Advanced Timber Construction Techniques

Advanced Construction Techniques
..Using Engineered Timber
simon.smith@smithandwallwork.com
tristan.wallwork@smithandwallwork.com
Content
Introduction
Supply
Raw materials, manufacture process, product range
Design
Engineering limits, embodied CO2, prefabrication, fire, connections
Construction
Procurement, lead times, supply chain
Wood futures
R&D, emerging policy, inspiration
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
The best friend of man is the tree. When we use the tree
respectfully and economically, we have one of the greatest
resources on the earth
Frank Lloyd Wright
Why wood?
Modern method of construction
Faster, enhanced quality, less waste...Government agenda
Suits modern skills base?
Sustainability
Renewable material, full chain of custody
Lower embodied energy/carbon
Carbon store
Lightweight structure
Versatile
UK growing reliance on construction imports
Different...
Why not wood?

Cost
Currency risk
Perceived risks
Fire
Acoustics
Supply chain
Water damage
Bouncy, noisy floors
Lack of flexibility
MMC requires longer lead in

Lack of competition
Lack of thermal mass

Different...
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Trees and wood

Approximately 20% of worlds land surface covered by trees
97% of all softwood used in Europe comes from European
forests
30% increase in wooded area in Europe between 1990-2000
Trees are on average 60-80 years old on harvest
Primary softwoods used for construction are spruce

(whitewood) and pine (redwood)
Forest distribution
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/ForestCarbon/page1.php
Forest distribution
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/ForestCarbon/page1.php
Forest distribution
Wood Stocks
EU27
Wood stocks:
24 billion m3
Annual growth:
660 million m3
Timber in Construction
EU27
Sawnwood:
95 million m3
Timber surplus
EU27 forests are growing year on year
More than 100 million m3 of growth not harvested
What could we do with 100 million m3 of wood each year?
Build 3 million new homes?
Build 250 million m2 of commercial buildings?
30000
25000
20000
15000
Total EU27 growing stock

(million m3)
10000
Total EU27 forest area

(10,000 ha)
5000
0
1990
2000
2005
2010
Sustainable timber
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Independent non-governmental organisation supported by
WWF
www.fsc-uk.org
Pan European Forest Certification Council (PEFC)

Voluntary private sector initiative
www.pefc.co.uk
46 million hectares of managed European forest endorsed
Forests Forever Campaign (FFC)

Independent advisory body initiated by the Timber Trade
Federation
www.forestsforever/org.uk
Trees and carbon
Wood is about 50% carbon (by dry mass)

x 3.67 to convert C to CO2
Broadleaf forests 100-250 tC per ha
Conifer plantations 70-90 tC per ha
Carbon uptake 4 tC per ha per year in fast
growing stands
Trees and carbon
Trees and carbon

UK Forestry Commission report
UK woodland could provide 10% CHG
abatement (Scotland already 12%).
UK forest carbon sink reducing from 16mt
CO2 in 2004 to 5mt CO2 in 2020.
Wood fuel potential to save 7mt CO2 in UK.
Wood substitution potential to save 4mt
CO2 in UK.
Estimated 70mt CO2 stored in timber
housing in UK.
Engineering materials
10 billion tonnes pa of engineering materials used globally
1.5t person pa, main components are concrete, wood, steel, asphalt, glass, brick
Concrete is by far the dominant engineering material (factor 10) and responsible for some 5% of global CO2
emissions
Ref: Materials and the Environment Mike Ashby
UK construction materials
400mt construction materials used annually (2008)
1.5mt steel
100mt concrete
7.5mt timber
UK has a trade deficit in construction materials/products (2011)
UK construction products market is 40bn annually
We import 12bn of construction products annually
We import 3.5bn from Germany and China
We export 1.5bn to Ireland and Germany
We import 650m of steel and export 475m
We import 110m of cement and export 45m
We import 135m of rebar and export 50m
We import 625m of timber
Construction material costs

Price indices history
www.bis.gov.uk/analysis/statistics/construction-statistics/building-materials
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
Concrete re-inforcing bars
140.0
Ready-mixed concrete
Fabricated structural steel
130.0
Sawn Wood
Imported Sawn Wood
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Cutting technology
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Sawn timber
Strength graded
C16 and C24 (spruce or pine typically)

