5.

PC004-Access Gallery Standard Precast Panel Design

This document provides structural calculations for the design PC004 precast roof panel
for Didachara Dam Drainage Gallery utilizing the BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 and
ASSHTO LRFD 2007 for control of cracking.

1.Material Properties
1.1.Concrete Properties
EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.1 gives the Exposure Class XD1 as suitable for roof panels
Exposure Class

= XD1

Moderate humidity
Corrosion induced by chlorides exluding seawater

Recommendation for normal weight reinforced concrete quality for exposure class and
cover to reinforcement for at least a 50-year working life.
Concrete grade
=D2
Maximum aggregate size of 20 mm
BS EN 1992-1-1 uses characteristics compressive cylinder strength fck as the basis
for design calculations.
fck
=30
MPa
Min 28 days compressive strength of concrete
=38
MPa
Target mean strength
fcm
(Use a margin of 8 Mpa for cylinder)
(2/3)
fctm
=0.30 x fck
Mean tensile strength related to cylinder strength
=3
MPa
Strength class of cement
Class
N
R: high early strength; N: Normal Early Strength; S: Slow early strength
=0.25
Coefficient depend on cement type
s
=7
Days
Development of strength at time of loading
t
0.5
cc(t)
= exp [s x (1-(28 / t) )]
cc(t)
=0.78
fcm(t)
= cc(t)xfcm
Mean Compressive strength at time of loading
fcm(t)
=29.59
MPa
fc(t)
=fcm (t) - 8MPa
fck(t)
=21.59
MPa
Compressive strength at time of loading
Ecm
Ecm(t)
c

=22 x [fcm/10]0.3
=32837
MPa
0.3
= [fcm(t)/fcm] x Ecm
=30464
MPa
=25
kN/m

1.2.Reinforcement Properties
Grade
=420B
fy
=420
MPa
Es
=200000 MPa
fyd
=365
MPa
1.3.Concrete Cover
Cmin
=30
mm
Dev
=10
mm
Cnom
=Cmin + Dev
=40
mm

Serviceability calculations the mean value is used

Modulus of elasticity at time of loading
Bulk density of reinforced concrete

Yield strength of reinforcement

Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement
Design yield strength of reinforcement
Minimum concrete cover for C30/37 grade concrete
Fixing tolerence for reinforcement
Nominal cover to reinforcement

2.Simply Supported One-Way Slab

2.1.Dimensions of Slab
W actual
=3.10

Actual width of pre-cast slab

W slab

=W actual-Nused

Width of slab from mid-of-support to mid-of-support

W slab

=2.80

Width of pre-cast slab (Main Direction)

Lslab

=1.50

Length of pre-cast slab (Transverse Direction)

tslab

=0.30

Thickness of pre-cast slab

2.2.Support Length
Support length will be checked according to AASHTO Division 1-A 7.3.1
Nmin
=305 + 2.5W slab
Minimum support length
=312
mm
Nused

=300

Check if Nused

mm

Existing support length

Nmin

mm

=312
NOT OK
Support length can be acceptable

=300

mm

<

2.3.Actions on Structure
Permanent Actions (G)
=c x tslab
gslab
Varible Actions (Q)
qconcrete =c x tlift

gslab

=7.50

kN/m

Self-Weight

qconcrete

=30.00

kN/m

1.2 metres thick lift of D4

Imposed Load Category

=G

Categories of traffic areas

Imposed Load
30kN <= gross vehicle weight<= 160kN
=5.00
kN/m

qk

Imposed loads generally Quasi-static actions and allow for limited dynamic effect in
structures. However for vibrating machine additional loads are accounted for through a
dynamic magnification factor applied to appropriate static load values.

=2.00
Dynamic magnification factor
qk
= x qk
qk
=10.00 kN/m
2.4.Load Combination
nult
=1.35xgk + 1.5xqk

qtotal

=40.00

kN/m

nult

=70.13

kN/m

Ultimate Load

=47.50

kN/m

Service Load

=68.72

kNm/m

=46.55

kNm/m

=98.18

kN/m

nser
=1.00xgk + 1.00xqk nser
Design Flexural Moment
=nult x W slab / 8
MEd
MEd
Service State Flexural Moment
MSer
=nser x W slab / 8
MSer
Design Shear Force
=n x W slab / 2
V
V

2.5.Flexural Desing
2.5.1.Principal Reinforcement
main
=12.00
mm

Diameter of main reinforcement

Amain

=113.10

Area of main reinforcement

smain
d

=125.00 mm
=tslab - cnom - main/2
=254.00 mm
=MEd / bdfck
=0.05
Unitless
=0.168
Unitless

K
K'

mm

<=
Check if
K
=0.049
0.5
z
=(d/2) x (1 + (1-3.53K) )
z
=241
mm
Ascalc

Spacing of main reinforcement

Effective depth

It is often recommended K' should be limited

to ensure ductile failure
K'
=0.168 No compression reinforcement required
<=
=242
mm
0.95 x d =241
mm
Limiting z to 0.95d is not a requirement of EC2 but
it is considered to be a good practice
Calculated requirements of reinforcement

