Factor, as alib the known Terms of

the Equation, being
down ^x l
difpofed as in the Paradigm, bring
for lire firft Term of the
aggregate Series ; and fuppofing q to reprelent the firft Term of the Series p, it will be
ax*, or

3^^

q=-

y,

for the

firft

Term of p.
put down in

ax

Therefore

will be the

Term of 3^ to be
its
This will make the
place.
fecond Term of the aggregate Series to be nothing
fo that if
rethe
fecond
Term
fliall
have
we
of
prefent
by multiplication 3vV
p,
of p, to be put down
a 1 *;, or
for
the
fecond
Term
"_
in its
a 1 be the fecond Term of $xp, as alfo
Then will
place.
1
to be fet down each in their places.
^d"~ will be the firft Term of/
The Refult of this Column will be -^z 1 which is to be made the
third Term of the
Then putting s for the third
aggregate Series.
Term of/, we mall have by Multiplication ^x^s
-V rt3 == 2(l
or s= $52-1
the next Operation we fhall have /
And thus by
J
firft

'

>

and
"Or

if

fo on.

we would

Equation by one of the fore-

refolve this reildual

the railing of Powers was avoided, and

going; Methods, by which
wherein the whole was performed by Multiplication alone ; we may

reduce

d^X

it

to

_j_

this

2n* ,

fix -f- a -f- 3* -j-/ x/> x/

form, 3*
the Refolution of which will be thus

^.v

j.v-

tte Method of

2I 8

3**

-f-

--+

FLUXIONS,

ax -h
3*

a*

T*

fa*

--8ix*

3*-

&c.

243*3'

The Terms being difpos'd as in the Example, bring down 3*'* for
the firft Term of the aggregate Series, and fuppofing q to reprefent
the firft Term of the Series p, it will be
ax*, or q
yx^q
Put down -+- 3* in its proper place, and under it (as alfo after
La.
it) put down the firft Term of/, or
La, which being multiply'd,
and collected with -j- ax above, will make o for the fecond Term
of the aggregate Series. If the fecond Term of p is now reprefented
to be put
a'-x, or r
by r, we fhall have ix^r *
down in its feveral places. Then by multiplying and collecting we
mail have -f- a* for the third Term of the aggregate Series. And
putting s for the third Term of p, we fhall have by Multiplication
or j=
T T rf3 =2d
3Ar*j
|^ And fo on as far as we pleafe.
Laftly, inftead of the Supplemental Equation, we may refolve the

3^*

'

given Equation itfelf in the following

ax

-----f-

%a*x

ax 1

y= x

manner

La*x

-f-

*
28*4

\a*
La* +-

Sec.

&c.

'a
243^5

Here becaufe it is y~> =x*, &c. it will be y

x, &c. and therefore
-I
A
which
&c.
muft
in
be
fet
down
its
=-fThen
_t_ xy
place.
wrote
with
a
it muft be
again
contrary fign, that it may be y= == *
*
rfx*, &c. and therefore (extracting the cube-root,)
a
*
&c. Then -+- a*y
4- a*x, &c. and + axy
j-^^, &c.
which
,

= /=
,

and INFINITE SERIES.

being collected with a contrary fign,

which

will

219

* *

makers
&c. Hence

l
&c. and (by Extraction) y
* *
-f- a y
3
&c. and -f- ^v>'= * *
#
frt
a*, &c. which being cola
and
united with -f- 20 J above, will
lected with
contrary fign,

JLa*x,

make y"'

Then

&c.

* * *

&c. which being

* * * *

177

And

&c.

fo

'

5
,

-+-

f^

=
=

&c. whence (by Extraction) y

&c. and

* *

j*,

-f-

axy

* * *

* * *

+ ^7'

with a contrary fign, will make y*

and l ^ en (by Extraction)^' ==* * * *

collected

&c

'

>

4-^

on.

need not trouble the Learner, or myfelf, with

of the Author's
giving any particular Explication (or Application)
Rules, for continuing the Quote only to fuch a certain period as {hall
be before determined, and for preventing the computation of fuperfluous Terms ; becaufe mod of the Methods of Analyfis here deliver'd require no Rules at all, nor is there the leaft danger of making
37, 38.

think

any unneceflary Computations.

39.

When we

are

this,

t)'

-+-

fj

to find the

v4

Root y of fuch an Equation

+ t>"> &c

*>

tllis is

ufually

as

call'd

For as here the Aggregate

is
the Reverfion of a Series.
exprefs'd by
the Powers of y; fo when the Series is reverted, the Aggregate

This Equation, as now it

will be exprefs'd by the Powers of z.
the
of
z
the Series) to be unknown,
(lands, fuppofes
(or
Aggregate
it
are
to
to
we
that
and
indefinitely, by means of the
approximate

known Number y and its Powers. Or otherwife the unknown

Number z is equivalent to an infinite Series of decreafing Terms,
an Arithmetical Scale, of which the known Number y
exprefs'd by
;

is

the Root.

This Root therefore muft be fuppofed

to be lefs

than

And thence it will folUnity, that the Series may duly converge.
be
much
lefs
than
will
This is ufually calthat
z,
alfo
low,
Unity.
led a

Logarithmick

Series,

becaufe in certain circumftanp.es

it

ex-

between the Logarithms and their Numbers, as

preffes the Relation
If we look upon z, as known, and therefore
will appear hereafter.
mull be reverted; or the Value of y muft
the
Series
as
unknown,
y
be exprefs'd by a Series of Terms compos'd of the known NumThe Author's Method for reverting this Seber z and its Powers.
ries will be very obvious from the confideration of his
Diagram
and we mall meet with another Method hereafter, in another part of
;

Works. It will be fuffiqient therefore in this place, to perform

after the manner of fome of the foregoing Extractions.
his

f 2

it

Method of FLUXIONS,

= a + |~

-+- f:i

+ TV-

4- T5o-3 }

&c

>

fV-

h f*

>

-4-

A./

AS',' &c.
fa', &c.

'f^ 4 -H
4 _.
fS

AX*
J

L.

-s

&C.

Sec.

In this Paradigm the unknown parts of the Equation are fet down
defcending order to the left-hand, and the known Number z is

in a
fet

down

the

to

over-againft
and therefore
fj*

Then

right-hand.

is

z, Sec.

Sec. which is to be fet down in its

fa
with
a
place,
contrary fign, fo that _}'= * -f- f % & c
1
And therefore (fquaring)
*
f 2', Sec. and (cubing)
f^
3
3
-h fy
fa Sec. which Terms collected with a contrary fign,

and

y=

=:

&c

which Terms

Sec.

And

Sec.

an d (cubing)

= ***-{=
f^%
make
f.?.

* * -f- -.^s,

rV24

* *

alfo

=4-

make

-j -?-

54 '

^c

-4-

therefore (fquaring)
3

f_)'

y_y

f_y*

and

f/

fign,

make

Sec.

with a contrary

collected

Therefore

fa

* -|-

* # *

f.s

f
,

&c.

&c. which Terms collected with a contrary fign,

***-{- -4-a Sec. And fo of the reft.
if
we were to revert the Series y -f- f/ -f- ^V>' + TT-T^
Thus
40.
-f- T .fy T y' -h TTTS->''S ^ c
^, (where the Aggregate of the Seunknown
Number
ries, or the
a, will reprefent the Arch of a Circle,
whole Radius is i, if its right Sine is reprefented by the known
Number y,) or if we were to find the value of r, confider'd as unknown, to be exprefsd by the Powers of a,, now confider'd as known

H- f^

-{-

y=

#-

we may proceed

thus

Lo*3

,^1^

]_

o*

____'__

*?"

^9

-.{

+
Sec.

being difpofed as you fee here,

= fa
we

and therefore (cubing) fj 5

fs
Sec.

3
,

and

3 5
i>>9
3
T"T"3""a"

ATr*
vVv

The Terms
Sec.

o^C

Sec.

alfo

fo

-^y

that (cubing)
1

=-5

5-a

!r

Sec.

lhall

Sec.

have

we

mall have

jy==a,
which makes y
*

f_>'

-rV^'j

and collecting with a contrary

fign,

and INFINITE SERIES,

'

r==*
*

-+-TT.T-'.

TV~

7
,

&c

&c- and TTT.v

= TTT~=

Hence
7

\<->

>

WT^"'

&

c.
and
and collecting with a
Anct lo on
'

* *

221

T TV

>

^y

&<--.

&c<

* * *
contrary tign, v
It" we fhould defire to perform this Extraction by another of the
the Equation to be reduced
foregoing Methods, that is, by fuppoiing;
6
4
&<' x
to this- form i -+- j-_v* 4- -rV
+- TTT.'
;==;, it
TTTT^'^
may be fufHcient to let down the Praxis, as here follows.

'

The Method
of

222

FLUXIONS.

but perhaps moft readily by fubftituting the Value of y now found

in the given Equation, and thence determining the general Coefficients as before.
By which the Root will be found to be _)'

or
Z.O

Z^
gt**

I-

'_ *;7

T ~
*

9 9

fy7
6

~3

f, _

TT
3
TTTT' T^ T JTT^rT
42. To refolve this affected Quadratick Equation, in which one
of the Coefficients is an infinite Series ; if we fuppofe y =. Ax m , &c.
we (hall have (by Subftitution) the Equation as it ftands here below.

Then by
whence
in

its

parallel

4,

applying the Ruler,

*_2-

and

=~

motion will

we
.

{hall

The

arrive at,

have

aAx m

=o,

next Index, that the Ruler

is

-+- I,

or 5;

m-\-2, or 6; &c. fo that the common difference

fion is i, and the Root may be
reprefented by y
Cx 6 , &c. which may be extracted as here follows.

the next

is

of the ProgrelAx* -{-Ex* -f-

x"

-+-

> **-*-.

and INFINITE SERIES.

Methods taught

-f-

_,_

&c.

g,

Now

found y

will be

it

before,

223

in the given Equation,

-4-

becaufe the infinite Series a

-\-

-+-

v4

vj

4-

ji

&c.

as

^r

a Geometrical

is

and therefore

ProgrcfTion,

is

equal to

the Equation will

the

tract
a

become

-x

or

lax

ia~

y -f-

_>*

the

in

fquare-root
a ...4+

-~^

be proved by Divifion

may

fubftitute this,

And

o>
it

way,

ordinary

exa

we

if

will

R ootj And

if

we

ex-

r=

give

if this

Radical

be refolved, and then divided by this Denominator, the fame two

Series will arife as before, for the two Roots of this Equation.
And
this fufficiently verifies the
43. In Series that are

whole Procefs.

very remarkable, and of general ufe, the

not
(if
obvious) mould be always affign'd, when
that can be conveniently done; which renders a Series ftill more ufeful and elegant.
This may commonly be difcover'd in the Computation, by attending to the formation of the Coefficients, efpecially

Law

if

as

of Continuation

we put Letters to reprefent them, and thereby

may be, defcending to particulars by degrees.
for instance,

Series,

Confecution

z=y

{y

keep them as general

In the Logarithmic
y4, &c. the Law of

-f- .lys

Term, tho' ever fo remote,

be
to reprefent any
at
if
we put
For
aflign'd
may eafily
pleafure.
Term indefinitely, whcfe order in the Series is exprefs'd by the natural

is

very obvious, fo that any

Number

4- or

Term

is

is

L-y

=
,

Reverie of this Series, or y

&c. the Law of Continuation
indefinitely,

T=
tinued
for the

whofe order

=+

-j", where the Sign muft be

an odd or an even Number.
So that the

then will

according as

hundredth

in

the next

is

-j-_J_^

thus.

Let
is

101
,

&c.
4

In the

TTo-^S
reprefent any Term
m ; then is
exprefs'd by

z,~\- f-s* +- fa;

the Series

is

-+- -y^a

-4-

^p- , which Series in the Denominator mud: be conto as many Terms as there are Units in m.
Or if c ftands
Coefficient of the Term immediately preceding, then is

T=

m
<y

z
fz"> -+- T TO-S'
ToV^ 27
Again, in the Series y
_r'
the
&c. (by which the Relation between
Circular Arch
_ rT TT
a*nd its light Sine is exprefs'd,) the Law of Continuation will be thus.
I

>

If

if c

Method of FLUXIONS,

*?%*

224
be any

Term

of the

Series,

whofe order

be the Coefficient immediately before

And

in the Reverie

of

or

is

then

and

exprefs'd by w,

_ f _im

".
,

zm

x zm

-f- -?)' -f- T T y~

be
thus.
If
of
will
Confecution
_f-_|^- T r
reprefents any Term, the Index of whole place in the Series is ;//, and if
""
,,i-i_
And
c be the preceding Coefficient j then
9

cc.

the

this Series,

z.

y -f-

^v

Law

2/11

X 2

the like of others.

44, 45, 46. If we would perform thefe Extractions after a more

and general manner, we may proceed thus. Let the given
Equation be v*_ -}- a\v -\- rf.vv
z<jj
r ,
j5
the Terms of which Ihould be difpofed as
*,
*
Q
*
* *
l> -}in the Margin.
p, where
Suppofe y
_ ;
y
is to be conceived as a near
/;
Approximation
to the Root y, and p as its fmall Supplement.
When this is fubftiftand
the
will
as
it
tuted,
Equation
a ~P I
becaufe .v and f>
?
^'f"
does here.
f=~\

Indefinite

2^x-=o, _ +

fl

Now

-^

are both fmall quantities, the moil

confiderable quantities are at the beginning of the Equation, from

_i_

+
_

'/ 3

/*

"

=
*/.

^
'

whence they proceed gradually dias oug;ht

minifliing, both downwards and towards the right-hand
when
the
to
be
Terms
of
an
are
fuppos'd,
always
Equation
dilpos'd
;

And becaufe inftead of

according to a double Arithmetical Scale.
we
have
unknown
here introduced two, If and
one
quantity _v,
/>,
we may determine one of them b, as the neceffity of the Relblution

To

remove therefore

the moft confiderable

require.
Quantities
out of the Equation, and to leave only a Supplemental
Equation,
whofe Root is/>; we may put 6* -+- a*b
2^
o, which Equation will determine b, and which therefore henceforward we are to
And for brevity fake, if we put a 1 -+- 3^*
look upon as known.
mail
have
the
we
c,
Equation in the Margin.
Now here, becaufe the two initialTerms
\. aox+axp
-f- cp -+- abx are the moft con fiderable of
?
*
=
*
r
the Equation, which might be removed, if

iliall

for the nrft Approximation

afiume
prefs'd
-flwll

and the

lower ; therefore

have

this

to^ we

fiiould

refulting Supplemental Equation

make p

_f- q,

would be de-

and by fubftitution

we

Equation following.

Or

and INFINITE SERIES.

Or
e

make

-+-

this

in this

if

form.

^+

^,

itwillaffume

'

3*?*

.e.

Equation,

=/;

+ J7

225

>
V

**?

< 3

x*

Here becaufe the Terms

put y

ftitution

-x

we

+- r,

fhall

to be next

removed

and by Sub-

mall have the Root y

the Root of this Equation

+ 3V
_ 1^-^*

+?

have another

Supplemental Equation, which

will be farther deprefs'd, and fo
on as far as we pleafe. Therefore

we

are-f- cq -j-^-x^we

+<?

may

-f? l
|

-x

<

--x*

b* -+.

a*b

Or by another Method of Solution, if

A -\-Bx -}- Cx* +- Dx
(as before) y

za*

-f-

3^*

affumc

&c. and fubflitute

this in

-=
,

o,

will be

we

in this
3

where b

Sec.

Equation

the Equation, to determine the general Coefficients, we fhall have

e
.
a\
c
a
,
.
,
-ja'
c
is the
x"' t &c. wherein
-x -tx*-\
y
,.-

= A --

--

Root of the Equation AS

-f. a*

art 5

o,

and

3 A*

a*.

47. All Equations cannot be thus immediately refolved, or their

Roots cannot always be exhibited by an Arithmetical Scale, whofe
Root is one of the Quantities in the given Equation. But to perform the Analyfis it is fometimes required, that a new Symbol or
Quantity fhould be introduced into the Equation, by the Powers
of which the Root to be extracted may be exprefs'd in a convergAnd the Relation between this new Symbol, and the
ing Series.
of
the Equation, mu ft be exhibited by another Equation.
Quantities
were
if
it
Thus
propofed to extradl the Root y of this Equation,
1
4
&c. it would be in vain to expedt,
x
fi-\-y
4/ -Hy}'
^_}'
that it might be exprefs'd by the fimple Powers of either x or a.

For the Series itfelf fuppofes, in order to its converging, that y is

fome fmall Number lefs than Unity but x and a are under no fuch
;

limitations.

Powers of

And
x, may

introduce a

therefore

compofed of the afcendiag

therefore neceflary to
mall alfo be fmall, that a Series

Series.

new Symbol, which

4-

Series,

be a diverging

It is

form'd

Ibe Method of

226

FLUXIONS,
to y.
Now

Powers may converge

it is
plain, that x
fo
muft
becaufe
be
each
near
other,
rf,
great,
always
is
a
therefore
difference
&.c.
(mall
Aflame
their
y
y* }
quantity.
a
the Equation x
z, and z will be a fmall quantity as required;
and being introduced inftead of x
a, will give z-= y
y* -f4
&c.
whofe
Root
be
extracted
will
z->t-^^
-ly
being
y
^y*
-j-y.2 4-TV s4 ^cc> as before.
x
o, to find
48. Thus if we had the Equation _> -f-j* -h_y

form'd of

its

tho' ever

ami

>

i3

Root y
Powers of

=
=

we might have

a Series for y compofed of the afcending

would
which
x,
converge if x were a fmall quantity, lels
but
would
than Unity,
diverge in contrary Circumftances.
Suppox
to be a large Quantity
in this cafe the
was
known
that
then
fing

the

Author's Expedient

is

x=

pofing the Equation

Making &

this.
l

the Reciprocal of x, or fup-

of x he introduces

inftead

into the

Equation, by which means he obtains a converging Series, confining

of the Powers of z afcending in the Numerators, that is in reality,
of the Powers of x afcending in the Denominators. This he does,
to keep within the Cafe he propofed to himfelf ; but in the Method
here purfued, there is no occafion to have recourfe to this Expedient,
it being an indifferent matter, whether the Powers of the convergor the Denominators.
ing quantity afcend in the Numerators

Thus
king y

in the given

= Ax

Equation y> 4-j

A**'" 4-

6cc.)

5-

*""

4-

* ?

jy

4-

Ax m

*
j

by applying the Ruler

i, and
o, or

=
is

m=.

The

3.

or 2; the

next

laft

of which the
Root will be y
thus extract.

+y

&c.?
.3

5
A'
mall have the exterior Terms A 3 A*
i.
Alfo the refulting Number or Index
to which the Ruler approaches will give 2/11,

i.

common

we

Term

m, or

v*

'

= Ax

But

make

3, 2, i,

difference

is

a defcending Progreffion,
Therefore the form of the
4- DAT"* &c. which we may

i.

4- B 4- Cx"

'

=A

1
1
,&c.it will be _y=x,&c.and therefore _y =A- , &c.
which will make y*
*
*
#*, &c. and (by Extraction)/
-^
with
which
~x
A*
Then
&c.
*
&c.
below,
}
(by fquaring)^*
~x } &c. and therefore
* *
and changing the Sign, makes j 3

Becaufe

>)'

l}

and INFINITE SERIES.

==

227

Then ;*
* *
* *
.1, &c. and y
,
}*~", &c.
* * * -4&c. which together, changing the Sign, make y>
* *
&c. and
TV*~S &c. Then y-f- 44*-',
_
and
*
therefore
&c.
*
^ _^_ ^.^-^
^ #
Sec. and
*""'>
75
~ &c
* * * * -f- -pT x 3
&c. and _v
Now as this Series is accommodated to the cafe of convergency
when x is a large Quantity, fo we may derive another Series from
v

;'=***

_>'

=
=

,.

>

hence, which will be accommodated to the cafe when .v is a fmall

For the Ruler will direct us to the external Terms Ax*
quantity.
and
and the refulting Numi ;
x5
o, whence
3,
or
will
6 ; and the lair, is
next
Term
The
ber is 3.
give 2m,

A=

m=

3*77,

9 will form an afcending Progremon, of which the

common difference is 3. Therefore v =Ax'' -+- Ex 6 -t-Cy 9 &c.
will be the form of the Series in this cafe, which may be thus

But

or 9.

3, 6,

derived.

-}

x>

x6
h x

-+-

11

2X> +-

=Then =
=
&c.

4*"
2x"

*
3AT

-f-

14*'

7A-

&c.
&c.

&c. and therefore

and
&c.
v
,
2x,
y^5=^9, &c.
and therefore y
Then y* * H- .V, &c.
* * -j- 3^'*, 6cc. and
11
3
&c. and therefore7= * * * -f. o, &c.
*
S-^
The Expedient of the Ruler will indicate a third cafe of external
m
K
Terms, which may be try'd alfo. For we may put A=x= -{- A*x*'
m
-f- Ax
o, whence m
o, and the Number refulting from the
other Term is 3.
Therefore 3 will be the common difference of
the Progrelfion, and the form of the Root will be _y= A -{- Bx' -{A
Cx 6 &c. But the Equation A 5 -f- A a
o, will give A
o,
this
to the former Series.
And the other two
which will reduce
Roots of the Equation will be impofftble.
If the Equation of this Example jy 3 -f- y* -{- r
x"'
o be
the
factor
we
mall
have
the Equation y*
i,
multiply'd by
y
y
...
* )
y
o, or r+ * #
X~'y -f- x'

Here

=
y =

becaufe_)'

Ar 3

it

will

bej>*=x

&c.

--

A'_)

AT

C=o,

which when

re-

only afford the fame Series for the Root y as before.

l
1
This
zy -+- i
49.
Equation \*
2f'
o, when
x\y -h xy
reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale, will ftand as in

'folved, will

the Margin.

Now

The Method of

228

FLUXIONS,

Now

the finl Cafe of external

Terms, fhewn by the Ruler, in
order for an afcending Series, will
i"
2 A*"
make A'.**" _|- 2

= Number=
o, or

-+-

;;/

zm -h

M^

where the

Axm>

fc

zAljc

tm jri

The
11-1

\4-s
^

alfo o.

is

refulting;
i

*-

Or making y
m

2>-f

+2."-

A^

_>

A 1*

the third
the Arithmetical Progreffion will be o,
Therefore
or
2.
zm-}- 2,
i ; and
is
difference
common
confequently it will be
i, 2, whofe
1
the
But
+- zA*
Equation
v == A -f- Bx -+ Cx -+- Dx*, &c.
of
the
firft Coeffithe
Value
mould
"_ zA -H i
which
o,
give

fecond

is

i,

or

i ;

none but impoffible Roots ; fo that y,

the Root of this Equation, cannot be exprefs'd by an Arithmetical
Scale whofe Root is x, or by an afcending Series that converges by
the Powers of x, when x is a fmall quantity.

cient,

As
Ruler

for defcending Series, there are

1
l
im
AT
will give us A****
i

fff

us with

will fupply

and

A=+

two

cafes to be try'd

=
The Number
+

i.

o, whence ^m

firft

the
or

-f- 2,

4; the next will

is

arifing

= zm

be zm -f- i, or 3 ; the next 2w, or 2 ; the next m, or i ; the laft o.

But the Arithmetical Progreffion 4, 3, 2, i, o, has^ i for its common
Series will be y
Ax -+
difference, and therefore the form of the
ufual
our
Method, it
B 4- CAT"', 8cc. But to extract this Series by
this
x*
to
the
to
reduce
4- x -+- z
form,
beft
be
will
Equation
thus
to
then
__ 2 l
and
o,
proceed

y~ 4- y~*

-_ x i

2 -f- ZX~*

| A:

97'
h

Becaufe

_ x
y
_j_

JL

fo that

&c.

= x
%x~
y=
Then

jy

x*

&c.

2,

'tis

~1
>

-VAT-% &c.

A;~ I ,

&C.

77

therefore

==

(by Extradlion)

Then (by Divifion)

zy~*
and
&c.
2*(by Extradion) y
-f-

&c.

* * *

&c

=
,

zy~
which being united with a contrary
'~ I & c> ant^ therefore
by Extraction
TA
>

* * *

&c and y~* == *"*,

1
* * *
fign, make^
****- 4-i-s-v~3
y

* -f- -i-^"

&c.'

zx-*,

=*

In the other cafe of a defcending Series

whence zm +- z
A 1 *""^ -f- i
hence arifing is o
Number
The
i

=o,

we

=
;

mall have the Equation

o,

or

the next will be

i,

zm

and

r,
Cjf

and INFINITE SERIES.

229

But
and the laft 4w, or
4.
the Numbers o,
I,
2,
4, will be found in a defcending Arithmetical Progrelfion, the common difference of which is i.
Therefore the form of the Root is y
A.x~' -+- Bx~'- -+- Cx~*, &c. and
the Terms of the Equation mufl be thus difpofed for Refolution.

or

the next

2//v,

or

-,

- 2X -

---

=
=
=

1
I-f- A*""

x 1 &c. it will be by Extraction of the

y~&c. and by finding the Reciprocal, y
x~',
Square-root y~
a contrary Sign,
&c. Then becaufe
&c.
this
with
2X,
zy~
and collected with
x above, will make_y 1
* -{- x, &c. which
&c.
makes
and
*
-+ i,
y~
(by Extraction)
by taking the Recii
becaufe
Then
*
i, &c.
^^~ 6cc.
procal, /== *
zy~*
this with a
2 above, will make
contrary fign, and collected with
and
therefore
* *
8ec.
*
*
i,
y~*
(by Extraction) y~
3
&c.
Then
becaufe
and
&cc.
*
*
-f- ^x~ y
4*"" ,
(by Divifion) jy
l
# * *
* * -}- -^"S ^ w iH be y
%x~*y &c. and
2y~'
"
* * *
-V*~J > & c Then
4* , &c and >'=***
j1
&c. and /*
becaufe
* * * -f- -fA;2y~'
x~~-, &c. thefe

Here becaufe
l

it

is

=x,

=
=
=

collected with
&cc.

and y~'

=
=
a

=
make y~ =
&
-V*~S
7 =

contrary fign will

* * * *

an ^

V-v ~%

* * * *

** **

-f-

rlT*"4

&c.

Thefe are the two defcending Series, which may be derived for
the Root of this Equation, and which will converge by the Powers
of x, when it is a large quantity. But if x mould happen to be
fmall, then in order to obtain a converging Series,
As if it were known that
the Root of the Scale.

we may

we much change
x

differs

but

little

conveniently put z for that fmall difference, or

2
&.
That is, irulead of x
we rmy aflame the Equation .v
and
mall
we
have a new Equain this Equation fubftitute 2
2,

from

2,

tion y*

--

zy*

^zy*

2y

=
=

o,

which

will appear

as

in

the Margin.

Here

The Method of FLUXIONS,

230

an afcending SezAz'"
muft
we
put A+z*?
ries,
whence m
o, and
*
_
T-l__ -KT
The Number hence
i.
A
arifing is o ; the next is 2/H-i,
or i ; and the laft 2m -f- 2, or 2.
But o, 1,2, are in an afcending

Here

to have

1=0,
+=

Progreffion,
the Series is

2;

4-

'

>

= l>

?*'
.

Or

= Acommon

whole

-f-

.'*

B;s

difference

-f-

Cs a

A4.,

-+-

is

i.

Therefore the form of

D;s 3 , 6cc.

And

if the

Root y

be extracted by any of the foregoing Methods, it will be found y =.

1
Alfo we may hence find two defcending Se6cc.
i -+--iz
-^s
ries, which would converge by the Root of the Scale z, if it were
,

large quantity.

field for the Solution

50, 51. Our Author has here opened a large
indeterminate
of thefe Equations, by Shewing, that the
quantity, or
what we call the Root of the Scale, or the converging quantity,

be changed a great variety of ways, and thence new Series will

be derived for the Root of die Equation, which in different circum-

may

/tances will converge differently, fo that the

the preSent occafion may always be chofe.

moft commodious for

And when one Series

does not fufEciently converge, we may be able to change it for another that (hall converge falter.
But that we may not be left to
uncertain interpretations of the indeterminate quantity, or be obliged
to make Suppositions at random j he gives us this Rule for finding
initial Approximations, that may come at once pretty near the Root

Which
required, and therefore the Series will converge apace to it.
to
what
amounts
this:
are
find
when
Rule
to
fubquantities,

We

ftituted for the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will

it divifibk
by the radical Species, increaSed or diminished by

make

The fmall diffeanother quantity, or by the radical Species alone.

rence that will be found between any one of thofe quantities, and
the indeterminate quantity of the Equation, may be introduced
inftead of that indeterminate quantity, as a convenient Root of the
by which the Series is to converge.
the Equation propofed be y= -f- axy -f- cSy
x*
2#
o, and if for x we here Substitute #, we Shall have the Terms
i
3
-f- 2a y
a, the Quotient be3^*, which are divisible by y
_y
Therefore
we
ing y* -h ay -f- 3*2*.
may fuppofe, by the foregoing
x
& is but a fmall quantity, or inftead of x we
Rule, that a
a
in the
Substitute
z
may
propoied Equation, which will then
o.
become y* -f- 2a*y
2# 5
A
azy -\- y-z
3"* -t- z=
Scale,

Thus f

Series

and INF NITE SERIES,

j

231
Powers of z9

from hence, compofcd of the afcending

mull converge faft, crtfcris parifats, becaule the Root of the Scale
z is a (mail quantity.
Or in the fame Equation, if for x we fubftitute
a, we fliall
a
have the Terms \*
which are divifible by y a, the QuoSeries derived

tient being y* -4- ay -f- a*.

a and

rence between

Therefore

we may

to be but little,

and therefore

fmall quantity,

.v

in (lead

fuppofe the diffe-

or that

of

.v

-a

we may

fubftitute

is
its-

in the
This will then become
given Equation.
z
a*
where
the Root y will con-f- 303*
o,
azy -f- T,a
the
Powers
of
the fmall quantity z.
verge by
Or if for x we fubftitute
za, we lhall have the Terms
which are divilible by y-\- za, the Quotient being _)*
a*? -4- 6^

equal

r3

_>'

x
Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difzay-i- 3rt
between
is a fmall
za and x, or that
x
ference
za
quantity ; and therefore infread of x we may introduce its equal
z into the Equation, which will then become jv*
za
a'-y
}
6a>
o.
-4-f- iza*z -f- 6az* -f-s
azy
.

=z

Laftly, if for

x we

fubftitute

we

z~*a,

fliall

have the Terms

z^a'-y -4-tf*y, which are divifible by y, the Radical Species alone.

Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difference between
z^a
x
z^'a and x, or that
z is a fmall quantity ; and
3

jy

therefore inflead of

x we may

fubfthute

its

equal

2?a

z,

which

Equation to y* -f- i
azy -+- 3^4 x a^z
^z x a"y
o, wherein the Series for the Root y may
-\- 3^2 x az -f- Z'
converge by the Powers of the fmall quantity z.
But the reafon of this Operation ftill remains to be inquired into,
which I mall endeavour to explain from the prefent Example. In
x3
za*
the indeterminate
the Equation y~> -\- axy -f- a*y
muft
be
fufceptible of all poffible
quantity x, of its own nature,
Values at leaft, if it had any limitations, they would be fhew'd by
will reduce the

=o,

impoflible Roots.
-rza,

+- za*y

z~*a, 6cc.

30*

Among

which

in
o,

other values,

a1

will receive thefe, a,

the Equation would

a 1y -4- 6a*
o, y*

cafes

it

a,

become

o,

y*

_y

Now as thefe Equations admit

2^a*y -f- a'-y =. o, &cc. refpedtively.
anof jull Roots, as appears by their being divifible by y -f- or
other quantity, and the laft by y alone; fo that in the Refolution,
the whole Equation (in thofe cafes), would be immediately exhaufted
And in other cafes, when x does not much recede from one of thofe
:

Values,

The Method of

232

FLUXIONS,

Therefore the
Values, the Equation would be nearly exhaufted.
is
of
the
between
x and any
which
fmall
difference
z,
introducing
and
itfelf mull
muft
z
the
of
thofe
Values,
pne
deprefs
Equation ;
be a convenient quantity to be made the Root of the Scale, or the
converging Quantity.
I (hall give the Solution

which mall be

ples,

Here becaufe

5
_>'

this,

#;

of one of the Equations of thefe Exam3

a*
o, or
_y
azy -f- y-z -4- ^az*

&c.

make
Then

united with
3^*2 above,
c
==.
*
-f-*'
y

&

therefore

to

"

ssz # *
217Z 5

-f- .Is

=
==

&c.

a,

Then

azy
and
fign,
2a*z, &c. and
1
6cc. and
-f- ^az

&c. and

3
,

_)'*

y*

s>'

* *

= ***

J-.ss,

&c.

3a

Then

&c. and y

* * *

<>

OCC.

The Author
Series

hints at

many

from the fame Equation

other ways of deriving a

variety of
as when we
fuppofe the afore-men-

to be indefinitely great,

and from

find Series, in

which the Powers of z

(hall

tion'd difference

we

which muft be wrote again with a contrary

fl2r, 6cc.

will be

it

that
Suppofition
afcend in the Deno-

This Cafe we have all along purfued indifcriminately with

minators.
other
the
Cafe, in which the Powers of the converging quantity
afcend in the Numerators, and therefore we need add
here

nothing
converging quantity
fome other quantity of the Equation, which then may be confider'd

about

it.

Another Expedient

is,

to affume for the

So here, for inftance, we may

change a into x,
Or laftly, to affume any Relation at pleafure, (fup-

as indeterminate.

and x

into a.

= ~-

J^

az -f- bz\
x 3
,
5
pofe x
&c.) between the indeterminate quantity of the Equation x, and the
quantity z we
would introduce into its room, by which new equivalent
Equations
may be form'd, and then their Roots may be extracted. And afterwards the value of z may be exprefs'd
x}
means of the afby

by

fumed Equation.
52.

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

233

The Author here, in a fummary way, gives us a Rationale of

whole Method of Extractions, proving a priori, that the Series
thus form'd, and continued in infinitum, will then be the juft Roots
52,

his

And if they are only continued to a

of the propofed Equation.
of
number
Terms,
(the more the better,) yet then will
competent
near
a
be
very
Approximation to the juft and compleat Roots.
they
an
when
For,
Equation is propofed to be refolved, as near an Approach is made to the Root, iuppofe y, as can be had in a lingle
Term, compofed of the quantities given by the Equation and be*.
;

Relidual or Secondary Equation is

Remainder,
is
whole
the
Root
thence form'd,
p
Supplement to the Root of the
Then as near an approach
given Equation, whatever that may be.
as
can
done
a
be
is made to
by lingle Term, and a new Relidual
/,
is form'd from the Remainder, wherein the Root
q is the
Equation
the
Relidual
Equations
Supplement to p. And by proceeding thus,
are continually deprefs'd, and the Supplements grow perpetually lels
and lefs, till the Terms at laft are lefs than any affignable quantities.
may illuftrate this by a familiar Example, taken from the ufual
caufe there

is

We

At every Operation we
Divifion of Decimal Fractions.
in the Quotient, as the Dividend and Divifor
put as large a Figure
Then this
will permit, fo as to leave the leaft Remainder poflible.
of
we
the
a
new
which
are to
Remainder (applies
Dividend,
place
as
be
done
one
we
can
exhauft as far
by
Figure, and therefore
put
the greateft number we can for the next Figure of the Quotient,

Method of

and thereby

Remainder we
whole Dividend is exhaufted,

leave the leaft

can.