D30 (oak)
Inherent defects in timber mean factor
of safety in region of 3 to 4 used
Dimensions limited
Typically up to 225mm deep sections

Kiln drying limits widths typically to
75mm and lengths to 6m
Engineered timber
Layered/Laminated
Glue laminated timber (glulam)

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Cross laminated timber panels (CLT)
Brettstapel
Plywood
Particle
Orientated strand board (OSB)

Particle board (chipboard)
Parallel strand lumber (PSL)
Engineered timber
Glulam
Spruce grades GL24 to GL36

Lamella thickness typ 40mm
Stock sizes up to 20cm x 65cm x 13.5m
Other sizes up to 28cm x 2.2m x 36m
Glues are melamine resin based.
Engineered timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Jumbo plywood made from 3mm thick veneers

FinnForest Kerto
Different lay ups produce boards or beams
Thickness up to 75mm
Panel sizes 2.5m x 20m+
MMH
thk
layers
78
3
94
3
95
5
98
3
106
3
118
3
134
5
140
5
146
5
160
5
173
5
184
5
198
5
214
7
214
7
240
7
240
7
258
7
278
7
Engineered timber
Statistics
2.95m wide (typical 2.4m)
16.5m long (typical 13.5m)
Typical 50mm to 300mm thick (500mm thk possible)
Spruce, strength grade C24
Polyurethane glues (edge glue?)
Binderholz
thk
layers
66
3
78
3
90
3
100
3
110
3
130
3
100
5
110
5
130
5
147
5
163
5
181
5
203
5
213
5
233
7
248
7
284
7
299
7
341
7
thk
57
72
94
95
128
158
60
78
90
95
108
120
117
125
140
146
162
182
200
202
226
208
230
260
280
248
300
320
KLH
layers
3
3
3
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
StoraEnso
thk
layers
57
3
83
3
97
3
95
5
138
5
161
5
57
3
74
3
83
3
97
3
103
3
112
3
119
3
126
3
95
5
121
5
138
5
150
5
165
5
182
5
196
5
211
5
194
7
216
7
237
7
209
7
223
7
249
7
267
7
296
7
Leno
thk
layers
51
3
61
3
71
3
81
3
85
5
85
11
93
3
95
5
99
3
105
5
115
5
125
5
135
5
147
5
153
5
165
5
174
6
186
6
189
7
201
7
207
7
219
7
231
7
240
8
252
8
264
8
273
9
285
9
297
9
Engineered timber
Cross Laminated Timber
15+ European CLT manufacturers?
KLH
70,000m3
Stora Enso
120,000m3
Mayr-Melnhof Kaufmann
40,000m3
Binderholz
60,000m3
Finnforest Merk
25,000m3
Lignotrend
25,000m3
Total combined output say 350,000m3?
Equivalent to over 1,000,000m2 of new buildings
Over 300,000tCO2 sequestered
Approximately 40,000ha of forest required to

support 350,000 m3 of CLT production?
Engineered timber
Brettstapel
Solid timber panels

Glued, nailed, screwed or dowelled
Thickness up to 260mm
Lengths up to 18m
Widths up to 1.2m#
Floor and roof spans up to 10m+
http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html
http://www.mm-kaufmann.com/produkte/p1-profideck/
Engineered timber
Timber cassettes
Sometimes referred to as stressed skin

Can have insulation integrated (SIPs
structural insulated panels)
Beams positively connected (glued,
screwed, nailed) to a top and/or
bottom sheet material. Together the
beams (web) and sheeting (flange)
make for a highly efficient spanning
element
Can be used as roof or floor elements
In UK longest recent cassette is 25m
roof span over Darlaston Pool in
Walsall in 2000.
Engineered timber
FinnForest/Metsa RIPA panels
Long span cassettes up to 18m long

Open or closed panels including SIPS
Depths ranging from 230mm to 650mm
Roof spans to 18m
Floor spans 9m+
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Wood properties
Timber is anisotropic
5 to 10x weaker across the grain (similar to

bundle of straws)
Affected by moisture
50% moisture content natural state, 1220% in use (hygroscopic)

