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My Pre-Exam Reading on

Acoustic Emission Testing

Literature Reading 9 (final Read)


2016-09: For my ASNT Level III Examination
on coming 2016 August.
24th July 2016
d
a
Re

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong

Acoustic Emission Testing

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong

Acoustic Emission Testing

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Acoustic Emission Testing

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Acoustic Emission Testing

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Acoustic Emission Testing

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong

Acoustic Emission Testing

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Fion Zhang at Copenhagen Harbor


22st July 2016

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

SME- Subject Matter Expert


http://cn.bing.com/videos/search?q=Walter+Lewin&FORM=HDRSC3
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

http://www.yumpu.com/zh/browse/user/charliechong
http://issuu.com/charlieccchong
http://independent.academia.edu/CharlieChong1

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

http://greekhouseoffonts.com/

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Magical Book of Tank Inspection ICP

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ASNT Certification Guide


NDT Level III / PdM Level III
AE - Acoustic Emission Testing
Length: 4 hours Questions: 135
1 Principles and Theory
Characteristics of acoustic emission testing
Materials and deformation
Sources of acoustic emission
Wave propagation
Attenuation
Kaiser and Felicity effects, and Felicity ratio
Terminology (refer to acoustic emission glossary, ASTM 1316)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

2 Equipment and Materials


Transducing processes
Sensors
Sensor attachments
Sensor utilization
Simulated acoustic emission sources
Cables

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Signal conditioning
Signal detection
Signal processing
Source location
Advanced signal processing
Acoustic emission test systems
Accessory materials
Factors affecting test equipment
selection

3 Techniques
Equipment calibration and set up for
test
Establishing loading procedures
Precautions against noise
Special test procedures
Data displays

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

4 Interpretation and Evaluation


Data interpretation
Data evaluation
Reports
5 Procedures
6 Safety and Health
7 Applications
Laboratory studies (materialcharacterization)
Structural applications

References & Catalog Numbers


NDT Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing
Catalog Number 130
Acoustic Emission: Techniques and Applications Catalog Number 752

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Fion
Zhang
DNcn=Fion
Zhang, o=Technical,
ou=Academic,
email=fion_zhang@
qq.com, c=CN
2016.07.25
23:27:43 +08'00'
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR AET OF FRP


RESIN (FRP) TANKS/VESSELS
SE-1067/SE-1067M

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of
fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks vessels (equipment) under pressure
or vacuum to determine structural integrity.
1.2 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels designed to operate at an internal
pressure no greater than 1.73 MPa absolute [250 psia] above the static
pressure due to the internal contents. It is also applicable for tanks-vessels
designed for vacuum service with differential pressure levels between 0 and
0.10 MPa [0 and 14.5 psi].
1.3 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels with glass contents greater than
15 % by weight.
1.4 This practice applies to examinations of new and inservice equipment.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1.5 Units - The values stated in either SI units or inchpound units are to be
regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non conformance with
the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety
precautionary information see 8.1.)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D5436 Specification for Cast Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Plastic Rods,
Tubes, and Shapes
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response
Using an Acrylic Rod
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

2.2 ASNT Standards


ANSI/ASNT Standards: SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for
Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel
(Quality Assurance Committee)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3. Terminology
3.1 Complete definitions of terms related to plastics and acoustic emission
will be found in Terminology D883 (Terminology Relating to Plastics) and
E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 FRP - fiberglass reinforced plastic, a glass- fiber polymer omposite with
certain mechanical properties superior to those of the base resin.
3.2.2 operating pressure - the pressure at the top of a vessel at which it
normally operates. It shall not exceed the design pressure and it is usually
kept at a suitable level below the setting of the pressure-relieving devices to
prevent their frequent opening.
3.2.3 pressure, design - the pressure used in design to determine the
required minimum thicknesses and minimum mechanical properties.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3.2.4 processor - a circuit that analyzes AE waveforms.


(See Section 7 and A1.8.)
3.2.5 summing amplifier (summer, mixer) - an operational amplifier that
produces an output signal equal to a weighted sum of the input signals.
3.2.6 zone - the area surrounding a sensor from which AE can be detected by
that sensor.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice consists of subjecting equipment to increasing pressure or
vacuum while monitoring with sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emission
(transient stress waves) caused by growing flaws. The instrumentation and
techniques for sensing and analyzing AE data are described.
4.2 This practice provides guidelines to determine the location and severity of
structural flaws in FRP equipment.
4.3 This practice provides guidelines for AE examination of FRP equipment
within the pressure range stated in 1.2. Maximum test pressure (or vacuum)
for an FRP vessel will be determined upon agreement among user,
manufacturer, or test agency, or a combination thereof. Pressure vessels will
normally be tested to 1.1 operating pressure. Atmospheric storage vessels
and vacuum vessels will normally be tested under maximum operating
conditions. Vessels will normally be tested at ambient temperature. In the
case of elevated operating temperature the test may be performed either at
operating or ambient temperature.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

5. Significance and Use


5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in FRP equipment. The
damage mechanisms that are detected in FRP are as follows:
resin cracking,
fiber debonding,
fiber pullout,
fiber breakage,
delamination, and
bond failure in assembled joints (for example, nozzles, manways, etc.).
Flaws in unstressed areas and flaws that are structurally insignificant will not
generate AE.
5.2 This practice is convenient for on-line use under operating stress to
determine structural integrity of in-service equipment usually with minimal
process disruption.
5.3 Indications located with AE should be examined by other techniques; for
example, visual, ultrasound, dye penetrant, etc., and may be repaired and
tested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the
scope of this practice.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6. Basis of Application
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the
parties using or referencing this practice:
6.2 Personnel Qualification:
6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing
examinations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a
nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice
or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar
document and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in
the contractual agreement between the using parties.
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies - If specified in the contractual
agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in
Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in
the contractual agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6.4 Procedures and Techniques - The procedures and techniques to be


utilized shall be as specified in the contractual agreement.
6.5 Surface Preparation - The pre-examination surface preparation criteria
shall be in accordance with 9.2 unless otherwise specified.
6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria - Reporting criteria for the
examination results shall be in accordance with Section 13 unless otherwise
specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specified in this practice, they
shall be specified in the contractual agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7. Instrumentation
7.1 The AE instrumentation consists of sensors, signal processors, and
recording equipment. Additional information on AE instrumentation can be
found in Practice E750.
7.2 Instrumentation shall be capable of recording AE hits, signal strength and
hit duration and have sufficient channels to localize AE sources in real time. It
may incorporate (as an option) peak-amplitude detection for each input
channel or for groups of channels. Hit detection is required for each channel.
An AE hit amplitude measurement is recommended for sensitivity verification
(see Annex A2).
Amplitude distributions are recommended for flaw characterization.
It is preferred that AE instrumentation acquire and record duration hit and
amplitude information on a per channel basis. The AE instrumentation is
further described in Annex A1.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.3 Capability for measuring parameters such as time and pressure shall be
provided. The pressure-vacuum in the vessel should be continuously
monitored to an accuracy of 2 % of the maximum test value.
7.4 Lockouts and Guard Sensors - These techniques shall not be used. (?)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.5 Instrument Displays - The instrumentation shall be capable of providing


the following real time displays:
7.5.1 Bar Chart by Channel of Cumulative Signal Strength - Enables the
inspector to identify which channel is recording the most data.
7.5.2 Amplitude per Hit Versus Time - Provides the inspector with early
warning of an impending failure.
7.5.3 Duration per Hit Versus Time - useful for identifying rubbing or sliding.
7.5.4 Log Duration (or Counts) per Hit Versus Amplitude per Hit - Helps
the inspector determine the presence of false emission signals (?)
7.5.5 Cumulative Signal Strength per Channel Versus Time - Useful for
identifying certain types of instrument malfunctions. (?)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.6 Cumulative Amplitude Distribution, or a tabular listing by channel number


of total hits equal to and greater than defined amplitude values.
Tabular amplitude values shall be in increments of not greater than 5 dB and
shall be for at least a 35 dB range beginning at the threshold. These displays
are used to provide warning of significant fiber breakage of the type that can
lead to sudden structural failure. The displays also provide information about
the micromechanisms giving rise to the emission and warn of potential
instrument malfunction.