And

fo

we go

on,

can bz done, or
a
fufficient
till we have obtain'd
Approximation in decimal places or
And
the
fame
of
way
Argumentation, that proves our Aufigures.
thor's Method of Extraction, may ealily be apply'd to the other
ways of Analylis that are here found.
either

till

the

if that

Here it is feafonably obferved, that tho' the indefinite

fhould
not be taken fo fmall, as to make the Series conQuantity
faft,
yet it would however converge to the true Root,
verge very
more
And this would obtain in
tho' by
fteps and flower degrees.
even if it were taken never fo large, provided we do
proportion,
not exceed the due Limits of the Roots, which may be difcover'd,
53, 54.

from the Root when exhibited

deduced
and illuftrated by fome
Series,
may
by
Geometrical Figure, to which the Equation is accommodated.
So if the given Equation were yy =. ax
xx, it is eafy to obbe
that
nor
x
can
but
infinite,
ferve,
neither^
they are both liable to
h
flv.rul

either
a

from the given Equation,

or

or

be farther

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

For if x be fuppos'd infinite, the Term ax

Limitations.
xx, which would give the Value ofjyy
would vaniih in refpedt of
Nor can x be negative; for then the
on
this Supposition.
impoffible
be
would
of
Value
negative, and therefore the Value of_y would
yy

ieveral

again become impoffible.

one Limitation of both quantities.
If

ax and xx, when

that difference

is

then is^
o allb ; which is
As yy is the difference between
greateft, then will yy, and con-

o,

But this happens when x

a, as
fequently^, be greateft alfo.
from the following Prob. 3. And in
alfo y
ftf, as may appear
number of Terms, whether
is
exprefs'd by any
general, when y
to
its
come
Limit when the difference
then
it
will
or
finite
infinite,
and
the affirmative
is
negative Terms j as may apgreateft between
from the fame Problem. This laft will be a Limitation for y t

pear

but not for x.

both x and y.
gative

Term

Laftly,

For

if

when x
a,
we fuppofe x

then_y

o; which will limit

to be greater than a, the ne-

will prevail over the affirmative,

will make the Value of

which

and give the Value of

y impoffible. So that

yy negative,
upon the whole, the Limitations of x in this Equation will be thefe,
that it cannot be lefs than o, nor greater than a, but may be of any
intermediate magnitude between thofe Limits.
Now if we refolve this Equation, and find the Value of y in an
infinite Series, we may ftill difcover the fame Limitations from

For from the Equation yy

thence.

ax

xx, by extracting the

3.

as

fquare-root,
X

before,

c.

that

is,

i6a z

x cannot be

Nor

we

negative

==
;

'

fhall

have y

d*x* into

for then

can x be greater than a

X
-

=. a^

_5.

L
za*

**

&c.

Sa 1

TT

Here

x? would be an impoffible quantity.

for then the converging quantity ~

by which the Series is exprefs'd, would be

and
confequently the Series would diverge,, and
greater than Unity,
The Limit between converging and
not converge as it ought to do.
and therefore y
o
diverging will be found, by putting x=a,
i
Series
Numeral
i
identical
the
have
fhall
cafe
we
in which
of
fome
which
we
_'
nature
with
thofe,
r &c. of the fame
_l_ ^ -if.
So that we may take x of any
have elfewhere taken notice of.
intermediate Value between o and a, in order to have a converging
But the nearer it is taken to the Limit o, fo much fafter
Series.
nearer it is taken
the Series will converge to the true Root and the
But it will
to the Limit a, it will converge fo much the flower.
however
or the

Root of the

Scale

==

and INFINITE SERIES.

235
And by

'however converge, if A: be taken never fo little lefs than a.

Analogy, a like Judgment is to be made in all other cafes.
The Limits and other affe&ions of y are likewife difcoverable from
When x
o.
When x is a nafcent quanthis Series.
o, then y
to
be
or
all
but
the Terms but the rirft
juft beginning
pofitive,
tity,
will
and
be
a mean proportional between a and x.
y
may be negledted,
Alfo y
o, when the affirmative Term is equal to all the negative

i=

Terms.or when

-f-

-?

u-

,
'

ib3

8a*

&c. that

when x

is,

a.

_ rj &c. as above. Laftly, y will be a

Maximum when the difference between the affirmative Term and all
the negative Terms is greateft, which by Prob. 3. will be found

For then

-f.

^a.
the Figure or Curve that

Now

be adapted to this Equation,

and which will have the fame Limitations that

to this Series,

is

they have,

AB

/cifs

_f_

4.

when x
and

x,

Ordinate

BC=^

between

the Segments

AB

rrn x
==.
ax
yy
nate BC

going

And

xx.
_y

mean

BD

and

Diameter is
BC =.}'
Ordinate
perpendicular

its
is

AD

ACD, whofe

the Circle

and

may

a,

its

For

Ab-

as the

proportional

of the

Diameter

will be
x,
therefore the Ordiit

will be exprefs'd

Series.

But

it

is

by the forefrom
the naplain

AB

ture of the Circle, that the Abfcifs

cannot be extended backfo
as
to
become
neither
can it be continued forwards,
negative ;
wards beyond the end of the Diameter D. And that at
and D,

where the Diameter begins and ends, the Ordinate

the greateft Ordinate

SECT. VI.
55.

'

"^HE

is

at the Center,

'Trqnfitton fo the

learned and

plifh'd

fagacious

one part of

or

when

is

Method of

nothing.

AB

And

Fluxions.

Author having thus accomwhich was, to teach the

his deiign,

Method of

converting all kinds of Algebraic Quantities into fimplc

Terms, by reducing them to infinite Series He now goes on to
fhew the ufe and application of this Reduction, or of thefe Series,
in the Method of Fluxions, which is indeed the
principal defign of
:

this Treadle.

For

dependence upon
defective without

this

Method

has fo near a connexion with, and

that it would be very lame and

the foregoing,
it.

He

lays

down

h 2

the fundamental Principles of

this

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

very general and fcientiflck manner, deducing

them from the received and known laws of local Motion. Nor is
this inverting the natural order of Science, as Ibme have pretended,
by introducing the Doctrine of Motion into pure Geometrical Spethis

Method

in

For Geometrical and. Analytical Quantities are belt conceived as generated by local Motion; and their properties may as
well be derived from them while they are generating, as when their
culations.

fuppos'd to be already accomplifh'd, in any other way.

right line, or a curve line, is defcribed by the motion of a point,
a fmface by the motion of a line, a folid by the motion of a furface, an angle by the rotation of a radius ; all which motions we

generation

is

conceive to be performed according to any ftated law, as occafion (hall require.

Thefe generations of quantities we daily fee to
obtain in rerum naturd, and is the manner the ancient Geometricians
had often recourfe to, in confidering their production, and then de-

may

ducing their properties from fuch adhial defcriptions. And by analogy, all other quantities, as well as thefe continued geometrical
be conceived as generated by a kind of motion or
quantities, may
of
the
Mind.
progrefs
The Method of Fluxions then fuppofes quantities to be generated
by local Motion, or fomething analogous thereto, tho' fuch generations indeed may not be eflentially neceflary to the nature of the
They might have an exiftence independent of
thing fo generated.
thefe motions, and may be conceived as produced many other ways,
and yet will be endued with the fame properties. But this conception, of their being now generated by local Motion, is a very fertile
notion, and an exceeding ufeful artifice for discovering their proand a great help to the Mind for a clear, diftincl:, and meperties,
For local Motion fuppofes a notion
thodical perception of them.
of Ideas.
a
fucceffion
time
of time, and
eafily diflinimplies
what is, and what will be, in thefe geguifh it into what was,
nerations of quantities ; and fo we commodioufly confider thofe
be too much for our faculties, and exthings by parts, which would
Mind
take in the whole together, without
for
the
to
difficult
tream
fuch artificial partitions and distributions.
Our Author therefore makes this eafy fuppofition, that a Line
may be conceived as now defcribing by a Point, which moves either
uniform motion, or elfe accorequably or inequably, either with an
Velocity
ding to any rate of continual Acceleration or Retardation.
and like all fuch, it is fufceptible of
is a Mathematical Quantity,
infinite gradations, may be intended or remitted, may be increafed

We

or

and INFIN ITE SERIES.

237

or dlminifhfd in different parts of the fpace delcribed, according to

it is
infinite variety of fluted Laws.
plain, that the fpace
thus defcribed, and the law of acceleration or retardation, (that is,

Now

an

the velocity at every point of time,) mufl

have a mutual relation

to each other, and muft mutually determine each other ; fo that
one of them being affign'd, the other by neceflary inference may be
derived from it.
And therefore this is ftrictly a Geometrical Proand
And all Geometrical
blem,
capable of a full Determination.
Propoluions once demonftrated, or duly investigated, may be fafely
made ufe of, to derive other Proportions from them. This will
1

the prefent Problem into two Cafes, according as either the

or
Velocity is affign'd, at any given time, in order to find the
Space
Arid this has given occasion to that diftin<5lion which has
other.
divide

each of
irrcerje Method of Fluxions,
confider apart.
56. In the direct Method the Problem is thus abftractedly proFrom the Space deferibed, being continually given, or affumed,
pofed.
or being known at any point of Time ajjigrid ; to find the Velocity of the
in equable Motions it is well known,
Motion at that Time.
lince obtain'd,

which we

fhall

of the dirctt and

now

Now

always as the Velocity and the Time of

is
directly as the Spice dedefcription conjunclly ; or the Velocity
And even in
fcribed, and reciprocally as the Time of defcription.
or
as
are
accelerated
or retarded,
fuch
continually
inequable Motions,
that the Space defcribed

is

according to fome ftated Law, if we take the Spaces and Times very
fmall, they will make a near approach to the nature of equable MoBut if we
tions ; and flill the nearer, the fmaller thole are taken.
be
and
to
the
Times
indefinitely fmall, or if
Spaces
may fuppofe
then
we fhall have the Veor
evanefcent
nafcent
quantities,
they are
locity in

any

infinitely little Space,

as that

Space directly, and as the

all
inequable Mo-

This property therefore of

tempufculum inverlely.
tions being thus deduced, will afford us a medium for folving the
So that the Space
as will be fhewn afterwards.
prefent Problem,
and
the
whole
time of its
defcribed being thus continually given,
at the end of that time will be thence dedefcription, the Velocity
terminable.
abflract Mechanical Problem, which amounts to
57. The general
the lame as what is call'd the inverfe Method of Fluxions, will be
From the Velocity of the Motion being continually given, to dethis.

For the
termine the Space defcribed, at any point of Time affign'd.
afTiflance
have
the
of
we
fhall
this
of
which
Mechanical
Solution
Theorem, that in inequable Motions, or when a Point defcribes a
Line

Method of FLUXIONS,

*!}

<>8

any rate of acceleration or retardation, the indefidefcribed

in
Spare
any indefinitely little Time, will be in
nitely
ratio
of
the
Time and the Velocity ; or thejpafiolum will
a compound
be as the velocity and the tempiijculum conjunctly. This being the
Line according

to

little

Law

of

all

equable Motions,
it

quantities,

when

will obtain allb

in

the Space
all

and Time

are

any

finite

Motions, when

inequable

the

For by this means all

Space and Time are diminiih'd in infinitum.
as it were, to equability.
are
Motions
Hence the
reduced,
inequable
Time and the Velocity being continually known, the Space delcribed
may be known alfo as will more fully appear from what follows.
ThisTroblem, in all its cafes, will be capable of a juft determina;

tion

tho' taking

be a very

difficult

good reafon

for

it

in

its

full extent,

we mult acknowledge

and operofe Problem.

calling

it

moleftijfimum

&

it

to

So that our Author had

omnium

difficilltmum pro-

blema.
58.

To

fix

the Ideas of his Reader, our

general Problems by

a particular

Example.

Author illuftrates his

two Spaces x and y

If

fuch manner, that the Space x being

uniformly increafed, in the nature of Time, and its equable velocity
being reprefented by the Symbol x ; and if the Space y increafes in=. xx ihall
equably, but after fuch a rate, as that the Equation y
always determine the relation between thofe Spaces j (or x being
continually given, y will be thence known ;) then the velocity of
That is, if the
the increafe of y fhall always be reprefented by 2xx.
the
of
increafe
of y, then
the
be
to
velocity
reprefent
put
fymbol y
will
be
(hewn hereafter.
will the Equation y =. zxx always obtain, as
Now from the given Equation y
xx, or from the relation of the
are defcribed

by two points

in

or its representative,)
(that is, the Space and Time,
Spaces y
of
the
Velocities
relation
y=.2xx is
being continually given, the
found, or the relation of the Velocity y, by which the Space increafes,
to the Velocity x, by which the reprefentative of the Time increales.
And this is an inftance of the Solution of the firft general Problem,

and x,

or of a particular Queftion in the direct Method of Fluxions.

But
2xx were given, or if the Ve-.vice versa, if the kit Equation y

=
=

which the Space y is defcribed, were continually known

locity y, by
from the Time x being given, and its Velocity x , and if from thence.
we ihould derive the Equation y
xx, or the relation of the Space
and Time This would be an inftance of the Solution of the fecond
:

Problem, or of a particular Queftion of the inverfe Method

And in analogy to this defcription of Spaces by movof Fluxions.
ing points, our Author confiders all other quantities whatever as ge-

.general

nerated

and INFINITE SERIES.

239

nerated and produced by continual augmentation, or by the perpetual acceffion and accretion of new particles of the fame kind.
the Laws of his Calculus of Fluxions, our Author
59. In fettling

very fkilfully and judicioufly difengages himfelf from all confideration of Time, as being a thing of too Phyfkal or Metaphyfical a
nature to be admitted here, efpecially when there was no abfolute

For

Motions, and Velocities of Motion,

compared or meafured, may feem neceflarily
to include a notion of Time; yet Time, like all other quantities,
may be reprefented by Lines and Symbols, as in the foregoing ex-

neceffity

when

for

it.

they come

tho'

all

to be

efpecially when we conceive them to increafe uniformly.

thefe reprefentatives or proxies of Time, which in fomc meafiire may be made the objects of Senfe, will anfwer the prefent purSo that Time, in fome fenle, may
pofe as well as the thing itfclf.
be laid to be eliminated and excluded out of the inquiry.
By this

ample,

And

is no
longer Phyfical, but becomes much more
and
as
Geometrical,
being wholly confined to the defcription
fimple
and
with
their
Lines
of
Spaces,
comparative Velocities of increafe
and decreafe. Now from the equable Flux of Time, which we
conceive to be generated by the continual acceflion of new particles,
or Moments, our Author has thought fit to call his Calculus the
Method of Fluxions.
60, 6 1. Here the Author premifes fome Definitions, and other
Thus Quantities, which in
neceflary preliminaries to his Method.
or Equation are fuppos'd to be fufceptible of continual
Problem
any
increafe or decreafe, he calls Fluents, or flowing Quantities ; which
are fometimes call'd variable or indeterminate quantities, becaufe they
are capable of receiving an infinite number of particular values, in
The Velocities of the increafe or dea regular order of fucceilion.
fuch
are
call'd
of
creafe
their Fluxions ; and quantities in
quantities
the fame Problem, not liable to increafe or decreafe, or whofe Fluxions
are nothing, are call'd conftant, given, invariable, and determinate
This diftindlion of quantities, when once made, is carequantities.
obferved
through the whole Problem, and infinuated by proper
fully
Symbols. For the firft Letters of the Alphabet are generally approfor denoting conftant quantities, and the laffc Letters compriated
monly lignify variable quantities, and the fame Letters, being pointed,
repreient the Fluxions of thofe variable quantities or Fluents refpecThis diftinction between thefe quantities is not altogether
tivcly.

means the Problem

has fome foundation in the nature of the thing, at

the
Solution of the prefent Problem.
For the flowing
during
or

arbitrary, but
leafl

7#* Method

24-O

of

FLUXIONS.

or variable quantities may be conceived as now generating by Motion,

and the conftant or invariable quantities as fome how o other alThus in any given Circle or Parabola, the Diame.ready generated.
ter or Parameter are conftant lines, or already generated ; but the

Ordinate, Area, Curve-line, &c. are flowing and variable

quantities, becaufe they are to be underftood as now defcribing by

Abfcifs,
local

Motion, while

their

properties are

derived.

Another

diftinc-

may be this. A conftant or given Irne in any

Problem is tinea qtitzdam^ but an indeterminate line is line a qua-vis
Or laftiy,
vel qutzcunque, becaufe it may admit of infinite values.

tion of thefe quantities

conftant quantities in a Problem are thofe, whole ratio to a common

Unit, of their own kind, is fuppos'd to be known ; but in variable
quantities that ratio cannot be known, becaufe it is varying perpe-

This diftinction of quantities however, into determinate and

indeterminate, fubfifts no longer than the prefent Calculation requires;

tually.

a diftinftion form'd by the Imagination only, for its own

conveniency, it has a power of abolifhing it, and of converting determinate quantities into indeterminate, and vice versa, as occaiion
for as

it is

In
require ; of which we fhall fee Inftances in what follows.
a Problem, or Equation, theie may be any number of conftant quantities, but there muft be at leaft two that are flowing and indeterminate ; for one cannot increafe or diminifh, while all the reft con-

may

If there are more than two variable quantities in

tinue the fame.
a Problem, their relation ought to be exhibited by more than one

Equation.

ANNO-

241

ANNOTATIONS on Prob.i,
O

R,

The relation of the flowing Quantities being given,

to determine the relation of their Fluxions.

SECT.

I.

Concerning Fluxions of the

firft

orcler^

and

t(f

Jlnd their Equations.

HE

Author having thus propofed his fundamental Pro-'

abftra<ft and general manner, and gradually
them
down to the form mod convenient for*
brought
blems in an
s

he now proceeds to deliver the Precepts

his Method
of Solution, which he illuftrates by a fufficient variety of Examples,!
referving the Demonftration to be given afterwards, when his Readers will be better prepared to apprehend the force of it, and when
their notions will be better fettled and confirm'd.
Theie Precepts
of Solution, or the Rules for finding the Fluxions of any given'
and appealEquation, are very fliort, elegant, and compreheniive
to have but little affinity with the Rules ufually given for this
purto their
is
But
that
of
owing
great
pofe
degree
univerfality.
are to form, as it were, fo many different Tables for the
Equation,
;

We

flowing quantities in it, by difpofing the Terms accorthe

Powers
of each quantity, fo as that their Indices
ding
may'
form an Arithmetical Progreflion. Then the Terms are to be multiply'd in each cafe, either by the Progreflion of the Indices, or
as there are

to

'

the

by
mould

Terms of any

.have the

fame

other Arithmetical Progreflion, (which

yet
common difference with the Progreffion of the Indices
I

'

;)

as

Tfo Method

242

of

FLUXIONS.

by the Fluxion of that Fluent, and then to be divided by

La ft of all, thefe Terms are to be collected, accorthe Fluent itfelf.
ding to their proper Signs, and to be made equal to nothing; which
will be a new Equation, exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions.
This procefs indeed is not fo fhort as the Method for taking Fluxions,
be given p relent ly v) which he el fe where delivers, and which is
(to
commonly follow' d ; but it makes fufficient amends by the univerlality of it, and by the great variety of Solutions which it will afford.
For we may derive as many different Fluxional Equations from the
lame given Equation, as we .(hall think fit to affume different Arithas

alfo

metical Progreffions.

.Yet

thefe Equations will agree in the main,

the relation of

all

and

tho' differing in form, yet each will truly give

the Fluxions, as will appear from the following

In the

2.

tion

firft

ax 1

x>

Example we

Examples.

are to take the Fluxions of the

Equao, where the Terms are always

axy
y">
one fide. Thefe Terms being difpofed according

-{-

brought over to
to the powers of the Fluent x, or being conlider'd as a Number exax 1 -fprefs'd by the Scale whofe Root is x, will iland thus x>
o; and affuming the Arithmetical Progrefiion 3, 2,
y>x
ayx*
which
is here that of the Indices of x, and
], o,
multiplying each
Term by each refpedlively, we fhall have the Terms jx 3
zax-

which again multiply'd by i

or xx~
according to
1
2axx -f- ayx. Then in the fame Equathe Rule, will make ^xx
tion making the other Fluent/ the Root of the Scale, it will ftand
5
o ; and affuming the Arith-f- oy*-i- axy
thus,
_y
ax*y
H- ayx

>

metical Progreffion 3, 2, I, o, which alfo

Indices of y, and multiplying as before,
;

* -+-

3_)'

axy

axJ-

which multiply'd by

*,

Tlien

the Progreffion of the

we fhall have the Terms
is

--

or yy~*,

will

make

g the Terms, the Equation yxx

o
will
ayx
axj
give the required relation of the
tyy*
if
refolve
For
we
this
Fluxions.
Equation into an Analogy, we fhall
2
ax i^x 1
have x y
zax -h ay which, in all the values that
3>'
x and y can affume, will give the ratio of their Fluxions, or the
comparative velocity of their increafe or decreafe, when they flow
according to the given Equation.
Or to find this ratio of the Fluxions more immediately, or the
3i>'

zaxx

+
:

-+

-f-

colle(^i n

: :

-,

value of the Fraction

down

the Fraction

4'

by fewer

fteps,

we may

proceed thus.

with the note of equality

after

it,

and

Write
in the

Numerator

and INFINITE SERIES.

243

Numerator of the equivalent Fraction write the Terms of the Equaeach betion, difpos'd according to x, with their refpective figns
the
Index
of
x
in
that
Term, (increafed or diing multiply'd by
;

minifh'd, if you pleafe, by any common Number,) as alib divided

by .v. In the Denominator do the fame by the Terms, when diiThus in the prepofed according to y, only changing the figns.
fent Equation x"'
ax 1 -f- axy
we
(lull have at once
o,
;'

y
~
*

i,x*2ax-\-av
ax

J>* *

Let us now apply the Solution another way. The Equation x

ax* -f- axy
o being order'd according to x as before,
y*
will be x
ax* -(- ayx
y*x =. o and fuppofing the Indices
of x to be increas'd by an unit, or aifuming the Arithmetical Pro;

-~~

greffion

we

-j-

and multiplying the Terms

refpectively,

1
have thefe Terms ^.xx*
Then
y-xx^axx -}- zayx
1
the
Terms
ordering
-f- oy
according to /, they will become
-\-axy -i- x*y =.0; and fuppofing the Indices ofy to be diminifli'd
ax*

fhall

_)'

by an unit, or afluming the Arithmetical Progreffion ^

and multiplying the Terms refpecYively, we mall have
So that collecting
2yy* * *
x*yyax*yy~*.

.>

we

lhall

ax*yy~*

have

+- 2 ayx

-^axx
for the Fluxional

4.v.v*

o,

c ^1
T>1
-11
y
of the Fluxions will be i

may
Or
by

* *

3_J

Z)

-f-As,

x'>yy-' -+the ratio

zyy*

a -f-f- 2ay

-.

,
2

the Terms,

Or

Equation required.
*

4X

Si
iJ,
'
'
y
y
y
thefe Terms

_
*

v'v

ax l

w hich
,

ratio

\<

be found immediately by applying the

foregoing Rule.
contrary-wife, if we multiply the Equation in the fir ft form

the Progreffion

axx

-\-ytx\-

cond form by

H-

y>xx~

~ ^

?
,

And if we
^ l y- we
.

zcixy -+-

x=j}~

flinll

have the Terms zxx 1

multiply the Equation in the

fiiall

have the Terms

Therefore collecting

+ rxx~>

we

cx-yy~'.

of the Fluxions

Or

>

will

be

4^*

'tis a.v.v

^v}*+ 2axy-i-x>j}- ~fix 1y}-'~o.

= ^ ^ ~^:^^.,-r

fc*,

^v.v
the ratio

which might

been found at once by the

foregoing Rule.
And in general, if the Equation x"> - -ax % -- axy
o, in
y*
a\- -f- <?.yv --> ,v
the form xbe
o,
multiply'd by the Terms
";+ 3
"L+J.
of this Arithmetical Progreffion
v
.v
r
;n
\> 11
JL
O
l.avc

produce the Terms

m -\-y.\-~
I

-v,

m-+-2n>:x-{i
2

m -\-

icxt

mj'xx-'-,

and

)e

244

Method of FLUXIONS,

the fame Equation, reduced to the form

y*-\o, b; multiply 'd by the Terms of this Arithmetical Pro-

and

if

_f-

K\y=
ax 1

"

Mjs

grerTion

we

m -\-

have

ilia 11

nax lyy~

H- iaxy-\-nx~>yy-*

H-

w *^ P ro( uce t ie Terms

7, ~7~7' "^'

vx 1
3.

Then

l
.

arfxv

-i-

collecting the

Terms,
i

H- m-\-.iaxy
nax*yy*

my"'.\x~
w ~f- 3.X)
* 4-^-t- irftfy -fo, for the
nx*yy~~
Or the ratio of the. Fluxions will be
Fluxional Equation required.
1

=m

-4-

- - --

3*"
-

js -(-

z* -j- m -j-

m)$x

ay
:

which might have been

n -j- D *
-j- ax
-f- nax^y
nx'j
found immediately from the given Equation, by the foregoing Rule.
Here the general Numbers m and n may be determined pro lubitu,
by which means we may obtain as many .Fluxional Equations as we
;?

which

pleafe,

commodated

all

And

belong to the given Equation.

before.

=.

fy-

and n

i,

Or

and

=.

-r- 7,'

3^4

^axi

n=

n
have
we ihall
11

ax

3j

-_ m=-

we make

if
ax +_> A

zax

mall have 4

*'*-*"* + ">
l

i,

before.

'-\~axij

we

l.
V
have -

11

ihall

thus

we make

as

found before. Or

=^
=
4*

Now

o,
if

*-

we fhall
we make m

if

i,

have
?,J
J

=
_

we

beft ac-

if

and n

Or

is

'

x*j

of Qthers
y -(-

Thus

to the prefent exigence.

== o, we

;;

we make
as

will

always find the fimpleft Expreffion, or that which

may
and

th

var i ety
of Solutions
J

no ambiguity in the Conclusion, as poffibly might have

been fufpected; for it is no other than what ought neceffarily to
arife, from the different forms the given Equation may acquire, as
will beget

If we confine ourfelves to the Progremon of

will appear afterwards.
the Indices, it will bring the Solution to the common Method of
taking Fluxions, which our Author has taught elfewhere, and which,
becaufe it is eafy and expeditious, and requires no certain order of
the Terms, I mall here fubjoin.
For every Term of the given Equation, fo many Terms mufr. be

form'd in the Fluxional Equation, as there are flowing Quantities in

And this muft be done, (i.) by multiplying the Term
that Term.
by the Index of each flowing Quantity contain'd in it. (2.) By
dividing

Fluxion.

o,

it

by the quantity

Thus

in

itfelf j and,
(3.) by multiplying by
the foregoing Equation x>
ax* -f- ayx

the Fluxion belonging to

the

Term

.v 3

is

its

or ^x^x.

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The

ax 1

Fluxion belonging to

Fluxion belonging to ayx

is

or

avxv

245

ayxx

is

1-

The

zaxx.

And

or axy -f- ayx.

the

or
Fluxion belonging to
/ 3 is
y-y. So that the
whole
or
Fluxion of the
the whole Fluxional Equation,
Equation,
a
1
Ais
zaxx
-fThus the Equation
-f3-v
ayx
ayx
3_>' _y=o.
m
m
-*
m
x =}', will give mxx
the
and
;
=.y
Equation x z,"
y, will
m
t
z" -f- nx mzz"~
give mxx
y for its Fluxional Equation. And
the like of other Examples.
If we take the Author's funple
Example, in pag. 19, or the Equation y
or
rather
x*
x ly
ay
xx,
o, that is ayx
o,
in order to find its moft
general Fluxional Equation ; it may be perform'd by the Rule before given, fuppofing the Index of x to be
encreas'd by m, and the Index of
y by ;;. For then we {hall have
,

=
?

diredtly x

"-'-g+-'*

nx zy

For the

n -|- \a

'

Term

firft

of the given

Equation being ayx, this multiply'd by the Index of x increas'd by

l
that is by ;;z, and divided by x, will give mayx~ for the firlt
7/7,
Term of the Numerator. Alfo the fecond Term being
x*y, this
that is by w-f- 2, and
of
A- increas'd by
the
Index
m,
multiply'd by

m -h

for the fecond Term of the Nuof the given Equation may be now
Index of y increas'd by n, that
,Y*J, which multiply'd by the
l
is
by ;;, and divided by r, will give (changing the fign) nx y~ for
Alib the fecond Term will
the firft Term of the Denominator.

divided by ,v, will give

merator.
Again, the firft

2X

Term

then be

cyx, which multiply'd by

that

by n

the Index

of/

increas'd

by ;/,
(changing the Sign)
n -|- \a for die fecond Term of the Denominator, as found above.
Now from this general relation of the Fluxions, we may deduce as
many particular ones as we pleaie. Thus if we make ///= o, and
is

and divided by

-f- i,

7/r=o, we

fhall

have

--

y,

=
Or
= -7^7 =
=

--

will give

or

ay

Author's Solution in the place before cited.

1

aiid
//v

;z=

o,

we make
as before.

we

r,

and
n

;/

lhall

=
o.

II

have -

i,

we

and m-=.

2TA

(hall

2,

have

we

fhall

2xx, agreeable to our

if

we

make;=

2tfl>

-77
-

X j

have v

Or

=
=

we make

Or

'

All which, and innumerable other cafes,

proved by a fubftitution of equivalents.

2,

.,

if

if

A"

-^-^

.
m

may

-1-,

be

Or we may prove

it

eafilv*
c:

rally

tf>e Method of

246
thus.

rally

Becaufe by the given Equation

/-i
value of the ratio
/,

we

V
~-

have

The
^z*

=
=

11

fhall

FLUXIONS,

~
mayx

--=

OT

m-\-zx c

gA& -.

+ 2X

na

n -+-

_7^ri7

it is

y=x a~
i

,,.

in

the

value,

and

7 mbmtute

its

2X

as above.

Equation of the fecond Example

is

2j -f- x*y
2cysi
in
Z'
which
are
there
three
o,
-4flowing quantities y, x,
and z, and therefore there muft be three operations, or three Tables
mufl be form'd. Firft difpofe the Terms according to y, thus ;
z~>y= o, and multiply by the Terms of the Pro2j3 _j_ oja _{_ x*y
3.

- 2CZ
1

i
xj//- , relpeclively, (where
greffion 2 xjj"" , ixj/y" , oxj/y"" ,
the Coefficients are form'd by diminishing the Indices of y by the com-

and the refulting Terms will be qyy* * * -f- &yy*.

Secondly difpofe theTerms according to x, thus-> yx*--}-ox-t-2y">x=o 3

mon Number

:,)

2cz
and multiply by the Terms of the ProgreiTion 2xxx~\ i xxv~ r ,
oy.xx~ , (\vhere the Coefficients are the fame as the Indices of x,)
and the only refulting Term here is -+- 2yxx * *. Laftly, difpofe
l

the

Terms according

to z, thus

z=

2cyz--x*yz=o

-+-^y^

-4- 2}"

and multiply by the Progreffion

3xs~

2xzz~'

fx.zz~ ! oxzz*,
the Indices of z,} and
f

(where the Coefficients are alfo the fame as

Then collecting
the Terms will be
^zz* -h 6yzz-~-2cyz *
1
thefe Terms together, we fhall have the Fluxional Equation fyrj
.

all

2cyz =. o.
of our Author's dexterity, at
Here we
for abbreviating.
For in every one of thefe Opefinding expedients
rations fuch a Progreffion is chofe, as by multiplication will make
the greateft deftrudtion of the Terms.
By which means he arrives
that
the
nature
of the Problem will allow.
at the fhorteft Expreffion,
It we mould feck the Fluxions of this Equation by the ufaal mei

~3yy

_|_ av,v.v

yzz*

-+-

6yzz

have a notable inftance

thod, which

is

if we always a flu me the Prois,

have 6yy* -+ 2xxy -\- xy
2cyz
o ; which has two Terms
3'zz*
And if the Progreffions of the Indices

taught above, that

oreffions of the Indices,

we

fhall

zcyz -+- ~}yz* ~r- dyzz

more' than the other form.
(-j
increas'd, in each cafe, by any common general Numbers, we
may form the moil: general Expreilion for the Fluxional Equation,
that the Problem will admit of.
t

4-

and INFINITE SERIES.

On

247

occafion of the

laft
Example, in which are three Fluents
our
Author
makes an ufeful Obfervation, for
and their Fluxions,
the Reduction and compleat Determination of fuJi Equations, tho'
the Rules of the vulgar Algebra
it be derived from
which matter
thus.
be
confider'd
of
two flowing
Every Equation, conlilling
may
is
what correfponds to an indetcrmin'd Proor variable Quantities,
Therefore one
blem, admitting of an infinite number of Anfwcrs.
of thofe quantities being afiumed at pleafure, or a particular value
being affign'd to it, the other will alfb be compleatly determined.
And in the Fluxional Equation derived from thence, thofe particular
values being fubftituted, the Ratio of the Fluxions will be given in
Numbers, in any particular cafe. And one of the Fluxions being
taken for Unity, or of any determinate value, the value of the other
may be exhibited by a Number, which will be a compleat Determi-

4.

nation.

But

if the

naged

in this

given Equation involve three flowing or indeterminate

Quantities, two of them muft be a/Turned to determine the third ;
or, which is the fame thing, fome other Equation muft be either
given or aflumed, involving fome or all the Fluents, in order to a
compleat Determination. For then, by means of the two Equations, one of the Fluents may be eliminated, which will bring this
Alfo two Fluxional Equations may be derived,
to the former cafe.
three
the
Fluxions, by means of which one of them may be
involving
And fo if the given Equation mould involve four Fluents,
eliminated.
two other Equations fliould be either given or afTumed, in order to
This will be fufficiently explain 'd by the
a compleat Determination.
two following Examples, which will alfo teach us how complicate Terms, fuch as compound Fractions and Surds, are to be ma-

5,

6.

Method.

Let the given Equation be y*

we are to take
x we may introduce a
of which

=
=
=

Let that be z

the Fluxions.
third

x\/a*-

x~,

a*

To

the

xx*/ a*
o,
two Fluents y and

we aflume
;c,
and we mall have
if

another Equation.
the two Equations

x*
z* r= o. Then by the foreFluxional Equations (at leaft in one cafe) will
zxx>
o.
Thefe two Fluenbe 2jy
z
zz
o, and a*xx
and their Fluxional Equations, may be reduced
tial Equations,
to one Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, by the ufual methods
that is, we may eliminate z and z by fubftituting
of Reduction
y-

a-

&

going Solution

o,
their

and

a'-x 1

their values yy

a a and zyy.

Then we fhall havej 1

a1

x\/ a 1

.v

fix Method of

248

" "

"__

and 2yy

^4
-- za*

Or

7.

if

y* 4- 2a y

a"x z

'tis

= ==

FLUXIONS,
Or by

o.

z
rt

taking

the furds,

away

o,

and then a*xx

ay*

-f-

2xx=.

o.

the given Equation be x 5

x^^/ay

-\-x*-

corresponding Fluxional Equation ; to the two

flowing quantities ,v and y we may introduce two others .z and i',
and thereby remove the Fraction and the Radical, if we affume the
1

find

to

o,

its

-~

two Equations
T.

