Carl Jung (1875-1961), Swiss psychiatrist, who founded the analytical school of psychology.

Jung broadened Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical approach, interpreting mental and emotional
disturbances as an attempt to find personal and spiritual wholeness.
Born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland, the son of a Protestant clergyman, Jung
developed during his lonely childhood an inclination for dreaming and fantasy that greatly
influenced his adult work. After graduating in medicine in 1902 from the universities of Basel
and Zrich, with a wide background in biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology, he
began his work on word association, in which a patient's responses to stimulus words revealed
what Jung called complexesa term that has since become universal. These studies brought
him international renown and led him to a close collaboration with Freud. With the publication of
Psychology of the Unconscious (1912; trans. 1916), however, Jung declared his independence
from Freud's narrowly sexual interpretation of the libido by showing the close parallels between
ancient myths and psychotic fantasies and by explaining human motivation in terms of a larger
creative energy. He gave up the presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Society and
cofounded a movement called analytical psychology.
During his remaining 50 years Jung developed his theories, drawing on a wide knowledge of
mythology and history; travels to diverse cultures in New Mexico, India, and Kenya; and
especially the dreams and fantasies of his childhood. In 1921 he published a major work,
Psychological Types (trans. 1923), in which he dealt with the relationship between the conscious
and unconscious and proposed the now well-known personality types, extrovert and introvert. He
later made a distinction between the personal unconscious, or the repressed feelings and thoughts
developed during an individual's life, and the collective unconscious, or those inherited feelings,
thoughts, and memories shared by all humanity. The collective unconscious, according to Jung,
is made up of what he called archetypes, or primordial images. These correspond to such
experiences as confronting death or choosing a mate and manifest themselves symbolically in
religions, myths, fairy tales, and fantasies.
Jung's therapeutic approach aimed at reconciling the diverse states of personality, which he saw
divided not only into the opposites of introvert and extrovert, but also into those of sensing and
intuiting, and of feeling and thinking. By understanding how the personal unconscious integrates
with the collective unconscious, Jung theorized, a patient can achieve a state of individuation, or
wholeness of self.
Jung wrote voluminously, especially on analytical methods and the relationships between
psychotherapy and religious belief. He died on June 6, 1961, in Ksnacht. See Psychoanalysis.
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libido; To Jung, it meant not only sexual drives, but a composite of all creative instincts and
impulses and the entire motivating force of human conduct.
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According to Jungs theories, the unconscious is composed of two parts; the personal
unconscious, which contains the results of the individual's entire experience, and the collective
unconscious, the reservoir of the experience of the human race. In the collective unconscious
exist a number of primordial images, or archetypes, common to all individuals of a given country
or historical era.
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Archetypes: In the collective unconscious exist a number of primordial images, or archetypes,
common to all individuals of a given country or historical era. Archetypes take the form of bits of
intuitive knowledge or apprehension and normally exist only in the collective unconscious of the
individual. When the conscious mind contains no images, however, as in sleep, or when the
consciousness is caught off guard, the archetypes commence to function. Archetypes are
primitive modes of thought and tend to personify natural processes in terms of such mythological
concepts as good and evil spirits, fairies, and dragons. The mother and the father also serve as
prominent archetypes.
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An important concept in Jung's theory is the existence of two basically different types of
personality, mental attitude, and function.
Extravert: When the libido and the individual's general interest are turned outward toward people
and objects of the external world, he or she is said to be extroverted.
Introvert: When the reverse is true, and libido and interest are centered on the individual, he or
she is said to be introverted.
In a completely normal individual these two tendencies alternate, neither dominating, but
usually the libido is directed mainly in one direction or the other; as a result, two personality
types are recognizable.
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Jung rejected Freud's distinction between the ego and superego and recognized a portion of the
personality, somewhat similar to the superego, that he called the persona. The persona consists
of what a person appears to be to others, in contrast to what he or she actually is. The persona is
the role the individual chooses to play in life, the total impression he or she wishes to make on
the outside world.
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.