35 dB range

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8. Examination Preparations
8.1 Safety - All plant safety requirements unique to the examination location
shall be met.
8.1.1 Protective clothing and equipment that is normally required in the area
in which the examination is being conducted shall be worn.
8.1.2 A fire permit may be needed to use the electronic instrumentation.
8.1.3 Precautions shall be taken to protect against the consequences of
catastrophic failure when pressure testing, for example, flying debris and
impact of escaping liquid. Pressurizing under pneumatic conditions is not
recommended except when normal service loads include either a superposed
gas pressure or gas pressure only. Care shall be taken to avoid overstressing
the lower section of the vessel when liquid test loads are used to simulate
operating gas pressures.
8.1.4 Special safety precautions shall be taken when pneumatic testing is
required; for example, safety valves, etc

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.2 Vessel Conditioning - The operating conditions for vessels that have been
stressed previously shall be reduced prior to examining in accordance with
the schedule shown in Table 1. The maximum operating pressure or load in
the vessel during the past year must be known in order to conduct the AE
examination properly.

TABLE 1 Requirements for Reduced Operating Pressure-Load


Immediately Prior to Examining

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.3 Vessel Stressing - Arrangements should be made to stress the vessel to


the operating pressure-load where possible. The stress rate shall be sufficient
to expedite the examination with minimum extraneous noise. Holding stress
levels is a key aspect of an acoustic emission examination. Accordingly,
provision must be made for holding the pressure- oad at designated check
points.
8.3.1 Atmospheric Tanks - Process liquid is the preferred fill medium for
atmospheric tanks. If water must replace the process liquid, the designer and
user shall be in agreement on he procedure to achieve acceptable stress
levels.
8.3.2 Vacuum-Tank Stressing - A controllable vacuum pump system is
required for vacuum tanks.
8.3.3 Pressure-Vessel Stressing - Water is the preferred medium for pressure
tanks. Safe means for hydraulically increasing the pressure under controlled
conditions shall be provided.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.4 Tank Support - The tank shall be examined in its operating position and
supported in a manner consistent with good installation practice. Flat
bottomed tanks examined in other than the intended location shall be
mounted on a pad (for example, rubber on a concrete base or equivalent) to
reduce tructure-borne noise between the tank and base.
8.5 Environmental - The normal minimum acceptable vessel wall temperature
is 4C [40F].

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.6 Noise Reduction - Noise sources in the examination frequency and


amplitude range, such as rain, spargers, and foreign objects contacting the
tank, must be minimized since they mask the AE signals emanating from the
structure. The inlet should be at the lowest nozzle or as near to the bottom of
the vessel as possible, that is, below the liquid level. Liquid falling, swirling, or
splashing can invalidate data obtained during the filling hase.
8.7 Power Supply - A stable grounded power supply, meeting
the specification of the instrumentation, is required at the xamination site.
8.8 Instrumentation Settings - Settings will be determined as described in
Annex A2.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9. Sensors
9.1 Sensor Mounting - Refer to Practice E650 for additional information on
sensor mounting. Location and spacing of the sensors are discussed in 9.3.
Sensors shall be placed in designated locations with a couplant between the
sensor and examination article. One recommended couplant is silicone
stopcock grease. Care must be exercised to assure that adequate couplant is
applied. Sensors shall be held in place utilizing methods of attachment which
do not create extraneous signals. Methods of attachment using crossed strips
of pressure-sensitive tape or suitable adhesive systems, may be considered.
Suitable adhesive systems are those whose bonding and acoustic coupling
effectiveness have been demonstrated. The attachment method should
provide support for the signal cable (and preamplifier) to prevent the cable(s)
from stressing the sensor or pulling the sensor away from the examination
article causing loss of coupling.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Silicone Stopcock Grease

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.2 Surface Contact - Reliable coupling between the sensor and tank surface
shall be assured and the surface of the vessel in contact with the sensor shall
be clean and free of particulate matter. Sensors should be mounted directly
on the tank surface unless integral waveguides shown by test to be
satisfactory are used. Preparation of the contact surface shall be compatible
with both sensor and structure modification requirements. Possible causes of
signal loss are coatings such as paint and encapsulants, surface curvature,
and surface roughness at the contact area.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.3 Locations and Spacings - Locations on the vessel shell are determined by
the need to detect structural flaws at critical sections; for example,
high-stress areas,
geometric discontinuities,
nozzles,
manways,
repaired regions,
support rings, and
visible flaws.
Spacings are governed by the attenuation of the FRP material.
9.3.1 Attenuation Characterization - Typical signal propagation losses shall
be determined in accordance with the following procedure. This procedure
provides a relative measure of the attenuation, but may not be representative
of genuine AE activity. It should be noted that the peak amplitude from a
mechanical pencil lead break may vary with surface hardness, resin condition,
and cure. The attenuation characterization should be made above the liquid
line.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
It should be noted that the peak amplitude from a mechanical pencil lead
break may vary with surface hardness, resin condition, and cure.
The attenuation characterization should be made above the liquid line.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.3.1.1 Select a representative region of the vessel away from manways,


nozzles, etc. Mount an AE sensor and locate points at distances of 150 mm [6
in.] and 300 mm [12 in.] from the center of the sensor along a line parallel to
one of the principal directions of the surface fiber (if applicable). Select two
additional points on the surface of the vessel at 150 mm [6 in.] and 300 mm
[12 in.] along a line inclined 45 to the direction of the original points. At
each of the four points, break 0.3 mm 2H leads and record peak amplitude.
All lead breaks shall be done at an angle of approximately 30 to the surface
with a 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] lead extension. The data shall be retained as part of
the original experimental record.

AE sensor
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

15
0

m
m

Hsu-Nielsen Break Test Point

45

9.3.2 Sensor Spacings - The recommended sensor spacing on the vessel


shall not be greater than 3 the distance at which detected signals (of pencil
lead test in 9.3.1?) from the attenuation characterization equal the threshold
setting.

0.3 or 0.5mm
(Variable )

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.3.3 Sensor Location - Sensor location guidelines for the following tank types
are given in the Annex. Other tank types require an agreement among the
owner, manufacturer, or examination agency, or combinations thereof.
9.3.3.1 Case I: Atmospheric Vertical Tank - flat bottom, flanged and dished
head, typical nozzle and manway configuration, cylindrical shell fabricated in
two sections with secondary bond-butt joint, dip pipe.
9.3.3.2 Case II: Atmospheric Vertical Tank - flat bottom, 2:1 elliptical head,
typical nozzle and manway configuration, agitator with baffles, cylindrical shell
fabricated in one section.
9.3.3.3 Case III: Atmospheric-Pressure Vertical Tank - flanged and dished
heads top and bottom, typical nozzle and manway configuration, packing
support, legs attached to cylindrical shell, cylindrical shell fabricated in one
section.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.3.3.4 Case IV: Atmospheric-Pressure Vertical Tank - cone bottom, 2:1


elliptical head, typical nozzle and manway configuration, cylindrical shell
fabricated in two sections, body flange, dip pipe, support ring.
9.3.3.5 Case V: Atmospheric-Vacuum Vertical Tank - flanged and dished
heads top and bottom, typical nozzle and manway configuration, packing
support, stiffening ribs, support ring, cylindrical shell fabricated in two sections
with secondary bond-butt joint.
9.3.3.6 Case VI: Atmospheric-Pressure Horizontal Tank - flanged and dished
heads, typical nozzle and manway configuration, cylindrical shell fabricated in
two sections with secondary bond- utt joint, saddle supports.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

10. Instrumentation System Performance Check


10.1 Sensor Coupling and Circuit Continuity Verification - Verification shall
be performed following sensor mounting and system setup. The response of
each sensor-preamplifier combination to a repeatable simulated acoustic
emission source should be recorded and evaluated prior to the examination
(see Guide E2374).
10.1.1 The peak amplitude of the simulated event at a specific distance from
each sensor should not vary more than 6 dB from the average of all the
sensors. Any sensor-preamplifier combination failing this check should be
investigated and replaced or repaired as necessary.
10.2 Background Noise Check - A background noise check is recommended
to identify and determine the level of spurious signals. This is done following
the completion of the verification described in 10.1 and prior to stressing the
vessel. A recommended time period is 20 minutes.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Background Noise Check - A background noise check is recommended to identify and determine
the level of spurious signals. This is done following the completion of the verification described in 10.1 and prior
to stressing the vessel.