+_>'

and x*~i/ay-t-xx=zv.
^

z,

Then we

(hall

i;=o, az-\-yz
will give the three
which
by*
V
z
Fluxional Equations ^xx*
o, az +- yz -+- yz
-+zayy
and
2vv=
o.
6xx
o,
Thefeby,ay'x* -+- ^.ayxx' -f"^byy*
to on&
of
the
be
reduced
common Algebra may
known Methods
Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, iavolving x and y and their

have the three Equations x=

i<-~
r o, and ayx* -f- x 6

ay

-\-

o,

as

Fluxions,

is

required.
the fame Method

we may

take the Fluxions of Binomial or other Radicals, of any kind, any how involved or compliAs for inflance, if we were to find the
cated with one another.
8.

And by

xx, put it equal to y, or make ax-i~

xx
s$.
Then we fhall
Alfo make </ aa

Fluxion oF-Vwf -\-*/aa

xx=yy.

==

1
y
have the two Fluential Equations ax-\-z
o, and a*
AT*;
1
have
the
two
Fluxional
we
mall
whence
z
o, from
Equations
2xx
2zz
o.'
o, or xx -f- zz
o, and
ax-}- z
2j/y
ax~
This laft Equation, if for z and z we fubftitute their values^

and zyy
o
tute

its

will

ax,

whence
value

y
'

become xx

-f~" ~ - 2HX1
A

And

2\i

-J

an

axy*

here if for *y

-{-

we

A Jf

xx

----------

xx

7.1/fta

axz

4
.)'

=>

fubfti--

...,

And

other

Exam--

which

zz

there are three variable quantities x, y,

the relation of the Fluxions will be 2zz -|-

z, and therefore
~
=== o.
_j_ ax
4j/j-3

re-

T^

many
yax + y aa xx
of a like- kind will be found in the fequel of this Work.
pies
1 1,
12. In Examp. 5. the propofed Equation is
9, 10,
quired

a^xx-

xx, we mall have the Fluxion

vax-+-\/aa
ax

zaxyy

2yy*

'

But

-{-

and

axz

wants another Fluential EquaFluxional

thence
another
and
tion,
Equation, to make a compleat
Fluxional
if
another
determination ;
Equation were given or
only
afTurned, we mould have the required relation of the Fluxions x and y,..
as there

<

Suppofe

and INFINITE SERIES.

249

Fluxional Equation were i=.vv/^-v

xx ; then by
xx
fubftitution we mould have the Equation zz -f- ax x x^/ax

Suppofe

axz

-f-

this

4)7

.vx -f-

v/rftf

rf;s,

2Z -4- ax x
Analogy x :y :: 4_>'
which can be reduced no farther, (or & cannot
we have the Fluential Equation, from which the

o,

or the

be eliminated,) till
xx is fuppos'd to be derived.
Fluxional Equation
And thus we may have the relation of the Fluxions, even in fuch
cafes as \re have not, or perhaps cannot have, the relation of the

z=x\/ax

Fluents.

But

Reduction

not perhaps be conveniently perby Calculation, yet it may poffibly be perform'd Geometrically, as it were, and by the Quadrature of Curves ;
as we may learn from our Author's preparatory Proportion, and
from the following general Conliderations. Let the right Line AC,
perpendicular to the right Line AB, be conceived to move always
tho'

this

may

forni'd Analytically, or

parallel to itfelf,

fo as that

its

extremity

A may

defcribe the line

AB.

and
fixt, or always at the fame diftance from A,
how
move
from
towards
a
let another
with
C,
velocity any
point
does
accelerated or retarded.
The parallel motion of the line

Let the point

be

AC

not at all affect the progreffive motion of the point moving from
A towards C, but from a combination of thefe two independent
;
morions, it will defcribe the Curve
while at the fame time the fixt point C will

ADH

defcribe

the right line

CE,

parallel

to

AB.

Let the line AC be conceived to move thus,

Then
till it comes into the
place BE, or BD.
the line AC is conftant, and remains the fame,
while the indefinite or flowing line becomes
BD. Alfo the Areas defcribed at the fame time, ACEB and ADB,
are likewife flowing quantities, and their velocities of
defcription,
or their Fluxions, muft neceflarily be as their refpeclive
defcribing
Let AC or BE be Linear Unity,
lines, or Ordinates, BE and BD.
or a conftant

known

right line, to

be compared or refer'd
are

refer'd

to

juft as

or

which

all

in

the other lines are to

r.M other Numbers

Numbers,
Numeral Unity,

to
as being the fimi,
all Numbers.
of
And
let the Area ADB be
pleft
fuppos'd to be
'd to BE, or Linear
which
it
will
be
reduced from
Unity, by
apply
the order of Surfaces to that of Lines j ami let the
refulting line
be call'd z.
That is, make the Area ADB
z x BE ; and if AB
be call'd x, then is the Area ACEB
x x BE. Therefore the
K k
Fluxions
tacitely

Ibe Method of

25 o"

FLUXIONS,

Fluxions of thefe Areas will be z x BE and x x BE, which are as z

and x. But the Fluxions of the Areas were found before to be as
x x BD.
ED BE
i, or z
BD to BE. So that it is z x
the Fluxion of the Area will be as the
Consequently in any Curve,
Ordinate of the Curve, drawn into the Fluxion of the Abfcifs.
Now to apply this to the prefent cafe. In the Fluxional Equa:

z=x</ax

xx, if x reprefents the Abfcifs

xx be the Ordinate ; then will this Curve
of a Curve, and \/ ax
So that
will
z
and
be a Circle,
reprefent the corresponding Area.
a
of
Circle
can
be
exhibited
whether
the
Area
we fee from hence,

tion before

affumed

Terms, tho' in the Equation proppfed there

which cannot be determined or exbe
involved,
fhould
quantities
Geometrical Method, luch as the Areas or Lengths
prefs'd by any
of Curve-lines ; yet the relation of their Fluxions may neverthelefs

or no, or, in general

be found.

We

now come

Demonftration of his Solutions

the
of
Method of Fluxions, here laid
proof of the Principles
down, which certainly deferves to engage our mcft ferious attention.
And more efpecially, becaufe thefe Principles have been lately drawn
into debate, without being well confider'd or imderftoqd ; polfibly be T
caufe this Treatife of our Author's, expreffly wrote on the fubjed, had
not yet feen the light. As thefe Principles therefore have been treated
as precarious at leaft, if not wholly inefficient to fupport the Doo
trine derived from them ; I Shall endeavour to examine into every
the moll: minute circumflance of this Demonstration, and that with

13.
or to the

to the Author's

the utmoft circumipeclion and impartiality.

have here in the firft place a Definition and a Theorem to-r
Moments are defined to be the indefinitely jmall parts offoiv-

We

gether,

the acceflion of which, in indefinitely

quantities, by
The
are continually increajed.
of time, tboj'e quantities

itig

fmall portions

word Moment

a mevcoj by analogy feems to have been

(momentum^ movimentum,
borrow'd from Time. For as Time is conceived to be in continual
and as a greater and a greater Time is generated
flux, or motion,
more and more Moments, which are conceived
of
by the acceffion
So all other flowing Quantities
as the fmalleit particles of Time
:

may

be underitood, as perpetually, increafing, by the accellion of

which therefore may not improperly be call'd

their fmallefr, particles,

their

But what are here call'd their jmalleft particles,

be underftood as if they were Atoms, or of any definite

Moments.

are not to

and determinate magnitude,

as in the

Method of

to be indefinitely fmall, or continually decreafing,

Indivisibles.}
till

but

they are lefs

than

and INFINITE SERIES.

251

than any afiignable quantities, and yet may then retain all poffible
That thefe Moments are
varieties of proportion to one another.
not chimerical, vifionary, or merely imaginary things, but have an
existence Jut generis, at leaft Mathematically and in the Underftandfrom the infinite Divifibility of Quaning, is a neceflary confequence
For all contity, which I think hardly any body now contefts *.
tinued quantity whatever, tho' not indeed actually, yet mentally
may be conceived to be divided in infinitutn, Perhaps this may be
beft illuftrated by a comparative gradation or progrefs of Magnitudes.
Every finite and limited Quantity may be conceived as divided into
any finite number of fmaller parts. This Divifion may proceed,
and thofc parts may be conceived to be farther divided in very litor particles, which yet are not Moments.
tle, but flill finite parts,
But when thefe particles are farther conceived to be divided, not
as to become of a magnitude Ids than
actually but mentally, fo far
any afiignable, (and what can flop the progrefs of the Mind ?) then
As
are they properly the Moments which are to be understood here.
includes
no
or
condiminution
of
this gradation
abfurdity
certainly
tradiction, the Mind has the privilege of forming a Conception of
thefe Moments, a poffible Notion at leaft, though perhaps not an
adequate one ; and then Mathematicians have a right of applying
them to ufe, and of making fuch Inferences from them, as by any
flrict way of reafoning may be derived.
It is objected, that we cannot form an intelligible and adequate

Notion of thefe Moments, becaufe fo obfcure and incomprehenfible

an Idea, as that of Infinity is, muft needs enter that Notion ; and
therefore they ought to be excluded from all Geometrical Difquifitions.

It

may

indeed be allowed, that

Notion of them on that account, fuch

we

have not an adequate

as exhatifts the

whole nature

for a

of the thing, neither

neceflary ;
partial Notion,
which is that of their Divifibility fine Jine, without any regard to
is

it

at

all

There are many

is fufficient in the
preient cafe.
other Speculations in the Mathematicks, in which a Notion of In-

their magnitude,

finity

is

neceflary ingredient,

which however

are admitted

Geometricians, as ufeful and dcmonftrable Truths.

The

by

all

Doctrine

of commenfurable and incommenfurable magnitudes includes a Notion of Infinity, and yet is received as a very demonftrablc Doctrine.
We have a perfect Idea of a Square and its Diagonal, and yet we

k 2

know

The Method of FLUXIONS,

of no finite common meafure, or that their
they will admit
probe exhibited in rational Numbers, tho' ever fo fmall,
cannot
portion
but may by a feries of decimal or other parts continued ad

know

infini-

In common Arithmetick we know, that the vulgar Fraction

the decimal Fraction 0,666666, &c. continued ad infinitum^
and
1.,
are one and the fame thing j and therefore if we have a fcientifick
notion of the one, we have likewife of the other.
When I deicribe a right line with my Pen, fuppofe of an Inch long, I defcribe
firft one half of the line, then one half of the remainder, then one
half of the next remainder, and fo on.
That is, I actually run
over all thofe infinite divifions and fubdivifions, before I have comI do not attend to them, or cannot diftinpleated the Line, tho'
And by this I am indubitably certain, that this Series
guifh them.
of Fractions i -f- JL _j_ -.-}- _'r> &c. continued ad infinitum, is preto Unity.
Euclid has demonflrated in his Elements,
cifely equal
that the Circular Angle of Contact is lefs than any aflignable rightlined Angle, or, which is the fame thing, is an infinitely little Angle
in comparifon with any finite Angle
And our Author fhews us
fHll greater
the
infinite
about
fteries,
gradations of Angles of ConIn Geometry we know, that Curves may continually approach
tact.
towards their Arymptotes, and yet will not a&ually meet with them;
infinite diftance.
till both are continued to an
know likewife,
or
be
that many of their included Areas,
but of a finite
Solids, will
and determinable magnitude, even tho' their lengths mould be actually
know that fome Spirals make infinite
continued ad infinitum.
about
a
Circumvolutions
Pole, or Center, and yet the whole Line,
thus infinitely involved, is but of a finite, determinable, and aflignable length.
The Methods of computing Logarithms fuppofe, that
between any two given Numbers, an infinite number of mean Proportionals maybe interpofedj and without fome Notion of Infinity
tum.

My

We

We

and properties are hardly intelligible or difcoverable.

many of the moft fublime and ufeful parts of
muft
be
banifh'd out of the Mathematicks, if we are
knowledge
fo fcrupulous as to admit of no Speculations, in which a Notion

their nature

And

in general,

We

of Infinity will be neeeflarily included.

may therefore as fafely
and the Principles upon which the Method
built, as any of the fore-mention'd Specula-

admit of Moments,
of Fluxions is here

tions.

The nature and notion of Moments being thus eftablifli'd, we

may pafs on to the afore -mcnticn'd Theorem, which is this.

and INFINITE SERIES.

253

(contemporary) Moments offairing quantities are as the Velocities of

if this be
flowing or increafing ; that is, as their Fluxions.

Now

proved of Lines,
whatever, which

it

will equally obtain in

all

flowing quantities
be
always
adequately rcprefented and exin
Lines.
But
equable Motions, the Times being given,
pounded by
the Spaces defcribed will be as the Velocities of Defcription, as is
known in Mechanicks. And if this be true of any finite Spaces
whatever, or of all Spaces in general, it muft alfo obtain in infi-

may

nitely little Spaces, which we call Moments.

tions continually accelerated or retarded, the

And

even

Motions

in

Mo-

in infinite-

So
ly little Spaces, or Moments, muft degenerate into equability.
that the Velocities of increafe or decreafe, or the Fluxions, will be
Moments. Therefore the Ratio of
always as the

contemporary

the Fluxions of Quantities, and the Ratio of their contemporary

Moments, will always be the fame, and may be ufed promifcuoufly for each other.
14. The next thing to be fettled
thefe Moments,
which

a convenient Notation for

be
diftinguifh'd, reprefented,
by
they may
It has been
compared, and readily fuggefted to the Imagination.
for
ftand
that
when
&c.
variable or
appointed already,
x, y, z, v,
flowing quantities, then their Velocities of increafe, or their Fluxions,
fhall be
reprefented by x, y, z, -j, &c. which therefore will be proBut as thefe are only
portional to the contemporary Moments.
or
of
another Species, they cannot be the MoVelocities,
magnitudes
ments themfelves, which we conceive as indefinitely little Spaces,
or other analogous
may therefore here aptly introquantities.
duce the Symbol o, not to ftand for abfolute nothing, as in Arithrnetick, but a vanifhing Space or Qtiantity, which was juft now
finite, but by continually decrealing, in order prefently to terminate
is

We

is now become lefs than

any affignable Qinintify.
have certainly a right fo to do.
For if the notion is intelligible, and implies no contradiction as was argued before, it may
This is not
furely be infinuated by a Character appropriate to it.
the
which
be
would
to
the hypothefis,
contrary
aligning
quantity,

in

mere nothing,

And we

but
the'
ral

only appointing a mark to reprefent it.- Then multiplying

Fluxions by the vanishing quantity
we fhall have the fcveis

<?,

cc.

which

are vanifhing likewife,

and pioportional to the Fluxions refpedlively. Thefe therefore
may
now reprefent the contemporary Moments- -of x, y, z, v, &c. And
quantities

.\o,

yo,

zo,

r?,

in general, whatever other flowing .quantities, as well as Lines and

I

Spaces,

"*flje

54

Method of FLUXIONS,

Spaces, arc reprefented by A-, y, z, -v, &c. as o may (land for a.

of the fame kind, and as x,
-vanishing quantity
y, z, v, &c. may
ftand for their Velocities of increafe or decreafe, (or, if

you

fpr

Numbers

zo,

i-o,

proportional to thofe Velocities,) then

&c. always denote

may

pleafe,

xo,

yo,

their

refpedive fynchronal Moments,

.or
momentary accefiions, and may be admitted into Computations
And this we corne now to apply.
.accordingly.

We

muft now have recourfe

and
Equations that involve flowing
that in the progrefs of
is,
Quantities.
flowing,
the Fluents will continually acquire new values, .by the accefilon of
contemporary parts of thofe Fluents, and yet the Equation will be
equally true in all thcfe, cafes. This is a neceffary refult from the Nature and Definition of variable Quantities.
Confequently thefe Fluents
be
.how
or
increafed
diminifh'd
any
.rnay
by their contemporary
or
Increments
Decrements ; which Fluents, fo increafed or dimiAs if
niihed, may be fubflituted for the others in the Equation.
an Equation mould involve the Fluents x and _y, together with
any
and
Y
X
and
are fuppofed to be
of
their
conquantities,
given
any
15.

extenfive property,

belonging
Which property

to a very notable, ufeful,

to. all

temporary Augments reflectively. Then in the given Equation we

may fubflitute x -f- X for x, and y -+- Y for -y, and yet the Equation will be .good, or .the equality of the

and

Terms

will be prefer ved.

inflead of x and

were contemporary Decrements,

x
X and y Y reflectively. And as this
inuft hold good of all contemporary Increments or Decrements whatever, whether finitely great or infinitely little, it will be true likewife of contemporary Moments.
That is, in flea d of .r and y in
xo and y
we
fubflitute
.v-fany Equation,
may
-t-jo, and yet we

.So if

y we might

fubflitute

have a good Equation.

The tendency of this will appear
from what immediately follows.
16. The Author's fingle Example is a kind of Induction, and the
a.\*
proof of this may ferve for all cafes. Let the Equation x
be given as before, including the variable
a xy
quantities x and r, inftead of which we
may fubflitute thefe
ihall

flill

_>'

=o

quancontemporary Moments, or x -- xo and

y -i-yo respectively. Tlien we ihall have the Equation x -+- xo 3
a x x
AO a -f- a x x -|- xo x y -Jo~
o.
Thefe
T+"}f
Terms .being expanded, and reduced to three orders or columns,
according as the vanifhing quantity o is of none, one, or of more
tities

increas'd

/limenfions,

by

their

>

will ftand as in the

Margin.

and INFINITE SERIES;

18. Here the Terms of the fir ft
or
column, remove or deftroy one
order,
as
another,
being absolutely equal to noThey bething by the given Equation.
ing therefore expunged, the remaining

17,

*3

255

_ i_
+a.rj> +
_

*
?* w +3 A *"* r

2f,^

fl .

ox _ a ll'l

a.\iy

)>=o,

-\-axjs-

)3

_,;>,

_ "j.

be divided by the comThis being- done, all the Terms

Multiplier <?, whatever it is.
ftiil
be
affecled
of the third order will
by o, of one or more dimenfions, and may therefore be expunged, as infinitely lels than the
remain thofe of the fecond order or
others.
Laftly, there will only

Terms may

all

mon

that

column,

is

zaxx

3.vA.'

axy 4- ayx

-+-

Tjy-

which

o,

Q^. E. D.
in fomething a difbe
thus
derived,
may
be any fynchronal Augments of the
Let
and
ferent manner.
variable quantities A* and y, as befoie, the relation of which quanwill be the Fluxional

The fame

Equation required.

Conclufions

Then may tf-J-X and y 4exhibited by any Equation.

be fubfKtuted for x and y in that Equation. Suppofe for inftance
3
o ; then by fubftitution we flwll
that x>
ax* 4- axy
_y
tities

is

3
a x .v 4- X a 4-#x.v4-Xx/4-Y
have x 4- X
y 4- V
1
z
1
ax
or in termini* expanfis .v 5 -f- 3X X -f- 3xX -+- X
o
a
4
aX*
^XY
Y
2rfxX
-t- axy -\- <?.vY4- aXy -fj
3j
3;'Y
3
o will vaY
o.
But the Terms ,v
ax* -+- axy
_y
niHi out of the Equation, and leave 3# 1 X 4- 3xX a 4-X
2axX
3

Y- == o, for
XY
3/i
y* Y
of
the
let
their
the relation
magnitude be
contemporary Augments,
what it will. Or refolving this Equation into an Analogy, the ratio
Y
/7X -Lv
,.
2 ..*
?r*-|- ^rX-L. X 1
A
of thele Augments may be this,
*
X =.
a*
..v _|-j* r 3.., +
Now to find the ultimate rc.tio of thefe Augments, or their ratio
when they become Moments, fuppofe X and V to diminil'h till they
become vanishing quantities, and then they may be expunged out
Or in thofe circumftances it will be
of this value of the ratio.
7

aX* 4- axV 4- aXy 4-

,-

,.

this

~^ax

the

is
.V

fame

which

ratio

is

that

as

2f>x--ai

now

or

of the
.

a
3_)'

the ratio of the

axy

And

Moments.
or

Fluxions,

it

will

be

$x-x

zaxx 4- ayx,

as

wss

found before.
is no
aflumption made, but what is
of the ancient and modern
both
Methods
iuflifiable by the received
We only defend from a general Proportion, which
Geometricians.
is undeniable, to a particular cafe which is certainly included in ir.
That

In this

way of

arguing there

The Method of FLUXIONS,

256

having the relation of the variable Quantities, we thence

the relation or ratio of their contemporary Augdeduce
da-eddy
and
ments
having this, we directly deduce the relation or ratio of
thofc contemporary Augments when they are nafcent or evanefcent,
in a word, when they are Mojuft beginning or juft ceafing to be
or
To
evade this realbning, it ought
ments,
vanilliing Quantities.
be
can
be conceived lefs than afiignto
proved, that no Quantities
able Quantities; that the Mind has not the privilege of conceiving
Quantity as perpetually diminiiLingy/w^w ; that the Conception of
a .vanishing Quantity, a Moment, an Infinitefimal, &c. includes a
In fhort, that Quantity is not (even mentally) divificontradiction
ble ad infinitum ; for to that the Controverfy mufb be reduced at
laft.
But I believe it will be a very difficult matter to extort this
been fo
Principle from the Mathematicians of our days, who have
long in quiet poiTefTion of it, who are indubitably convinced of the
evidence and. certainty of it, who continually and fuccefslully apply it, arid who- are ready to acknowledge the extreme fertility and
ufefulnefs of it, upon fo many important occalions.
but to account for thefe two cir19. Nothing remains, I think,
of Fluxions, which our AuMethod
the
to
.cumilances, belonging

That

is,

Firft that the given Equation, whofe

thor briefly mentions here.
Fluxional Equation is to be found, may involve any number of
This has been fufficiently proved already, and
flowing quantities.
feveral
have
feen
we
Examples of it. Secondly, that in taking
Fluxions we need not always confine ourfelves to the progreffion of
the Indices, but may affume infinite other Arithmetical Progreflions,
as

conveniency

may

This

require.

will deferve a little farther illu-

than what muft neceiTarily refult from

any given Equation may afTume, in an
3
ax 1 -4- axy
Thus the Equation x 3
infinite variety.
j
o,
m
will become #"+*>'
being multiply'd by the general quantity x y",
m
x my"~^^
-r- ax -$- 1y" -h ax m+ly"'t'
o, which is virtually the fame
as
it was before, tho' it may aiTume infinite forms, accorEquation
And if we take the
ding as we pleafe to interpret m and n.
ufual
in
the
Fluxions of this Equation,
way, we mall have
m
m i
1
nax m ^yy n~^ -fm -+- zaxx ^y"
y* -j- nx^rty}*B
n
mxxm~ y a ''*
-f- n + irf.Y"
'j/)ftration, tho' it is no other
the different forms, which

.5= o.

4-

Now

nx*j>y~*

if

we

m -f-

n -f- 3j/y
/xx~*y*
derived
before.
was

Examples.

divide this again

2axx
a

by

x"}",

nax*yy~~

?= o,

which

And

the like

-+-

we

m -+-

mail have

laxy 4- n-\- \axy

the fame general Equation as

may be underftood of all other

is

SECT.

and INFINITE SERIES.

SECT.

II.

Concerning Fluxions
the

257

of fuperior orders^

and

method of deriving their

Equations.

our Author confiders

only fir ft Fluxions, and has
not thought fit to extend his Method to fuperior orders, as not diwithin his prefent purpofe.
For tho' he here
rectly foiling
this Treatifc

IN

purfues
Speculations which require the ufe of fecond Fluxions, or higher
orders, yet he has very artfully contrived to reduce them to firft
Fluxions, and to avoid the necefTity of introducing Fluxions of fuIn his other excellent Works of this kind, which
perior orders.

have been publifh'd by himfelf, he makes exprefs mention of them,

he difcovers their nature and properties, and gives Rules for deriving
Therefore that this Work may be the more fertheir Equations.
viceable to Learners, and may fulfil the defign of being an Inftitution, I mall here make fome inquiry into the nature of fuperior
Fluxions, and give fome Rules for finding their Equations.
And
in its proper place, I mail endeavour to (hew
fomething
their application and ufe.
as the Fluxions of quantities which have been hitherto con-

afterwards,

of

Now
fider'd,

or their comparative Velocities

of increafe and decreafe, are

themfelves, and of their own nature, variable and flowing quantities

alfo, and as fuch are themfelves capable of perpetual increafe and decrea&, or of perpetual acceleration and retardation ; they may be
treated as other flowing quantities, and the relation of their Fluxions

be inquired and difcover'd.

In order to which we will
adopt
our Author's Notation already publifh'd, in which we are to confo thefe
ceive, that as x, y, z, &c. have their Fluxions #,
z., &c.

may

likewife have their Fluxions x, /,

of x, v, z, &c. And thefe again,

z,&c.which
being

ftill

j,
are the fecond Fluxions

variable quantities, have

j.

their Fluxions denoted

of x,

y, z, &c.

y, z, &c. which are the third Fluxions

thefe again,
being ftill flowing quantities,

by x,

And

have their Fluxions x, /, z, &c. which are the fourth Fluxions of

And fo we may proceed to fuperior orders, as far as
x, y, z, &c.
there mall be occafion.
Then, when any Equation is propofed, conof
variable
futing
quantities, as the relation of its Fluxions may be
found by what has been taught before ; fo by
repeating only the fame
and
the
Fluxions
as
operation,
confidering
flowing Quantities^ the

relation

The Method of

258

FLUXIONS,

of the fecond Fluxions may be found. And the like for all
of Fluxions.
higher orders
have the Equation y*
we
ax
if
o, in which are the
Thus
we
and
fhall
have
the
firft
Fluxional
x,
two Fluents y
Equation zyy
And here, as we have the three Fluents j>, y, and x,
o.
ax if we take the Fluxions again, we fhall have the fecond Fluxional

relation

ax= o.

Equation zyy -+- zy*

y,

and x,

y, y,

we

if

And

here, as there are four Fluents

take the Fluxions again,

third Fluxional Equation zyy

ax

bjy
if

we

if

we

zyy

And

o.

zyy -f-

ax

^.yy

have the

fhall

or zyy

o,

here, as there are five Fluents y, y, y, y,

take the Fluxions again,

Equation zyy

ax

And

o.

we

..

-f-

-+-

6yy

we

fhall

ax

6y

we

and x,

have the fourth Fluxional

or

o,

zyy -+- Syy

here, as there are fix Fluents y, y, y, y, y,

take the Fluxions again,

4-

fhall

have zyy

zyy

-f-

-f-

6y*

and

xy

8yy -{-

ax
ax
o, for the
o, or zyy +- i oyy -f- zoyy
zyy
And fo on to the fixth, feventh, 6cc.
fifth Fluxional Equation.
the Demonftration of this will proceed much after the manner as our Author's Demonftration of firft Fluxions, and is indeed
ax
o}
For in the given Equation^*
it.
virtually included in
if we fuppofe y and x to become at the fame time y -f- yo and x-)- xo,
if we fuppofe yo and xo to denote the fynchronal Moments
(that is,
*
of the Fluents y and x,) then by fubftitution we fhall have ~y +yo\
fyy

_j_

Now

=
= Where

axx
axo

-f-

xo

o,

or in termini* expanjis,

o.

ding the reft

by

o,

Now

Equation.

Moments of

expunging y
be zyy

it

will

in

this

the Fluents

for thofe Fluents

Equation,

y,

we may

the kft Equation, and

it

y, and

=
=
we

ax
ax

ax

-f- zyyo -+-y*o*

o, andj/

o for the

and

firft

divi-

fluxional

the fynchronal
fuppofe
and
xo refpedively ;
beyo } yo t
and
xo in
-f-jj/o, y -+-yo,

if

x, to

fubftitute

x+

become zy-t-zyoxy-l-yo
ax
zyyo +- zyyo -+- zy'yoo

will

axx

+ xo

axo
o.
becaufe
and
o by the given Equation,
Here becaufe zyy
vanishes ; divide the reft by o, and we fhall have zy* + zyy
zy'yoo
o for the fecond fluxional Equation.
ax
Again in this Equar.

or expanding, zyy -f-

o,

ax=

we

tion, if

y, and

xt

fuppofe the Synchronal

to be yo, yo, yo,

Moments of

and xo refpedively

the Fluents y,
for

thofe Fluents

we

and INFINITE SERIES.

we may

y+yo, y

fubftitute

yo, y-t-yo, a^id

axx

_j_

xo

will

it

_}_ 2yy -+-

2yyo -t-

_l_ 2/_y

rfx

expunging
have 6yy
in like

-+-

Terms
ax

2yy

Q^

2x7 -\-yo

ax

o by the

the

manner

Examples.

To

s;^

laft

in

+- zy -+- 2yo x

axo

Equation

which

-f-

yo

6yyo -t- 2y*o

But here becaufe

o.

2j'

dividing the reft by o, and

ftill be found, we fliall

will

for all

+- xo in the lad

become

or expanding and collecting, 2j*

o,

all

..

Equation, and

259

o for the third fluxional Equation.

And
other orders of Fluxions, and for all other

E. D.

illuftrate the

method of

rinding fuperior Fluxions

by another

ax -{-axy
let us take our Author's Equation #
y>
of the Fluxions
relation
he
the
has
found
which
o,
fimpleft
o.
Here we have the
to be 3x^ a
zaxx -h axy +- axy
3^/7*
the
Rules
and
fame
the Fluxion of
by
flowing quantities x, y, x, y ;
3-

Example,

this

in

Equation,

when

contracled, will be

3#w

+ 6x*x

2axx

o.
And in this Equazax* H- axy -+- 2axy -\- axy
3vy
6jf y
tion we have the flowing quantities x, y, x,y, x, y, fo that taking
the Fluxions again by the fame Rules, we fhall have the Equation,
s

when

contracted,

^xx

-f-

iSxxx

!L

-{-

6x 3

i
3 yy*
fyyy
%axy -+- T,a.\y -f. axy
are
found
the
there
flowing
Equation

6axx -f- axy

2axx
6y

o.

And

quantities x, y, x,

as in

-f-

this

x, y,

x, y, we might proceed in like manner to find the relations of the

fourth Fluxions belonging to this Equation, and all the
following
orders of Fluxions.
And here it may not be amifs to obferve, that as the propofed

Equation expreffes the conflant -elation of the variable quantities x

and as the firft fluxional Equation exprefles the conftant relation of the variable (but finite i.nd alTignable) quantities x and y,
which denote the comparative Velocity of increafe or decreale of x
and y in the propcfed Equation So the fecond fluxional Equation
will exprefs the conftant relation of the variable (but finite and
afligdenote
x
and
which
the
nable) quantities
y
comparative Velocity of

and y

-,

And in
and_y in the foregoing Equation.
the
conftant relation ot the variable
the third fluxional Equation we have
the increafe or decreafe ot

(but finite

and

.v

aflignable) quantities

.v

and

r,

which

will denote

the

com-

The Method of FLUXIONS,

260

comparative Velocity of the increafe or decreafe of "x and "y in the

And fo on for ever. Here the Velocity of a
foregoing Equation.
Velocity, however uncouth it may found, will be no abfurd Idea
when rightly conceived, but on the contrary will be a very rational
and intelligible Notion.
If there be fuch a
thing as Motion any how
continually accelerated, that continual Acceleration will be the Velocity of a Velocity ; and as that variation may be continually varied, that is, accelerated or retarded, there will 'be in nature, or at
leafl in the
Understanding, the Velocity of a Velocity of a Velocity.
in
Or
other words, the Notion offecond, third, and
higher Fluxions,
muft be admitted as found and genuine. But to
proceed :
may much abbreviate the Equations now derived,
the

We

by

known Laws of Analyticks.

From the given Equation x*

ax 1 -+axy
^ere is found a new Equation, wherein, becaufe of
y"'
two new Symbols x and y introduced, we are at
liberty to aflume
another Equation, belides this now found, in order to a
jufl Determination.
For fimplicity-fake we may make x
Unity, or any
other conftant quantity that is, we
x
to
flow equably,
may fuppofe
and therefore its Velocity is uniform.
Make therefore x
i
and

the

firft

fluxional Equation will become

2ax -+- ay
3^*
a
So
in
the
o.
2axx
Equation 3x.v -f- 6x*x

3j)/)'

will

amount

+ axy

2ax* -+.
o
there
are
four new
3 vj*
axy -i- zaxy -h axy
6y\y
Symbols introduced, x, y, x, and r, and therefore we
may afiume two
other congruous Equations, which together with the two now
found,

fimplicity
.v

=o

and

Equation to
thus in
x,

}',

take

to a compleat Determination.

we make one

to be x

this,

x, y, x,
i,

Thus

the other

if for the fake

of

i,
neceflarily be
thefe being fubftituted, will reduce the fecond
fluxionaj

6x

2.0.

-f-

the next Equation,

x=

iay -f- axy

^yywherein there are

befides the three

Equations

and thence

x=o,

x=

o,

will'

now

which

And

o.

6y*y
fix

new Symbols

found,
will

we may

reduce

it

i
And the like of
yy*
$yyy
6f> == o.
of
orders.
Equations
fucceeding
But all thefe Reductions and Abbreviations will be beft made as
the Equations are derived.
Thus the propofed Equation being x~>
ax*
o, taking the Fluxions, and at the fame time
axy
y=

to 6 -f- $ay -+axy

=
+
making x=
(and confequently
zax + ay + axy
3**
zyy* =
i,

x,

x,
o.

&c.

And

=o,) we
taking

(hall

have

the Fluxions
again.

and INFINITE SERIES.

And

be 6x

will

it

again,

20. -f-

taking the Fluxions again,

6y*>

3^

axy
far as there

And

o.

zay +- axy

3yy*

will be 6 -f- $d'y -+-

it

taking the Fluxions

2 4-yy'y

i%y y

3677*

6y*y

axy

again,

it

o.

%yy*

be

will

And fo

o.

on, as

occafion.

is

now

But

261

for the clearer

apprehenfion of thefe feveral orders of
endeavour to illuftrate them by a Geometrical

(hall

Fluxions,
Let us allume
Figure, adapted to a iimple and a particular cafe.
the Equation y 1 r=ax, otyzs=ia*x*, which will therefore belong to

ABC, whole

the Parabola

LD =y

and Ordinate

Parameter

AP

where

is

=
y=

AP
a

is

Abfcifs

tf,

at the

Tangent

AD

x,

Vertex A.

And fupyaPsve~~*.
taking the Fluxions, we fhall have
motion
of the
the
Parabola
to
be
defcribed
the
equable
pofing
by
Ordinate upon the Abfcifs, that equable Velocity may be expounded
Then

by the given Line or Parameter

\t\v]\ibey=(a*x

a, that

*= ~k =
zx

this Conftrudtion.

zx

2X

Make x (AD)

DG

and the Line

Jy,

"?
:

we may

is,

y (BD)

y or BD. And
done every where upon AE, (or

if

this be

if

the Ordinate

with a

DG

,
'

Then

will give

us

DG

a (|AP)

::

a.

will therefore

reprefent the Fluxion of

AE

which

-?-

') 2X

put x

be fuppos'd to

parallel motion,) a

move upon
Curve

GH

will be conftiucted or delcribed, whofe Ordinates will every where expound the Fluxions

of the correfponding Ordinates of the PaThis Curve will be one of

rabola ABC.
the Hyperbola's between the Afymptotes
3.

AE

and

Or yy

AP

for

its

from the Equation y

the Fluxions again, and
putting x
-{-

Again,

zay

-11

Equation isjx=

2xy=aj,ory

=J

"
,

=a

or
as

2 *y

before,

where the negative

ay,

we

by taking
fhall

have

fign {hews only,

that_y is to be confider'd rather as a retardation than an acceleration,

or an acceleration the
this will give us the
contrary way.