20-40% loss in strength in damp conditions
Strength
100N/mm2 defect free, typical 1624N/mm2 softwoods used in UK are

designed using 6N/mm2
Direct correlation strength, stiffness and
density
Best at resisting short terms loads, creeps
under long term load (approx 40% weaker)
Design
C16
Bending
parallel to
grain
N/mm2
Tension
parallel to
grain
N/mm2
Compression
parallel to
grain
N/mm2
Compression
perpendicular
to grain
N/mm2
Shear parallel
to grain
N/mm2
Modulus of
elasticity
MEAN
N/mm2
Modulus of
elasticity
MINIMUM
N/mm2
Density
kg/m3
5.3
3.2
6.8
2.2
0.67
8800
5800
370
12.5
7.5
12.6
3.9
2.00
10800
7500
700
Spruce
D40
Oak
Strength and stiffness depends on a number of factors:
Species of timber
Moisture content of timber
Duration of load
Direction of stress within timber
Defects present in timber
Slenderness
Direct correlation between density and strength
Design
Load duration factors:
Long term
Medium term
Short term
Very short term
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
(ie dead + live load)

(ie dead + snow load)
(ie dead + live + snow load)
(ie dead + live + snow + wind load)
Moisture content:
40% to 20% reduction in strength and stiffness for 20%+ moisture content
Design
Reduces effect of defects
Glues and mechanical
fixing have played
important role
Different types:
Layer Glulam, Plywood, CLT, LVL
Particle Chipboard, PSL, OSB
Fibre MDF, Hardboard
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
bending
stiffness
sawn
glulam
lvl
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Energy input to construction materials

Energy cost
represents 100%
of material cost
Energy cost
represents 10% of
material cost
Energy cost
represents 1% of
material cost
Ref: Materials and the Environment Mike Ashby
Embodied energy
Embodied CO2 and structure

Timber beam 15kgCO2
Concrete beam 50kgCO2
Steel beam 60kgCO2
But..60kgCO2 stored in timber beam
embodied CO2 (kg/m2)

Timber CLT frame
timber frame stored CO2
Concrete flat slab frame

Steel frame and holorib concrete
floor
timber frame embodied CO2
concrete frame embodied CO2
steel frame embodied CO2
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
CO2 stories for timber and concrete

2500KWhr
1m3
1m3 timber
-650kg CO2
+150kg CO2
+650kg CO2
+150kg CO2
2500KWhr
1m3
1m3 concrete
+500kg CO2
+700kg CO2
+1200kg CO2
Environmental product declarations
Embodied CO2..summary
Current studies
Offices 750-1000 kgCO2/m2
Residential 300-675 kgCO2/m2
Schools 300-600 kgCO2/m2
Typically 50% of a new buildings

embodied CO2 is in the structure
and foundations
Recent studies indicate that
embodied CO2 can represent
between 20% to 60% of the whole
life CO2 of a building
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Panelised structures
Loadbearing Facade
Crosswall
Hybrid (steel/CLT)
Platform construction
Walls/floors
Slab/walls
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Fire
Recent high profile cases
Colindale during construction
Fire resistance
Large sections char at rate of 0.6-0.7mm/min

Oversize timber sections to provide structural integrity during fire
(ie timber can be unprotected)
Spread of flame
For large sections treatment is still required by building

regulations
CLT CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

...separating floor

...separating wall

...external wall
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Connections
Connection design critical in timber
structures
Typically connections determine the
section sizes in multiple element
structures
Recent years have seen major advances
in fixing technology and automation
Connections
Glued connections strongest and
stiffest
Connections with multiple small
fixings (ie nails or screws) are also
efficient
Fixing technology
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Procurement
Timber Manufacturer
Organisation & responsibility
UK currently
Designer(s)
-
Concept design
Coordination
Client
Detail design
Element layout
Connection design
Fabrication dwgs
Erection sequence
Manufacture
Cutting patterns
Fabrication
Loading sequence
Transport
Erection
Procurement
Organisation & responsibility
Mainland Europe currently
Timber Manufacturer
Designer(s)
-
Structural design
Element layout
Coordination
Connection design
Fabrication dwgs
Manufacture
Cutting patterns
Fabrication
Transport
Client
Erector
-
Erection sequence
Loading sequence
Erection
Procurement
Process
Competition
Negotiation
Initial Design
Final Design
Timber vs RC vs
Steel?
Initial design to
establish m3 and m2
of Timber
Tendered to Timber
manufacturers
Final design of
Timber
Structural
Connections
Panel layout
BWIC
Fire
Acoustics
Fabrication dwgs
Erection Sequence
Construction
-
Manufacture
Deliver
Erect
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Lead times
Building Magazine Jan 2012
Timber
Working drawings 4 wks
Approve working drawings 2wks
Manufacture 3 wks
Manufacture 3 wks
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Supply chain
UK options
B&K timber structures
Eurban
KLH
Constructional Timber / Lamisell
Mainland Europe options
Metsa (FinnForest)
Stora Enso
Mayr Melnhof Kaufmann
Binderholz
..
Capacity
?????
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
UK Government and trees
Recognises that in 2007 forest in England removed 2.9mt