A recommended time period is 20 minutes.

25 minutes too late

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

minutes too late

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

http://y.qq.com/#type=song&id=755211

11. Examination Procedure


11.1 General Guidelines - The tank-vessel is subjected to programmed
increasing pressure-load levels to a predetermined maximum while being
monitored by sensors that detect acoustic emission (stress waves) caused by
growing structural flaws.
11.1.1 Fill and pressurization rates shall be controlled so as not to exceed a
strain rate of 0.005 %min (5/100000 or 0.00005) (based on calculated values
or actual strain gage measurements of principal strains.
Normally, the desired pressure will be attained with a liquid (see 8.1.3 and
8.1.4). Pressurization with a gas (air, N2 etc.) is not recommended. A suitable
manometer or other type gage shall be used to monitor pressure.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Fill and pressurization rates shall be controlled so as not to exceed a strain


rate of 0.005 %min (5/100000 or 0.00005) (based on calculated values or
actual strain gage measurements of principal strains.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Strain Gage Measurements

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11.1.2 Vacuum should be attained with a suitable vacuum source. A quick


release valve shall be provided to handle any imminent catastrophic failure
condition.
11.1.3 Background noise shall be minimized and identified (see also 8.6).
Excessive background noise is cause for suspension of the pressurization. In
the analysis of examination results, background noise should be properly
discounted. Sources of background noise include the following:

liquid splashing into a tank,


a fill rate that is too high,
pumps,
motors,
agitators and other mechanical devices,
electromagnetic interference, and
environmental factors, such as rain, wind, etc.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2 Loading - Atmospheric tanks that operate with liquid head and pressures
of 0.2 MPa [30 psia] or less, and vacuum vessels that operate at pressures
below atmospheric, shall be loaded in a series of steps. Recommended load
procedures are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The algorithm flow chart for this
lass of tanks is given in Fig. 3.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

FIG. 1 Atmospheric Tank


Examination, Stressing Sequence

4 minutes hold

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FIG. 2 Vacuum Tank Examination, Stressing Sequence

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FIG. 3 AE Examination Algorithm Flow Chart Atmospheric-Vacuum


Tanks (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2.1 For tanks that have been stressed previously, the examination can
begin with the liquid level as high as 60 % of the operating or maximum test
level (see 8.2). Fig. 1 should be modified for vessels that are partially full at
the beginning of an examination. The background noise baseline
determination is important for this class of examination and should be
provided for. Many vessels operate with liquid contents and partial vacuum;
however, vacuum vessels are normally examined empty.
11.2.2 Pressure vessels that operate with superimposed pressures greater
than 0.2 MPa [30 psia] shall be loaded as shown in Fig. 4. The algorithm flow
chart for this class of tanks is given in Fig. 5.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

FIG. 4 Pressure Tank Examination, Stressing Sequence

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FIG. 5 AE Examination
Algorithm - Flow Chart Pressure
Tanks (See Fig. 4.)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2.3 The initial hold period is used to determine a baseline of the


background noise. This data provides an estimate of the total background
noise contribution during the examination. Background noise shall be
discounted in the final data analysis.
11.2.4 Intermittent load holds shall be for 4 min. As shown in Fig. 4, pressure
vessels shall be loaded in steps up to 30 % of the maximum test pressure.
Thereafter, the pressure shall be decreased by 10 % of the maximum test
pressure before proceeding to the next hold level. Following a decrease in
pressure, the load shall be held for 4 min before reloading.
1.2.5 For all vessels, the final load hold shall be for 30 min. The vessel should
be monitored continuously during this period.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.3 Felicity Ratio Determination - The Felicity ratio is not measured during
the first loading of atmospheric tanks and vacuum vessels. The Felicity ratio
is obtained directly from the ratio of the stress at the emission source at onset
of significant emission and the maximum prior stress at the same point.
11.3.1 The Felicity ratio is measured from the unload-reload cycles during the
first loading of pressure vessels. For subsequent loadings, the Felicity ratio is
obtained directly from the ratio of the stress at the emission source at onset of
emission and the previous maximum stress at the same point. A secondary (?)
Felicity ratio is determined from the unload-reload cycles.
11.4 Data Recording - Prior to an examination, the signal propagation loss
(attenuation) data, that is, amplitude as a function of distance from the signal
source, shall be recorded in accordance with the procedure detailed in 9.3.
11.4.1 The number of hits from all channels whose amplitude exceeds the
threshold setting shall be recorded. Channels that are active during load
holds should be noted.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12. Interpretation of Results


12.1 Examination Termination - The real-time instrument displays shall be
continuously monitored during the test. If any of these displays indicate
approaching failure, the vessel shall be unloaded and the test terminated. If
the inspector judges background noise to be excessive during the test, the
test shall be terminated. Excessive background noise is a matter of
judgment based on experience.
12.2 Significance of Data:
12.2.1 Evaluation based on emissions during load hold is particularly
significant. Continuing emissions indicate continuing damage. Fill and other
background noise will generally be at a minimum during a load hold.
Continuing emission during hold periods is a condition on which acceptance
criteria may be based.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2.2 Evaluation based on Felicity ratio is important for in-service vessels.


The Felicity ratio provides a measure of the severity of previously induced
damage. The onset of significant emission for determining measurement of
the Felicity ratio is a matter of experience. The following are offered as
guidelines to determine if emission is significant:
12.2.2.1 More than five bursts of emission during a 10 % increase in load.
12.2.2.2 More than Nd/2 duration during a 10 % increase in load, where Nd is
the total duration value defined in Annex A2.
12.2.2.3 Emission continues at a load hold. For purposes of this guideline, a
short (1 min or less) nonprogrammed load hold can be inserted in the
procedure.
12.2.2.4 Felicity ratio is a condition on which acceptance criteria may be
based.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2.2.2 More than Nd/2 duration during a 10 % increase in load, where Nd is


the total duration value defined in Annex A2.

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12.2.2.2 More than Nd/2 duration during a 10 % increase in load, where Nd is


the total duration value defined in Annex A2.