Now

following

202
following

DI

DG,
And

?2* Method of FLUXIONS,

Make x (AD) y (DG)
Conftruaion.
:

\a (iAP)

and the Line DI will therefore reprefent the Fluxion of

y,
or of j, and therefore the fecond Fluxion of BD, or of/.

be done every where upon AE, a Curve IK will be

whofe
Ordinates will always expound the fecond Fluxions
comlructed,
if this

of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve

likewife will be one of the Hyperbola's, for its Equation is
y

fl*

/Jy

G.

a*

from

Again,

the

6*5

we

^by taking the Fluxions

~y=~
y (DI)

::

which

Equation

mail have

^-

or

2ay

zxy

DL

and the Line

DL=y,

=:

ay' t

ay.,

or

Make x (AD)

will give us this Conftrudlion.

\a (|AP)

2xy

will

therefore

reprefent the Fluxion of DI, or of y, the fecond Fluxion of DG,

And if this be
or of y, and the third Fluxion of BD, or of^.
be
will
a
done every where
Curve
conflructed, whofe
AE,

LM

upon

Ordinates will always expound the third Fluxions of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve will be an Hyper-

and

bola,

And

fo

its

y=. '=-1

Equation will be

we might

; ,

proceed to conftrucl Curves,

or

yy=

"

64*"*

the Ordinates of
or reprefent the

(in the prefent Example) would expound

fourth, fifth, and other orders of Fluxions.
might likewife proceed in a retrograde order, to find

which

We

Curves whofe Ordinates mall reprefent the Fluents of any of

= =

the.

thefe

3.

Fluxions,
the Curve

when

given.

GH

As

were given

taught in the next Problem,)

,

.v

which

(AD)

::

will give us

y (DG)

DB

we had y

if

La*xx~*} or

by taking the Fluents,

it

this

would be y

Conftruction.
,

will be

= (a^x*= =

-J

(as

and the Line

^-r

Make \a (|AP)

DB

if

will reprefent

or of y.
And if this be done every where upon
Curve
AB
will
be con ftru died, whofe Ordinates
AE,
will always expound the Fluents of the
correfponding Ordinates of
the Curve GH.
This Curve will be the common Parabola, whofe
i
Parameter

the Fluent of

the Line

DG,
a

and INFINITE SERIES.

Parameter
or

yy=ax.
So

if

AP

the Line

is

its

Equation

is

a*x'* t

the Parabola ABC, we might conceive its Ordinates

Fluxions, of which the correfponding Ordinates

we had

to reprefent
of fome other Curve, fiippofe

To

For

a.

263

which Curve, put y

find

QR, would

reprefent the Fluents.

for the Fluent of y,

n I
.:
..

for the Fluent

Iff

let, &c. _/, y, y, /, j/, y, y, &c. be a Series of

both
Terms proceeding
ways indefinitely, of which every fucceedthe Fluxion of the preceding, and vice versa ;
ing Term reprefents
a
Notation
of our Author's, deliver'd elfewhere.) Then
to
according

of

y,

&c.

becaufe

(That

it
'

will be y

is,

= (div*=<z^x^ =) ^r
= [,
W = =y
is_y

'

.x

2f!i!

J2.
3*

ftrudion.

Make $a (|AP)

ft

(AD)

taking the Fluents

which

will give us this

it

Con-

=y =

DQ^
-^
Fluent of DB, or of y.
And
of the Line AE, a Curve QR
::

y (BD)

and the Line DQ^will reprefent the

if the fame be done at every point
will be form'd, the Ordinates of which will always expound the
Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC.
This
a
be
of
alfo
will
but
a higher order, the Equation
Curve
Parabola,
I I

3.

of which

is^=

3^

Again, becaufe
"

ents

it

will be

= f ~ ==
zx

\ $a?

y=(

Make

Conftruaion.

or yy

3ilJL
$a

v.

JfL.sff!|x"=
|

(|AP)

= J\

^fl

taking the Flu-

which

will give us this

->.a.'-

"*

x (AD)

: :

DQ^J

=
And

_y
/

DS, and the Line DS will reprefent the Fluent of DQ^, or of_y.
if the fame be done at
every point of the Line AE, a Curve
ST will thereby be form'd, the Ordinates of which will expound
the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Curve
QR. This
//

Curve will be
.

^-.

And

a Parabola,

fo

whofe Equation

we might go on

as far as

is

we

jy=

////

1^1
,

or yy

pleafe,

Laftlv,

The Method of

264
we

Laftly, if

conceive

DB,

FLUXIONS,
common

the

Ordinate of

all

thefe

Curves, to be any where thus conftrucled upon AD, that is, to be

thus divided in the points S,
B, G, I, L, 6cc. from whence to
are drawn Ss, Qtf, B^, Gg, I/, L/, 6cc. parallel to
and
;
if this Ordinate be farther conceived to move either backwards or

Q^

AP

AE

with an equable Velocity, (reprefented by

and
as
it defcribes thefe Curves, to
x,)
carry the aforeThen the points s, q, b,g,
faid Parallels along with it in its motion
fuch a manner, in the Line AP, as
i, /, &c. will likewife move in
that the Velocity of each point will be reprefented by the diflance
of the next from the point A. Thus the Velocity of s will be reprefented by Aq, the Velocity of q by A, of b by Ag, of g by A/,
of / by A/, &c.
Or in other words, Aq will be the Fluxion of A.S ;
Al> will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion of As ;
Ag
will be the Fluxion of Ab, or the fecond Fluxion of
Aq, or the third.
Fluxion of As ; Ai will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion
of Ah, or the third Fluxion of Aq, or the fourth Fluxion of As ;
and fo on. Now in this inftance the feveral orders of Fluxions, or
Velocities, are not only expounded by their Proxies and Reprefentatives, but alfo are themfelves actually exhibited, as far as may be
done by Geometrical Figures. And the like obtains wherever elfe
forwards

AP

upon AE,

= =
tf

a beginning ; which fufficiently mews the relative nature

of all thefe orders of Fluxions and Fluents, and that they differ from
each other by mere relation only, and in the manner of
conceiving.
And in general, what has been obferved from this Example, may
be eafily accommodated to any other cafes whatfoever.
Or thefe different orders of Fluents and Fluxions may be thus explain'd abftractedly and Analytically, without the afliftance of CurveLet any conflant and
lines, by the following general Example.
known quantity be denoted by a, and let a" be any given Power
or Root of the lame.
And let x n be the like Power or Root of
the variable and indefinite quantity x.
Make a m x m
a
y, or

we make

=^ =
m

~ mx m

Here y

will be

alfo

which

become known

an indefinite
quantity,

foon as the value of x is affign'd.

Then taking the Fluxions, it will be y
ma l ~ m xx m~ 1 ; and fuppofing x to flow or increafe uniformly, and making its constant
ma* mx m -*. Here if
a, it will be y
Velocity or Fluxion x
will

as

=
=

for

ma

a
:

n m

we
y.

write

its

value y,

So that y will be

it

will be

alfo a

y
known and

that

affignable

is,

Quantity,

and

whenever x (and therefore y)

tity,

we

Fluxions again,
irtS"""^*""

N FINITE SERIES.

= ~~

ta v
-

come

known

Then

is,

where

alfo

will be

Fluxions again, we

that

that

have y

30

be

will

it

y.

have y

fhall

is

::

za

And

2 x

::

taking the

So that y will

y /.
And from

known, whenever x

=m

given.

rnx

is,

known, when x

fhall

is,

we

y=.-^~

or

value y,

its

writing

taking the Fluxions again,

?.a*- m \ m -*,

So that y will bex (and therefore y and y) is affign'd.

when

quantity,

taking the
ia* "xx"- 1
;;; x
-

la

Then

affign'd.

have^=wxw
m m~

mall

or for ma"-~

that

is

265

be

alfo

is
this Inductipn we
given.
may
conclude in general, that if the order of Fluxions be denoted
by any
integer number ?/, or if n be put for the number of points over the
n

^_____

ll-l-i

na
y
y y ; or from the
Fluxion of any order being given, the Fluxion of the next immediate order may be hence found.
Letter

be

will always

it

ate
'tis

Fluent.

\a

As
x

if
::

'tis

2,

If

y.

72

obferving the fame analogy, if

za

'tis

0,

n==

i,

A;

: :

ma
'tis

: :

ia

immedi-

If n -

y.

m--

"+t

_______
thus invert the
na : x
proportion m
and then from the Fluxion given, we fhall find its next

Or we may

And

y.

::

y where y is put for the Fluent of; or for y with a negative point.
And here becaufe y=.a - mx m it will be m 4- la x :: a -" *"
1

'

y, or
caufe

y
y

=
=

~V+
m-\-\a

{a*-<"x*>

=
=

--

tism-{-2a

it

::

__Zj__T

will be

which

=) il

=^
=

alfo

may

thus appear.

Be-

y}

or

taking the Fluents, (fee the

Again, if we

m-f,,

m
I

II

m-\-\a

I
:

1
1
v" -*-

next Problem,)

v
..

Mm

..

make

+...

=
.

2,

For

becaufe

The Method of

266
becaufe

-x

.f

-.

m+

FLUXIONS,

==
Again,

if

taking
w the Fluents

we make

3,

'tis

it

m -|-

And
-t-3

-\- 2

j+3a

will be

fo for

"~'~*

other fuperior orders of Fluents.

all

And

this

may

fuffice

and properties of thefe

mew the comparative nature

of Fluxions and Fluents, and

in general, to
feveral orders

to teach the operations by which they are produced, or to find their

As to the ufes they may be apply 'd
refpeftive fluxional Equations.
when
that
will
come
more properly to be confider'd in
found,
to,

another place.

SECT.

III.

Tfte

Geometrical and Mechanical Elements

of Fluxions,

foregoing- Principles of the Doftrine of Fluxions being

chiefly abftradted and Analytical I mail here endeavour, after a general manner, to (hew fomething analogous to them in Geo-

THE

a.nd Mechanicks ; by which they may become, not only the

of
the Underftanding, and of the Imagination,
objeft
(which will only
their
but
even
of
Senfe
poffible
exiftence,)
too, by making
prove
them adually to exift in a vifible and fenfible form. For jt is now
become neceffary to exhibit them all manner of ways, in order to
give a fatisfaclpry proof, thai they have indeed any real exiftence at

metry

all.

And
tion,
fider

it

fir ft,

by way of prepara-

will be convenient to con-

Uniform and equable motions,

as alfo fuch as are alike

inequable.

Let the right Line AB be defcribed

by the equable motion of a point,
which is now at E, and will preAlfo let the Line
fently be at G.
to
the
CD, parallel
former, be dethe
fcribed by
and K, at
equable motion of a point, which is in
the farne times as the former is in E and G.
Then will EG and
be contemporaneous Lines, and therefore will be
proportional to

HK

the

and INFINITE SERIES.

267

Draw the indefithe Velocity of each moving point refpedlively.

of like Tri-^
becaufe
in
L
then
and GK, meeting
nite Lines
;
and
E
and HLK, the Velocities of the points
H, which
angles
and HK, will be now as EL and HL. Let
were before as
the defcribing points G and K be conceived to move back, again,
and C, and before they apwith the fame Velocities, towards

EH
ELG

EG

let
g and ^, at any fmall
proach to E and
diftance from E and H, and draw gk, which will pafs through L ;
then ftill their Velocities will be in the ratio of Eg and H/, be thofe
Let
Lines ever fo little, that is, in the ratio of EL and HL.
with
the moving points g and k continue to move till they coincide

them be found in

will pafs
decreeing Lines Eg and
that
are
lefs and lefs, and will finally
polYible magnitudes
through
become vanishing Lines. For they muft intirely vanifh at the fame
moment, when the points g and k mall coincide with E and H.
In all which ftates and circumftances they will ftill retain the ratio
Let
of EL to HL, with which at laft they will finally vaniih.
have
coincided
with
after
ftill
continue
to
thofe points
move,
they
E and H, and let them be found again at the fame time in y and

and

in

which

cafe the

all

Still the Velocities, which are

any diftance beyond E and H,
and
efteemed
be
and
H*,
Ey
negative, will be as EL
may
of any finite magnithofe
whether
Lines
and
are
Hx
and HL,
Ey
if
the
Line yx.L, by its
tude, or are only nafcent Lines ; that is,
to
be
but
and
divaricate from
juft
motion,
beginning
emerge
angular
EHL. And thus it will be when both thefe motions are equable
motions, as alfo when they are alike inequable ; in both which
cafes the common interfedlion of all the Lines EHL, GKL, gkL, &c.
But when either or both thefe motions
-will be the fixt point L.

K, at

now

as

are fappos'd to be inequable motions, or to be any how continually

accelerated or retarded, thefe Symptoms will be fomething different
for then the point L, which will ftill be the common interfeclion
;

of thofe Lines

when they

firft

begin to coincide, or to divaricate,

no longer be a fixt but a moveable point, and an account muft

be had of its motion. For this purpofe we may have recourfe to
will

the following

AB

Lemma.

be an indefinite and

fixt
right Line, along which anothe:
moveable right Line DE may be conceived to move or
roll in fuch a manner, as to have both a progreflive motion, as alfo aa
That is, the common
angular motion about a moveable Center C.
interfection C of the two Lines AB and DE may be fuppofed to
move with any progreffive motion from A towards B, while at the
fame
2

Let

indefinite but

Mm

The Method of

26S

FLUXIONS,

DE

tame time the moveable Line

revolves about
the lame point C, with any angular motion.
Then
as the Angle
continually decreafes, and at
two Lines
laft vanifhes when the
and

ACD

ACB

DCE

yet even then the point of interfection

it
C, (as
may be ftill call'd,) will not be loft and
annihilated, but will appear again, as foon as the
Lines begin to divaricate, or to feparate from each
That is, if C be the point of interfeclion
other.
before the coincidence, and c the point of interfeccoincide

when the Line dee {hall

of
AB
out
there
will be fome inter;
again emerge
mediate point L, in which C and c were united in
the fame point, at the moment of coincidence. This
tion after the coincidence,

point, for diftin&ion-fake, may be

or the point of no divarication.
to inequable Motions :

call'd

Now

the Node,

to apply this

AB

be defcribed by the
continually accelerated motion of a point, which is now in E, and will be prefently found inr
G. Alfo let the Line CD, parallel to the former, be defcribed

Let the Line

the equable

by

mo-

tion of a point,
is found
and K, at
the fame times as

which

in

the
is

in

other point

and G.

Then willEG and

HK be

contem-

poraneous Lines ;
and
producing

and GK till
they meet in I,
thofe contempo-

EH

raneous Lines will be as El and

and
be conceived to
points
each with the fame degrees of

HI

Let the defcribing

and C,
again towards
in
of
their
moVelocity,
every point
tion, as they had before acquired ; and let them arrive at the fame
time at g and k, at fome fmall diftance from E and H, and draw
Then Eg and Hk, being contemporary Lines
gki meeting EH in /.
and
little
alfo,
very
by fuppofuion, they will be nearly as the Ve-

refpedlively.

move back

locities

and INFINITE SERIES,

269

and
which contemporary
Let the points g and k continue
their motion till they coincide with E and H, or let the Line GKI
or gki continue its progremve and angular motion in this manner,
till it coincides with EHL, and let L be the Node, or point of no

g and

at

locities

Lines will be

k, that

is,

at

as E/'

and

H/'.

now

divarication, as in the

foregoing

Lemma.

Then

will the laft ratio

of the vanifhing Lines Eg- and lik, which is the ratio of the Velo'
cities at E and H, be as EL and
refpe&ively.
Hence we have this Corollary. If the point E (in the foregoing
be fuppos'd to move from A towards B, with a Velocity
figure,)
moves from
how
accelerated, and at the fame time the point
any
if
an
with
D
C towards
equable Velocity, (or inequable,
you pleafe )
will be refpectively as the Lines EL and
thofe Velocities in E and

HL

HL, which

EG

Lines

to be found, by fuppofmg the contemporary

continually to dkninim, and finally to vanim.
to move with a
the moveable indefinite Line

point

and

is

HK

Or by fuppofmg

GKI

EG and
and angular motion,
fhall always be contemporary Lines, till at laft GKI mall coincide with the Line EHL, at which time it will determine the Node
L, or the point of no divarication. So that if the Lines AE and
in

progreffive

fuch manner, as that

HK

CH

fcription
ratio of

And
low
cus

and HL.

hence

it

will fol-

alfo, that the Loof the moveable

point or
is,

at

EL

Fluents, any how related, their Velocities of deand H, or their refpe&ive Fluxions, will be in the

two

reprefent

of

all

Node

L-,

that

IH

the points of

T>

no divarication, will be
fome Curve-line L/, to
which the Lines EHL
and

GK/

always be
Tangents in L and /.
And the nature of this
Curve L/ may be deterwill

mined by

the given relation of the Fluents or Lines

however the

relation of

be determined in

its

all cafes

AE

and

CH

and vice versa. Or

intercepted Tangents EL and HL may
that is, the ratio of the Fluxions of the
;

given Fluents.

For

tte Method of FLUXLONS,

270

Make the
us apply this to an Example.
x, and let the relation of thefe be always
x".
Make the contemporary Lines
this Equation y
exprefs'd by
are contempoand
Y and HKs=X.; and becaufe
and
by fuppofition, we fhall have the whole Lines
For

let

illuftration-fake,

Fluents AE= y and CH ;=

EG

CH

AE

AG

rary

contemporary alfo, and thence the Equation y -f-Y=

by our Author's Binomial Theorem will produce y
-nx"~ X -+- n x"-^-x*~*X* , &c. which ( becaufe y

come

::

-+-

Y=
i

nx n ~

lation of the

x"- X-Jl

^-^Ar'-^X

&c. or

x ^-^""^X, &c. which

in

CK

x -j-X

x"

=
|

This

x"

will

an Analogy,

+
be-

will be the general re-

EG

contemporary Lines or Increments

and HK.

Now

us fuppofe the indefinite Line GKI, which limits thefe contemand angular motion,
porary Lines, to return back by a progrefiive
and HK, and
fo as always to intercept contemporary Lines

let

EG

and by that means to determine the

we may fuppofe EG
Y and
X, to dibecome
which
and
to
in
cafe
minifli hi i-nfinitum,
vanifhing Lines,
i
nx"~ . But then it will be like wife X
we fhall have X Y
EG :: HL EL x y, or i nx"~' x :y, ory=nxx'.
Y
And hence we may have an expedient for exhibiting Fluxions
and Fluents Geometrically and Mechanically, in all circumftances,
fo as to make them the objects of Senfe and ocular Demonftration.
Thus in the laft figure, let the two parallel lines AB and CD be defcribed by the motion of two points E and H, of which E moves
may be fuppos'd to move
any how inequably, and (if you pleafe)
and K correfpond to
equably and uniformly ; and let the points
E and G. Alfo let the relation of the Fluents AE =r y and

coincide
finally to
Node L; that is,

with

EHL,

HK =

: :

HK

: :

: :

CH

=x

be defined by any Equation whatever.

Suppofe now the
them
to carry along with
the indefinite
defcribing points E and
Line EHL, in all their motion, by which means the point or Node
L will defcribe fome Curve L/, to which EL will always be a TanOr fuppofe
to be the Edge of a Ruler, of an ingent in L.
which
moves
with a progreffive and angular modefinite length,

EHL

combined together the moveable point or Node L in this

will have the leaft angular motion, and which is
which
Line,
always
of
no divarication, will defcribe the Curve, and the Line
the point
tion thus

be a Tangent to it in L. Then will the fegbe proportional to the Velocity of the points
or will exhibit the ratio of the Fluxions
refpeclively
y
to
the
Fluents
and CF
x.
a-nd x, belonging

or

Edge

ments
E and

itfelf will

EL

and

HL

AE=y
i

Or

and INFINITE SERIES.

271

fuppofe the Curve L/to be given, or already conftmcled,

we may conceive the indefinite Line EHIL to revolve or roll about
it, and by continually
applying itfelf to it, as a Tangent, to move
be the
and
from the fituation EHIL to GK.ll. Then will

Or

if

we

AE

CH

H will
HL will

of the defcribing points E and

Fluents,
be their Fluxions, and the intercepted Tangents EL and
be the redlilinear meafures of thofe Fluxions or Velocities.
the fenfible velocities

Or

it

may be reprefented thus If L/ be any rigid obftacle in form of a

Curve, about which a flexible Line, or Thread, is conceived to be
wound, part of which is ftretch'd out into a right Line LE, which
will therefore touch the Curve in L ; if the Thread be conceived to
be farther wound about the Curve, till it comes into the fituation
this motion it will exhibit, even to the Eye, the fame
L/KG ;
:

by

of increafe, or their
increafing Fluents as before, their Velocities
of thofe
Fluxions, as alfo the Tangents or rectilinear reprefentatives
the
done
be
fame
Thread,
And
the
Fluxions.
by unwinding
may
we
Thread
of
the
inftead
Or
in the manner of an Evolute.
may

by applying its Edge continually to the

curved Obftacle L/, and making it any how revolve about the moveIn all which manners the Fluents,
able point of Contadl L or /.
Fluxions, and their rectilinear meafures, will be fenfibly and mechamuft be allowed to have a place
nically exhibited, and therefore they
And if they are in nature, even tho' they were but
in rernm naturd.
and
conceiveable, much more if they are fenfible
barely pofiible
and vifible, it is the province of the Mathematicks, by fome method or other, to investigate and determine their properties and pro-

make

ufe

of a Ruler,

portions.

by one Thread EHL, perpetually winding about the curved

obftacle L/, of a due figure, we mall fee the Fluents AE and CH
at any rate aflign'd, by the mocontinually to increafe or decreafe,
tion of the Thread EHL either backwards or forwards ; and as we
(hall thereby fee the comparative Velocities of the points E and H,
that is, the Fluxions of the Fluents AE and CH, and alfo the Lines
EL and HL, whofe variable ratio is always the rectilinear meafure of
So by the help of another Thread GK/L, windthofe Fluxions
obftacle in its part /L, and then ftretching out into a
the
about
ing
or Tangent /KG, and made to move backwards or forright Line
wards, as before ; if the firft Thread be at reft in any given fituation EHL, we may fee the fecond Thread defcribe the contempoIncrements EG and HK, by which the Fluents
porary Lines or
AE and CH are continually increafed ; and if GK/ is made to ap-

Or

as

proach

272

Method of FLUXIONS,

EHL, we may

contemporary Lines contiapproaching towards

and continuing the motion, we may pretwo Lines actually to coincide, or to unite as one
fently fee thofe
then
we may fee the contemporary Lines actually to vaand
Line,
the
fame
at
ntfh
time, and their ultimate ratio actually to become
And if the motion be ftill continued, we mall
that of EL to HL.
fee the Line GK/ to emerge again out of EHL, and begin to defcribe other contemporary Lines, whofe nafcent proportion will be
And fo we may go on till the Fluents are exthat of EL to HL.
proach towards

imallv to diminim, and

the ratio of EL to HL

of

All thefe particulars

haufted.

fee thofe

their ratio
continually

may

be thus eafily

made the

objects

fight, or of Ocular Demonftration.

This may ftill be added, that as we have here exhibited and re-

firft Fluxions
geometrically and mechanically, we may do
prefented
the fame thing, mutatis mutandis, by any higher orders of Fluxions.
Thus if we conceive a fecond figure, in which the Fluential Lines fhall

of the ratio of the intercepted Tangents (or the

the
firft
Fluxions) of
figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the ratio of the fecond Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft
increafe after the rate

Alfo if we conceive a third figure, in which the Fluential

figure.
Lines fhall increafe after the rate of the intercepted Tangents of
the fecond figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the
And fo on as far
third Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft figure.
This is a neceflary confequence from the relative naas we pleafe.
ture of thefe feveral orders of Fluxions, which has been fhewn before.

And

farther to

mew

the univerfality of this Speculation, and

how

accommodated to explain and reprefent all the circumftances of Fluxions and Fluents; we may here take notice, that it may
be alfo adapted to thofe cafes, in which there are more than two
Fluents, which have a mutual relation to each other, exprefs'd by
one or more Equations. For we need but introduce a third parallel
well

it is

any how moving, and that any two of thefe defcribing points carry an indefinite
Line along with them, which by revolving as a Tangent, defcribes
the Curve whofe Tangents every where determine the Fluxions.
As
alfo that any other two of thofe three points are connected by an-

Line, and fuppofc

it

to be defcribed

other indefinite Line,

another fuch Curve.

by

a third point

which by revolving

And

in

like

manner

defcribes

may be four or more parallel

All but one of thefe Curves may be affumed at pleafure,
Lines.
when they are not given by the ftate of the Queftion. Or Analyfo there

tically,

'

///. j //'//<'. i

i( //.

uvuutm

/v

/(v Yfa/?////

2-3.

and INFINITE SERIES.

tically,

fo

many

may

Equations

as
given by the Problem,)

the

is

273

except one, (if not

the Fluents concern'd.

be aflumed,

number of

may not be difficult to give a pretty good

notion of Fluents and Fluxions, even to fuch Perlbns as are not
much verfed in Mathematical Speculations, if they are willing to be
This
iniorm'd, and have but a tolerable readinefs of apprehenfion.
But

laftly,

believe

it

here attempt to perform,

of a Fowler, who is aiming to
I {hall

way, by the inftance

two Birds at once, as is re-

in a familiar
(lioot

Let us fuppofe the right Line AB

prefented in the Frontifpiece.
to
or
be
the
level with the Ground, in which
to
Horizon,
parallel
a Bird is now flying at G, which was lately at F, and a little be-

And let this Bird be conceived to fly, not with an equable

or uniform fwiftnefs, but with a fwiftnefs that always increafes, (or
with a Velocity that is continually accelerated,) according to fome
known rate. Let there alfo be another right Line CD, parallel to
fore at E.

the former, at the fame or any other convenient diftance from the
Ground, in which another Bird is now flying at K, which was lately
at I, and a little before at
;
juft at the fame points of time as the

Bird was at G, F, E, refpectively.

But to fix our Ideas, and
to make our Conceptions the more fimple and eafy, let us imagine
this fecond Bird to fly equably, or always to defcribe
equal parts of
the Line
in equal times.
Then may the equable Velocity of
firft

CD

Bird be ufed as a known meafure, or ftandard, to which we

may always compare the inequable Velocity of the firft Bird. Let
us now fuppofe the right Line
to be drawn, and continued to
the point L, fo that the
proportion (or ratio) of the two Lines EL
and
be
the
fame
as that of the Velocities of the two
may

this

EH

HL

and
Birds, when they were at
refpeclively.
ther fuppole, that the Eye of a Fowler was at the

And

let

us far-

fame time at the

and
he
that
directed
his
or
L,
Gun,
point
Fowling-piece, according
to the right Line LHE, in
hopes to moot both the Birds at once.
But not thinking himfelf then to be fufficiently near, he forbears
to difcharge his Piece, but ftill
pointing it at the two Birds, he
advances
towards
them
continually
according to the direction of his
Piece, till his Eye is prefently at M, and the Birds at the fame time in F
and I, in the fame right Line FIM. And not being yet near enough,
we may fuppofe him to advance farther in the fame manner, his
Piece being always directed or level'd at the two Birds, while he
himfelf walks forward according to the direction of his
till
his
his

Eye
Eye,

is

now

at

at

Piece,
the Birds in the fame
with
Line
right
The Path of his Eye, delcribed by this

N, and

and G.

double

The Method of

274

FLUXIONS,

double motion, (or compounded of a progreffive and angular mobe ibme Curve-line LMN, in the fame Plain as the reft
tion,) will
of the figure, which will have this property, that the proportion of
the diftances of his Eye from each Bird, will be the fame every
where as that of their refpeftive Velocities. That is, when his Eye

L, and the Birds

was

at

EL

and

at

and H,

their Velocities

were then

as

HL, by the Conftruftion. And when his Eye was at M,

and the Birds at F and I, their Velocities were in the fame proporand IM, by the nature of the Curve LMN".
tion as the Lines

FM

And when
cities

are

his

in

Eye

is

at

N, and

the proportion of

and K, their Veloto KN, by the nature of the

of all other fituations.
So that
be
the
fenfible
meafure
of
always

the Birds at

GN

fame Curve. And fo univerfally,

the Ratio of thofe two Lines will
Now if thefe Velocities,
the ratio of thofe two fenfible Velocities.
or the fwiftneffes of the flight of the two Birds in this inflance, are
call'd Fluxions; then the Lines defcribed by the Birds in the fame
time, may be call'd their contemporaneous Fluents; and all inftances
whatever of Fluents and Fluxions, may be reduced to this Example,
and may be illuflrated by it.
And thus I would endeavour to give fome notion of Fluents and
Fluxions, to Perfons not much converfant in the Mathematicks j
but fuch as had acquired fome fkill in thefe Sciences, I would thus
to inflrudl, and to apply what has been now deliver'd.
proceed farther
The contemporaneous Fluents being EF=_y, and Hl=.v, and
their rate of flowing or increafing. being fuppos'd to be given or
known their relation may always be exprefs'd by an Equation,
which will be compos'd of the variable quantities x andjy, together
with any known quantities. And that Equation will have this probecaufe of thofe variable quantities, that as FG and IK, EG
perty,
and HK, and infinite others, are alfo contemporaneous Fluents; it
will indifferently exhibit the relation of thofe Lines alfo, as well as
of EF and HI ; or they may be fubflituted in the Equation, inftead
of x and y. And hence we may derive a Method for determining
the Velocities themfelves, or for finding Lines proportional to them.
X ; in the given Equation I may
For making FG =Y,.and IK
fubftitute y -}- Y inftead of ^y, and x -f- X inftead of x, by which
I fhall obtain an Equation, which in all circumftances will exhibit
;

Now it may be plainly

the relation of thofe Quantities or Increments.
if
the Line MIF is conceived continually to approach
perceived, that
nearer and nearer to the Line NKG, (as jufl now, in the inftance
of the Fowler,)

till it

finally coincides

with

it;

the Lines

FG

Y,
and

and INFINITE SERIES.

and IK

275

X, will continually decreafe, and by decreafing will apand K,

and nearer to the Ratio of the Velocities at
nearer
proach
and will finally vanifh at the fame time, and in the proportion of

GN

to KN.
thofc Velocities, that is, in the Ratio of
Confequently
in the Equation now form'd, if we fuppofe
to decreafe
and
and
at
laft to vanifh, that we
obtain
their
ultimate
continually,
may

GN

mail thereby obtain the Ratio of

to KN.
But when
and
vanifh, or when the point F coincides with G, and I with
.x'; fo that we fhall have
H, then it will be
y, and
:
x
::
And
hence
we
mall
KN.
obtain a Fluxional Equay
tion, which will always exhibit the relation of the Fluxions, or Ve-

Ratio

we

EG

GM
for

Thus,

Lines y and

may

y*

=
Y

and x

(fee before,

aX

=
IK =

if EF=j', and HI
x, and the indefinite
are fuppofed to increafe at fuch a rate, as that their

-f-

for

we

pag, 255.)

axY

-\-

aXj

which may be thus exprefs'd

1
aX
.+. ay +- 3tfX -h X
Analogy, when

and

Ratio, will become

becaufe it is then

this

FG=Y,

-+-

1
Equation x

ax* + axy
X, by fubftituting
x, and reducing the Equation that will

always be exprefs'd by
then making

for j,

zaxX

Example,

A:

relation

arife,

HK

belonging to the given Algebraical or Fluential Equation.

locities,

y -f-

have ^x"-X

fhall

-+-

rfXY

in

an Analogy,

and

-f-

3y*Y

-f-

Y
X :: 3**
37 Y -+- Y*.
3jyY*

aX -+-

ax

3#X

o,

2 ax

This

are vanishing quantities, or their ultimate

And
ax.
^ax -f- ay
3**
3^*

GN

KN

x ::
x, it will be y
the
of
the
Which gives
ax.
-+- ay
3X
3^*
proportion
And the like in all other cafes. Q^. E. I.
Fluxions.
might alfo lay a foundation for thefe Speculations in the fol1

zax

::

::

We

lowing manner.

Let

ABCDEF,

6cc. be the
of
a Polygon,
Periphery
or any part of it, and
let

the Sides

AB, BC,

CD, DE, &c. be

magnitude

of any

whatever.

In the fame Plane, and

at

any

diftance,

draw

the two parallel Lines

/6, and bf\ to which
continue the right Lines

BCcy,
DEes, &c. meeting the
AB4/3,

parallels as in the figure,

n 2

Now

if

we

fuppofe

7%e Method of FLUXIONS,

276

or bodies, to be at $ and b, and to move

pofe two moving points,
in the fame time to y and c, with any equable Velocities ; thofe
Velocities will be to each other as @y and be, that is, becaufe of the
as /3B and bE.
Let them fet out again from y and c,
parallels,

and

arrive at the

fame time

at

^ and

thole Velocities will be as yfr

them depart again from

e, with any equable

and
and

de,

that

is,

as

and

how many
Polygon may be.

d,

with any equable Velocities ;

Let
is, as yC and cC.
and arrive in the fame time at g

foever,

d,

cd,

Velocities

And
and how

J^D and dD.

where,

and

that

thofe Velocities will be as

it

will be the

S-t

fame thing every

fmall foever, the Sides of the

Let their number be increafed, and their magnitude be diminim'd in infinitum, and then the Periphery of the Polygon will continually approach towards a Curve-line, to which the
Lines AB^/3, ECcy, CDd, &c. will become Tangents as alfo the
-,

Motions may be conceived

to degenerate into fuch as are accelerated

Then in any two points, fuppofe
and d,

or retarded continually.
where the defcribing points are found at the fame time, their Velocities (or Fluxions) will be as the Segments of the refpeclive Tan-

dD

and the Lines /3^ and bd, intercepted by any

two Tangents J>D and /SB, will be the contemporaneous Lines, or
Fluents.
Now from the nature of the Curve being given, or from
gents cTD and

the property of its Tangents, the contemporaneous Lines may be

And vice versa, from the
found, or the relation of the Fluents.
Rate of flowing being given, the correfponding Curve may be found.

ANNO-

and INFINITE SERIES.

277

ANNOTATIONS on Prob.iO

The

Relation of the Fluxions being

to
7
&
o given,
find the Relation of the Fluents.

SECT.
the

R,

I.

A particular Solution

general Solution,

with a preparation for

by 'which

it is

diftribitted

into-

three Cafes.

now come

of the Author's fecond fundamental Problem, borrow'd from the Science

of Rational Mechanicks
Which is, from the Veloare

to the Solution

of the Motion at

all times
given, to find the
defcribed
or
find
to
the
of
the
Fluents from the
;
Spaces
quantities
In difcuffing which important Problem, there will
given Fluxions.
And firft it may
be occafion to expatiate fome thing more at large.
not be amifs to take notice, that in the Science of Computation all
the Operations are of two kinds, either Compolitive or Refolutative.

cities

The Compolitive
rectly, in

way of

or Synthetic Operations proceed neceffarily and dicomputing their feveral qit(?fita> and not tentatively or by

tryal.

Such

are Addition, Multiplication,

Railing of Powers,
But the Refolutative or Analytical

and taking of Fluxions.

Opera-

tions, as Subtraction, Divifion, Extraction of Roots, and finding of

Fluents, are forced to proceed indirectly and tentatively, by long
or
deductions, to arrive at their feveral qutefita ; and

fuppofe
require
the contrary Synthetic Operations, to prove and confirm every llep
The Compofitive Operations, always when the
of the Procefs.
data are finite and terminated, and often when they are interminate
i

or

The Method of FLUXIONS,

or infinite, will produce finite conclufions ; whereas very often in
the Refolutative Operations, tho' the data are in finite Terms, yet
the quafita cannot be obtain'd without an infinite Series of Terms.
Of this we mall fee frequent Inftances in the fubfequent Operation,
of returning to the Fluents from the Fluxions given.