CO2, but that this rate is falling.
Recognises that a major woodland creation scheme is
required, target of 10,000 ha per year for 15 years (to
remove 50mt CO2 by 2050).
Woodland creation can also help with employment
creation, flood alleviation, water quality improvement
and support for wildlife.
Recognises that woodland resource (timber) needs to be
used for fuel and construction.
UK response
Gradual increase in building
regulations
Zero carbon new buildings by 2019
Existing building stock approach
uncertain
IGT report on low carbon construction
Issued November 2010
Treasury Green Book requirement to

conduct whole life carbon appraisal.
Industry and Government to develop a
standard method of measuring embodied

carbon for use as a design decision tool.
Policy & influence
Hackney WoodFirst
Hackney Council is consulting on WoodFirst planning
policy
Stadthaus, Bridport House and Mossbourne Academy are all in

Hackney
Not a Wood Only policy!
Although the Council is keen to promote the benefits of building with

wood, it is not considering a policy that would exclude locally sourced
building materials or prevent the use of other sustainable building
materials in future developments. However, it will take into account
the carbon footprint of a new development to ensure it is in line with
its sustainability policy and the use of structural timber would help to
contribute to this.
http://apps.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/newspr/NewsReleaseDetails.aspx?id=2437
Life cycle assessment

ICE
The Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement 3 (CESMM3) now includes
carbon and prices for every material and unit of work.
RICS
The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) has established a working group to examine embodied carbon
and to also link it to the New Rules of Measurement (NRM) framework.
EU
The European CEN TC 350 series of standards (spring-2011 release) relates to the sustainability of construction
works. The series includes a set method for calculating the embodied impacts of construction materials and
projects and a standard on the communication of results (Environmental Product Declarations, EPDs).
Construction Products Regulation (July 2013)
Other
PAS 2050 (UK Carbon Trust), PAS 2060 (BSI)
ISO/CD 14067, BS 8903:2010
BES6001 Responsible sourcing
Construction products regulation

Construction Products Directive introduced April 2011
CE marking is key component providing a fit for purpose claim covering:
Mechanical resistance and stability

Safety in case of fire
Hygiene, health and the environment
Safety and accessibility in use

Protection against noise
Energy economy and heat retention
Major materials manufacturers in UK currently hold CE marking for most of their products (ie
cement, steel and timber)
Construction Products Regulation will be introduced July 2012
CE marking will include a new component Sustainable use of natural resources
Introduction of CEN/TC 350 Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
Responsible Sourcing
BES 6001
RE Global has developed a Framework Standard for the Responsible

Sourcing of Construction Products.
The scheme provides manufacturers with a means by which their

products can be independently assessed and certified as being
responsibly sourced.
http://www.greenbooklive.com/search/scheme.jsp?id=153
42 companies and products currently registered (manufacturers and

contractors). Mainly concrete industry.
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Research and Development

2009 investment in R&D
4400m pharmaceutical
1100m automotive
140m agriculture
18m construction
Engineering Alchemy
Polymerised Wood R&D
Wood modification
Improve properties of wood

through chemical and thermal
modification
Potential to improve durability,
dimensional stability and strength
properties
Existing examples include Accoya
acetylated wood and Thermowood
Working with Cambridge University
on the structural and architectural
use of polymerised wood
50m-span bridge into the city of Sneek in

the Netherlands
Submerged bridge at the restored Fort de

Roovere in the Netherlands
Polymerisation process
Non-treated Wood
Polymerised wood
????????
??????
?????
TIMBER TOWER
(R&D CONCEPTUAL PROJECT)
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
Tamedia office
building - Zurich
by Shigeru Ban Architects
Skelleftea, Sweden
Mixed use timber building
141 space multi-storey car park