10 % increase

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.5 Duration Criterion NDThe Duration Criterion ND shall be determined


either before or after the examination using a 0.3 mm [0.012 in.] Pentel pencil
(2H) lead broken on the surface of the vessel. This determination is made
separately on each vessel examined. All lead breaks shall be done at an
angle of approximately 30 to the test surface with a 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] lead
extension. Measurement points shall be chosen so as to be representative of
different constructions and thicknesses and should be performed above and
below the liquid (if applicable) and away from manways, nozzles, etc. A
sensor shall be mounted at each measurement point and two measurements
shall be carried out at each location. One measurement shall be in the
principal direction of the surface fibers (if applicable), and the second
calibration shall be carried out along a line 45 to the direction of the first
measurement. Lead breaks shall be at a distance from the measurement
point so as to provide an amplitude decibel value Am midway between the
threshold of detectability and the Reference Amplitude Threshold. The
Duration Criterion at each measurement point is defined as one hundred and
thirty times the average duration per lead break from ten 0.3 mm [0.012 in.]
Pentel pencil (2H) lead breaks at each of the two lead break locations. When
applying the Duration Criterion, the value which is representative of the region
where activity is observed should be used.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2.3 Evaluation based on high-amplitude events is important for new


vessels. These events are often associated with fiber breakage and are
indicative of major structural damage. This condition is less likely to govern
for in-service and previously loaded vessels where emissions during a load
hold and Felicity ratio are more important. High-amplitude events is a
condition on which acceptance criteria may be based.
12.2.4 Evaluation based on total duration is valuable for atmospheric and
vacuum tanks. Pressure vessels, particularly on first loading, tend to be noisy
and therefore evaluation for pressure vessels is based on reloading only.
Total duration is a condition on which acceptance criteria may be based.
12.2.5 Indications located with AE should be examined by other techniques;
for example, visual, ultrasonics, dye penetrant, etc.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

13. Report
13.1 The report shall include the following:
13.1.1 Complete identification of equipment, including material type, source,
method of fabrication, manufacturers name and code number, date and
pressure-load of previous tests, and previous history.
13.1.2 Equipment sketch or manufacturers drawing withdimensions of
equipment and sensor location.
13.1.3 Test liquid employed.
13.1.4 Test liquid temperature.
13.1.5 Test Sequence - filling rate, hold times, and hold levels.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

13.1.6 Comparison of examination data with specified acceptance criteria.


13.1.7 Show on sketch or manufacturers drawing the location of any suspect
areas found that require further evaluation.
13.1.8 Any unusual effects or observations during or prior to the examination.
13.1.9 Dates of examination.
13.1.10 Name(s) of examiner(s).
13.1.11 Instrumentation Description - complete description of AE
instrumentation including manufacturers name, model number, sensor type,
system gain, serial numbers or equivalent, software title and version number,
etc.
13.1.12 Permanent Record of AE Data, for example, AE hits versus time for
zones of interest, total duration above the threshold setting versus time,
emissions during load holds, and signal propagation loss.
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14. Keywords
14.1 felicity effect; felicity ratio; fiber debonding; Fiber pullout; resin cracking;
source characterization; source location

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)

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A1. INSTRUMENTATION PERFORMANCE


REQUIREMENTS
A1.1 AE Sensors:
A1.1.1 General - AE sensors shall be temperature-stable over the range of
use which may be 4 to 93C [40 to 200 F], and shall not exhibit sensitivity
changes greater than 3 dB over this range. Sensors shall be shielded against
radio frequency and electromagnetic noise interference through proper
shielding practice or differential (anticoincident) element design, or both.
Sensors shall have omnidirectional response in the plane of contact with
Keywords:
variations not exceeding 4 dB from the peak response. (?)
AE sensors shall be temperature-stable over the range of use which may
be 4 to 93C [40 to 200 F],
and shall not exhibit sensitivity changes greater than 3 dB over this range

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A1.1.2 Sensors - Sensors shall have a resonant response between 100 and
200 kHz. Minimum sensitivity shall be 80 dB referred to 1 volt per microbar,
determined by face- to-face ultrasonic test.
NOTE
A1.1 - This method measures approximate sensitivity of the sensor. AE
sensors used in the same examination should not vary in peak sensitivity
more than 3 dB from the average.
A1.2 Signal Cable - The signal cable from sensor to preamp shall not exceed
a length that will cause more than 3 dB of signal loss (typically 2 m [6 ft]) and
shall be shielded against electromagnetic interference. This requirement is
omitted where the preamplifier is mounted in the sensor housing, or a linedriving (matched impedance) sensor is used.

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A1.3 Couplant Commercially available couplants for ultrasonic flaw


detection may be used. Frangible wax or quicksetting adhesives may be used,
provided couplant sensitivity is not significantly lower than with fluid couplants.
Couplant selection should be made to minimize change in coupling sensitivity
during an examination. Consideration should be given to testing time and the
surface temperature of the vessel.
A1.4 Preamplifier - The preamplifier should be mounted in the vicinity of the
sensor, or may be in the sensor housing. If the preamplifier is of differential
design, a minimum of 40 dB of common-mode noise rejection shall be
provided. The preamplifier bandpass shall be consistent with the frequency
range of the sensor and shall not attenuate the resonant frequency of the
sensor.

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A1.5 Filters - Filters shall be of the band pass type, and shall provide a
minimum of 24 dB per octave signal attenuation. Filters may be located in
preamplifier or post-preamplifier circuits, or may be integrated into the
component design of the sensor, preamplifier, or processor to limit frequency
response. Filters or integral design characteristics, or both, shall ensure that
the principal processing frequency is between 100 and 200 kHz.
A1.6 Power- signal Cable - The cable providing power to the preamplifier
and conducting the amplified signal to the main processor shall be shielded
against electromagnetic noise. Signal loss shall be less than 1 dB/30 m [100
ft] of cable length at 150 kHz. The recommended maximum cable length to
avoid excessive signal attenuation is 150 m [500 ft]. Digital or radio
transmission of signals is allowed consistent with practice in transmitting
those signal forms.

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A1.7 Main Amplifier - The main amplifier, if used, shall have signal response
with variations not exceeding 3 dB over the frequency range of 25 to 200 kHz,
and temperature range of 4 to 52C [40 to 125F]. The main amplifier shall
have adjustable gain, or an adjustable threshold for hit detection and counting.
A1.8 Main Processor:
A1.8.1 General - The main processor(s) shall be capable of processing hits,
peak amplitude, signal strength, and duration on each channel.
A1.8.2 Peak-Amplitude Detection - Comparative calibration must be
established in accordance with the requirements of Annex A2. Usable
dynamic range shall be a minimum of 60 dB with 2 dB resolution. Not more
than 2-dB variation in peak-detection accuracy shall be allowed over the
stated temperature range. Amplitude values may be stated in volts or dB, but
must be referenced to a fixed gain output of the system (sensor or
preamplifier).
A1.8.3 Signal Outputs and Recording - The processor as a minimum shall
provide outputs for permanent recording of duration, amplitude, signal
strength, and hits above the threshold setting by channel (zone location) and
hits. A sample system schematic is shown in Fig. A1.1.
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FIG. A1.1 Sample Schematic of AE Instrumentation for Vessel Testing

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A2. INSTRUMENT SETTINGS


A2.1 General - The performance and threshold definitions vary for different
types of acoustic emission instrumentation. Parameters such as signal
strength and amplitude may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and from
model to model by the same manufacturer. This annex describes techniques
for generating common baseline levels for the different types of
instrumentation. Through the use of these procedures the test sensitivity can
be effectively the same regardless of instrumentation manufacturer or
equipment nomenclature.
A2.1.1 The procedures described in A2.2 and A2.3 should be performed at a
temperature of 15 to 27C [60 to 80F]. It is intended that this be a one-time
determination of threshold values for data acquisition, or evaluation, or both.
For field use, a portable acrylic rod (see Practice E2075) can be carried with
the equipment and used for periodic checking of sensor, preamplifier, and
channel sensitivity.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.2 Threshold of Detectability (aka Detection Threshold) - To determine the


detection threshold for AE examinations on fiberglass vessels, a sensor of the
applicable type is mounted on one end of a 788 mm [31 in.] long, 38.1 mm
[1.5 in.] diameter rod of cast acrylic material conforming to Specification
D5436. Rod setup and sensor mounting shall be as specified in Practice
E2075 (however the reference marks specified in Practice E2075 will not be
used in this application). The detection threshold is 12 dB lower than the
average measured amplitude of ten hits generated by a 0.3 mm [0.012 in.]
Pentel pencil (2H) lead break at a distance of 610 mm [24 in.] from the sensor.
All lead breaks shall be done at an angle of approximately 30 to the surface
with a 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] lead extension. This determination may be repeated
with additional sensors, remounts as appropriate to confirm its reliability.