Author's particular Solution of this Problem extends to fuch

<afes only, wherein the Fluxional Equation propofed either has been,
or at leafl might have been, derived from fome finite Algebraical

The

the necefTary Terms

Equation, which is now required. Here
be
are
neceflary, it will not
being prefent, and no more than what
difficult, by a Procefs juft contrary to the former, to return back
But it will moft commonly happen,
again to the original Equation,
either if we aflume a Fluxional Equation at pleafure, or if we arrive
at one as the refult of fome Calculation, that fuch an Equation is
to be refolved, as could not be derived from any previous finite Alredundant or defigebraical Equation, but will have Terms either
all

and confequently the Algebraic Equation required, or its

be had by Approximation only, or by an infinite Series.
mufl
Root,
cafes we mult have recourfe to the general Solution of
all
which
In

cient

this

Problem, which

we

fhall find afterwards.

The

(i.) All fuch

Precepts for this particular Solution are thefe.
Terms of the given Equation as are multiply 'd (fuppofe) by x, muft
be difpofed according to the Powers of x, or muft be made a

Num-

ber belonging to the Arithmetical Scale

whofe Root

is

x.

(2.)

Then

they muft be divided by A-, and multiply'd by x ; or x muft be

changed into A', by expunging the point. (3.) And laftly, the
Terms muft be feverally divided by the Progreilion of the Indices
of the Powers of x, or by fome other Arithmetical ProgrerTion, as
need mail require. And the fame things muft be repeated for every
one of the flowing quantities in the given Equation.
zaxx -f- axy
Thus in the Equation $xx^yy- -f- ajx -Q^
1
zaxx -\-axy by expunging the points become
the Terms -^xx
zax*- -+- axy, which divided by the Progreffion of the Indi^x''
.

a
3.X)'

which

ax*

Alfo the Terms

-+- axy.
the
become
ayx by expunging
points
3j * -f- ayx,
divided by the Progreffion of the Indices 3, 2, i,

ces 3, 2,

I,

reflectively,

will give

A'

* -+-

will give

redundant
required.

refpectively,

y> * -+- ayx.

The

Term ayx, is x*
Where it muft be

more than once, mult

aggregate of thefe,

ax*

-\-

axy

_}"

neglecting the
o, the Equation

noted, that every Term, which occurs

be accounted a redundant Term.

So

and INFINITE SERIES.

So
;//

propoied Equation were

if the

-f-

279
m-\- 2(jyxx

^yxx*

-f-

4 -v

ay* xx

n-\- $xyy> -\-n-\- lax^yy -+- nx+y

nax>y
m}
values
n
whatever
the
and
m
Numbers
o,
general
may acquire ;
thofe Terms in which x is found are reduced to the Scale whofe

-+-

=.
if

Root

is

they will ftand thus

x,

-+-

yyxx'

-+-

zayx*.

-+

my**-, or expunging the points they will become

m -f- Ziivx* +- m -+- \ay-x 1
Thefe being dim -+- %yx+
m\*x.
vided refpedtively by the Arithmetical Progreffion m -f- 3, m-\-2,.

m-\-\ay*xx

1
Alio
m, will give the Terms yx+
y+x.
ayx -f- ay'-x
whofc
Scale
the Terms in which y is found
reduced
to
the
being
1

m-\-

i,

Root

isy, will ftand thus

-4-

^xyy* * +- n -+ iax*jy-{- nx*y;

nax"=y

or expunging the points they will become

n -\~^ x * -^~ n ~^~ iaxi)"
Thefe being divided reipeclively by the Arithmetical Pro+- nx+y.
grefTion ^-{-3,
1

ax*}' -)-

mull

all

x+y
ax*y.
be confider'd

So that yx*
Equation x*

Thus

ayx*

?z-|-i,
thefe

will

give the

Terms

xy* -\-

as

-f-

Terms, being the fame as the former,

redundant, and therefore are to be rejected.
i

ay

xi

ax -\-ayx

-+- ;z-f-

;;,

But

y^x=o

we had

if

nx*yy~*
it

?i-{- 2,

y*

this Fluxional

\ay

=. o,

or dividing by yx, the

o will

arife as before.

Equation mayxx~

to find the Fluential

m -+- 2xx

Equation to which

the Terms mayxx~ *

m -f- 2xx, by expunging the
and dividing by the Terms of the Progreffion m, m-\- 1, w-t-2,
I

belongs

points,
will give the

Terms ay

x*.

Alfo the

Terms

nx^yf

-+-

n-\-iay,

by expunging the points, and dividing by n, n-\- i, will give the

x 1 -f- ay.
Now as thefe are the fame as the former, they
Terms
are to be efteem'd as redundant, and the Equation required will be
o.
And when the given Fluxional Equation is a genex1
ay
and
ral one,
adapted to all the forms of the Fluential Equation, as
cafe of the two laft Examples
is the
then all the Terms ariling
from the fecond Operation will be always redundant, fo that it will
be fufficient to make only one Operation.
Thus if the given Equation were ^.yy 1 -f- z 3yy~ J -f- 2yxx
3:32*
H- 6}'z.z
o, in which there are found three flowing quan2cyz
tities j the only Term in which x is found is
2yxx, in which exthe
and
then
point,
punging
dividing by the Index 2, it will be1
Then the Terms in which y is found are 4^*4- z*yy~~ t
come^*
which expunging the points become
# * 4-s 3 , and dividing

by,

72k Method of

280

FLUXIONS,

s
i, give the Terms aj
Laftly
by the Progreffion 2, i, o,
the Terms in which z is found are
zcyz, which
yzz* -J- 6yzz
32;"' -f- 6yz*
29-2, and dividing
expunging the points become
;

by the Progreffion

Now
we

if

we

3,

2,

collect thefe

mall have

yx

-+- 2y>

i,

give

the

&+

Terms

Terms, and omit the redundant

z"'

-f-

yz

2cyz

T.yz

zcyz.

Term

z*,

o for the Equa-

tion required.
3, 4. But thefe deductions are not to be too

they are verify 'd by a proof; and

till

we

much rely'd upon,

have here a fure method

of proof, whether we have proceeded rightly or not, in returning

from the relation of the Fluxions to the relation of the Fluents. For
every refolutative Operation mould be proved by its contrary comSo if the Fluxional Equation xx
pofitive Operation.
<xy
xy-\o
were
given, to return to the Equation involving the Fluents
ny'=
by the foregoing Rule we fliall firft have the Terms xx
xy, which
will
the
become
x*
and
.vy,
by expunging
points
dividing by the
1
will
the
Terms
the Terms, or
Alfo
^x
Progreffion 2, i,
give
xy.
;

xy -+- ay, by expunging the points will become

xy.
by Unity. So that leaving out the
l
redundant Term
xy, we fhall have the Fluential Equation x
xy
Now if we take the Fluxions of this Equation, we
-+- ay == o.
iliall find by the
which
foregoing Problem xx
xy
xy -+- ay
fame
as
the
we
the
are
to
conclude
our
work
is
Equation given,
being
But if either of the Fluxional Equations xx
true.
xy -f- ay
or xx
o had been propofed, tho' by purfuing the
xy -f- ay
foregoing method we fhould arrive at the Equation x*
xy-\-ay
o, for the relation of the Fluents ; yet as this conclulion would
not fland the teft of this proof, we muft reject it as erroneous, and
have recourfe to the following general Method ; which will give the
value of y in either of thofe Equations by an infinite Series, and
therefore for ufe and practice will be the moil commodious Sorather

-+- ay,

Term,
which

are only to be divided

=o,

=o,

lution.
5.

As

Velocities can

be compared only with Velocities,

and

all

other quantities with others of the fame Species only ; therefore in

every Term of an Equation, the Fluxions muft always afcend to the

lame number of Dimenfions, that the homogeneity may not be deWhenever it happens otherwife, 'tis becaufe fome Fluxion;
ftroy'd.
taken for Unity, is there underftood, and therefore muft be fupply'd

when

making

z=i,

vice versa.

And

The

az'-x*
o, by
Equation xz -+- xyx
ax*==o and like wile
may become -x -f- xyx
as this Equation virtually involves three variable

occafion requires.

>

quantities,

and INFINITE SERIES.

it

quantities,

will

another

require

yx=yy;

this

or

as has been already ob-

manner

Fluential

either

Equation,

Fluxionai, for a compleat determination,

So as the Equation yx
ferved.
xyy, by putting x
in like

281

i becomes
and
fuppofes the
Equation requires

other.

Here we

are taught fome ufeful Reductions, in

As when the Equation
Equation for Solution.
their
with
Fluxions, the ratio
flowing Quantities

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II.
order to prepare the

contains only two

of the Fluxions may always be reduced to fimple Algebraic Terms.
The Antecedent of the Ratio, or its Fluent, will be the quantity to

be extracted ; and the Confequent, for the greater fimplicity, may

o is
be made Unity. Thus the Equation zx +- 2xx
yx
y
y'tis
2
2 -+ 2X
reduced to this,
y
y, or making

_^_ 2 x

king
_!_

2L

So the Equation ya

y.

x=
_j_

i,

f!?

will
_|_

ticular Solution to

__ ##

_{_ tfy

o,

become y

xa -f-

yx
a
(

~^+

=
=
x=i,
= maxx
= jdb = +

xy

-f-

o,

But we may apply the par1

this Example, by which we mail have {x
xy
and thence y =."- ^~Thus the Equation
,

&c. by Divilion.

=y

x=i,

becomes yy
-+- xx, and ex-i
~
the Series
'tis
\/ -j- xx
y
tracting the fquare-root,
8
6
1
&c.
either
i -jthat
x*-{-2X
is,
2.-4-X
y
5X -f- I4x',
8
10
1
6
4
*
4
x -f- x
zx 6
x -{-2x
x
jx -f- I4* , &c. or y
1
1
10 &c.
8
,
Again, the Equation y> -+-axx*y-{-a x y
_j_ rx
I4-.V
3
?
3
x
2x'tf
i, becomes _y -\-axy -\-ay
X 3x
putting
3 affected
an
Cubic
of
form
this
has
o.
Now
2<7
Equation
a
been refolved before, (pag. 1 2.) by which we mail have y
^x +
?
4
xx
^9^
c,
iji* "
'
~*~
uz" 1
16384^5
6^
of
the
fake
12. For
perfpicuity, and to fix the Imagination, our
Author here introduces a diftinction of Fluents and Fluxions into
The Correlate is that flowing Quantity which
Relate and Correlate.
he fuppofes to flow equably, which is given, or may be arTumed,
at any point of time, as the known meafure or ftandard, to which

yjr

xy-{-xxxx, making

x=

=o,

'

It
the Relate Quantity may be always compared.
may therefore
and
or
denote
Time
its
;
Fluxion,
Velocity
being an
very properly
uniform and conftant quantity, may be made the Fluxionai Unit,
or the known meafure of the Fluxion (or of the rate of flowing) of

the Relate Quantity.

The

Relate Quantity, (or Quantities if ieve-

ral

The Method of

282

FLUXIONS,

concern'd,) is that which is fuppos'd to flow inequably, with;

of acceleration or retardation ; and ts
any degrees
inequability may
combe meafured, or reduced as it were to equability, by

ral are

conihntly
This
correfponding Correlate or equable Quantity.
is
the
to
be
therefore
found by the Proble'm, or whofe
Quantity
Root is to be extracted from the given Equation. And it may be
conceived as a Space defcribed by the inequable Velocity of a Body
or Point in motion, while the equable Quantity, or the Correlate,
or meaiures the time of
This may be illureprefents
defcription.
ftrated by our common Mathematical Tables, of
Logarithms, Sines,
In the Table of Logarithms, for
Tangents, Secants, &c.
inflance,
the Numbers are the Correlate Quantity, as proceeding
equably, or
while
their
as
a
Relate
differences,
equal
by
Logarithms,
Quantity,
And this refemblance
proceed inequably and by unequal differences.
would more nearly obtain, if w e mould fuppofe infinite other Numbers and their Logarithms to be interpolated, (if that infinite Numparing

it

with

its

ber be every where the fame,) fo as that in a manner they may become continuous. So the Arches or Angles
be confider'd as

may

the Correlate Quantity, becaule they proceed by equal differences,

while the Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. are as fo many Relate Quantities, whofe rate of increafe is exhibited by the Tables.
13, 14, 15, 16, 17. This Diflribution of Equations into Orders,
or Gaffes, according to the number of the flowing Quantities and
their Fluxions, tho' it be not of abfolute
for the Solution,
neceflity

make it more expedite and methodical, and

yet ferve to
convenient
with
us
places to reft at.
fupply

may

SECT.

II

may

Solution of the Jirft Cafe

of Equations.

18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.

~|~^HE
-i.

the

firft

Cafe of Equations

Quantity

or

is,

what

wherr

fupplies

te found in Terms compofed of the Powers

place, can always
of x, and known Quantities or Numbers.. Thefc Terms are to be
multiply'd by x, and to be divided by the Index of .v in each Term,,
which will then exhibit the Value of jr. Thus in the Lquationj/ a
.xi/

its

-+-

x x*,
10

it

has been found that

-t-x*

x*

Therefore
=^-4- x*
x'-f- 2,v
I4* , &cc.
x jX*
&c. and confequently y
-fx -f- ^x"
be
as
&c.
may ealily
proved by the direct Method.

-f-

2x

5^'

J-x

$x* -f-t-

14*'*,

-j-l^A"

But

and INFINITE SERIES.

But

and the

this,

by a Method form'd
after

like Equations, may be refolved more readily

in imitation of fome of the foregoing Analyfes,

In the given Equation

manner.

this

=j/-l-.v*, which

will bej)*

H=

X*

thus refolved

is

-+-

J
$

y
y*-

283

X*
.V 4

2X S
2X &

-f-

make x

then

it

9
&C.
pC
9
5X , &C.

-f-

of y ; then will
x 4 be the firft Term
of
which is to be put with a contrary Sign for the fecond
j/
Term of y. Then by fquaring, -f- 2X 6 will be the fecond Term
of
2x* will be the third Term of y. Therefore
j/, and
8
will be the third Term of
and -f- 5*" will be the

Make

the

AT*

firft

Term

5#

j/,

Term

and fo on. Therefore taking the Fluents, y

ix 7 -f-4-x, &c. which will be one Root of the
I..V -+-fx*
x -+And if we fubtradt this from x, we (hall have y
Equation.
7
&e.
for
the
x
other
-i-A;
Root.
AX',
^.v* -f-

fourth

of y

=
^ = ax
+ ^,

So

if -

04^

&c

'

6?

>

&c

that

yx

-^yii:

&c

ya

==f c

then

_y=^
v

Laftly,

dex

o,

it

if

ing quantity,

I?IA.'4

&c.

If 4

*.

s
.

-,

^--**.
x

or

ex?

f.

will be

or value of y,

or

'-

j. v

then Y

or

if

jj-T
i

is,

A'

v=^->^4-

then

li

2*

,
"

-^

4-r -4-

~,

y
mufl be

or

lefs

or

'

= =
^

^v

dividing

by the In-

or

infinite,

is

is

infinite.

very plain.

That
For

than any affignable

quantity,

muft be bigger than any

affignable

finite.

o 2

this

as

its

quantity,

Expreffion,
is

a vanim-

Reciprocal
that

is,

in-

The Method of

284

Now
and

in

CE

fcribe the

and

its

let

a point

Line

CDE,

let

AB

infinite,

may

be thus proved.

reprefent the conftant quantity a,

move equably from C towards E, and

of Avhich

let

any

indefinite part

equable Velocity in D, (and every where

A
c

ought to be

that this quantity

In the Equation

FLUXIONS,

o,

elfe,)

is

CD

de-

be x,

reprefented

and INFINITE SERIES,

x we may write b +- x, and we
r

vx

-r-v

Multiplication and Divifion

we

X, and

-^

1-

fhall

-J- 3

jx

xj

may

=
y=
=

y^

"-

we may

~X

-J-

4.x -f2X"' -{-

4.V

2x*

4X

ax

"X 1

-r
b

tl

~,

6cc.

which

-'
,

inftead of
y
xx, or X

4x*

xj

-f-

|x 4

-+- ^.x

that

-f.

-f-

4x

x1

zx

is

-f-

-f-

xy

A: J

3*

4X
h 4^
4

yx

11

zx

-4-2

y=.^x

Term

write

\ -f-

^-

z
-^^ +-

H- xyj

ax
:.
V*-}-*
f

be thus refolved

^"

or by Divifion

&c. and therefore

y
the Equation ~

Or

x"',

&c.

and then by

--

xx, becaufe of the

'

then have

2X 1

2X
zx

-fr

-4-

give an infinite value for ^,

would

^x

if ~

So

2.6.

is

}'=

&c. and therefore

-77

it

have ~

fhall

285

AT 3

4x* 4- x
AT*
2x

_
^X3

2X 4 , &C,
2x 4 6cc.
2x 4 &c.
x * t &c

-j-

-f-

iX4

_|_

Term

of j, then 4x will be the firfl Term of

4* will be the fecond Term of j. Then
xy, and confequently
a
be
the
fecond
Term of .vy, and therefore -(- 4x*
will
4x
3x ,
or x*, will be the third Term of_y ; and fo on.

Make 4

the

firft

fc

27. So

if

change x into
the
by
*
-+-

-.

x, then

foregoing;

x5 ,

6cc.

AT~^ -f-

x~

==

-.'

-+-

yi v
Methods of Reduction

and v/i

'tis

s/

Therefore collecting thefe according to their Signs,

ix

2.v-|-

-t-

T^-x

3
,

&c. that

is-^

=x4-2x*

x 4- x -f- ix 4- ^x
and therefore y
28. So if the given Equation were
X
.

'^ A

'

change the beginning of x.

4
,

-f-

-f-

|x

'tis

-+-

a"d

&c.

4-

x*

4-

^x 4 &c.
,

&c.

==

that

-rr x ^

r-^

But

x.

4-^

Term x~'

of the

becaufe

x'~,

i.

is.

~^

~
ii^^C -!- 3t"A*

inftead

of

~"

X%

"

write

x,

--

x, then

c*x-

f3

c*-X

Al

and therefore

SECT.
2 9>

Method of FLUXIONS,

7$

286

_>'

c">x~*

x-

^c=x-~ -\-c*x~

yx

or

c*x~*

l
.

Solution of the fecond

Cafe of Equations.

III.

belonging to this fecond cafe are thofe,

wherein the two Fluents and their Fluxions,
fuppofe
x and y, x and j, or any Powers of them, are promifcuoufly inAs our Author's Analyfes are very intelligible, and fee'm to
volved.
want but little explication, I mall endeavour to refolve his Examples
in fomething an eafier and fimpler manner, than is done here ;
by
applying to them his own artifice of the Parallelogram, when needful, or the properties of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in

3- TT^Quations

M^

as explain'd before : As alfo the

Solution of afTeclcd Equations.

The Equation yax

~ -+- ".becomes ~
31.

Methods before made

aax

piano,
ufe of, in the

o by a due Reduction
in which, becaufe of the Term
there

xxy

occafion for a Tranfmutation, or to change the

beginning of the
x.
therefore
the
conftant
Quantity
ArTurning
quantity b,
we may put 4whence
Divifion
will
be had
-f- -^
,
by

is

Correlate

-j

==

=^
ax

-I-

-^

-+-

ax z

ax*

-ji

77

e
&c
which
i

>

'

-.-,

Equation

is

then

prepared for the Author's Method of Solution.

But without this previous Reduction to an infinite Series, and the
Reiblution of an infinite Equation confequent thereon, we may
The given Equaperform the Solution thus, in a general manner.
tion

now 4

is

/y ~+\

aby

xy

yx

-f-

=
a

1
,

j-

-|-

or putting

which may be thus refolved

i,

it

is

aby

-f-

axj

and INFINITE SERIES.

fee
Difpoiing the Terms as you
~
will be the
Term of aby, then

will be the

firft

ax

and

axv,
/*

down

Term

fecond

abx

Thefe

-^~

three together

of

by.

Term

firft

Thefe two

of
to-

with a contrary Sign, mud be put

of aby. Therefore the fecond Term of
x,

like

Term
'-'-~
b"

and the

*,

will be the

and the

firft

of j, and thence -|x

Term

firfl

of ..\y will be

ly will be

Term

firft

So that

*y.

Term

for the fecond

will be '-~-x,
t>-

'y

ax

or -,x

gether,

of

will be the

done here, make a 1 the

is

Term

287
-

make

Then

A*.
^b-

Term

2*

A*,

xy will be

of

which with

the

Term

and the fecond

A*,

firft

of -'y will be

of

yA*.
contrary

Therefore the third

Sign muft be made the third Term of aby.
~-^-'A* and the third Term of y will be
Term of ry will be
ZaL
*

'

=.

_^_

a,

we

A'

And

fo on.

Here

mall have the fimple Series

we would have a defcending

Equation, we may proceed as follows
Or

[,y\

=<!*

---

~f-

a**a*bx~

b x

_f_

-+-

y =. x

* -+-

Series for the

if

xy~\

cafe if

a particular

in'

we

x a*x-*, &c.
a-i-l) y.a -bx~-, &c,

zu\ +- zab

-+-

-~t
'-,

A~

this

rt

&c.

Root y of

~'

JJ/=:

make.

&c.
&c.
6cc.

^ -4-/>X 2rt*A-~ 3 , &C.

and make a* the firft Term of the

Difpofe the Terms as you fee,
- be the firft Term of y, and a*x~"- will
Series
xy, then will
be the firft Term of
of
axy which together
by,
l
make a-\- b x a x~ ; this therefore with a contrary Sign muft be
the fecond Term of
Then the fecond Term of y will
xy.

be the

firft

Term

and a"'X~

of y.

Then

will be

the

will -f- a"-bx~

firft

Term

be a-\-by.a x~~ ) and the fecond

3i

Therefore the fecond

Term

of

Term

be
ofj/ will

by will

be

a-\-

l>-x.2a

-f- b

x~ 3

x tf*Av~*,

and

TZe Method of

88

and the fecond Term of axy

Term

firft

of aby will

be

FLUXIONS,
a-\-b* 2a*x~*, and tlie
which three together make

be

will

a^bx~-

xa 1 *.*. ThiswithacontrarvSisnmuftbethethird
^za -I2a* -+- zab -+- b % x a 2 x~3 for the
Term of
xy, which will give
Here if we make b=.a, thenj=
third Term of y ; and fo on.
zab

--

a1

-+- b*

ca4

za*

&C.
+- *'r
^T
x* 3
And thefe are all the Series,
hibited in this Equation, as
x

'

by which the value of y can be exmay be proved by the Parallelogram.

that Method may be extended to thefe Fluxional Equations, as

well as to Algebraical or Fluential Equations.
To reduce thefe
within
the
we
are
Limits
of
that
to confider, that
Rule,
Equations

For

Ax m may

reprefent the initial Term of the Root jr, in both thefe

kinds of Equations, or becaufe it may be y
Ax m , &c. fo in

as

Fluxional Equations (making #=1, we mall have a\foy=mAx m I )

6cc. or writing y for Ax m , 6cc. 'tis
myx~* , &c. So that in
y
the
given Equation, in which y occurs, or the Fluxion
every Term of

of the Relate Quantity, we may conceive it to take away one Dimenfion from the Correlate Quantity, fuppofe x, and to add it to
the Relate Quantity, fuppofe y ; according to which Reduction we

may

inlert the

Terms

a like Reduction for

This

Quantity.

will

the Parallelogram.
And we are to make
the Powers of the Fluxion of the Relate
bring all Fluxional Equations to the Cafe of
in

all

Algebraic Equations, the Refolution of which has been fo amply

treated of before.
the
Thus in the prefent Equation aby -+- axy
by -f- yx +- aa,
Terms mufl be inferted in the Parallelogram, as if yx~ ' were fubftituted inftead of y ; fo that the Indices will ftand as in the Margin,

and the Ruler will give only two Cafes of exterOr rather, if we would reduce this
nal Terms.
to
the form of a double Arithmetical
Equation
Scale, as explain'ci before, we mould have it in this
Here in the firft Column are contain'd thofe
form.

Terms which have y of one Dimenfion,

In the fecond Column
is equivalent to it.
Alfo in the
or y of no Dimenfions.
or
fuch
in
Terms
which x
xy,
.

fecond Line are the

{iqiis

of

.v,

becaufe

in the third line

is

Terms
-j-

aby t

axy

regarded

Term

a1

Line

+ axi i_
y

in

as

C~

is

of one Dimenfion.

<f

is

what

is

firft
is

by~l

or the

or

In

the,

which have no Dimenif it

which x

were
is

ay.

Laftly,

of one negative

Dimenlion

and INFINITE SERIES.

289

is confider'd as if it were -f- abx~~

)\ And
thus dilpos'd, it is plain there can be but two Cafes
J

Dimension, becaufe -\-aly

Terms being

thefe

of external Terms, which we have already difcufs'd.

-TV
?2. If the oropofed Equation be
2 x -4O
jy

making

x=

'tis

i,

we

Solution of which

xy~

2.v -f-

-f- 3_v

mall attempt without

y
1

xx

o
the
2yx~
any preparation, or

without any new interpretation of the Quantities.

the

Firft,

Terms

are to be difpos'd according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the

of which are y and .Y, and then they will Itand as in the Margin.

Method of doing
in all cafes

obferve in
2.V

the Equation there are three powers of

y,

which

y, and 7-'

are

which

are

.v

x,

there-

and x~

it

will be

at the right hand ; or

Then I infert every

The

which

+p- Xj~

2JXfore I place thefe in order at the top

of the Table. I obferve likewife that there are four
1

Roots

with certainty

this

as follows.

is

or

>

enough

Powers of

x,

I place in order in a Column

to conceive this to be done.

Term

of the Equation in its proper place, acof

y and x in that Term ; filling up the
cording to its Dimenfions
vacancies with Aflerifms, to denote the abfence of the Terms beThe Term
_}'*""',
y I infert as if it were
longing to them.
as

before.

is

explain'd
Rukr to the exterior

duce

Series

for

Then we may perceive, that if we apply the

Terms, we mail have three cafes that may prowhich

the fourth cafe,

is

that of direft afcent or

To

always to be omitted, as never affording any Series.

defcent,
with the defcending Series, which will arife from the
is

begin

external

2x and

Terms

and the Analyfis

-f-

xy~

s
.

The Terms

to be performed, as here follows

two

are to bsdifpos'd,
:

-J44*-*, &c.

1
2X, 6cc. then y2, &c. and by Divifion
and
&c. Therefore 3>'=T, &c.
confequently A->
"
1
and
or
&c.
&c.
,
-I*"
* -f#
by Divifion y
4,
y~1
l
1
x
c
an
d
&c.
x\~
Therefore
*^
y
2)'
confequently
-f.*- ,
c anc^ ^7 ^' v ^"
* *
r^ % *
T*"~%
T*" ) &c. So that y~

Make xy~

T=4,

&

=
Then
=

fion

'=

* * -f- r f x~'^c
-

3v

P p

-j-

'

4r A ~%

^c

anc^

Method of FLUXIONS,

Thefe three&c. and

A % 6cc.
zyx~*
i
l
* * *
make 4- r^x- , and therefore xy~
44*"%
together
J
A
on.
c
&
"d
fo
*
*
that
*
fo
-fV|T*~~
&c.
y
Another defcending Series will arife from the two external Terms
2X, which may be thus extracted
-4- -y and

==

* -f- i*-"-,

zx

-f-

41*-'
'

&c.
&c.
X -, &C.
i-x-% &c.

i|*-

_ ^4x-*,

+^

Make

=
=

*
2X, &c. then y
3/
^x, &c. and (by Divifion) y
1
x~*, &c. and x>'~ =|,&c. and
y=- T> c - ThereS
&c. and _y
fore 3_y
*
*
T T) &c. and (by Divifion)
* -g-*" , &c. and
zyx~*
_y= * o, &c. and
xy~*
and
&c.
*
* * 4&c.
Therefore
4,
~x~\
jy
3_y=*
i-j..*J
&c.
6cc.
^.i^ ,
The afcending Series in this Equation will arife from the two ex-

= =
=

&

ternal

tion

Terms

by

y,

2yx~* and xy~ ; or multiplying the whole Equathe external Terms may be clear'd from
(that one of
l

we

mall have yy
the Refolution is thus

y,)

3^*

4- zxy

- v\
#
t^V

v* ^^*

Jl
M^~

x 4- 2y i x~ 1

^S~"
r

-1 ^vl/ ^

_I_
.

v3

"T"*\
*r

'

&r

LA/V *

o,

of which

and INFINITE SERIES.

Then y'y
y.
1
* *
8cc. and y

of

Then yy
&c. and therefore
|.v

5
,

2)'

x~ t

-f- o,

&c. and

2.vy

-^^S &c. and

* *

_>'

=
=

-4--V-'

* *

&c.

&c.

33, 34.

291

a
A* 1
* *
**> &c. and confequently 2v*x~
4-v*, &c. and by extracting the fquare-roor,

The

Author's Procefs of Refolution, in this and the fol-

very natural, fimple, and intelligible; it proterminatim, by p'afling from Series to Series, and
by gathering Term after Term, in a kind of circulating manner, of
which Method we have had frequent inftances before. By this
means he collects into a Series what he calls the Sum, which Sum

lowing Examples,

ceeds Jeriatim

is

is

&

the value of

of the Fluxions of the Relate

or of the Ratio

,v

and Correlate in the given Equation and then by the former Problem he obtains the value of y. When I firft obferved this Method
of Solution, in this Treadle of our Author's, I confefs I was not u
little
pleafed ; it being nearly the fame, and differing only in a few
circumftances that are not material, from the Method I had
hap;

pen'd to fall into feveral years before, for the Solution of Algebraical
and Fluxional Equations. This Method I have generally purfued in
the courfe of this work, and fliall continue to explain it farther by
the following Examples.

The

Equation of this Example i

3^ -f- y + x -+- xj
y
o being reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale,
l

will (land as

here in

the

Margin

and the

Ruler will difcover two cafes to be try'd, of

which one may give us an afcending, and the
other a defcending Series for the
firft for the
afcending Series.

The Terms

Root

y.

v,

v<)

xI

And

being difpofed as you fee, makej/=i, &c. then

Therefore
x, &c. the Sign of which Term
y
it will
x
*
*
-{changed,
2.v, &c.
bej/=
being
3 AT, &c.
Pp 2
and

y=x,

&c.

77->e

292

Method of FLUXIONS,
x x &c. Then
*
y

*
,
-+- #% &c. and
thefe
each
'tis
&c.
* * -+**,
other,
*%
.vy
deftroying
y
therefore
*
&c.
and
Then
&c.
*-t-7.*
_y=** ^x*,
_y
&c. and
* * *
.I* , &c.
* -f- x', &c. it will be jxy
&c.
und therefore y
* * *
&c.
y
^x*

and therefore y

=
=

The

Analyfis in the fecond cafe will be thus

Make

=
=

h x

I2X~ 3

-+

6*- 1

~t-

f~ 2

6*-" 1 +- 6.V~ Z *

AT

&C.

&c

2X~1, &C.

I2AT~*,

6CC.

=
=

x l , &c. then ;'

Therefore
x, &c.
xy
_y
x
x, &c. and changing the Sign, 'tis
%
xy-=.
3*, &c.
*
Then
* -h 4, &c.
4*, &c. and therefore y
jy= *
&c.
4,
i, &c. and changing the Signs, 'tis
andj
xy
* * H- 5 -f- i, 6cc.
* # -l- 6, &c. and y
* *
6x~*,
&c.
&cc.

=
=
=

35, 36. If the given

&c.

its

Equation were

Refolution

^ ==:i-f-^-f.^._f_^-

be thus perform'd

may

zx'i

&c

X
4

XV

>

&c

&c.

A*
A*

1, &c.

a*

A4

A*

Make
&c. and

y
y

i,

*"

&.c.

then

;,

2^2

*^

y=

^^4

* *

"T~

x, &c.

&c. and therefore

~i

&c. and j

* *

&c.

i/)3

o>,4

Therefore
_y

"I"

=*+-, &c.
J7

therefore

&c.

Then

And

fo on.

Now

and INFINITE SERIES.

Now
&c.

.
'

in

is

this

becaufe the

Example,

equal to a

=?

'

it

will be

Series

y=

293
|

A;

-+-

I,

4-

or ay
'

-+.
.

xy
J

o ; which
that is, jx -f- rfx
xx
ay -+- j
will
the
Solution
before
deliver'd,
give the
particular
Equation, by
o.
Hence
relation of the Fluents yx
I**
y
ay -{-ax

=jy

tf

*",

a*

-_xx

an(j

y= x

Divifion J

*
-f-

za

-,

za~

-f- 2a*r

,
'

&c. as found

above.
37.

of

this

The Equation
Example being

tabulated,

or

x-'

reduced

to a double Arithmetical Scale, will ftand as

here in the Margin.

Where

it

may

be ob-

ferved, that becaufe of

the Series proceeding both
cafe

ways ad injinitum, there can be but one

of exterior Terms, of which the Solution here follows:

Th* Method of

294

an affirmative Velocity.

to be

was fuppos'J

FLUXIONS,

as often as there
place hereafter,

is

This

occafion for

Remark mull

take

it.

this Example the Author puts x to

reprefent the Relate
38. In
or
the
be
Root
to
and
to
extracted,
Quantity,
y
reprefent the Corto
Bat
the
confufion
of
relate.
Ideas, we mall here change
prevent

into y, and / into A", fo that y (hall denote the Relate, and x the
Let the given Equation there-fare be
Correlate Quantity, as ufual.

.v

~x

4**

-\-

2xy'

-f^

-h 7#*

zx'

-+-

whofe Root y

is

to

Thefe Terms being difpoled in a Table, will ftand

the Refolution will be as follows, taking
y and -t- x
for the two external Terms.
be extracted.

And

thus:

*
*

X1
X1

+ **

'*

5
J

_j_

i:

J
X

I*'

-A'H-ZX

+ I*** -

4..1

x/

At

*
.

-t

*x

2J34-4*

Z-

If

_|- 7A;

^i

*
*

j/=|A;, &c. then^

&c.

* o,

&c.

it

will

it

it is

2Ay

be

zxy^

There are
two other

into Surds.

a
,

&c.

* o, &c.
x*, &c.

Now

And

becaufe

jx=s
=
is^
=
y

whereas

and therefore

it is

it

|-x,

* # -f-

therefore
us with

y=
=

-l-x

x*
then
>r 3 , &c.
&c.
be*
*
Now
_y=
3**,
* -f- o, &c. it will be alfo y^ == * -\- o, &c. and
* -f- o, &c. and confequently y E= ***-{- 7^^, &c. and

=
y=
=
y = ***-{_
two

4**, &c.
caufe

will be alfo

And fo on.
2**, &c.
other cafes of external Terms,

Root y, but they

This may be fufficient to (hew the
Series for the

Method, and how we are

39. The Author mews

.34.

will

will run too

fupply

much

univerfality of the
to proceed in like cafes.
here, that the fame Fluxional

Equation

variety of Series for the Root, according as

conftant quantity at pleafure.
Thus the
or
#
-j-f3* -\-y
xy, may be re-

may often afford a great

we fhall introduce any
Equation of Art.

which

j/=i

folved after the following general

manner:

and INFINITE SERIES.

r^3*+

**
1
a 4. x -fza*

Ji

ax 1

ax
ax

y
i<?*',

= +

<:.