=MEd / fydz
=780
mm/m
Minimum area of principal reinforcement in the main direction but not less than 0.0013btd
Asmin
>=
=0.26x(fctm/fy)xbtxd
=455
mm/m
0.0013xbtxd
=330

mm/m

Asmin

=455

Asreq
Asprov

=min {Ascalc;Asmin}
=780
mm/m
=905
mm/m

Check

Asprov

=905

mm/m

>=

Asreq

=780

mm/m

OK

Check

Asprov

=905

mm/m

<=

1.5xAsreq

=1170

mm/m

OK

mm/m
Required area of reinforcement
Provided area of reinforcement

Check Maximum Spacing of Principal Reinforcement

=min {2xtslab; 250mm}
For principle reinforcement
mm
Smax
=250
mm
Check Smain
=125
mm
Smax
<=
=250
Check Minimum Spacing of Principal Reinforcement
=max {main; Aggregate Size+5mm; 20mm}
Smin
=25
mm
Smin
Check Smain
=125
mm
=25
mm
>=
2.5.2.Transverse Reinforcement
trans
=12.00
mm
Diameter of transverse reinforcement
Atrans

=113.10

mm

Area of transverse reinforcement

Strans

=250

mm

Spacing of transverse reinforcement

OK

OK

The minimum area of secondary transverse reinforcement is 20%Asmin. In areas near

supports, transverse reinforcement is not required where there is no transverse
bending moment
Asreq
Asprov

=20% Asmin
=91
mm/m
=452
mm/m

Check

Asprov

=452

Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

Provided area of secondary reinforcement
mm/m

>=

Asreq

=91

mm/m

OK

Check Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement

=min {3xtslab; 400mm}
Smax
For principle reinforcement
=400
mm
=250
mm
Smax
Check Strans
<=
=400

mm
OK

Check Minimum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement

=max {trans; Aggregate Size+5mm; 20mm}
Smin
=25
mm
Smin
Check Strans
=250
mm
>=

=25

2.6.Deflection Control
Actual W span/tslab
=9
K
=1
0.5
=fck
/1000
o
=0.0046
=Asreq / bd

=0.0031 mm
'
=0
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio
Check if
=0.0031
<=

Allowable Wspan/tslab=27.02

mm

Actual span-to-effective-depth ratio

Simply supported
Reference reinforcement ratio
Required tension reinforcement ratio
Required compression reinforcement ratio
=0.0046

Allowable Wspan/tslab
Check Actual W span/tslab
=27.02
=9
<=
2.7.Design for Shear
It is not usual for a slab to contain shear reinforcement, therefore it is only necessary
to ensure that concrete shear stress capacity without shear reinforcement is more
than applied shear stress.
k
=min{ 1 + (200/d)0.5 ; 2}
Should not be more than 2
=1.89
L
=min{ ; 0.02}
=0.0036
Resistance of members without shear reinforcement
1/3
1.5
05
=max {0.12 x k x (100 x x fck) ; 0.035 x k x fck }
VRdc
VEd
VEd
Check

=0.45
=V
=98.18
=0.39
VEd

OK

OK

MPa
Shear force at support
kN/m
MPa
=0.39

Shear stress at support

MPa

<=

VRdc

=0.45

MPa

OK

2.8.Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement

All reinforced concrete members are subject to cracking under any load condition, including
termal effects and restraint of deformations, which produces tension in the gross section
in excess of the cracking strength of the concrete. Provisions specified, herein, are used
for the distribution of tension reinforcement to control flexural cracking.
LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall
satisfy:

s
in which
1

0.7

=cnom + main/2
thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme
mm
tension fiber to center
=46.00
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of
the reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
dc

Bs=

0.7

1.26

Calculate the reinforcement ratio:

=Aprov/(b x d)

=0.0036
Calculate modular ratio:
=Es\Ec
N
n =6.57
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment
arm used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
=((N)2 + (2N))0.5 - N
k
k =0.19
j
=1-k/3
j =0.94
Mservice =46.55
kN/m
service moment
tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at the service limit state. (MPa)
=Mservice/(As x j x (h-dc))
fss
<=
=0.6fy
Check

fss

=216.57 MPa
=

0.5

<=

Exposure factor

252.00

OK

MPa

Implied crack width 0.215 mm

see LRFD [5.7.3.4] for guidance

Calculate the maximum spacing requirements per LRFD[5.10.3.2]

2

smax1
Check

Smain

=125

Smax1=
mm

<=

133.60
Smax

mm
=134

mm

OK

3.Support Shear Capacity Check

The general shape of gallery is to be formed from Class D4 used to construct the main dam.
The gallery roof is to be formed from pre-cast concrete slabs or in-situ sections which is to
be sit on top of D4 concrete. Therefore D4 concrete has to have enough shear strength to
adequately resist the roof and loading on it.
As per TS500 , inclined cracking strength of a concrete section under shear is as follow:
Roof

fck

=25

fctm

=0.30 x fck(2/3)
=2.6
MPa
=fctm/1.5
=1.7
MPa
=300
mm

fctd
d

MPa

Compressive strength of concrete

D4 concrete
Mean tensile strength
OK
Design tensile strength
Support length

Vcr

=0.65xfctdxbwxd
=333
kN/m

Inclined cracking strength of support

=98.18

Design shear force at support

F.S

=Vcr/V
=3.40

Check

F.Sprovided

kN/m

Factor of Safety

=3

>

F.Srequired

=1