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A2.3 Reference Amplitude Threshold - For large amplitude hits, the reference
amplitude threshold shall be determined using a 300 by 5 by 2 cm [118 by 2
in. by 0.8 in.] clean, mild steel bar. The bar shall be supported at each end on
elastomeric, or similar, isolating pads. The reference amplitude threshold is
defined as the average measured amplitude of ten hits generated by a 0.3
mm [0.012 in.] Pentel pencil (2H) lead break at a distance of 210 cm [83 in.]
from the sensor. All lead breaks shall be done at an angle of approximately
30 to the surface with a 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] lead extension. The sensor shall be
mounted 30 cm [12 in.] from the end of the bar on the 5 cm [2 in.] wide
surface.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.4 Typical Attenuation - Table A2.1 shows signal amplitude values for
various distances along a cast acrylic rod of the kind described in A2.2 and
Practice E2075. These are values for a sensor containing a piezoelectric
crystal often used for this kind of test. The decibel numbers in Table A2.1 are
dBAE as defined in Terminology E1316. The numbers in this table are
indicative of what may be expected when using the cast acrylic rod in
accordance with A2.2, but these numbers shall not be taken as a substitute
for performing the procedure. A2.5 Duration Criterion ND - The Duration
Criterion ND shall be determined either before or after the examination using
a 0.3 mm [0.012 in.] Pentel pencil (2H) lead broken on the surface of the
vessel.

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This determination is made separately on each vessel examined. All lead


breaks shall be done at an angle of approximately 30 to the test surface with
a 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] lead extension. Measurement points shall be chosen so as
to be representative of different constructions and thicknesses and should be
performed above and below the liquid (if applicable) and away from manways,
nozzles, etc. A sensor shall be mounted at each measurement point and two
measurements shall be carried out at each location. One measurement shall
be in the principal direction of the surface fibers (if applicable), and the
second calibration shall be carried out along a line 45 to the direction of the
first measurement. Lead breaks shall be at a distance from the measurement
point so as to provide an amplitude decibel value Am midway between the
threshold of detectability and the Reference Amplitude Threshold. The
Duration Criterion at each measurement point is defined as one hundred and
thirty times the average duration per lead break from ten 0.3 mm [0.012 in.]
Pentel pencil (2H) lead breaks at each of the two lead break locations. When
applying the Duration Criterion, the value which is representative of the region
where activity is observed should be used.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

TABLE A2.1 Decibel Calibration Values

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A3. SENSOR PLACEMENT GUIDELINES


See Figs. A3.1-A3.6.
NOTE 1 - The bottom knuckle region is critical due to discontinuity stresses.
Locate sensors to provide adequate coverage, for example, approximately
every 90 and 150 to 300 mm [6 to 12 in.] away from knuckle on shell. NOTE
2 - The secondary bond joint areas are suspect, for example, nozzles,
manways, shell-butt joint, etc. For nozzles and manways, the preferred
sensor location is 75 to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.] from intersection with shell and
below. The shell-butt joint region is important. Locate the two high-frequency
sensors up to 180 apart - one above and one below the joint. FIG. A3.1
Case I - Atmospheric Vertical Tank

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FIG. A3.1 Case I - Atmospheric Vertical Tank


Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - The bottom knuckle region is critical due to discontinuity stresses.


Locate sensors to provide adequate coverage, for example, approximately
every 90 and 150 to 300 mm [6 to 12 in.] away from knuckle on shell. In this
example, sensors are so placed that the bottom nozzles, manways, and
baffle areas plus the knuckle region are covered.
NOTE 2 - The secondary bond joint areas are suspect, for example, nozzles,
manways, and baffle attachments to shell. See the last sentence of one
above
for bottom region coverage in this example. Note sensor adjacent to agitator
shaft-top manway. This region should be checked with agitator on.
FIG. A3.2 Case II - Atmospheric Vertical Tank

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FIG. A3.2 Case II - Atmospheric Vertical Tank

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NOTE 1 - The bottom head is highly stressed. Locate two sensors


approximately as shown.
NOTE 2 - The bottom knuckle region is critical due to discontinuity stresses.
Locate sensors to provide adequate coverage, for example, approximately
every 90 and 150 to 300 mm [6 to 12 in.] away from knuckle on shell. The
top knuckle region is similarly treated.
NOTE 3 - The secondary bond areas are suspect, that is, nozzles, manways,
and leg attachments. For nozzles and manways, the preferred sensor location
is 75 to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.] from the intersection with shell and below. For leg
attachments, therefore should be a sensor within 300 mm [12 in.] of the
shell-leg interface.
FIG. A3.3 Case III - Atmospheric-Pressure Vessel Tank

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FIG. A3.3 Case III - Atmospheric-Pressure Vessel Tank

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NOTE 1 - The secondary bond-joint areas are suspect, that is, nozzles,
manways, and body flanges. Particularly critical in this tank are the bottom
manway and nozzle. For nozzles and manways, the preferred sensor location
is 75 to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.] from intersection with shell and below. The
bottom flange in this example is covered by a sensor 75 to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.]
above the manway.
NOTE 2 - The knuckle regions are suspect due to discontinuity stresses.
Locate sensors to provide adequate coverage, that is, approximately every
90 and 75 to 150 mm [6 to 12 in.] away from knuckle on shell.
FIG. A3.4 Case IV - Atmospheric-Pressure Vertical Tank

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FIG. A3.4 Case IV - Atmospheric-Pressure Vertical Tank

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NOTE 1 - The knuckle regions are suspect due to discontinuity stresses.


Locate sensors to provide adequate coverage, that is, approximately every
90and 150 to 300 mm [6 to 12 in.] away from knuckle on shell.
NOTE 2 - The secondary bond-joint areas are critical, for example, nozzles,
manways, and shell-butt joint. For nozzles and manways, the preferred
sensor location is 75 to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.] from the intersection with the shell
(or head) and below, where possible. The shell butt joint region is
important. Locate sensors up to 180 apart where possible and alternately
above and below joint.
FIG. A3.5 Case V - Atmospheric-Vacuum Vertical Tank

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FIG. A3.5 Case V - Atmospheric-Vacuum Vertical Tank

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NOTE 1 - The discontinuity stresses at the intersection of the heads and the
shell in the bottom region are important. Sensors should be located to detect
structural problems in these areas.
NOTE 2 - The secondary bond-joint areas are suspect, for example, shell-butt
joint, nozzles, manways, and sump. The preferred sensor location is 75
to 150 mm [3 to 6 in.] from intersecting surfaces of revolution. The shell buttjoint region is important. Locate the two high-frequency sensors up to 180
apart - one on either side of the joint.
FIG. A3.6 Case VI - Atmospheric-Pressure Horizontal Tank

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FIG. A3.6 Case VI - Atmospheric-Pressure Horizontal Tank

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FIG. A3.6 Case VI - Atmospheric-Pressure Horizontal Tank

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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. RATIONALE
X1.1 This practice was rewritten from the Recommended Practice for
Acoustic Emission Testing of Fiberglass Tanks/ Vessels, which was
developed by the Committee on Acoustic Emission from Reinforced Plastics
(CARP) and published by the Reinforced/Composites Institute of the Society
of the Plastics Industry (SPI).
X1.2 The CARP Recommended Practice has been used successfully on
numerous applications.
X1.3 Criteria for evaluating the condition of FRP tanks and the need for
secondary inspection were established while working with AE equipment,
characteristics, and setup conditions listed in Table X1.1.
X1.4 Acceptance criteria are found in Table X1.2.

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TABLE X1.1 Acoustic Emission Equipment, Characteristics, and


Setup Conditions

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TABLE X1.2 Acceptance Criteria


NOTE 1 - An acceptable vessel must meet all of the following criteria.
Underlined criteria carry the greatest weight. Background noise must be
properly discounted when applying acceptance criteria.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

TABLE X1.2 Acceptance Criteria

A Above the static pressure due to the internal contents.