295

*l

+ ax+ax

x*

axt, isV.
,

=
== =
=
=

Here inftead of making

i, 6cc. we may make _y=o, &c.
becaufe
then y
and therefore y
a, &c.
y
o, &c. then
<z -+and
6cc.
*
&c.
and
-fi,
a,
confequently y
therefore^
*
ax
=; * -+- ax -- x, 6cc. Then
x, &c. and
y
xy
* * -f- zax -f- x
== _- ##, &c. and therefore y
3*, &c.
* * -f- ax*
x 1 &c. There* * -f- 2ax
zx, &c. and then y
1
1
ax -f- x
6cc. and
* *
fore
y
xy= * ax* AT*,
*
and
*
tax*
*
&C.
-f.
-f- x*, 6cc. and y
confequently y
&c. &c. Here if we make a
a, * * -f- .iflx
-f- -i-*
o, we fhall
have the fame value of y as was extracted before.
And by what-

ji/

ever

Number a

is

=
=

interpreted,

fo

many

different Series

we

fhall

obtain for y.

40. The Author here enumerates three cafes, when an arbitrary

Number mould be affumed, if it can be done, for the firft Term of
the Root.
Firft, when in the given Equation the Root is affected
with a Fractional Dimenfion, or when fome Root of it is to be ex-

convenient to have Unity for the firft Term,

or fome other Number whofe Root may be extracted without aSurd,
As in the
if fuch Number does not offer itfelf of its own accord.
1
&c.
and
tisA'
therefore
we
fourth Example
i}' ,
may eafily have

tracted

for then

it is

>

&

Secondly, it muft be done, when by reafon of the

fquare-root of a negative Quantity, we fhould otherwife fall upon
Laftly, we muft aflame fuch a Number, when
impoflible Numbers.
otherwife there would be no initial Quantity, from whence to begin
that is, when the Relate Quantity,
the computation of the Root
or its Fluxion, affects all the Terms of the Equation.
41,42,43. The Author's Compendiums of Extraction- are very
x^

-i->'>

c>

and fhevv the univerfality of his Method. As his feveral

want no explanation, I lhall proceed to refolve his ExamMethod. As if the given Equation
ples by the. foregoing general
1
x4
x
or y
the Refolu-tion might
/-'
werej=:-

curious,
ProcciTes

be thus

The Method of

296

'y

f
J

a.~ I -f-

'

<

X*

a~*x

l<3-7x 3

**

_1_
-t-

=
y= =

_I_
-4-

'IL

1^

,77

ga,

&c.

a~ 7 x*, &c.

\a~$x*- -\-

4-^~*A"
/7

Make

FLUXIONS,

AT
see.

&c. then afluming any conftant quantity a, it may

a~ &c. and
'Then by Divifion
a,
y~
l
1
a*
therefore _y
* -f* -4- a~ x, 6cc.
and confequently _y
, &c.
Then by Divifion
* -{- -3x, &c. and therefore y
y~
3
* *
* *
a~ix, &c. and confequently _y
^S & c Then
1
Divifion
and
therefore y
&c.
y-'
4^ s'x
again by
be

o,

_y

&c.

==

>

=
=

* *

*H-|d~5 A
fo

Or

-f-

'

IK*

==

a-*x*

A"

-f-

may

|-|-Ar

be thus refolved
8

-f- 2 AT" 3 -f-

AT" 2 -f- 2AT~ 7

y~'=

i,

^x',

we

ihall

&c.

.x*

I4AT-

-+- 2

l6x-

3,

'

=
Make

* * *
.vv&c.and confequently/
of the reft.
Here if we make a

the fame Equation

- y~

4~

&c. And
have y

=
=

2i6x'~~ I 3,

+ l8x- + 28oxJZ

7
)

&C.
&c.
&C,

2Ar~ 3 ,
&c. Thenj/=
Divifion
y =z* -\-2x~ &cc. and confequently by
1
8
Then j/=*
yi4x~ ,&c. and therefore
8
12
Then
* *4-i4.v~ , &c. and by Divifion _)'= * *+i8^^ , &c.
^
3
2
*
l6x~
21 6jf
* * -f* *
&c. and therefore
y~
}
y
17
fo
on.
&c. and by Divifion y
28o^~ , &c. And
* * *
Another afcending Series may be had from this Equation, viz.

A-S&c.

or_y=^~

2fc.and therefore
-f-2 .v~ 7 , &c.

r=*

==

y=^/2x

\ X'

**
-f-

-f-

then making i the firft

44. The Equation y

Term
=
1
,

&c. by multipying

it

by y, and

of yj.

x~ y- may
J

3 -+- 2y

-4- ojc-

&c.

be thus refolved

IN FINITE SERIES.

Ma ke y

=
=

297

=
=

then y
^x, 6cc. Therefore
zy
6x, &c.
&c.
and
6cc.
*
Therefore
c)x,
3*,
confequently_>'
1
Then
* -f- 3*
6cc. and x~ y l ===
y == *
IA*, &c.
a_>'
4
*
&c. and /
* * -f- 6#
* * -f- 2AT 3 ,
9**, 6cc.
Therefore^
&c. &c.
Or the Refolution may be perform'd after thefe two following
manners

and x~ y i
I

=
= =

3 ,Scc.

1=3

zy

*-' -f- IA

*,&c.

;'*-'\=
_? v~~ l ^1
_j _/
T

Make

-*

*
'
'4 "F^
v~"~ 2

v~~

^^^r.-v

2A--j-i

= j=

&"f*
A'^*

&C.

A-~'

&c. or_y =r
o, &c. and
?, 6cc. then
&c.
Therefore
*
,
2_y
%x~ &c. or /
~
1
z
* -f- T*"", } &c. and
l
c
anc
&
*
%x
by fquaring x~'j*
y
1 -'''" 2
2
&c.
*
and
therefore
*
I
,
-f- ^A*~ , 6cc. and
2_>'=r*
2
* *
And fo on.
I-*" } &c.
y
&c.
Again, divide the whole Equation by y, and make x y
"2,
1
&c.
And
&c.
and
becaufe
&c.
2A;,
thenj'
j'^ni^
j/=2,
""
"" 1
1
&c. and
Aj
^ c therefore yx~*
I-*
'tis^"
3>'~~

zy-=.

x -iy-- =-j- %x-

=
==

=
*

==

H- T-^"
o,

s
4-jrJ

>

^C

1
)

=
y=

* *

an(l y
I

=&

H-

T X ~*> ^cc>

x-*+x~
_!_*-

/;

&c

^c

* -+- -I-*"

T>

45, 46. If the propofed Equation be_y

Solution may be thus :

77

&c. and

&c. and y

3,

Then
'tis
jx~

becaufe j^y" 1
l

* *

y -\- x~'

T"v

X~-,

==
~4

>

its

The Method of

298

FLUXIONS,

we pleafe, of which the Fluents may be exprefs'd in finite Terms;

but to return to thefe again may ibmetimes require particular Expe}
Thus if we aflume the Equation y
2x
x* -fdients.
,

as

taking the Fluxions, and putting

1

-f-

|x

as alfo

-for

^x
we

the foregoing Equation, and

which here

the Solution of

x=

the Solution

fx

'

be thus

may

__

gx*

have

jr

Subtract this

have j/

ZX

=^
2

from

laft

2#-f-l* t

follows.

47. Let the propos'd Equation be

which

{hall

~x*.

-+-

fhall

i,

=
we

y=

-f-

2#-{- !#*, of

ex'

fx

= o.

tabulating the Terms of this Equation, as ufual, it may be

l
obferved, that one of the external Terms
y -+- ^yx~ is a double
Term, to which the other external Term i belongs in common.

By

Therefore to

=
==x
'tis

e,

-f-

ez=

that

* -+-

_y

l/x

== *

and/ =
j

-f-A'%

gx

* * -f-

=#

1
,

^s

|*-> -fSo
&c.
,

/w

^r^
/=
would be ubfurd
* * * -f-

4
,

&c.

-j-e,

2/x

5cc.

&c. and

* * +- zgx*,

So
&c. then

or

i,

makejv'

* * -+-gx* -4-

*.

_y=

Butbecaufe here

And fo

i
z

2x,

~\~fx

is,

i-

therefore y

-f-

&c. and therefore

-f- ex, or

&c. or 2g

if

then

&c. and

-f- e ,

&c. and therefore jj/

^-.v

-=*#*and

&c. that
&c. So if

A-*,

&c.

zex,

y^j &c. therefore

*
1

s== * *

that

&c. and confequently

i
&c.
That
becaule
2ex
ex,
is,
So if
i, or _y= 2x, &c.
i-

then

=
y=
=x
ze=.
we make _y=*
y=
2/= |/
we
= /=
=
= -jg+, ^ -_
we make =

afllime

thefe,

feparate

-i.

ix 1 ,

<Scc.

or

__. >

* 2/^x 4 ,

&c. then

* * * -f-

2^=^^,

/JA: 3

this

fo

&c.

Equa-

the fubfequent Terms

except
will vanifh in infinitum, and this will be the exact value of
And
y.
the fame may be done from the other cafe of external Terms, as
tion

o.

all

from the Paradigm.

48. Nothing can be added to illuflrate this Investigation,
we would demonftrate it fynthctically. Becaufe^ =ex* as

will appear

unlefs
is

here

found,

and INFINITE SERIES.

found, therefore y

and we

fubftitute y,

e:

v+~', or

fhall

have_y

=~

Iff!

Here

x~49, 50. The given Equation y =yx~- 4thus reiblved after a general manner.
be
may

2
4A- 4- x1

2x 4- 3

'

-f-

-----

-~ x~ z
)\

-f- 4-v

"~'

+a

-f- 4.v

=
= =
y

ficc.

y=

conlequently

^A,-"

y=.

1
,

fix'

* * *
'tis

o,

x1

x"

&c.

-+- 3,

= * + 4*
1

* * * -+-

&c.

ax~ z

and therefore
* * -+- a, &c.

4*-'

rtx~~ 3

; H-

fax" 3

fo

x~ zy

Therefore

6cc.

x~ zy

therefore
1

= =
j
And

be y

may

&c. and

* -f6cc.

* * -f- o,

it

Then

&c.

* -+- 4.x,

quently
quantity a,

2* , &c. then;

2.V

.v-*

^A-"~' -j-

Make_y

4-

-f- 3

y= x

ex'(

4- i-*-* &c.
4- ax~*
a *~* + *~ 3
T*~* &c.
ax~*
-\-ax~*
#-' +- fx~ z
.x~* ,.&c.

4-rf.v~

4A

of

in (lead

as given at firft.

299

and therefore
and confe&c.
4-v~",
afluming any conftant
* 4, 6cc.

Then

#-*_y

* *

ax~* +- x~ z , &c. and

on.
Here if we make

&c.

this
Example is y=. ^xy* -\-y, which
our
ufual
we fliall refolve by
Method, without any other preparation than dividing the whole by j*, that one of the Terms may be

51, 52.

The Equation of

from the Relate Quantity ; which will reduce

thus
3r, of which the Refolution may be

it

clear'd

c=

TT *3
'

3x

Make
or y^

&c.

&c.

it

^.x

yy~^

jJ;y"~^

fx

1
,

-f-

=f

-f-

-V^
T'^

-+

-|-

^rx*
TTTT^

-4-

+ -~-x

TTY*"> &c

==*_{- f^

&c. and y^

* -f-

Then becaufe
therefore 37'

&c. and by cubing

=
y"'

^x

TT4<T*'>

y$

y=

'

Qjl

'

|jc% 6co.

and therefore

&c.

&C

=
=
^=

%y~'

&c. and by cubing

*
rV^'S & c 'tis ji/y""^
* # -+- T T * 4 &c. and ;-j
And
* * 4- T TT-v8 ) & c -

;=

&c.

3#, .&c. or taking the Fluents,

6
&c. or y
And becaufe
fAr , &c.

will be jj)T~7

&c.and

f X-X*

=
=

4- TV

* * -f-

+T

* *

on

fx*,
^

4x7

>

-V

v? >
'

Tr- v

4
>

53-

7%e Method of

-oo
53. Laftly,

xx*,

afTuming

in the
c

Equation

FLUXIONS,
zy^

-+-

i==

orjj/y

zx

-4-

whofe Fluxion therefore

be 2V*= 2c -f- 2x -f- ~x'^, or

for a conftant quantity,

and taking the Fluents, it will

y*=c -+- x -f- -i-x'. Then by fquaring,
is

x ty*,

o,

_>

c 1 -+-

2cx

-f- A-* -f.

Here the Root

receive as many diffe_y may

!** -+ f^
rent values, while x remains the fame, as c can be interpreted diffe-

-icx*

Make

rent ways.

The Author

o, then y
pleas'd here to
c

=
make

x1

-+- -ix* -+- loc*.

an Excufe for his being fo

minute and particular, in dilcuffing matters which, as he fays, will
but feldom come into practice ; but I think any Apology of this
kind is needlefs, and we cannot be too minute, when the perfecare rather much obliged to him
tion of a Method is concern'd.
for giving us his whole Method, for applying it to all the cafes that
may happen, and for obviating every difficulty that may arife. The
ufe of thefe Extractions is certainly very exteniive ; for there are no
Problems in the inverfe Method of Fluxions, and efpecially fuch
as are to be anfwer'd by infinite Series, but what may be reduced to
is

We

fuch Fluxional Equations, and may therefore receive their Solutions

from hence. But this will appear more fully hereafter.

SECT.

IV.

Solution of the third Cafe of Equations, with

fame
TT* O R

neceffary Demonftrations.

more methodical Solution of what our Author

a moft troublejbme and difficult Problem, (and furely
the Inverfe Method of Fluxions, in its full extent, deferves to be
call'd fuch a Problem,) he has before diftributed it into three Cafes.
The firft Cafe, in which two Fluxions and only one flowing Quanin the given Equation, he has difpatch'd without much
tity occur
The
difficulty, by the affiftance of his Method of infinite Series.
in
which
two
fecond Cafe,
flowing Quantities and their Fluxions
are any how involved in the given Equation, even with the fame
affiftance is flill an operofe Problem, but yet is difculs'd in all its
The third
varieties, by a fufficient number of appofite Examples.
Cafe, in which occur more than two Fluxions with their Fluents,
is here very artfully managed, and all the difficulties of it are reduced to the other two Cafes. For if the Equation involves (for
inftance) three Fluxions, with fome or all of their Fluents, another
full DeEquation ought to be given by the Queftion, in order to a
54.

the

calls

terminationj

and INFINITE SERIES.

301

termination, as has been already argued in another place; or if not,

the Queftion is left indetermined, and then another Equation may
be affumed ad libitum, fuch as will afford a proper Solution to the
And the reft of the work will only require the two
Queftion.
former Cafes, with fome common Algebraic Reductions, as we fhall
fee in the Author's Example.

Now

to confider the Author's

55.
Example, belonging to this
third Cafe of finding Fluents from their Fluxions
given, or when
there are more than two variable Quantities, and their Fluxions, either exprefs'd or underftood in the
This Example
given

Equation.

z 4- yx
zx
o, in which becaufe there are three Fluxions A-,
and
therefore
(and
z,
y,
virtually three Fluents x, y, and z,) and
but one Equation given ; I may affume
(for inftance) x=y, whence
x =JK, and by fubftitution zy
z -\-yy
o, and therefore zy
Now as here are only two Equations x y== o
& + T)'*
l
and zy
z-\-^y =o, the Quantities x, y, and z are ftill variable
Quantities, and fufceptible of infinite values, as they ought to be.
Indeed a third Equation may be had, as zx
z-\-x*
o; but
as this is only derived from the other two, it
new
limino
brings
tation with it, but leaves the
ftill
indetermiand
quantities
flowing
is

nate quantities.
Thus if I mould affume zy=a-\-z for the fccond Equation, then zy=z, and by fubftitution zx
zjr-k-yx=;o,
x -f- .Ixv -f- ^x'-x, &c. and therefore y
or y
x -+- ix 1
j^
H-TT# & c which two Equations are a compleat Determination.
s
and thence x=Z)y
Again, if we affume with the Author
1
1
we mall have by fubftitution <\.yy
z -^-yy
o, and thence zy
z -+o, which two Equations are a fufficient Determina-

=
S

x=j

=
^
We

tion.

this

is

o ; but as
z -+- ^x^
may indeed have a third, zx
included in the other two, and introduces no new limitation,

the quantities will

ftill

of fecond Equations

remain

may

fluent.

And

be aflumed, tho

thus an infinite variety

it is
always convenient,

that the affumed Equation fliould be as fimple as may be.

Yet fome
caution muft be ufed in the choice, that it may not introduce fuch
a limitation, as fhall be inconfiftent with the Solution.
Thus if I
fhould affume zx
o for the fecond Equation, I mould have

z=

o to be fubftituted, which would make yx

o, and
therefore would afford no Solution of the Equation.
'Tis eafy to extend this reafoning to Equations, that involve four
or more Fluxions, and their flowing Quantities
but it would be
And thus our Author has comneedlefs here to multiply Examples.
this Cafe alfo, which at firft view might appear forpleatly folved
midable

zx

7%e Method of FLUXIONS,

302

midable enough, by reducing

all

difficulties

its

to

the

two former

Cafes.

The

Author's way of
demonstrating the Inverfe Method
of Fluxions
Short, but fatisfactory enough.
have argued elfewhere, that from the Fluents given to find the Fluxions, is a direct
and fynthetical Operation ; and on the contrary, from the Fluxions
And in the
given to find the Fluents, is indirect and analytical.
order of nature Synthefis mould
always precede Analyfis, or Commould
before
Refolution.
But the Terms Synthefis and
go
pofidon
often
ufed
are
a
in
Analyfis
vague fenfe, and taken only relatively,
as in this
For the direct Method of Fluxions
place.
being already
demonftrated fynthetically, the Author declines (for the reafons he
gives) to demonstrate the Inverfe Method
alfo, that is,
56, 57.

We

is

fynthetically
He contents
primarily, and independently of the direct Method.
himfelf to prove it analytically, that is,
the
direct Meby fuppofing

thod, as fufficiently demonstrated already, and Shewing the neceSTary

connexion between this and the inverSe Method. And this will always be a full proof of the truth of the conclufions, as Multiplication is a good proof of Division.
Thus in the firlt Example we
if
that
the
is
x1
found,
given Equation
y -f- xy
I,

we

x
y=x
the truth of which

have the Root

Shall

To

y=^x

-j-

fx

-*

-f-

^.x*

-^r*

conclufion, we may hence find,

1
direct
i
the
2x
.i* 3 -f-f#*
Method,
-{-x
_y
by
T T X', &c.
and then fubStitute theSe two Series in the given Equation, as follows;
cc.

prove

_{_

jf
4- ]_ X
y -------f_ X
Xy ---------1_ X - __ #3
r -f. 2 X
A-* -{y
1

--

X<
3.4

,
_J_ _>_ X

__

^ ^+
_j_

^f
-rX'

__ _^ X 6
6
_{_ _?_ X 5

^X

Now by collecting thefe Series, we mall find the refult to produce the given Equation, and therefore the preceding
Operation will
be fufticiently proved.
58. In this and the fubfequent paragraphs, our Author comes to
open and explain fome of the chief My Steries of Fluxions and Fluents,
and to give us a Key for the clearer apprehenfion of their nature
and properties. Therefore for the Learners better instruction, I Shall
not think much to inquire fomething more
into this
circumstantially

order to which let us conceive

any number of right
ae
&c.
Lines, AE,
t as,
indefinitely extended both ways, along which
a Body, or a defcribing Point, may be
fuppofed to move in each
matter.

In

Line,

and INFINITE SERIES.

303

Line, from the left-hand towards the right, according to any Law
or Rate of Acceleration or Retardation whatever.
Now the Motion
thefe
of
of every one
Points, at all times, is to be eftimated by its
diftance from fome fixt point in the fame Line ; and any fuch Points
may be chofen for this purpole, in each Line, fuppoie B, I), /3, in
which all the Bodies have been, are, or will be, in the fame Mo-

ment of Time, from whence

to

compute

their

contemporaneous

Augments, Differences, or flowing Quantities. Thefe Fluents may

be conceived as negative before the Body arrives at that point, as
nothing when in
In the rlrft Line

and as affirmative when they are got beyond it.

AE, whole Fluent we denominate by x, we may
the
luppofe
Body to move uniformly, or with any equable Velocity
then may the Fluent x, or the Line which is continually defcribed,
it,

J>

:E

a,

2,

1-19"

/?

reprefent

Time, or {land

II8

c/^

for the Correlate Quantity,

to

which the

feveral Relate Quantities are to be constantly refer'd and compared.

For in the fecond Line ae, whofe Fluent we call y, if we fuppofe
the Body to move with a Motion continually accelerated or retarded,

according to any conftant Rate or Law, (which Law is exprefs'd by

any Equation compos'd of x and y and known quantities j) then
will there always be contemporaneous parts or augments, defcribed
in the two Lines, which parts will make the whole Fluents to be
contemporaneous alfo, and accommodate themfelves to the Equation

So that whatever value is afiumed for the

Circumftances.
the
Correlate x,
correfponding or contemporaneous value of the ReOr from
late y may be known from the Equation, and vice versa.
the Time being given, here represented by x, the Space represented
by y may always be known. The Origin (as we may call it) of the
Fluent x is mark'd by the point B, and the Origin of the Fluent y
If the Bodies at the fame time are found in
and
by the point b.
BA and
ba.
If
then will the contemporaneous Fluents be
in

all its

fame time, as was fuppofed, they are found in their refpecthen will each Fluent be nothing.
If at the
tive Origins B and
fame time they are found in ^ and c, then will their Fluents be
And the like of all other points, in which the
-1- BC and -\-bc.
at the

moving

The Method of

304
moving Bodies

either

have been,

FLUXIONS,
or

fliall

be found,

at

the fame

time.

of thefe Fluents, or the points from whence we

tho' they muft be conceived to be variable
begin to compute them, (for
and indetermined in refpedt of one of their Limits, where the deat prefent, yet they are fixt and determined as to
fcribing points are

As

to the Origins

their other Limit, which is their Origin,) tho' before

appointed
the Origin of each Fluent to be in B and b, yet it is not of abfolute
mould begin together, or at the fame Moment of
neceffity that they
Time. All that is neceflary is this, that the Motions may continue
as before, or that they may obferve the fame rate of flowing, and

have the fame contemporaneous Increments or Decrements, which

will not be at all affected by changing the beginnings of the Fluents.

The Origins of the Fluents are intirely arbitrary things, and we

may remove them to what other points we pleafe. If we remove
them from B and b to A and c, for inftance, the contemporaneous

Lines will ftill be AB and ab, BC and be, &c. tho' they will change
AB we fhall have o, inftead of B or o
Inftead of
their names.
of -+- BC we fliall have -f- AC ; &c.
inftead
have
we fliall
-+- AB,
ac -{-be, inftead of b or o we
have
ab we fliall
So inftead of
fliall have
cd, &c. That
be, inftead of-f- /Wwe fliall have -+- bc
the general Law of
determines
which
in
the
is,
Equation
flowing
we may always increafe or diminifh x, or y y or both,
or

increafing,

occafion may require, and yet the Equaquantity, as

tion that arifes will ftill exprefs the rate of flowing ; which is all that
Of the ufe and conveniency of which Reduction
is neceffary here.
we have feen feveral in fiances before.
If there be a third Line a.e, defcribed in like manner, whofe

by any given

its
parts correfponding with the others, as
be another Equation, either given or
muft
&
a/3, &y, y,
of
flowing, or the relation of z to the
aflumed, to afcertain the rate
Or it will be the fame thing, if in the two Equations
Correlate x.
For thefe
the Fluents x, y, Z, are any how promifcuoufly involved.
determine
the
Law
of
and
limit
two Equations will
flowing in each
And we may likewife remove the Origin of the Fluent z
Line.
And fo if there were more
to what point we pleafe of the Line a.
Fluents.
more
Lines, or
what has been faid by an eafy inftance. Thus
59. To exemplify

Fluent

may

be z, having
c - there

we may aflume y
inftead of the Equation
xy -+- xxy,
or
x
is
diminifli'd
of
x
is
the
where
by Unity ; for
changed,
Origin
of which Reinftead
of
The
lawfulnefs
x,
fubftituted
j -J-- x is

y=xxy,

duction

and INFINITE SERIES.

305

may be thus proved from the Principles of Analyticks. Make

which (hews, that xand2 flow or increale
i -\-z, whence
x
alike. Subftitute thefe infteadof x and x in the Equation^':=xxy, and
duftion

x=z,

become y
zy -+- zzy. This differs in nothing elle from
afTumed
the
Equation y
xy -f- xxy, only that the Symbol x is
the
into
which can make no real change in the
z,
Symbol
changed
So
that
we
argumentation.
may as well retain the dime Symbols
it

will

were given at firft, and, becaufe z-=xfuppofe x to be diminiih'd by Unity.

as

we may

i,

as well

60, 6 1. The Equation expreffing the Relation of the Fluents will

times give any of their contemporaneous parts
for afluming
of
values
different
the Correlate Quantity, we ma'!, thence have the
at all

correfponding different values of the Relate, and then by fubtradion

we fhall obtain the contemporary differences of each. Thus if the
given Equation were

=
=
x

-{-

where x

equably increafmg or decreafing

&c. fucceifively, then y
infinite,
tity

2,

is

fuppos'd to be a quan-

make x

2|,

4^,

3.1,

And

o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5,
5-^-,

&c. refpec-

taking their differences, while x flows from o to i,

tively.
from i to 2, from 2 to 3, &c. y will flow from infinite to 2, from
2 to 2-i-, from 2| to 3.1, &cc. that is, their contemporaneous parts

be

will

have x
2-i-,

i,

i,

Likewife,

if

i,

i,

we

o,

go

&c. and

i,

infinite,
backwards, or if

2,

i,

&c. refpeclively.

-{.I,

we make x negative, we
&c. which will make _y= infinite,

mall
2,

&c. fo that the contemporaneous differences will be as be-

fore.

Perhaps
tion,

GOH

may make

it

to reprefent this

and

KOL

a ftronger impreffion upon the Imaginaby a Figure. To the rectangular Afymptotes

let

be oppofite Hyperbola's

ABC
;

and

DEF

bifed the

An-

GOK

by the indefinite right Line

gle
yOR, perpendicular to which draw the
Diameter BOE, meeting the Hyperbola's
in B and E, from whence draw
and EST, as alfo CLR and

BQP

DKU

rallel

to

GOH.

Now

if

OL

is

pa-

made

and equable
the Equation y
x -f- -'

to reprefent the indefinite

quantity x in

then

CR may

=
CL = ^ =
= OLR=
CR =^ LR

reprefent y.

For

therefore

(fuppofing
-4-

or

*The

306
or

-f-

=
CR,
= = OL,

Now

then

o,

Method of FLUXIONS,
the Origin of

or y, will coincide with the

If

x=

then y
the
proceeding
contrary way,
to coincide with the
Afymptote

and

If x

infinite.

= OK =

2,

if

and

OG,
=
=
BP=2.
= CR = OQ^
= And may
= OS = OH, y = ET =
= Dv =

therefore will be infinite.

If x

or x, being in

OL,

then

2 i.

if

i,

_y

Afymptote
then

fo

o, then y

_y

of the

reft.

Alfo

be fuppofed

and therefore will be negative

then
2.
If x
&c.
And
thus
we
2~,
may

purfue, at leaft by Imagination, the correfpondent values of the flowing quantities x and_y, as alfo their contemporary differences, through
all their

poiTible varieties

according to their relation to each other,

x +- by the Equation y
The Transition from hence to Fluxions is fo very eafy, that it
may be worth while to proceed a little farther. As the Equation
as exhibited

of the Fluents will give (as now obferved)

of
fo if thefe differences
their contemporary parts or differences
any
are taken very fmall, they will be nearly as the Velocities of the
expreffing the relation

moving Bodies, or points, by which they are defcribed. For Motions continually accelerated or retarded, when perform'd in very
But if thofe diffefmall fpaces, become nearly equable Motions.
rences are conceived to be dirninifhed in infiriitum, fo as from finite
differences to become Moments, or vanifhing Quantities, the Mo-

equable, and therefore the Velocities

of their Defcription, or the Fluxions of the Fluents, will be accurately as thofe Moments.
Suppofe then x, y, z, &c. to reprefent
or Equations, and their Fluxions, or VeFluents in
tions in

them

will be perfectly

any Equation,
of increafe or decreafe, to be reprefented by x, y, z, &c.
and their refpedlive contemporary Moments to be op, oq, or, &c.
where p, q, r, &c. will be the Exponents of the Proportions of
the Moments, and o denotes a vanifhing quantity, as the nature of
Moments requires. Then x, y, z, Sec. will be as op, oq, or, &c.
So that ,v, y, z, &c. may be ufed inflead
that is, as p, g, r, &c.
That is, the fync ni th e designation of the Moments.
r
^
of/>, ?>
of
be
Moments
&c.
chronous
x, y, z,
may
reprefented by ox, oy,
in
the
Fluent
x may be fuppofed
Therefore
&c.
oz,
any Equation
to be increafed by its Moment ox, and the Fluent y by its Moment
&cc. or x -+- ox, y -{- oy, &c. may be fubftitnted in the Equation
oy,
inflead of x, y, &c. and yet the Equation will flill be true, becaufe
From which Opethe Moments are fuppofed to be fynchronous.
locities

->

ration

and INFINITE SERIES,

307

Equation will be form'd, which, by due Redu&ion, muft

the relation of the Fluxions.
neceflarily exhibit
x -+- z be given, by
Thus, for example, if the Equation y
Subftitution we fliall have y -f- oy =. x -f- ox -+- z -+- oz, which, bex -f- z, winch
ox -f- oz, or y
x -+- z, will become oy
caufe y
ration an

=
zx =
we
=

Here

the relation of the Fluxions.

is

or

i,

or ~x-f-

the others,
refpect of

Now

as the

as

increafes

A-

Equation y
be

And

we

afllime

zx -f- A z

'tis

o,

or z ===

Fluxion of z conies out negative,

-+-

will decreafe,

-+- z,

>

if

-f

an indication that
Therefore in the

'tis

and the contrary.

- or if the relation of the Fluents
,

then the relation of the Fluxions will be

from the Equation y

as before,

contemporaneous

parts,

Fluxional Equation y
rate

=
=

A-

if

again,

by increafing the Fluents by their contemporary Mohave z -+- oz x A- -f- ox

ozx -f- oxz
i, or zx
i.
Here becaufe zx
o,
i, 'tis ozx -f- o.\z -+- oozx
o.
But becaufe ozx is a vanifliing Term in
-+- 02X
fliall

ments,
-f- oozx

=: x -+-

we

or differences of the Fluents

now

found,

we may

of flowing, or the proportion of the Fluxions

derived the
fo

from the

obferve the

at different values

of the Fluents.

For becaufe

o,

when y
locity

or
is

it

when

is

wherewith x

it
is

: :

x1

x1

when

but beginning to flow, (confequently

That is, the Vei.
y :: o
defcribed is infinitely little in comparifon of the

the Fluent

infinite,)

: :

is

will be

and moreover it is infinuated, (becaufe

velocity wherewith^ is defcribed;
of
increafes
x
that
while
i,)
by any finite quantity, tho' never fo

by an

fame time.

This
of
from
the
the
When
appear
infpeclion
foregoing Figure.
i
That is,
o.
i, (and confequently _)'= 2,) then x
y
x will then flow infinitely faflrer than y. The reafon of which is,
that y is then at its Limit, or the leaft that it can poflibly be, and
little,

will decreafe

infinite quantity at the

will

x=

ftationary for a moment, or its Fluxion

of
that of x.
So in the foregoing Figure,
nothing
comparifon
BP is the lea ft of all fuch Lines as are reprcfented by CR. When
Or
27,) it will be A(and therefore y
3.
y :: 4

therefore in that place

is

x=2,

it

is

in

the

Method of FLUXIONS,
there greater than that

of^, in the ratio of 4

::
x
8.
And fo on. So that
then
When
to 3.
9
y
tend
towards equality, which
the Velocities or Fluxions conftantly

the Velocity of x

is

x=3,

(or CL) finally vanishing, x and y become

they do not attain till
And the like may be obferved of the negative values of
equal.

x and

y.

SECT. V.

Refolution of Equations^ whether Algebraical or Fluxionalt by the ajfiftance of fuperior orders

77je

of Fluxions.
the foregoing Extractions (according to a hint of our Auand
thor's,) may be perform'd fomething more expeditioufly,

ALL

we

have recourfe to
To (hew this firft by an eafy Inftance.
orders of Fluxions.
fuperior
Let it be required to extradl the Cube-root of the Binomial
a 3 -\- x"' ;
or to find the Root y of this Equation y 1
a> -f- x 3

without the help of fubfidiary Operations,

=
= = =y =
3

or rather, for fimplicity-fake, let

be_)
&c. or the initial Term of y will be a.
it

if

=a* -+- z.

Then y=.a,

Taking the Fluxions of

l
But
i, or
-$yy-^y~
Equation,
1
it
will
be
and
fubftitution
6cc.
&c.
is
as it
a,
jtf"
by
y
y
1
&c.
a
Here
* -f- \a~ z^
vacancy is
taking the Fluents, 'tis
For
left for the firft Term of y, which we already know to be a.

this

we

have

fhall

y=

another Operation take the Fluxions of the Equation jj/=: j/~* ;

5
Then becaufe y
whence y
a, &c.
%yy~*
jy~

=
y =
=
two

?&"*, &c. and taking the Fluents,

and
&c.
taking the Fluents again, 'tis
$a~ z,

'tis

y
3

jy-

'tis

* *

^a-^z

firfl Terms of
Here two vacancies are to be left for the
are already known.
For the next Operation take the
y, which
6
s
=.
Fluxions of the Equation y=.
-f^y~ that is, y
9-yy~

6cc.

_l_^.ji-

Or becaufe _7=c,&c.

the Fluents,

* * *

'tis
s

-v

y=&c.

* L^. a -*z,

T a~*z*,

Fluxions of the

Iry"

Then

taking

11
-

Again,

Equation y

Or
the

becaufe
Fluents,

for

a,

8
,

Then

&c.

-^a-^z

1
,

taking

6cc.

and

another Operation take the

=: ~~y^

=
y=

_y=if(S&c. y
*

'tis

&c.

whence
'tis

^a-

"y
1

^, &c.

-*f^~

IT^"", &c.
jy

* *

and INFINITE SERIES.

=And

&c. y
'^-?-a-"z+, &c.

H-a-^z

* * *

have therefore found

^-

1*

C*

XI
bi

'

Or

^1

that

laft,

we would

if

univerfally,

Term

make y

of the Series

y=a

'tis

-f-

or
y,

ra

t/m

&c. and

Again, becaufe

6cc.

be y
x

i~%

Again, becaufe
will be

=m

And
y

~y-3 X

~g

-f-

8i

-+-

y
i

'^^-

=m

=m

'tis

_y

/==

'tis

17

have ~yy

fhall

= =

a m, &c.

it

'tis

* *

'tis

am

will

it

=- d m ~ 2

be

will

ma m

=
Sec.

x% &c.

taking the Fluxions

"',

2j/y

be-

taking the Fluents,

_=
//;

Then

and becaufe y

;//

a m , &c.

is

into an equivalent
have a m for the
m
a
&c.

fhall

taking the Fluxions

and therefore y

taking the Fluents,

=**/;/
CT

ly

&c.

is

7 :=

and becaufe

m ~'i

6cc.

it

y
we

it

is

it

ia

We

pleafe.
,

taking the Fluents,

lyv

'tis/
?