Cross laminated timber
Fire engineered
Kintai Bashi, Japan
Content
Introduction
Supply
Design
Construction
Wood futures
Case studies
Open Academy
City Academy
Mossbourne Academy
SmartLife, Cambridge
SmartLife, Cambridge
St John Fisher School, Peterborough
Open Academy, Norwich
Norwich academy
Roof
Complex geometry
Glulam tied arches (radial/leaning)
Flat CLT roof panels twist!
City Academy, Norwich
Mossbourne Academy, London
Research and development
Timcrete
Faculty of Education, Cambridge
BGS, Nottingham
Approx 230 residential units, mix of town house and apartments
7000m3 of CLT
175no. lorry deliveries
5,5m CLT contract (supply and erect)
Potentially 20 week erection using 4 teams
5000t CO2 sequestered in the CLT frame
The Future
Europe
UK manufacture of CLT (Napier University)
Italy 9 storey CLT building n site (seismic design)
Austria Life Cycle Tower on site (15 storey, hybrid timber and concrete)
North America
Three CLT manufacturers
30 storey timber tower research project
Australasia
CLT manufacture in New Zealand
Lend Lease CLT residential project (10 Storey)
References
www.trada.co.uk Timber Research and Development Association
Specific academic resource area
Credits
www.trada.co.uk Timber Research and Development Association
Cambridge University
Ramboll

Advanced Timber Construction Techniques

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Advanced Timber Construction Techniques

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Advanced Construction Techniques

..Using Engineered Timber

Raw materials, manufacture process, product range

Engineering limits, embodied CO2, prefabrication, fire, connections

Procurement, lead times, supply chain

R&D, emerging policy, inspiration

Faster, enhanced quality, less waste...Government agenda

Suits modern skills base?

Renewable material, full chain of custody

Lower embodied energy/carbon

Why not wood?

Bouncy, noisy floors

MMC requires longer lead in

Lack of thermal mass

Raw materials, manufacture process, product range

Engineering limits, embodied CO2, prefabrication, fire, connections

Procurement, lead times, supply chain

R&D, emerging policy, inspiration

Trees and wood

Primary softwoods used for construction are spruce

More than 100 million m3 of growth not harvested

What could we do with 100 million m3 of wood each year?

Build 3 million new homes?

Build 250 million m2 of commercial buildings?

Total EU27 growing stock

Total EU27 forest area

Pan European Forest Certification Council (PEFC)

Forests Forever Campaign (FFC)

Trees and carbon

Wood is about 50% carbon (by dry mass)

Trees and carbon

Trees and carbon

Ref: Materials and the Environment Mike Ashby

UK has a trade deficit in construction materials/products (2011)

UK construction products market is 40bn annually

We import 12bn of construction products annually

We import 3.5bn from Germany and China

We export 1.5bn to Ireland and Germany

We import 650m of steel and export 475m

We import 110m of cement and export 45m

We import 135m of rebar and export 50m

We import 625m of timber

Construction material costs

Raw materials, manufacture process, product range

Engineering limits, embodied CO2, prefabrication, fire, connections

Procurement, lead times, supply chain

R&D, emerging policy, inspiration

Raw materials, manufacture process, product range

Engineering limits, embodied CO2, prefabrication, fire, connections

Procurement, lead times, supply chain

R&D, emerging policy, inspiration

C16 and C24 (spruce or pine typically)

Typically up to 225mm deep sections

Glue laminated timber (glulam)

Orientated strand board (OSB)

Spruce grades GL24 to GL36

Jumbo plywood made from 3mm thick veneers

2.95m wide (typical 2.4m)

16.5m long (typical 13.5m)

Typical 50mm to 300mm thick (500mm thk possible)

Spruce, strength grade C24

Polyurethane glues (edge glue?)

Total combined output say 350,000m3?