B Decibel value Am as defined in A2.5.
C Permanent damage may include microcracking, debonding, and fiber pull-out.
D Varies with instrumentation manufacturer. See A2.5 for functional definition of ND.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR ACOUSTIC EMISSION


EXAMINATION OF REINFORCED THERMOSETTING
RESIN PIPE (RTRP)
SE-1118/SE-1118M

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of
reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) to determine structural integrity. It
is applicable to lined or unlined pipe, fittings, joints, and piping systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to pipe that is fabricated with fiberglass and
carbon fiber reinforcements with reinforcing contents greater than 15 % by
weight. The suitability of these procedures must be demonstrated before they
are used for piping that is constructed with other reinforcing materials.
1.3 This practice is applicable to tests below pressures of 35 MPa absolute
[5000 psia].

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1.4 This practice is limited to pipe up to and including 0.6 m [24 in.] in
diameter. Larger diameter pipe can be examined with AE, however, the
procedure is outside the scope of this practice.1.5 This practice applies to
examinations of new or inservice RTRP. 1.6 The values stated in either SI
units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety
precautionary information see 8.1.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response
Using an Acrylic Rod
2.2 ASNT Standards:
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing
2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3. Terminology
3.1 Complete glossaries of terms related to plastics and coustic emission will
be found in Terminologies D883 and E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 component and assembly proof testing - a program of tests on RTRP
components designed to assess product quality in a manufacturers plant, at
the installation site, or when taken out of service for retesting. An assembly is
a shippable unit of factory-assembled components.
3.2.2 count value Nc - an evaluation criterion based on the total number of
AE counts. (See A2.6.)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3.2.3 diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) - equal to (Do+Di)/2t


where (Do) is the outside pipe diameter, (Di) is the inside pipe diameter, and (t)
is the wall thickness, as measured in a section of straight pipe.
3.2.4 high-amplitude threshold - a threshold for large amplitude events. (See
A2.3.)
3.2.5 in-service systems testing - a program of periodic tests during the
lifetime of an RTRP system designed to assess its structural integrity.
3.2.6 low-amplitude threshold - the threshold above which AE counts (N) are
measured. (See A2.2.)
3.2.7 manufacturers qualification testing - a comprehensive program of tests
to confirm product design, performance acceptability, and fabricator capability.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3.2.8 operating pressure - pressure at which the RTRP normally operates. It


should not exceed design pressure.
3.2.9 qualification test pressure - a test pressure which is set by agreement
between the user, manufacturer, or test agency, or combination thereof.
3.2.10 rated pressure - a nonstandard term used by RTRP pipe
manufacturers as an indication of the maximum operating pressure.
3.2.11 RTRP - Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe, a tubular product
containing reinforcement embedded in or surrounded by cured thermosetting
resin.
3.2.12 RTRP system - a pipe structure assembled from various components
that are bonded, threaded, layed-up, etc., into a functional unit.
3.2.13 signal value M - a measure of the AE signal power (energy/unit time)
which is used to indicate adhesive bond failure in RTRP cemented joints.
(See A2.5.)
3.2.14 system proof testing - a program of tests on an assembled RTRP
system designed to assess its structural integrity prior to in-service use.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice consists of subjecting RTRP to increasing or cyclic pressure
while monitoring with sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emission
(transient stress waves) caused by growing flaws. Where appropriate, other
types of loading may be superposed or may replace the pressure load, for
example, thermal, bending, tensile, etc. The instrumentation and techniques
for sensing and analyzing AE data are described.
4.2 This practice provides guidelines to determine the location and severity of
structural flaws in RTRP.
4.3 This practice provides guidelines for AE examination of RTRP within the
pressure range stated in 1.3. Maximum test pressure for RTRP will be
determined upon agreement among user, manufacturer, or test agency, or
combination thereof. The test pressure will normally be 1.1 multiplied by the
maximum operating pressure.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

5. Significance and Use


5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in RTRP. The damage
mechanisms detected in RTRP are as follows: resin cracking, fiber debonding,
fiber pullout, fiber breakage, delamination, and bond or thread failure in
assembled joints. Flaws in unstressed areas and flaws which are structurally
insignificant will not generate AE.
5.2 This practice is convenient for on-line use under operating conditions to
determine structural integrity of in-service RTRP usually with minimal process
disruption.
5.3 Flaws located with AE should be examined by other techniques; for
example, visual, ultrasound, and dye penetrant, and may be repaired and
retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the
scope of this practice.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6. Basis of Application
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the
parties using or referencing this practice. 6.2 Personnel Qualification:
6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing
examinations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a
nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice
or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, ASNT SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a
similar document and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as
applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be
identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies - If specified in the contractual
agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in
Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in
the contractual agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6.4 Timing of Examination - The timing of examination shall be in accordance


with Section 11 unless otherwise specified.
6.5 Extent of Examination - The extent of examination shall be in accordance
with 9.4 unless otherwise specified.
6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria - Reporting criteria for the
examination results shall be in accordance with Section 12 unless otherwise
specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they
shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items - Reexamination of
repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this standard and if required shall
be specified in the contractual agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7. Instrumentation
7.1 The AE instrumentation consists of sensors, signal processors, and
recording equipment. Additional information on AE instrumentation can be
found in Practice E750.
7.2 Instrumentation shall be capable of recording AE counts and AE events
above the low-amplitude threshold. It shall also record events above the highamplitude threshold as well as signal value M within specific frequency
ranges, and have sufficient channels to localize AE sources in real time. It
may incorporate (as an option) peak amplitude detection. An AE event
amplitude measurement is recommended for sensitivity verification (see
Annex A2). Amplitude distributions are recommended for flaw
characterization. It is preferred that the AE instrumentation acquire and record
count, event, amplitude, and signal value M information on a per channel
basis. The AE instrumentation is further described in Annex A1.
7.3 Capability for measuring parameters such as time and pressure shall be
provided. The pressure-load shall be continuously monitored to an accuracy
of 2 % of the maximum test value.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
It shall also record events above the high-amplitude threshold as well as
signal value M within specific frequency ranges, and have sufficient
channels to localize AE sources in real time.
Amplitude distributions are recommended for flaw characterization.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Amplitude distributions are recommended for flaw characterization.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8. Test Preparations
8.1 Safety Precautions - All plant safety requirements unique to the test
location shall be met.
8.1.1 Protective clothing and equipment that is normally required in the area
in which the test is being conducted shall be worn.
8.1.2 A fire permit may be needed to use the electronic instrumentation.
8.1.3 Precautions shall be taken against the consequences of catastrophic
failure when testing, for example, flying debris and impact of escaping liquid.
8.1.4 Pneumatic testing is extremely dangerous and shall be avoided if at all
possible.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.2 RTRP Conditioning:


8.2.1 If the pipe has not been previously loaded, no conditioning is required.
8.2.2 If the pipe has been previously loaded, one of two methods shall be
used. For both methods:
(1) the maximum operating pressure-load in the pipe since the previous
examination must be known.
(2) If more than one year has elapsed since the last examination, the
maximum operating pressure-load during the past year can be used.
(See 11.2.3.)
8.2.2.1 Option I requires that the test shall be run from 90 up to 110 % of the
maximum operating pressure-load. In this case no conditioning is required.
(See Fig. 7.) If it is not possible to achieve over 100 % of the maximum
operating pressure-load, Option II may be used.
8.2.2.2 Option II requires that the operating pressure-load be reduced prior to
testing in accordance with the schedule shown in Table 1. In this case, the
maximum pressure-load need be only 100 % of the operating pressure (see
Fig. 8).
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 7 RTRP System In-Service Test, Option I, Pressurizing Sequence

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TABLE 1 Option II Requirements for Reduced Operating