* *

will be

it

But becaufe

x-

and we

+- x, taking the Fluxions

or

i,

fa

refolve a -f-

= ~ y = my now
=
y
y = my
=m
*= m
= wxw
And
x

-.1

-\

y.

j_

caufe

we

l\f\^

'

infinite Series,
firfl

at

_)'

as far as

309

"

,3

&c. and

we may go on

fo

&c. or for z writing x*.

"z

_+._ _.rt

2a -ix*, &c.

And

fo

and

w/

we might

it

we

far as

pleafe,
proceed as
maif the Law of Continuation had not already been fufficiently
~
m
x -+a* -f- ma
So that we fhall have here a -+- x
nifefl.
*
~~" ^
m
^ 2
ni
__
m
m
x -+- m x
m x !LU fl x l 4- w x - - x - a

3,

6cc.

~^

ftt

-*

?^-V-4;c<, &c.
Vhis is a famous Theorem of our Author's,

tho' difcover'd

by

.,him after a very different manner of Investigation, or rather by

lldufr
*>v
>'$ vntrrrU*t>
Indudion. It is commonly known by the name of his Binomial
a
x; may JujJf&rcL f
Theorem, becaufe by its amftance any Binomial, as
be exof
it
Root
or
at
Power
to

be

railed

tradted.

any

And

it

pleafure,

is

obvious, that

may

any

when m

-^fajfifa
m- Cff
by any
1

is

interpreted

&'

**'*

r^

r
.3
i

and INFINITE SERIES.

/lull

+x

have a

ra
I

a"

=^*=fX;0i.^
Now
Hop

of

this Series will

mx

-f-

^.

its

-f-

own

311

"'+'

-7-

*'"*=

^7

number

accord, at a finite

of Terms, when m is any integer and negative Number that is,

when the Reciprocal of any Power of a Binomial is to be found.
But in all other cafes we mall have an infinite converging Series for
the Power or Root required, which will always converge when a
;

and x have the fame Sign

converging quantity,

By comparing

is

thefe

^
two

becaufe the Root of the Scale, or the

which

common

-+equivalent Series

11 x

x
a

quantity

_ a-

TO

-x

-f-

a-i-x

have the two

fliall

-j-x

+ x |*

than Unity.

or by collecting from

we

+ 11 x "L_ x ==^=2

lefs

-j-

always

Series together,
,

each the

is

&c.

&c. from whence

we

might derive an infinite number of Numeral Converging Series, not

inelegant, which would be proper to explain and illuftrate the nature of Convergency in general, as has been attempted in the former part of this work. For if we aflume fuch a value of i as
will

make

either

of the Series become

finite,

the other Series will

exhibit the quantity that arifes by an Approximation ad infinitum.

And then a and A; may be afterwards determined at pleafure.

Method, we fliall fhew (according

to promife) how to derive Mr. de Moivre's elegant Theorem ; for
to any indeterminate Power, or for extractraifing an Infinitinomial
fame.
The way how it was derived from the
of
the
Root
ing any
of
and genefis of Powers, (which
the
nature
abftract coniideration
indeed is the only legitimate method of Inveftigation in the prefent
cafe,) and the Law of Continuation, have been long ago communicated and demonftrated by the Author, in the Philofbphicai TranfYet for the dignity of the Problem, and the betactions, N 230.

As another Example of

ter to

deduce

illuftrate
it

the prefent

this

Method of Extraction of Roots,

lhall

here as follows.

b~ -+- cz* -f- itz* -4- ez* &.c. *

where the value of y is to be found by an infinite Series, of
)',
which the firfl: Term is already known to be a m or it is y
a",
a -f- l>z -f- cz, 1 -J- dz> -f- ez*, &c. and putting
&c. Make v
z
i, and taking the Fluxions, we mail have -y r^zi b -+- 2cz -+-

Let us aflume the Equation a

-+-

Tie Method of

I2

7</jz

-f-

4s*. &c

we make

if

-y

Then

becaufe

=
=

&c. and V

<*,

FLUXIONS,
u",

t>,

ma'-'b, &c. and taking the Fluents,

For another Operation, becaufe

x

_l_

;,;

y,

v,

ii>i;"'~

and -yfubftituting

we

tively,

jy

&c.

zmca"
-+mz

_>

it is

2f -f- 6<fe

their values a,

=
7 =

have

fliall

= mvv"=

mviT-', where
have _y

fliall

be

_y

And becaufe <u

we

will

it

it is

&c.

_y

maF*kst

12^2;*,

^,

&c. and 2c,

OT

i6*a

6cc. refpec-

m-z

&c. and

* 2fnca
-\-m-x. m
i*tf*-**,
taking the Fluents
m
l
z* -\-m~x.
* * mca
taking the Fluents again, y
J

..

For another Operation, becaufe/

m v"j m ~ + yn

And

becaufe

\bca

Fluents

-u

&c.

6cc. b,

2c,
m ~'i

&c.

And

We

if the

length,

it

l/

fliall

-+-

mxm

v,

v, v,

z1 )

2 tv

~1
t

*v">.

v, fubftituting a,

have )"=, 6mda m l -f- 6m x

m
2l> a ~*, &c.
And taking the
\bca m -*z -+- m x
z -+- 6m x m
3

* *

and/

* * *

therefore have

and

m- 2

iv 1 v m

ixw

fliall

6mda m ~

8cc.

m- 1

-vv-{-m\m

&c. for

we
x

= mw

~z

m
1
2foa -iz , &c.

m
finitum.

be y
2foa m ~*z,

^^ x w

&c.

6^/,
x.

will

Km

iv m

= 6^+24^2;,

-\-

it

6cc.

^^^a

&c.

'tis

&c. for

mda m- l z*

And

fo

-+

on

z'

/-

tf

whole be multiply'd by s", and continued to a due

form of Mr. de Moivres Theorem.

will have the

Algebraical or Fluential Equations may be exFor an Example let us take the Cubick
tradled by this Method.
x"'
2 3
fo often before refolved,
Equation y* -\~axy -\-a*y
the
&c.
Then
in which y
Fluxions, and making
a,
taking

The Roots

of

all

=o,

z
Here
o.
we fliall have ^yy- -+- ay +- axy -f- a*-y
3x
1
if for y we fubftitute a, &c. we fliall have ^y -\- a 4- axy
3**,
&C A " d
&c
&c. =o, or>=
-j:+^"
=.--the Fluxions
v
&c.
*
Then
the
Fluents,
taking
-i-x,
taking

i,

= ^'
j

'

again

and INFINITE SERIES.

again of the
4- a ly

lafl

6x= o.

we

&c.
*y

=
^

and 7

'

-f-

3^7

3 2a

&c. and therefore 7

* * *

^7x7

4- a*y

&c. and 7
:,

&c.

&c.

|^

* * * *

Therefore the Root

is

"

&c. 7

5j; C-

4a

&c. 7

=
=
7=

Make 7

* *

&c. 7

a,

=
__
6cc.

&c./

^,

&c. then 7

&c.

'-

^-.

r68a

'

^C

* *

^ nc

'

^ on as ^ar as

= ai + f- H-H^ + i68'
x

12^-

643

The

a,

^ + ^~ ^-

^^

-{- iSyy'y
^

Again, 377* -1-24777-1- 18^*74- 3677*

o.

and7=#

&c. and y

Again, ?yy*

Make 7

0.

then 7

6cc.

2 ay

'""

'

-\- a*-j

axy

'

(3 -I.'?

"\2.ii

a,

4-

4- axy
&c. and 7
^.,
&c. and therefore
6y y

-f-

_!_
32a

CSV.

* *

4- 4^7 4-

__
y= ZZif+j''-^:
43%
&c. and y=
&c
-h z

&c. and '7

,

we make 7

if

have 37}*

fliall

AT

_j_ 675 -f-

^|j,

Where

have

fliall

we

Equation,

313

-|2|fl

'

we
&c.

when found by this Method, muft always have its Powers afcending but if we defire likewife to find
a Series with defcending Powers, it may be done by this eafy artiAs in the prefent Equation y* -\- axy -f- a*y
x"'
fice.
2a*
o,
we may conceive x to be a conftant quantity, and a to be a flowing
or rather, to prevent a confufion of Ideas, we may change
quantity
Series for the

Root,

and x into a, and then the Equation will be _y 5 -f- axy -+

ax 3
o.
In this we mall have y
a, &c. and tax*y
6x*
o,
king the Fluxions, 'tis 3j/y* -4- ay -f- axy -f- 2xy +- x*y
z
"~" #&
ay
2X],"-r- 6-V
n
r
o
But becauie y=a, &c. tis ^
or
ficc.
7-1
r
into x,

rt 3

y=

==
'tis

y +<**+*

i, &c. and therefore/

>

-f- 6)/

3_)^

Again taking the Fluxions

I2x
o, or
/ 4- zay +- axy -\-2y-\- ^.xy -+- x*y
*

-yj>-^-'j-4y+"*
yJ+flX-f-*

-i-.v,&c.

king

_y

-6^-2^-2,

Again

e>

=s

=
y=

it

is

rt

a,

&c. and

&c. and

_y

=
=

_y

y*
|, &c.

3vy* -t- i8;7/ -f- 6y

^
5

-f-

S f

'tis

==

&c. and

Qr

~^ + f~

2a

3^

;'=**

3^} 4- axy

-+.

67

&c.

&c.

H- 6x/ H-

x*_y

12

The Method of FLUXIONS,

_
/v

12

= -rv- -= &c = -, &c.)~

y
?

Or

O,

=
= -^
= ^T
a t &c.

&c.
y

* *

fore

we

2"<Z

Then

&c.
,

and

4-'

&c. and y

mall have y

taking the Fluents,

* *

And

3**

c.

+ v -T + + 12
*

&c.

There-

fo on.

Gift

<z

|^

3>

+ 7^7

7^

Or now we

&c.

x into #, and a into x ; then it will be y

x
again change
-.
&c. for the Root of the given Equation, as
itf
_i_
,

may

_ _

ii^j

3*

was found before, pag.

&c.

2 16,

Alfo in the Solution of Fluxional Equations, we may proceed in

As if the given Equation were ay
a*x -{- xy
the fame manner.
Radius
of
a
if
the
Circle
be
o,. (in which,
reprefented by a, and
the
of
the
Arch
fame,
if y be
corresponding Tangent will be

any

x 3) let it be required to extradl the Root y out of

reprefented by
this Equation, or to exprefs it by a Series compofed of the Powers
a 1 -Ji, then the Equation will be
of a and x. Make x

ay

=
-yr=o.
Then
=
we
ay
xy =
y=
we
Then
we may
y='~^^ =
a

Here becaufe_y'
i, &c. taking the Fluents
x
* x, &c.
it will be y
taking the Fluxions of this EquaBut
(hall have
-f- 2xy -+o, or
tion,
-^T 1
a

are to have a conftant

becaufe

fuppofe

'tisj/=

a'y -f- 27

7 ==

fore

Q, &-C.

y =.

+ 4*7

* * o,

&c.

xy

-{-

&c. whence y

6xy

* o,

Again,

write their values

* * *

ay +6y +

&c.

+xy

&c.

_y=

ay

-+-

o,

* *

Then
or

o,

I2y 4-

~*?~^

&c. j.'= * * *
8^,7 -f-

A'

=
=

o.,

&c.

we

o,

o,

mall have

Fluxions

the

Here

"J'^.'T*

o,

&c y

01-7

of y,

taking the Fluxions

&c. and

Taking

Term

taking the Fluents

il

^c

>

,71

i,

for the firft

quandty

o,

&c. and

y and_y we

}'=
and

* o,

'tis

again,
if for

_,

o,

or y

again,

<5cc.

&c.

c.
'tis

There-

y =. **#

=~

^!.''

and INFINITE SERIES.

=+

_>>=:***-{-

"'

&c.

*****

&c.

o,

&c.

-f-

loxy

2 4 rf-

-, &c.

xy

-f-

i2*y

&c.

_}=*****

-^

o, or

_ !^2f

&c

= ***

&c. ;

y=.
.

*6

j)/=******

c^c.

whence y=s

o,

-+- A,"^

4x301-3

* * * -

# * * * *

_y

&c. and

Then > =-

&c.

6*5

30*4

= **4- ^

;<

r56 7?
=

&c.

4-

a*j+ 307 -f-

Again,

12x30**

&c.

45

* * * *

--^
y=
=
= *******
-H
y=
^ +

==- * *

--

jy

Again, a*y-\- zoy

y~^=:- 30 x
j

Jr^*^^,

Then

&c.

A' 7

and _/

c.

have here

fl
+ 5^
P
This

'

ox- 1

&c.
'

^;

>

&c

we

So that

fo on.

that

is,

_y

&c

*!

/'

OA 4

And

'

is
only to {hew the universality of this Method,
are to proceed in other like cafes ; for as to the
Equamight have been refolved much more fimply and ex-

Example

how we

and
tion

it

itfelf,

in

peditioufly,

Divifion

will be

it

Becaufe

the following manner.

=
=

x
king the Fluents, y
In the fame Equation

+^

^ a*x

-f-

-+-

*-

;
1

*L

4-

-^-

&c

by

And

ta-

&c.
^ were
>

4- x ^
o, if it
requir'd
to exprefs x by y, (the Tangent by the Arch,) or if x were made
the Relate, and y the Correlate, we might proceed thus.
Make
x

y
J

Then x
~-^

a?x +- x*

then a*

i,

&c.

&e.

or

si

5c c

G,

And
=
= 04-^, whence
* y,

= 14 =
= ^ =s
=
=
jc

o,

taking the Fluxions,

&c.

A-

* o,

'tis

&c. and x

* * o,

So that the Terms of this Series will be alternately deficient,

and therefore we need not compute them. Taking the Fluxions

&c.

again,

A-

tis

* *

j-,

Zxx
-j-

&c. and

^==

=:

# * *

n
,

&c.

&c.
^
S f 2
,

i-i->i

Therefore x

Again,

2V

* -^

x=z -^

&c.

-l-^r

>

and

Method of FLUXIONS,
and again,

A-

<j4

8v'

_,

Again, x

Here

A-

"

&c.

&c.

fi

7.1 Cfl

= **

gy*

&c. x

,
'

* # *

--

will be

&c..

'

J
and
again, x

2n*-

::

--

-4--;o.;x4-i2.v.v-(-2.vA-

&c.

i,

^U.

*,

it

#,

>-

21*

and x

'

* * * * *

&c. and

i,

==-***#,

&c.

occ.

= ..i4\

^=

**

,2

tf

# and

for

6cc.

i6y

c ,n_.

Subitituting

iQAr- 4" 2A ;xr

'tis

2XX
XX

and x writing

for x, x,

ig

o,

>'

* * * *

20xx+

fpeaively,

^i

alfo

2 4

'

=- -

&c.

and

t.
whence
x =.

&c.

-^

-f-

&c. for # and x }

16

xx

>X

&c

&c. and

Then x

Sec.

&c. re-

x=***i^- &c. 2==.....

&c. and
7^ &c. x= ****** JJpr,
&c.

3^

That

&c.

=y+.^ + -l. +

is,

l
us take the Equation ^*jj*
.y
j>
if the Radius of a Circle be denoted
which,
/z*x*
o, (in
by a,
then
the
the
of
Arch
be
fame,,
and if y
correfponding right Sine
any
which
are
to extract the Root
from
we
x
will be denoted by
j)
y.

For another Example,,

let

Make

x=i,

then

it

will be

&c. or

j/=

i,

&c.

J}

the Fluxions

we

Xy __ x y

0, or "y

again,

'tis

Therefore

&c.

fore y

a*y

Then
x

fhall

a
;y

^=o,

:=

^r~7i

'

/=

&c. ^

4^

5^'

y=.

&c.

ta ^ing. the

__.

o,

or
,

o,

&c. and

_y

* *

>

&c.

and again

<7

* * *

1-

* * *

9_y

j/

= i^=,&c. = J,&
^=
y
'

a*y>

Fluxions

orj
&c,

Taking

o ) or

^^ ^ nc^

* *

x*y

* x,

2X yy

zxy*

= -^^

a*, or ;}*

^a

3*

j/

and therefore

have za*yy

x^y

a*y*~

There-

&c.
*

^5^
*

INFINITE SERIES,
* * ,

j^-4

and

6cc.

= ***#*

Fluxions again,
1

z$y

i6y

g.y

x*y

2^Y

= ******
~
Or =
=
=
y
=

and again,

a*jr

o,

xv

&c.

&c. Jv

* * *

_)'

the

;<

a*

&c. y

^-|x

&c.

Taking

= ~ +-^ = -/, =
= ^V,
^.v,

or

Therefore J
-2-3 x r

* * *

=
j=
=

&c.

o,

x*y

1*7

&c.

,
'

n ly

'tis

-IL

::

317

r 6

gJT

^ c>

x4 >

and

&c.

* *

y ===

&c.

2a 6

* * * * *

*****#*

&c.
4- -^- 4- -^
II2*
40^.4
If we were required to extraft the Root x out of the fame Equa1
1
l
the:
rt *
x 1)/ 1
o,
(or to exprefs the Sine by
tion, a y*
-^-.6

&c.

TI2a

and therefore x

i,

Therefore x

'tis

again,

=
=

2^1

and x

axx

'tis

* o,

1
t

-^
,

===

occ.

* *

- v*
i

?r/24

,
*

=:

6cc.

6 ,

&c. x

*
j.J

-+-

&c.

x
Again,
*
O

*__

2Ofl*

-^

Therefore x

6cc.

..

And

6cc.

=
=

&c. x

therefore

x
a

and

&c,-

o,

&c. and

&c.

^>

&c. x

occ.

fi

and x

x
fl

~
1

&c. x
J

=:

^,

-1

V*

the-

^
j4

x=

* * *

^j

Taking

Again, x

&c.

Therefore x

J
,

&c.

Taking the Fluxions

Thence

Oi

or x*

o,

* y,

&c.

* *

x=

or

&c.

&c.

o,

* * o,

* * *

-^-j

&c. x

-^-

6
-

and x

&c.

&c. x

a** 1

x1

a1

andx=*

=
=

2a*xx

&c.

t><i

then

put

Fluxions

-i-

i,

Arch,)
-*,

v
*

* *

x= **

72Ofl

x= y> ^
<

-f-

&c.
If
*y

were required to extraft the Root y out of

w1
o, (where x =s i,)
.x*y* + m*y*

it

this

Equation,
proceed

we might

The Method of

3i 8

FLUXIONS,

'"

Becaufe y~ ==.

ceed thus.

an d_y=

x 1/

3xy
'tis

^r=

y=

OTX

=
'

or

OT

&c. and

cfy

{- in*

'tis

a*y -+-

9 x y

,--x 9 -^

;*, &c.

ay

or

o,

*y

&c>

;/

xy -+- my

xy

See.

;;;,

have 2a*yy

fhall

^^_ jf^l; and making y

-I

7xy

'tis

o, or

Therefore taking the Fluxions

again,

za''

Fluxions again,

&c. and therefore Xy

i^LV,

^c

o,

^ ~^

Taking the Fluxions, we

w*> &c.

2x*yy -bJzr$*yy

2xy*

r=

-#

OT

* * *

4
x2

Therefore

'"

y=

"~

'

/2

&c. -^y

"'x,

~^\-', &c.

Taking the

ya

xy

$xy
o,

m, &c.

'

zx.

x_y

i/

'tis

or y
;"

'

g'

lx
4

"'' x

and again,

->'

~t~

CT

\y

" vv

___

&c

'

^v

equivalent to a Theorem of our Author's, which (in

he
For if A- be the
another place)
gives us for Angular Sections,
Sine of any given Arch, to Radius a ; then will y be the Sine of another Arch, which is to the firft Arch in the given Ratio of m to
Here if m be any odd Number, the Series will become finite j
i.
and in other cafes it will be a converging Series.
And thefe Examples may be lufficient to explain this Method of
Extraction of Roots ; which, tho' it carries its own Demonftration
along with it, yet for greater evidence may be thus farther illustrated.
In Equations whofe Roots (for example) may be reprefented by the
A -+- Ex -f- Cx 4 Dx 3 6cc. (which by due Regeneral Series y
duction may be all Equations whatever,) the firfc Term A of the
Root will be a given quantity, or perhaps
o, which is to be
known from the circumftances of the Queilion, or from the given

This

Series

is

Equation,

and INFINITE SERIES.

319

have been abi ^antly explain'd already.

Equation, by Methods that
we
flrall
have have y
B -f- 2C.v -+- 30**,
Then making
i,
&c. where B likewife is a conftant quantity, or perhaps
o, and

x=

firft Term of the Series

This therefore is to be
y.
reprefents the
firft
Fluxional
the
derived from
Equation, either given or elfe to
be found ; and then, becaufe it is y
B, &c. by taking the Fluents
* Ex, ccc. whence the fecond Term of the Root
it will be y

will be

Then becaufe it is_y= zC

quantity zC will reprefent the

known.

-f-

6D.v,

&c. or becaufe

Term of y ; this is
the conftant
to be derived from the fecond Fluxional Equation, either given or
And then, becaufe it is y
to be found.
zC, &c. by taking the
Fluents

it

which the

will be

third

firft

zCx, &c. and again y

Term

of the Root will be known.

is_y=6D, &c. or becaufe the

fent the firft Term of the Series y

it

conftant quantity
;

this

Cx 1
Then

* *

6D

cc.

by

becaufe

will repre-

to be derived

is

from the

=
=

Fluxional Equation.
And then, becaufe it is y
6D, &c.
the
it will
be
Fluents
v
* 6Dx, &c. y
* * 3D*'-,
by taking
See. and _)'==.* * * D* 3
&c. by which the fourth Term of the
Root will be known. And fo for all the fubfequent Terms. And
hence it will not be difficult to obferve the compofition of the Co-

third

moft

efficients in

cafes,

and thereby difcover the Law of Continuaare notable and of general ufe.

tion, in fuch Series as

If you ihould defire
cal

to

Equations are derived

know how

from the

AB

the foregoing Trigonometrion

Circle, it may be fhewn thus
:

the Center A, with Radius

a t let the Quadrantal Arch BC be
Draw the Tangent BK, and
defcribed, and draw the Radius AC.
of
the
Circumthrough any point
c
ference D, draw the Secant ADK,

meeting the Tangent

in

At any

K.

other point d of the Circumference,

but as near to
as may be, draw
the Secant A.tte, meeting BKin/ ; on

Center A, with Radius

the

Arch

Then

K/,

fuppofing

AK,

meeting

the point

defcribe
in

/,

d con-

tinually to approach towards D, till

it
finally c<- .ncides with it, theTri:

lineum K//6 will continually approach to a right-lined Triangle,

and to funilitude w/ith the Triangle ABK
So that when Dd is a
:

Moment

The Method of

320
Moment

BD=y

=
BK =
Moments Kk
=

of the Circumference,

Make AB

a,

the

and inflead of the

=AB

a*x

x*y

From

will be K-!
Da

it

Tangent

AB

and the Arch

x,

"

will be

it

^4 x L)J

&.1

and Dd,

proportional Fluxions x and Jy, and

FLUXIONS,

+ *-

or a 2Jv

a*

the

fubftitute

o.

and de

to

let

the Perpendiculars

fall

DE

and

Dg-,

which Dg meets

Then the ultimate form

de, parallel to DE, in g.
of the Trilineum Ddg will be that of a right-lined Triangle fimilar to DAE.
Whence "Dd : dg ::
v/

AD

Make
Dd,
be
-

dg,

AD

BD=_>', and

a,

a'-x

x^y*

1-

\/ a

AT*.

AE

DE=x;

Or^

by

right Sine

is

to

i?_

by

vice versa.

,.

right

x,

3-

D&q.
Moments

and
x

Sine

Therefore

Ja

if thefe

m, their Fluxions will be

"x

and

the

it

will

or a^y 1

1
,

is

x,

being

and likewife the Fluxion of an Arch, whofe

y, being exprefs'd
i

for

o.

f^_^

each other as

/iJJ$

y and

a*

::

Hence the Fluxion of an Arch, whofe

exprefs'd

and

Fluxions

fubftitute their proportional

in the

Arches are to

fame proportion,
x

= -T37i

*/

: :

or putting

#=

;,

i,

or
'tis

da
.

a*y

==

'

We

thefe,

might
which

o ; the fame Equation as before refolved.

derive other Fluxional Equations, of a like nature with
would be accommodated to Trigonometrical ufes. As

if/ were the Circular Arch, and x its verfed Sine, we mould have
a^x*
o.
Or if y were the Arch,
the Equation zaxy*
x'-y'l
it
would
be
# 4 x*
and x the correfponding Secant,
x^y*
a*-x*y
o.
Or inftead of the natural, we might derive Equations for

But I fhall leave thefe

Tangents, Secants, &c.
that
others
fuch
and
might be propofed, to exmany
Difquifitions,
of
the
Learner.
ercile the Induftry and Sagacity

the

artificial Sines,

SECT,

and INFINITE SERIES.

'SECT. VI.

An

Terms and

Analytical Appendix

',

321

explaining fome

Expreffions in the foregoing work.

mention has been frequently made of given Equations,

I mall take ocad libitum, and the like
BEcaufe
calion from hence, by way of Appendix, to attempt fome kind of
explanation of this Mathematical Language, or of the Terms giver/,
and required Quantities or Equations, which may
afligjfd, affiimed,
fome
to
things that may otherwife feem obfcure, and
give light
may remove fome doubts and fcruples, which are apt to arife in
and others aframed

Now the origin of fuch kind of ExpreiTions

feems
to be this.
The whole affair of purfuing
probability
or
of
Mathematical Inquiries,
refolving Problems, is fuppofed (tho'
be tranfacled between two Perfons, or Parties, the Protacitely) to
the
Refolver of the Problem, or (if you pleafe) between the
and
pofer
Hence this, and fuch like
Mafter (or Inftruclor) and his Scholar.
the
in

Mind of a

Learner.

all

Phrafes, datam reffam, vel datum angtthim, in iniperata rations JeAs Examples inftrudl better than Precepts, or perhaps when
care.
both are join'd together they inftrucl beft, the Mafter is fuppos'd to

propofe a Queftion or Problem to his Scholar, and to chufe fuch

Terms and Conditions as he thinks fit ; and the Scholar is obliged

Problem with thofe limitations and reftriclions, with

Indeed it is required
thofe Terms and Conditions, and no other.
on the part of the Mafter, that the Conditions he propofes may be

to

folve the

confident with one another ; for if they involve any inconfiftency

or contradiction, the Problem will be unfair, or will become abNow
furd and impomble, as the Solution will afterwards difcover.
thefe Conditions, thefe Points, Lines, Angles, Numbers, Equations,
Gfr. that at firft enter the ftate of the Queftion, or are fuppofed to

be chofen or given by the Mafter, are the data of the Problem, and
the Anfwers he expects to receive are the qii(?/ita.
As it may fometimes
the data may be more than are neceffary for determining
that
happen,
the^Qiu ft'.on and lo perhaps may interfere with one another, and the
Problem (as now propofed) may become impolTible fo they may be
fewer than are neceffary, and the Problem thence will be indetermin'd,
and may require other Conditions to be given, in order to a compleat De,

termination, or perfectly to fulfil the quafita. In this cafe the Scholar is

to fupply what is wanting, and at his difcretioa miy a(Jit me fuch and fo

many otherTerms and Conditions, Equations and Limitations, as he finds

will

7&? Method of

322

FLUXIONS,

will be neceffary to his purpofe, and will befl conduce to the fimthe eafieft, and neateft Solution that may be had, and
pleft,
yet in

For it is convenient the Problem fhouM

the moft general manner.
as
as
be propofed
may be, the better to fix the Imaginaparticular
tion ; and .yet the Solution mould be made as general as poffible,
that it may be the more inftrucHve, and extend to all cafes of a
like nature.

Indeed the word datum

is

often ufed in

a fenfe

which

is

fome-

but which ultimately centers in it.

As
datum, when one quantity is not immediately given,
but however is neceffirily infer'd from another,, which other perhaps
is neceffarily infer'd from a third, and fo on in a continued
Series,

thing different
that is call'd a

from

this,

from a quantity, which is known or

neceffarily infer'd
given
before
This is the Notion of Euclid'?,
fenfe
the
in
explained.
data,
and other Analytical Argumentations of that kind. Again, that is
often call'd a given quantity, which always remains conftant and invariable, while other quantities or circumftances vary ; becaufe fuch
as thefe only can be the given quantities in, a Problem, when taken
in the foregoing fenfe.
To make all this the more fenfible and intelligible, I /hall have,
till it is

recourfe to a few pradlical inftances, by way of Dialogue, (which,

was the old didadlic method,) between Mafter and Scholar; and
this only in the common Algebra or Analyticks, in which I fhall
borrow
Examples from our Author's admirable Treatife of
The chief artifice of this manner of SoluUniverfal Arithmetick.

my

tion will confift in this, that as faft as the Mafter propofes the Conditions of his Queftion, the Scholar applies thole Conditions to

them Analytically, makes all the aeceffary deducfuch confequences from them, in the fame order
derives
and
tions,
they are propofed, as he apprehends will be mcft fubfervient to the
And he that can do this, in all cafes, after the fureft, fimSolution.
readieft manner, will be the beft
and
ex-tempore Mathematipleft,
But this method will be beft explain'd from the
cian.

ufe,

argues from

following

Examples.

M.

I.

the

Sum

Gentleman being 'willing to diftribiite Abns

he intended to diftribute be reprefented by x.

S.

Let

M. Among

S. Let the number of poor be

then - would
fbme poor people.
_}>,
M. He wanted 3 fiillings
have been the fhare of each.
S. Make
for
lake
of
the
and
let
the
rf,
univerfality,
3
pecuniary Unit be
then
the
be
to
Sum
distributed
one Shilling ;
would have been x-{-a,

and"

and INFINITE SERIES.

and the fhnre of each would have been

^^-

might receive $ fallings.

by

4=f,
fallings

=5

M.

So that each

^=

then

b,

whence

M. "Therefore he gave every ot.e 4 fallings. S. Make

Money diftributed will be cy. M. And he has 10
S. Make io
d, then cy -f- d was the Money
remaining.
a.

then the

he intended

Make 5=^,

S.

32"

^jt-f

at

firft

M.

number was y

=
=

to diftribute; or
cy -+-

J^rf* w<2J
7
''

number of poor

the

"*"'

M.

1-2.

(x

=) by-

people ?

a,
S.

or

The

^W /60w much Alms

He

=
^

had at firft x
a
by
62
M.
How
do
Solution?
3
fhillings.
you prove your
S. His Money was at firft 62 fhillings, and the number of poor
But if his Money had been 62-4-3 === ^5
r
people was 1 3.
3 x 5
each poor perfon might have received 5 millings.
But
fhillings, then
as he gives to each 4 fhillings, that will be 13x4=52 fhillings
diftributed in all, which will leave him a Remainder of 62
52

= 5x13
tf/tf

Of

c=

10

II.

the

tff

^ry? intend

to

diftribute ?

S.

fhillings.

M.

A young Merchant,

World with a

certain

Sum

at his firjl entrance npon bufmefs, began

S. Let that Sum be x, the
of Money.

one Pound. M. Out of which, to maintain

pecuniary Unit being
S. Make the
the Jirjl year, he expended 100 pounds.
given
himfclf
he
had
to
trade
with
then
x
ioo
a.
M. He
number
tf;
traded with the reft, and at the end of the year had improved it by a
.S. For univerfality-fake I will aflume the general numthird part.
n
then the Improveber n, and will make ^
i, (or n
;)

=
=

a
nx
na
x -f- a, and the Tradingi xx
ment was n
fiock and Improvement together, at the end of the firft year, was
M. He did the fame thing the fecond year. S. That is,
na.
MX

whole Stock being now nx

na, deducting a, his Expences for
na
a for a Trading-ftock, and
he would have nx
na
ix nx
n*a
nx -f- a for this year's Imn
a, or n'-x
which
make
n'-x
n*a
na for his Eftate at
together
provement,
M. As aljo the third year. S. His
die end of the fecond year.
nx a
whole Stock being now ;< a x
na, taking out his Expences
his

this year,

n'-a
na
a,
Trading-ftock will be n*x
i X*Abe
n
n'-a
na
a,
Improvement
n=a
n'-x -f- a, and the Stock and
or J x
Improvement together,
n*a
or his whole Eftate at the end of the third year will be n*x

for the third year,

^~

and the

n1 a

his

this year will

na, or in a better

form

n"'x

-+

"-^na.

In like manner
if

Th* Method of

324

FLUXIONS,

he proceeded thus the fourth year, his Eftate being now n*x
rf a
na, taking out this year's Expence, his Trading-flock
n a
na
n>a
if a
a, and this year's Improvement is
will be n>x
if a
na
or n*x
is a
n^a
n*x -f- a,
Fx n=x
a,
n
his
will
be
n*x
n*a
tfa
72-^2
which added to
Trading-ftock
if

na, or

11*

na, for his Eftate at the end

-f-

year.

And

at the

end of the

by Induction,

fo,

his Eftate will be

found n s x

And

if I

fifth year.

univerfally,

Number m.

neral

of the fourth

nx -f-

his Eftate will be

_
~

-4-

na

aflume the ge-

-na at the end of

i

any number of years denoted by m. M. But he made his Eftate

double to -what it was at firft.
then nmx -tS. Make 2
m
m
==-#. M. At the end of 3 years.
bx, or x
l _^na

= Then #2=3, a-=.

=

S.

n"

100, b

2,

%,

and therefore x=s..

64

400

M.

1480.

j%!2<z/ <was his

pounds.

M. Two

III.

As

Bvdies

and

S. It

Eftate atjirji?

are at a given diftance

was 1480

from each

be given, though it is not fo.

other.
Let the initial diftance of the
actually, I may therefore aflume it.
M. And
e y and let the Linear Unit be one Mile.
Bodies be 59
move equably towards one another. S. Let x reprefent the whole
x be the
before they meet ; then will e
fpace defcribed by
whole fpace defcribed by B. M. With given Velocities. S. I will
to be fuch, that it will move 7
c Miles
aflume the Velocity of
of
one
in 2
Unit
Time
Hour.
Then
the
beHours,
being
S.

their diftance

is

faid to

=f

caufe

it is

time

Alfo

will

move

::

'-7%.
i

equal

=
:

: :

A will move

his

aflume the Velocity of B to be fuch, that it

d Miles in 3 ==:g Hours. Then becaufe it is d :
j-g>

will

move

his

whole fpace
-

U's

in the

I will

M. But A moves a given time - Hour. M. Before B begins to move.

to

whole fpace x

time added

to

the

time hy

in the time

S.

Let that time be

S.

Then A"s time

or

^ = '^g

is

-f- h.

M,'

and INFINITE SERIES,

M. Where

will they meet., or

have defcribed ?
*
s*i

S.

From

this

what

325

will be the fpace that each

Equation we

fhall

have x

1^ X7== Jr x 7'
X7==
35 Miles, which will
'
/
'
x 3'
x2
37
oxz-r7
35
be the whole fpace defcribed by A. Then e
59
be
the whole fpace defcribed by B.
will
Miles
24
IV. M. Jf 12 Oxen can be maintained by the Pafture 0/37 Acres
S. Make 12
^, 4=cj
#, 3!
of Meadow-groundfor 4 weeks,

then aiTuming the general

wards

Numbers

as occafion Ihall require,

Oxen
If

we

e,

x=

f, h, to be determin'd after-

mall have by analogy

7%e Method

26

^FLUXIONS,
-

df
*r

ace

*'

Ti
bh

"

Oxen

-m

f7

ace

df
h

tO

'

TZ
bh

'

number of Oxen

will be the

which

Time

Oxen

Time
,,

~*

that may be maintain'd by the

of
But it
the
e,
only
growth
pafture
during the whole time h.
was found before, that without this growth of the Grafs, the Oxen

might be maintain'd by the pafture

fore thefe

two

together, or

ber of Oxen that

_f_ -^-^

x -

time

for the

~ ""
,

h.

There-

will be the

be maintain'd by the pafture e, and its growth

the
time b. M. How many Oxen may be maintogether, during
S. Suppofe x to
tain d by 24 Acres offitch pafture for 1 8 week s ?

may

make

be that number of Oxen, and

24=^,

and

h=

18.

Then

by analogy

Oxen

Pafture

If

Then

ex

r
And conlequently
T
J
.

requ ij. e

ex

f ~ jf = T +
a^j

dft

21*9
I

ac

x 4

during the time

b.

ace
j-r
bh
r

/>

14

J <g

fi

J-j

S. Let x be the prefent value

have an Annuity
of i pound to be received i year hence, then (by analogy) x* will
be the prefent value of I pound to be received 2 years hence, &c.
and in general, x" will be the prefent value of i pound to be received m years hence.
Therefore, in the cafe of an Annuity, the
Series x -f x* -+- x"' ~+- x*, &c. to be continued to fo many Terms
as there are Units in m, will be the prefent value of the whole
Annuity of i pound, to be continued for m years. But becaufe

M. If I

V.

-I

=x-{- x

as there are Units

*~ y

will

-f- x''

in in,

reprefent

to be continued for

;;/

H-A' 4

&c. continued to

fo

many Terms

may appear by Divifion 3) therefore

Amount of an Annuity of i pound,
S. Make
M. Of
Pounds.

(as

the

years.

a*

and INFINITE SERIES.

=
m=

then

a,

the

M.

a.

Amount

of

this

c,

then

-a

will

years

be

S.

Then

pounds in ready Money.

S.

Make

or

c,

fuccejji'vely.

To be continued for 5
years

M. Which IJell for

5.

for

Annuity

327

x""

--

In any particular cafe the value of x

tion of

this affected

may be found by the RefoluM. What Interefl am I alfav'd per

Equation.

centum per annum? S. Make 100

^; then becaufe x is the
value
of
i
to
be
i
received
prefent
pound
year hence, or (which
the fame thing) becaufe the prefent
Money x, if put out to ufe,
i
will
year
produce i pound; the Intereft alone of i pound
for i year will be i
x, and therefore the Intereft of 100 (or K)
for
i
will
be b
bx y which will be known when x
pounds
year
is

in

is

known.

And

might be fufficknt to (hew the conveniency of this Mebut I mall farther illuftrate it by one Geometrical Problem,
which mall be our Author's LVII.
VI. M. In the right Line AB I give you the ftuo points
and B.

thod

S.

this

Then

their diftance

two points
figure

and

ACBD is

AB

=m

out of the

is

given

Line AB,

M. As likenaife
Then conlequently

alfo.

S.

the
the

given in magnitude and fpe-

and producing CA and

CB towards d
and <T, I can

cie

takeA</=AD,
and

Bf=KD.

M.

Aljb

I give

you

the

indefi-

nite right Line

in po/iticn,

EF

pajjing

thro' the

ADE

S. Then the Angles

and BDF are given, to which
green point D.
(producing AB both ways, if need be, to e and y ) I can make the
Angles h2e and B<f/~ equal refpedlively, and that will determine the
and f, or the Lines Ae
And becaufe
a, and Ef=c.
points e
de and <T/"are thereby known, I can continue de to G, fo that^/G.

Sj\

and make the given

line

eG

c=

b.

Likewife

can draw

CH

and

The Method of FLUXIONS,

228

CK parallel to ed and f$
and becaufe the Triangle

and

fpecie,
let

green points

move

DAL,

obtain a

AL

into another fituation

</A/,

and

new

CAc will be equal.

fituation

BL

in

Angles CAD and C BD be conceived to revolve

or Poles A .and B.
S. Then the Lines AD

the given

will

CK

make

will

AB

refpeftively, .meeting

and

CHK will be given in magnitude snd

M. Now
d, CH=e, and HK=/

and

and cAt,

about the

and

fo as that the

BD

CA^

Angles

CB^ will
cBA, fo as that the Angles DBL, <fBAand
Alfo the Lines

and

CBc will be equal. M. And let D, the Interfeflion of the Lines AD and
BD, always move in the right Line EF. S. Then the new point of Interfedtion L is in EF; then the Triangles DAL and </A/, as alfo DBL
andJ'BA, are equal and iimilar

then^//=

DL=

cTA,

and therefore

M. What

will be the nature of the Curve defer ibed by the

G/==/A.
S. From the new point of Interfection c
other point of InterfeSt ion C ?
and
to AB, I will draw the Lines ch and ck, parallel to
refpec-

CK

CH

Then

tively.

though not

will the Triangle chk be given in fpecie,

Alfo the Triangle

in magnitude, for it will be Iimilar to ^CHK.
to
the
And
indefinite
Line
Bck will be fimilar
mayBtf.
be aflumed for an Abfcifs, and ck
y may be the correfponding
Then becaufe it is Bk (x) ck (y )
Ordinate to the Curve Cc.

Bk=x

::

= =

Bf(c) :/A

will remain

and

CHK,

CK

(/O

=m

ck

::

(/)

Then

CK

will be

it

Subtraft

G/.
-

le=.b

HK

hk

Bk

y]

..

hk

le

-v

(b

But

Therefore

bft. xv

ae

dc

(e)

(a)

there

becaufe of the fimilar Triangles chk

CH

(d)

Ge-=&, and

from

this

demy

it is

ck (y)

ch=

= AB

Therefore A/J

-\

A/6

(m
x

bdx*

fxb

'f )

+ bdmx =

J
o.

And

'j

cb

2)

= ^,

::

or

In which

becaufe the indeterminate quantities x and y arife only

Equation,
to two Dimenfions, it mews that the Curve defcribed by the point

Conic Section.
M. Ton have therefore folved the Problem in general, but you fionld
now apply your Solution to the feveral fpecies of Conic Sections in parthe following manner
S. That may eafily be done in
ticular.
is

come fcf

l'f

ctl

__ 2p

zpcxj>

h en the foregoing Equation will bebdx'- 4- bdmx

o, and by exdemy
an(j

trading

and INFINITE SERIES.

the

trading

+ - x x* +
ft

I'P

!Z

that if the

be equal to

fame
that

is,

- be

affirmative,

or if

if

_ XA + __.

''d

"

</*;*

the quantity

prefent,

-f-

if

-..

be

will

it

XT

Now

abfent, or if
--

-.x

-f.

here

it

is

-4jj

(changing

its

plain,

o, or

But

if

the

and equal to fome affirmative quantity,

(which will

affirmative,
it

-f-

fign) fhould

then the Curve would be a Parabola.

Term were
is,

is

that

*"1

- root

~ x X L were
j 4-

Term

Square

329

be negative and

lefs

always

than

-.

>}

be

when

the Curve

an Hyperbola.
Laftly, if the fame Term were prefent and
is
negative, (which can only be when
negative, and greater than

will be

the Curve will be an Ellipfls or a Circle.

y>
I

mould make an apology

the Reader, for this Digreffion

did not hope it might contribute
if not to his improvement.
And I am

from the Method of Fluxions,

to his entertainment at leaft,

whoever fhall go through the

of our Author's curious Problems, in the fame manner, (where-

fully convinced
reft

to

if I

by experience,

that

according to his ufual brevity, he has left many things to be

or fuch other Queflions
fupply'd by the fagacity of his Reader,)
whether
and Mathematical Diiquifitions,
Arithmetical, Algebraical,
Geometrical, &c. as may eafily be collected from Books treating
in,

fhall do this after the

fay, whoever
foregoing
a very agreeable as well as profitable exercife :
As being the proper means to acquire a habit of Investigation, or
of arguing furely, methodically, and Analytically, even in other
Sciences as well as fuch as are purely Mathematical ; which is the

on

theie Subjects ;
manner, will find

great

it

end to be aim'd

at

by thefe

Studies.

SECT,

7%e Method of

330

SECT. VII. The Conclufion

be

Series

are

now

containing a Jhort recapitu-

review of the whole.

lation or

FLUXIONS,

which may properly enough

arrived at a period,

conclujion of tie Method of Fluxions ami Infinite

for the defign of this Method is to teach the nature of Series
call'd the

how

in general, and of Fluxions and Fluents, what

they are,
are derived, and what Operations they may
which
;

they

undergo

defign
As to the applica(I think) may now be faid to be accompliili'd.
tion of this Method, and the ufes of thefe Operations, which is all
that now remains, we mall find them infilled on at large
by the
Author in the curious Geometrical Problems that follow. For the

whole that can be done,

either

by

Series or

by Fluxions, may

eafily

be reduced to the Refolution of Equations, either

Algebraical or
Fluxional, as it has been already deliver'd, and will be farther apI have continued my Annotations
ply'd and purfued in the fequel.
in a like manner upon that
of
the Work, and intended to have
part
added them here ; but finding the matter to grow fo faft under my
hands, and feeing how impoffible it was to do it juftice within
fuch narrow limits, and alfo perceiving this
to a

I refolved

competent fize;
Reader unfinifh'd as it

opportunity,

to

lay

it

work was already grown

before the Mathematical

referving the completion of it to a future

if I mall find
my prefent attempts to prove acceptable.
that remains to be done here is this, to make a kind
is,

Therefore all
of review of what has been hitherto deliver'd, and to give a fummary account of it, in order to acquit myfelf of a Promiie I made

And having there done this already, as to the Auof

the
work, I (hall now only make a fhort recapitulapart
tion of what is contain'd in my own Comment upon it.
And firft in my Annotations upon what I call the Introduction,
or the Refolution of Equations by infinite Series, I have amply pur-

in the Preface.
thor's

fued a ufeful hint given us by the Author, that Arithmetick and

Algebra are but one and the fame Science, and bear a ftridl analogy
to each other, both in their Notation and Operations ; the firft computing after a definite and particular manner, the latter after a general and indefinite manner
So that both together compofe but
:

one uniform Science of Computation.

For as in common Arithmetick we reckon by the Root Ten, and the feveral Powers of that

Root

fo in Algebra,

or Analyticks,

when

the

Terms

are orderly
dilpos'd

and INFINITE SERIES.

as

difpos'd

is

we reckon by any
Number

prefcribed,

we may

Powers, or

take any general

331

other Root and its

for the Root of our

Arithmetical Scale, by which to exprefs and compute any Numbers

And as in common Arithmetick we approximate continually
required.
to the truth, by admitting Decimal Parts /;; infnititm, or by the
ufe of Decimal Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal

Powers of the Root Ten

our Author's improved Algebra, or in

the Method of infinite converging Series, we may continually apNumber or Quantity required, by an orderly fucproximate to the
cefiion of Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal Powers
;

fo in

Operations in common
Arithmetick, having a due regard to Analogy, will generally afford
us proper patterns and fpecimens, for performing the like Operations
in this Univerfal Arithmetick.

of any Root

And

in general.

the

known

proceed to make fome Inquiries

formation of infinite Series in general, and particularly into their
two principal circumftances of Convergency and Divergency; wherein I attempt to (hew, that in all fuch Series, whether converging
or diverging, there is always a Supplement, which if not exprefs'd is
however to be underftood which Supplement, when it can be aicertained and admitted, will render the Series finite, perfect, and

Hence

into the nature

and

diverging Series this Supplement muft indifpenand

fablv be admitted
exhibited, or otherwise the Conclufion will be
But in converging Series this Supplement
imperfect and erroneous.

accurate.

That

in

be neglected, becaufe it continually diminifhes with the Terms

the
of
Series, and finally becomes lefs than any affignable quantity.
And hence arifes the benefit and conveniency of infinite converging

may

Scries

that whereas that Supplement is commonly fo implicated and

with the Terms of the Series, as often to be impoiliblc to

entangled

be extricated and exhibited ; in converging Series it may fafely be neglected, and yet we mall continually approximate to the quantity reAnd of this I produce a variety of Inftances, in numerical
quired,
and other Series.
I then go on to mew the Operations, by which infinite Scries are
either produced, or which, when produced, they may occasionally
As firft when fimple fpccious Equations, or purs Powers,
undergo.
are to be refolved into fuch Series, whether by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots ; where I take notice of the ufe of the afore-mention'd Supplement,

by which

Scries

may

be render'd

finite,

that

is,

may be compared with other quantities, which are confider'd as

I then deduce feveral ufeful Theorems, or other Artifices,
given.

Una

for

tte Method of

332

FLUXION s,

more expeditious Multiplication, Divifion, Involution, and

infinite Series, by which
they may be eafily and reain
all cafes.
Then
I fhew the ufe of thefe in
dily managed
pure
or
from
whence
I take occasion to introExtractions;
Equations,
duce a new praxis of Refolution, which I believe will be found
to be very eafy, natural, and general, and which is afterwards ap-

for the

Evolution of

of Equations.
Then I go on with our Author to the Exegefis numerofa, or to
the Solution of affefted Equations in Numbers ; where we mall find
his Method to be the fame that has been publifh'd more than once in
other of his pieces, to be very {hort, neat, and elegant, and was a great
Improvement at the time of its firft publication. This Method is
here farther explain'd, and upon the fame Principles a general Theorem is form'd, and diftributed into feveral fubordinate Cafes, by
which the Root of any Numerical Equation, whether pure or affected, may be computed with great exactnefs and facility.
From Numeral we pafs on to the Refolution of Literal or Specious affected Equations by infinite Series ; in which the firfl and chief
difficulty to be overcome, confifts in determining the forms of the
feveral Series that will arife, and in finding their initial ApproximaThefe circumftances will depend upon fuch Powers of the
tions.
Relate and Correlate Quantities, with their Coefficients, as may happen to be found promifcuoufly in the given Equation. Therefore
in latum,
the Terms of this Equation are to be difpofed in longum
of
the
Indices
thofe
lenft
to
a
or at
combined
Powers, according

ply'd to

all

fpecies

&

Arithmetical Progreffion in p/ano, as is there explain'd ; or according

to our Author's ingenious Artifice of the Parallelogram and Ruler,
the reafon and foundation of which are here fully laid open.
This
will determine all the cafes of exterior Terms, together with the
Progreffions of the Indices ; and therefore all the -forms of the feveral Series that may be derived for the Root, as alfo their initial
Coefficients,

We

Terms, or Approximations.

then farther profecute the Refolution of Specious Equations,

by diverfe Methods of Analyfis or we give a great variety of ProcefTes, by which the Series for the Roots are eafily produced to any
number of Terms required. Thefe ProcefTes are generally very lim-,

and depend chiefly upon the Theorems before deliver'd, for

And
finding the Terms of any Power or Root of an infinite Series.
is
illustrated
a
and
'd
whole
of
Inthe
by
exemplify
great variety
ftances, which are chiefly thofe of our Author.

ple,

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The Method of infinite Series being
we make a Tranfition to the Method of
ture

and foundation of that Method

is

thus

333
dilcufs'd,

fufficiently

Fluxions, wherein the na-

And fome

explain'd at large.

general Observations are made, chiefly from the Science of Rational

Mechanicks, by which the whole Method is divided and diftinguiih'd
into its two grand Branches or Problems, which are the Diredt
and Inverfe Methods of Fluxions. And fome preparatory Notations are deliver'd

and explain'd, which equally concern both

thefe

Me-

thods.

then proceed with my Annotations upon the Author's firft Problem, or the Relation of the flowing Quantities being given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions.
I treat here concerning
Fluxions of the firft order, and the method of deducing their EquaI
tions in all cafes.
explain our Author's way of taking the Fluxions
of any given Equation, which is much more general and fcientifick
than that which is ufually follow'd, and extends to all the varieties
I

of Solutions.

This

to

alfo apply'd

is

which means

flowing Quantities, by
cafes, in which either

compound,

it

Equations involving feveral

likewife

irrational,

comprehends thofe

or mechanical

Quan-

be included.
But the Demonftration of Fluxions, and
of the Method of taking them, is the chief thing to be confider'd
here; which I have endeavour'd to make as clear, explicite, and fa-

tities

may

tisfactory as I

was

and to remove the difficulties and objections

it
But with what fuccefs I muft leave

able,

that have been raifed againft

to the judgment of others.

then treat concerning Fluxions of fuperior orders, and give the

For
deriving their Equations, with its Demonftration.
tho' our Author, in this Treatife, does not expreffly mention thefe
orders of Fluxions, yet he has fometimes recourfe to them, tho' taI have here ("hewn, that they are a necelTary
citely and indirectly.
and that
refult from the nature and notion of nrft Fluxions
not abfolutely
all
thefe feveral orders differ from each other,
and effentially, but only relatively and by way of companion.
I

Method of

And
and

this
I

prove

actually

as

from Geometry as from Anaiyticks ;

and make fenfible thefe feveral orders ot

well

exhibit

Fluxions.

But more efpecially in what I call the Geometrical and Mechanical Elements of Fluxions, I lay open a general Method, by the help
of Curve-lines and their Tangents, to reprefent and exhibit Fluxions
and Fluents in all cafes, with all their concomitant Symptoms and
AffecYions,

334

3e

Method of FLUXIONS,

Aiic&ions, after a plain and familiar manner, and that even to ocular
view and infpedlion. And thus I make them the Objects of Senfe,
which not only their exiitence is proved beyond all poflible con-

by

tradiftion,

but alfo the

fully evinced,

verified,

Method of
and

deriving

them

is

at the

fame time

illuftrated.

Then

follow my Annotations upon our Author's fecond Problem,

or the Relation of the Fluxions being given, to determine the Relation of the flowing Quantities or Fluents ; which is the fame thing
And firft I explain (what outas the Inverfe Method of Fluxions.
Author calls) a particular Solution of this Problem, becaufe it cannot
be generally apply 'd, but takes place only in fuch Fluxional Equa-

might have been, previoufly derived

or
Fluential Equations.
Whereas the
Algebraical
that
and
whofe Fluents or Roots
Fluxional Equations
ufually occur,
are required, are commonly fuch as, by reafon of Terms either re-

tions as have been, or at leaft

from fome

finite

dundant or deficient, cannot be refolved by this particular Solution ;

but muft be refer'd to the following general Solution, which is here
distributed into thefe three Cafes of Equations.

The firft Cafe of Equations is, when the Ratio of the Fluxions
of the Relate and Correlate Quantities, (which Terms are here exbe exprefs'd by the Terms of the Correlate
plain'd,) can
Quantity
in which Cafe the Root will be obtain'd by an eafy
alone
proIn finite Terms, when it may be done, or at leaft by an
cefs
And here a ufeful Rule is explain'd, by which
infinite Series.
infinite
an
Expreffion may be always avoided in the Conclufion,
which otherwife would often occur, and render the Solution inexpli;

cable.

The

fecond Cafe of Equations comprehends fuch Fluxional Equations, wherein the Powers of the Relate and Correlate Quantities,
with their Fluxions, are any how involved. Tho' this Cale is much
more operofe than the former, yet it is folved by a variety of eafy

and fimple Analyfts, (more fimple and expeditious, I think, than

thofe of our Author,) and is illuftrated by a numerous collection of
Examples.
The third and laft Cafe of Fluxional Equations is, when there are
more than two Fluents and their Fluxions involved j which Cafe,
without much trouble, is reduced to the two former. But here are
alfo explain'd fome other matters, farther to illuftrate this Dodlrinej
as the Author's Demonftration of the Inverfe Method of Fluxions,
the Rationale of the Tranfmutation of the Origin of Fluents to other
i

places

and INFINITE SERIES.

at

places

pleafure,

the

way of

ments of Fluents, and fuch

finding the contemporaneous Incre-

like.

Then to conclude the Method of Fluxions,

is
propofed and explain'd, for
general Method
kinds of Equations,

335

or

a very convenient

Fluxional,

and

the Refolution of

all

by having recourfe

Algebraical
This Method indeed is not conto fuperior orders of Fluxions.
Author's
tain'd in our
prelent Work, but is contrived in purfuance of a notable hint he gives us, in another part of his Writings.

And

this

Method

is

exemplify 'd by feveral curious and ufeful Pro-

blems.
Laftly, by way of Supplement or Appendix, fome Terms in the
Mathematical Language arc farther explain'd, which frequently occur in the foregoing work, and which it is very neceflary to apprehend rightly. And a fort of Analytical Praxis is adjoin'd to this
in which is
Explanation, to make it the more plain and intelligible ;
exhibited a more direct and methodical way of refolving fuch Algebraical or Geometrical Problems as are ufually propofed ; or an attempt is made, to teach us to argue more cloiely, dhtinctly, and Analytically.
this

is
And
chiefly the fubftance of my Comment upon this part
of our Author's work, in which my conduct has always been, to
endeavour to digeft and explain every thing in the moft direct and
natural order, and to derive it from the moft immediate and genuine
I have always put myfelf in the place of a Learner, and
Principles.
have endeavour'd to make fuch Explanations, or to form this into fuch
an Inftitution of Fluxions and infinite Series, as I imagined would
have been ufeful and acceptable to myfelf, at the time when I fidl
Matters of a trite and eafy nature
enter'd upon thefe Speculations.
But in things of more
animadverfion
over
with
a
have
I
flight
pafs'd
or greater difficulty, I have always thought myfelf obliged
novelty,
to be more copious and explicite ; and am conlcious to myfelf, that
:

Wherever
have every where proceeded cumjincero ammo docendi.
have fallen fhort of this defign, it fliould not be imputed to any
want of care or good intentions, but rather to the want of fkill, or
I (hall be
to the abftrufe nature of the lubject.
glad to fee my deand
(hall
be
abler
fects
hands,
by
always
willing and thank-

fupply'd

ful

to be better

What

instructed.

and

may furnifli
perhaps will give the greateft difficulty,
be
the Explanations
mod matter of objection, as I apprehend, will
before given, of Moments, -vanifiing quantities, infinitely little quantitles,

The Method of

236
fjfies,

and

and the

FLUXIONS,

which our Author makes ufe of in this Treatife,

deducing and demonftrating hisMethod of Fluxions.
here add a word or two to my foregoing Explana-

like,

elfe where, for

I fhall

therefore

hopes farther to clear up this matter. And this feems to

be the more necefTary, becaufe many difficulties have been already
ftarted about the abftracl nature of theie quantities, and by what
name they ought to be call'd. It has even been pretended, that they

tions, in

are utterly impoffible, inconceiveable, and unintelligible, and it may

therefore be thought to follow, that the Conclu lions derived by their
means muft be precarious at leaft, if not erroneous and impoflible.
to remove this difficulty it mould be obferved, that the only

Now

by our Author to denote thefe quantities, is the

But this
o,
by itfelf, or affected by fome Coefficient.
a
and
finite
ordinary quantity, which
Symbol o at firft reprefents
mu ft be understood to diminim continually, and as it were by local
Motion ; till after fome certain time it is quite exhaufted, and termiThis is furely a very intelligible Notion.
nates in mere nothing.
But to go on. In its approach towards nothing, and juft before it
becomes abfolute nothing, or is quite exhaufted, it muft neceflarily
of all proportions.
For it cannot
pafs through vanifhing quantities
to
at
once
an affignable quantity
that were
;
nothing
pafs from being
to proceed per fa/turn, and not continually, which is contrary to the
While it is an affignable quantity, tho' ever fo little,
Suppofition.
exact truth, in geometrical rigor, but only an Apthe
not
is
it
yet
and to be accurately true, it muft be lefs than
it
;
proximation to

Symbol made

letter

ufe of

either

a vanifhing
is, it muft be
the Conception of a Moment, or
Therefore
vanishing
quantity.
muft be admitted as a rational Notion.
quantity,
But it has been pretended, that the Mind cannot conceive quanbe fo far diminifh'd, and fuch quantities as thefe are repretity to
Now I cannot perceive, even if this impoflifented as impoffible.
that
the Argumentation would be at all affected
bility were granted,
would be the lefs certain. The imby it, or that the Concluiions
of Conception may arife from the narrownefs and imperpoffibility
fection of our Faculties, and not from any inconfiftency in the naSo that we need not be very folicitious about
ture of the thing.
the pofitive nature of thefe quantities, which are fo volatile, fubas to efcape our Imagination ; nor need we be
tile, and fugitive,
in
much
pain, by what name they are to be call'd j but we may
confine ourfelves wholly to the ufe of them, and to difcover their

any

that
affignable quantity whatfoever,

properties,

and INFINITE SERIES.

337

They are not introduced for their own fakes, but only
properties.
as fo many intermediate fteps, to bring us to the knowledge of other
are real, intelligible, and required to be known.
quantities, which
It is fufficient that we arrive at them by a regular progrefs of diminution, and by a juft and neceflary way of reafoning and that
they are afterwards duly eliminated, and leave us intelligible and
For this will always be the confequence,
indubitable Conclusions.
when we argue
let the media of ratiocination be what they will,
And
ftriet Rules of Art.
it
is a
to
the
very common
according
;

thing in Geometry, to make impoffib'e and nbfurd Suppofitions,

which is the fame thing as to introduce iinpoffible quantities, and

by

their

We

tities,

means

to difcover truth.

have an inftance fimilar to

which, though

as

this,

in

another fpecies of Quan-

inconceiveable and

as

impofTible as thefe

can be, yet when they arife in Computations, they do not affect
the Conclufion with their impoffibility, except when they ought
fo to do; but when they are duly eliminated, by juft Methods of
Reduction, the Conclufion always remains found and good. Thefe.
Quantities are thofe Quadratick Surds, which are diftinguifh'd by
the name of impoffible and imaginary Quantities ; fuch as ^/
i,

^/a,
number

v/
is

3,

&c. For they import, that a quantity or

which multiply'd by itfelf mall produce a
which is manifeftly impoffible. And yet thefe

v/

4,

to be found,

negative quantity

have all varieties of proportion to one another, as thofe

quantities
aforegoing are proportional to the poffible and intelligible numbers
8cc. respectively -,. and when
I, ^/2, v/3, 2,
they arife in Compuare
eliminated
and
excluded, they always leave
tations, and
regularly
a juft and good Conclufion.
lax"
Thus, for Example, if we had the Cubick Equation x~>
from
whence
we
to
were
extract
the
Root
x;
42 =o,
-J-4IX
we
to
mould
have this fiird ExRule,
by proceeding according
the
x
for
Root,
4 -f- y'3 4- v/
-"fr-f- ^J^ ,/
preffion
-~ is involved -^,
in which the impoffible quantity ^/
and
this
not
to
be
as
abfurd
and
ufelefs,
yet
Expreffion ought
rejected
becaufe, by a due Reduction, we may derive the true Roots of
the Equation from it.
For when the Cubick Root of the firft innis
culum
rightly extracted, it will be found to be the impoffible
Number
i -+as may appear by cubing ; and when the
^/
Cubick Root of the fecond vinculum is extracted, it will be found

to be

\/-

j-

Then by

collecting

X.x

thefe

Numbers, the
im-

338
impoffibie

77je

Method of FLUXIONS,

Number </
will be

will be eliminated,

found x

the Equation
Or the Cubick Root of the

and the Root of

2.

'
be A -f- y/
T T)
as may likewife appear by Involution ; and of the fecond vincu_'
So that another of the Roots of
lum it will be |
T
</
Or the Cuthe given
will be x
4 -f- 1 -f- A
7.

firft

vinculum will

alfo

Equation
bick Root of the fame firft vincuhtm will be
\
i| J
v/
i H- ^/
and of the fecond will be
.11.
So that the third
And
Root of the given Equation will be x
T
4 - 4
3in like manner in all other Cubick Equations, when the furd vincula include an impoffible quantity, by extracting the Cubick
Roots, and then by collecting, the impoffible parts will be excluded, and the three Roots of the Equation will be found, which
will always be
But when the aforefaid furd vincula do not
poffible.
include an impoffible quantity, then by Extraction one poffible
Root only will be found, and an impoffibility will affect the other
two Roots, or will remain (as it ought) in the Conclufion.
And a like judgment may be made of higher degrees of Equa-

tions.

So that thefe impoffible quantities, in all thefe and many other

inftances that might be produced, are fo far from infecting or dethat they are the neceflary
ftroying the truth of thefe Conclufions,
means and helps of difcovering it. And why may we not conclude
the fame of that other fpecies of impoffible quantities, if they muft
needs be thought and call'd fo ?
Surely it may be allow'd, that
if thefe Moments and infinitely little Quantities are to be elteem'd

a kind of impoffible Quantities, yet neverthelefs they may be made

in findufeful, they may affift us, by a juft way of Argumentation,
or
or
other poffible Quanof Velocities,
Fluxions,
ing the Relations
And finally, being themfelves duly eliminated and
tities required.
excluded, they may leave us finite, poffible, and intelligible Equa-

of Quantities.
Therefore the admitting and retaining thefe Quantities, however impoffible they may feem to be, the investigating their Prowith our utmoft induftry, and applying thofe Properties to
perties
ufe whenever occafion offers, is only keeping within the Rules of
Reafon and Analogy; and is alfo following the Example of our
aud illuftrious Author, who of all others has the greateffc

tions, or Relations

fagacious
'Tis enlarging the numto be our Precedent in thefe matters.
right
ber of general Principles and Methods, which will always greatly
i

con-

'43

THE
CONTENTS
I

of the following Comment.

on the Introduction ; or the

Refolution of
/JNnotations
*-*
Equations by Infinite Series.
pag. 143
Sedt. I. Of the nature and conjlruttion of
or
infinite
converging Series.
Sedt. II.

P-H3

The Refolution offimple Equations, or ofpure Powers,

by infinite Series.

The Refolution of Numeral Affected Equations,

Sedt. III.
Sedt.

IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by

;
andfirjifor determining the forms of the

II.

V. The Refolution ofAJfe&ed

Annotations on

Prob.

i.

ing Quantities being given-t

their Fluxions.

p.

the Relation
to

I.

209

P-235

of the flow-

determine the Relation

p. 241

of

Sedt.

ami
1

fpecious Equations proje-

Method of Fluxions.

or,

p.

86

P-

cuted by various Methods of Analyjis.

Tranfition to the

59

Series,

their initial Approximations.

Sedt. VI.

infinite Se-

ries

Sedt.

p.

Concerning Fluxions of the firft Order , and

their Equations.

Fluxions of fuperior Orders,

method of deriving their Equations.

Sedt. II. Concerning

to

find
p.24i

and

the

>

Seft. III.

The

Geometrical and Mechanical Elements

Fluxions,

[T]

of

p.266
III.

CGNTENTa
,111.

Annotations on Prob.

or y the Relation of the Fluxions

to determine the Relation
of the Fluents.

being given,

Se. I.

2.

p.2 77
particular Solution

general Solution,

by which

a preparation

'with
it

is

dijlributed

Cafes.

Solution of the firft Cafe of Equations.

Sedl. II.
Sedt. III.
Seft.

three

p.a//
p. 282

-p.286
IV. Solution of the third Caje of Equations, with fome

Sedt V. The Refolution of Equations,

Fluxional,
.

r lux ions.
Sedt. VI. An

by
>

the

afliftance
diJ

P-3OQ

whether Algebraical
Orders of
of
j j[uperior
r
j

p-3o

Analytical Appendix, explaining Jome Terms

in the
P-3 2 I
foregoing Work.

and ExpreJJiom
,Se<5t.

to the

Solution of the fecond Caje of Equations.

neceffary Demonftrations.

or

into

VII. The Conclufwn

or review of the whole.

containing a j}:ort recapitulation

P-33

Reader is defired to correfl the following Errors, which I hope will be thought
but few, and fuch as in works of this kind are hardly to be avoided.
'Tis here neceflary to take notice of even literal Miftakes, which in fubjefts of this nature are often very
That the Errors are fo few, is owing to the kind affillance of a flcilful Friend or
material.
the IVefs ; as alfo to the care of a diligent Printer.
two,_ who fupplyfd my frequent abfence from,

THE

ERRATA.
In tie Preface, pag. xiii< lirt, 3. read which
P. 1 19. I. 1 2. read
here fubjoin'd.
Ibid. 1. 5. for matter read read Hyperbola.
to the Fluxion of the' Area,
manner. Pag. xxiii. 1. alt. far Preface, &e.
nWConclufton of this Work. P- 7. \.T,i.for
lDxIP
P. 15. 1.9. ready
P.I3J.1.8. readJf
!>**+ -&*'
~{- read =..
is

&c.

-',4,

l,'2j.

P'.

read -

17.

1.

read

17.

P. 35,

P. 32.

\.

9*
1.

3:

for

CE x \Q

ACEG
-

19, read. !

P. 135.

);

and

Ibid.

15. read

1.

P.

9"

lOtfjr*

read

P. 145. \.fenult.
13.8. I. 9. ^WAb&Jifs^AB.
P. 149. 1. 2O. read whkh irt;
read 7\~~ 3
P. 157. I.i3./-f^ ax.
P.i68. l.j. retd^ax.
P. 1 77.'
P-I7I. \.\j.fir Reread $*.
\.l$.rcait
.

loxty.

~~r'~

P. 62. 1.4. read

firyreatl-y.

A>.

\,2-[. read.

read

y~-

....

6. read to 2m,
P. 213^ [.-j.
far5
P. 229, 1. 21* for x
Species read Series.
retu(
t.
read
30.
x 4.
/i/V. 1. 24. for x
4'readx *. P. 234.
P. 87. 1. 22. read
1. 2.
P. 236. 1. 26. ;vW genera^or yy ready.
P.t
P. 243. 1. 29. read.
Ibid. 1.22,24. reaJAVDK.
ting.
ax*yi*. P. 284.

P. 64. \.q. for 2 read z.

P. 82. 1. 17. read zzz.

y-

Ibld:\.ult.for

P. 63.!. 31.

P.-gz. 1.5.

Ibid.

\.

read-\-

.7

-,',

P. 204.

Ibid.

1.

uit.

1.

read

P. 289.

1.

17.

fur right read

j^

\.z\.for z read
P. 109.

1.

x.

33. dele as

P. 104. 1.8. read 6;jt 1

P. I 10. 1. 29. read

left.

ofen.

read
1. 1

and v/ ^ 1

x l '=.

P.

nj,

7.

for Parabola

P. 295.

1.

2.-

i,

'

P. 297. \.ig.forjx

8.

y.

read

1\3O4.

m
a ~t>

1.

read'

read y*

20, 21

P. 3

7.

dil:

',

'.

x 4 --^-J-ax*.
P. 298.

-(- be.

1. tilt,

read

1.14.

P^og.
1
a'-j

ADVERTISEMENT.
Lately publijtid by the Author,

BRITISH HEMISPHERE, or a Map of a new contrivance,

proper for initiating young Minds in the firft Rudiments of

THE

It is in the form of a Halfof

Inches
but
about
Diameter,
Globe,
comprehends the whole
15
known Surface of our habitable Earth ; and mews the iituation of
all the remarkable Places, as to their Longitude, Latitude, Bearing
and Diftance from London, which is made the Center or Vertex of
It is neatly fitted up, fo as to ferve as well for ornament
the

Geography, and the ufe of the Globes.

Map.

as ufe

and

fufficient Inftructions are annex'd,

to

make

it

intelligible

to every Capacity.

Sold by

W. REDKNAP,

Church.

at the

Leg and Dial near the Sun Tavern

SEN EX,
; and by ].
Price, Haifa Guinea.

in Fleet-jlreet

at

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St.

Dunftan's

and INFINITE SERIES.

339

contribute to the Advancement of true Science.

In fhort, it will
enable us to make a much greater progrefs and profkience, than
we othervvife can do, in cultivating and improving what I have elfe-

where

call'd

The Philofopby of Quantity.

FINIS.

3T

..