Pressure-Load Immediately Prior to Testing

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 8 RTRP System In-Service Test, Option II, Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.3 RTRP Pressurizing-Loading - Arrangements should be made to


pressurize the RTRP to the appropriate pressure-load. Liquid is the preferred
pressurizing medium. Holding pressureload levels is a key aspect of an
acoustic emission examination. Accordingly, provision shall be made for
holding the pressureload at designated check points.
8.4 RTRP Support The RTRP system shall be properly supported.
8.5 Environmental The normal minimum acceptable RTRP wall temperature
is 4C [40F].
8.6 Noise Reduction - Noise sources in the examination frequency and
amplitude range, such as malfunctioning pumps or valves, movement of pipe
on supports, or rain, must be minimized since they mask the AE signals
emanating from the pipe.
8.7 Power Supply - A stable grounded power supply, meeting the
specification of the instrumentation, is required at the test site.
8.8 Instrumentation Settings - Settings will be determined in accordance with
Annex A2.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9. Sensors
9.1 Sensor Mounting - Refer to Guide E650 for additional information on
sensor mounting. Location and spacing of the sensors are discussed in 9.4.
Sensors shall be placed in the designated locations with a couplant interface
between sensor and test article. One recommended couplant is silicone
stopcock grease. Care must be exercised to ensure that adequate couplant is
applied. Sensors shall be held in place utilizing methods of attachment which
do not create extraneous signals.
Methods of attachment using strips of pressure sensitive tape, stretch fabric
tape with hook and loop fastener, or suitable adhesive systems may be
considered.
Suitable adhesive systems are those whose bonding and acoustic coupling
effectiveness have been demonstrated. The attachment method should
provide support for the signal cable (and preamplifier) to prevent the cable(s)
from stressing the sensor or causing loss of coupling.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Loop Fastener

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.2 Surface Contact - Reliable coupling between the sensor and pipe surface
shall be ensured and the surface of the pipe in contact with the sensor shall
be clean and free of particulate matter. Sensors should be mounted directly
on the RTRP surface unless integral waveguides shown by test to be
satisfactory are used. Preparation of the contact surface shall be compatible
with both sensor and structure modification requirements.
Possible causes of signal loss are coatings such as (1) paint and (2)
encapsulants, (3) inadequate sensor contact on curved surfaces, (4) offcenter sensor positioning and (5) surface roughness at the contact area.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.3 Zone Location - Several high-frequency sensors [100 to 250 kHz] are
used for zone location of emission sources. Attenuation is greater at higher
frequencies requiring closer spacing of sensors. Zones may be refined if
events hit more than one sensor. (See Fig. 1 and Annex A3.)

d = (D- tv)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - A maximum of three sensors can be connected into one channel.


FIG. 1 Typical Sensor Positioning for Zone Location

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.4 Locations and Spacings - Sensor locations on the RTRP are determined
by the need to detect structural flaws at critical sections, for example, joints,
high-stress areas, geometric discontinuities, repaired regions, and visible
defects. The number of sensors and their location is based on whether full
coverage or random sampling of the system is desired. For full coverage of
the RTRP, excluding joints, sensor spacings of 3 m [10 ft] are usually suitable.
9.4.1 Attenuation Characterization - Signal propagation losses shall be
determined in accordance with the following procedure. This procedure
provides a relative measure of the attenuation, but may not be representative
of a genuine event. It should be noted that the peak amplitude from a
mechanical pencil lead break may vary with surface hardness, resin condition,
cure, and test fluid. For pressure tests, the attenuation characterization shall
be carried out with the pipe full of the test fluid.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.4.1.1 Select a representative region of the RTRP. Mount an AE sensor and


locate points at distances of 150 mm [6 in.] and 300 mm [12 in.] from the
center of the sensor along a line parallel to the axis of the pipe. Select two
additional points on the surface of the pipe at 150 mm [6 in.] and 300 mm [12
in.] along a helix line inclined 45 to the direction of the original points. At
each of the four points, break 0.3 mm [0.012 in.] 2H leads and record peak
amplitude. All lead breaks shall be done at an angle of approximately 30 to
the test surface with a 2.5- m [0.1-in.] lead extension (see Guide E976). The
data shall be retained as part of the original experimental record.
9.4.2 Sensor Location Severe attenuation losses occur at unreinforced
adhesive joint lines and across threaded joints. Accordingly, sensors should
be located on either side of such interfaces. The sensor spacing on straight
sections of pipe shall be not greater than 3 the distance at which the
recorded amplitude from the attenuation characterization equals the lowamplitude threshold (?) . The spacing distance shall be measured along the
surface of the pipe.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.4.3 Sensor zone location guidelines for the following RTRP configurations
are given in Annex A3. Other configurations require an agreement among the
user, manufacturer, or test agency, or combination thereof.
9.4.3.1 Case I: Coupled Cemented or threaded joint pipe system. (The
sensor on the coupling is normally required because the adhesive is highly
attenuative.)
9.4.3.2 Case II: Bell and Spigot - Cemented or threaded joint pipe system.
9.4.3.3 Case III: Hand Lay- p - Field fabricated secondary bond mat joint pipe
system.
9.4.3.4 Case IV: Flanged Joint Pipe System.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 2 RTRP Manufacturers Qualification Test, Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

FIG. 3 AE Test Algorithm - Flow Chart, RTRP Qualification Test (see Fig.
2)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 4 RTRP Component and Assembly Proof Test, Pressurizing
Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

FIG. 5 RTRP Systems Proof Test, Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 6 RTRP Systems Proof Test, Alternate Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 7 RTRP System In-Service Test, Option I, Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

TABLE 1 Option II Requirements for Reduced Operating


Pressure-Load Immediately Prior to Testing

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTE 1 - Diameter to thickness ratio (d/t) 16, TH = 2 min. Diameter to


thickness ratio (d/t) < 16, TH = 4 min.
FIG. 8 RTRP System In-Service Test, Option II, Pressurizing Sequence

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

10. Instrumentation System Performance Check


10.1 Sensor Coupling and Circuit Continuity Verification - Verification shall
be performed following sensor mounting and system hookup. The peak
amplitude response of each sensorpreamplifier combination to a repeatable
simulated acoustic emission source (see Annex A2) should be taken prior to
the examination. The peak amplitude of the simulated event generated at 150
mm [6 in.] from each sensor should not vary more than 6 dB from the average
of all the sensors. Any sensor-preamplifier combination failing this check
should be investigated and replaced or repaired as necessary.
10.2 Background Noise Check - A background noise check is required to
identify and determine level of spurious signals. This is done following
completion of the verification described in 10.1 and prior to pressurizing the
RTRP. A recommended time period is 10 to 30 min. A low level of
background noise is important for conducting an examination and is
particularly important for zone location. Continuous background noise at a
level above the low amplitude threshold is unacceptable and must be reduced
before conducting the examination.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11. Testing Procedure


11.1 General Guidelines - The RTRP is subjected to programmed increasing
pressure-load levels to a predetermined maximum while being monitored by
sensors that detect acoustic emission (stress waves) caused by growing
structural flaws.
11.1.1 Load will normally be applied by internal pressurization of the pipe and
this is the basis for the examination procedure outlined in this and following
sections. Service conditions always include other kinds of significant loads.
Such loads shall be included or simulated in the test and, where possible,
should be applied in increments similar to the pressure.
11.1.2 With the exception of proof testing, pressurization rates of assembled
pipe systems shall be controlled so as not to exceed a rate of 5 % (of
operating pressure) per minute. Pressurizing rates for component and system
proof testing (see 11.2) shall not exceed 100 % test pressure in 30 s. The
desired pressure shall be attained with a liquid (see 8.1.3 and 8.1.4). A
suitable calibrated gage shall be used to monitor pressure.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.1.3 Background noise must be minimized and identified (see also 8.6 and
10.2). Excessive background noise is cause for suspension of pressurization.
In the analysis of examination results, background noise that can be identified
shall be separated out and properly discounted. Sources of background
noise include the following: pumps, motors, meters and other echanical
devices, electromagnetic interference, movement on supports, and
environmental factors such as rain, wind, etc.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2 Pressurizing Four recommended pressurizing sequences are provided


as follows:
1. Manufacturers Qualification Test
2. Component and Assembly (for example, Manifold) Proof Test
3. Systems Proof Test
4. System In-Service Test, Option I or Option II
The initial hold period in all cases is used to determine the background noise
baseline. The data provides an estimate of the total background noise
contribution during an examination. Intermittent and final load holds vary in
accordance with the type of testing done; see the appropriate pressurizing
sequence. The test shall be monitored continuously during the final hold
periods.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2.1 Manufacturers Qualification Testing - The recommended pressurizing


sequence is shown in Fig. 2. The test algorithm flow chart is shown in Fig. 4.
The qualification test pressure shall be set by agreement between user,
manufacturer, or test agency, or combination thereof.
11.2.2 Proof Testing: 11.2.2.1 Component and Assembly Proof Test - The
recommended pressurizing sequence for RTRP component and assembly
proof tests is shown in Fig. 4. For component prooftests, total hold periods
may be reduced provided that no emissions are recorded for a 2-min period.
11.2.2.2 Systems Proof Test - The recommended pressurizing sequences are
shown in Figs. 5 and 6.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2.3 In-Service Testing:


11.2.3.1 System In-Service Test, Option I (Preferred) The recommended
pressurizing sequence is shown in Fig. 7.
11.2.3.2 System In-Service Test, Option II - The recommended pressurizing
sequence is shown in Fig. 8. It is to be used only in those cases in which
overpressurization is not allowed. 11.2.4 AE Test Algorithm-Flow Charts Charts similar to Fig. 3 can be developed for the other pressurization/load
sequences.
11.3 Felicity Ratio Determination - The Felicity Ratio is determined from
unload/reload cycles, for manufacturer qualification and proof testing.
Following the unload, and during the reload, the Felicity ratio is obtained
directly from the ratio of stress at the emission source at onset of significant
emission to the previous maximum stress at the same point.
11.3.1 The Felicity ratio for in-service tests is obtained directly from the ratio
of stress at the emission source at onset of significant emission to the
previous maximum operating
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.4 Data Recording:


11.4.1 Prior to an examination the signal propagation loss (attenuation) data,
that is, amplitude as a function of distance from the signal source, shall be
recorded in accordance with the procedure detailed in 9.4.1.
11.4.2 During an examination the sum of counts above the low-amplitude
threshold from all channels shall be monitored and recorded. The location of
each active zone shall be determined and recorded (see Annex A2). The
signal value M shall be monitored and its maximum recorded (see Annex A2).
The number of events that exceed the high-amplitude threshold shall be
recorded. Channels that are active during load holds should be noted.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12. Interpretation of Results


12.1 Test Termination - Departure from a linear count-load relationship
should signal caution. If the AE count rate increases rapidly with stress, the
RTRP shall be unloaded and that examination terminated. A rapidly
(exponentially) increasing count rate indicates uncontrolled, continuing
damage and is indicative of impending failure.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2 Significance of Data:


12.2.1 Evaluation based on emissions during load hold is particularly
significant.
Continuing emissions indicate continuing damage. P
ressurizing and other background noise will generally be at a minimum
during a load hold.
Emissions continuing during hold periods is a condition on which
accept/reject criteria may be based.
12.2.2 The signal value M is a sensitive measure of superimposed sub
threshold events which is particularly important for indicating adhesive bond
failure in pipe joints. Signal values vary with instrument manufacturer. (See
Annex A2.) Signal values which exceed a specified value of M is a condition
on which accept/reject criteria may be based.
12.2.3 RTRP, particularly on first loading, tends to be noisy and, therefore,
will generally require different interpretation from subsequent loadings.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2.4 Evaluation based on Felicity ratio is important for in-service RTRP.


The Felicity ratio provides a measure of the severity for previously induced
damage. The onset of significant emission for determining measurement of
the Felicity ratio is a matter of experience.
The following are offered as guidelines to determine if emission is significant:
12.2.4.1 More than 5 bursts of emission during a 10 %increase in load.
12.2.4.2 More than Nc/25 counts during a 10 % increase in load, where Nc is
the count value defined in A2.6.
12.2.4.3 Emission continues at a load hold. For purposes of this guideline, a
short (1 min or less) nonprogrammed load hold can be inserted in the
procedure.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.2.4.4 Felicity ratio is a condition on which accept/reject criteria may be


based.
12.2.5 Evaluation based on high-amplitude events is important for new RTRP.
These events are often associated with fiber breakage and are indicative of
major structural damage. This condition is less likely to govern for in-service
and previously loaded RTRP where emissions during a load hold and Felicity
ratio generally are more important. High- mplitude events (above the highamplitude threshold) is a condition on which accept/reject criteria may be
based.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
A rapidly (exponentially) increasing count rate indicates uncontrolled,
continuing damage and is indicative of impending failure.
The signal value M is a sensitive measure of superimposed sub threshold
events which is particularly important for indicating adhesive bond failure in
pipe joints. Signal values vary with instrument manufacturer.
The Felicity ratio provides a measure of the severity for previously induced
damage.
Evaluation based on high-amplitude events is important for new RTRP.
These events are often associated with fiber breakage and are indicative of
major structural damage. This condition is less likely to govern for in-service
and previously loaded RTRP where emissions during a load hold and Felicity
ratio generally are more important.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

13. Report
13.1 The report shall include the following:
13.1.1 Complete identification of the RTRP, including material type, source,
method of fabrication, manufacturers name and code number, date and
pressure-load of previous tests, and previous history.
13.1.2 Dimensioned sketch or manufacturers drawing of the RTRP system
showing sensor locations, including the results of sensor coupling and circuit
continuity verification.
13.1.3 Test liquid employed.
13.1.4 Test liquid temperature.
13.1.5 Test Sequence - Pressurizing-loading rate, hold times, and hold levels.
13.1.6 Comparison of examination data with specified accept/reject criteria
and an assessment of the location and severity of structural flaws based on
the data.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

13.1.7 Show on sketch (see 13.1.2) or manufacturers drawing the location of


any zones with AE activity exceeding acceptance criteria.
13.1.8 Any unusual effects or observations during or prior to the examination.
13.1.9 Dates of examination.
13.1.10 Name(s) of examiner(s).
13.1.11 Instrumentation Description - Complete description of AE
instrumentation including manufacturers name, model number, sensor type,
system gain, serial numbers of equivalent, software title, and version number.
13.1.12 Permanent record of AE data, for example, signal value M versus
time for zones of interest, total counts above the low-amplitude threshold
versus time, number of events above the high-amplitude threshold, emissions
during load holds, signal propagation loss (see 9.4.1).

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

14. Keywords
14.1 adhesive joints; Felicity effect; Felicity ratio; FRP pipe; load hold; RTRP;
zone location

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. INSTRUMENTATION PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS
A1.1 AE Sensors
A1.1.1 General - AE sensors shall operate without electronic or other
spurious noise above the low-amplitude threshold over a temperature range
from 4 to 93C [40 to 200F], and shall not exhibit sensitivity changes greater
than 3 dB over this range. Sensors shall be shielded against radio frequency
and electromagnetic noise interference through proper shielding practice or
differential (anticoincident) element design, or both. Sensors shall have
omnidirectional response in the plane of contact, with variations not
exceeding 4 dB from the peak response.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A1.1.2 Sensors - Sensors shall have a resonant response between 100 and
200 kHz. Minimum sensitivity shall be 80 dB referred to 1 V/microbar,
determined by face-to-face ultrasonic test.
NOTE A1.1 - This method measures approximate sensitivity of the sensor.
AE sensors used in the same examination should not vary in peak sensitivity
more than 3 dB from the average. Additional information on AE sensor
response can be found in Guide E976.
A1.1.3 Signal Cable - The signal cable from sensor to preamp shall not
exceed 2 m [6 ft] in length and shall be shielded against electromagnetic
interference. This requirement is omitted where the preamplifier is mounted in
the sensor housing, or a line-driving (matched impedance) sensor is used.
A1.1.4 Couplant Commercially available couplants for ultrasonic flaw
detection may be used. Frangible wax or quicksetting adhesives may be used,
provided couplant sensitivity is no lower than with fluid couplants. Couplant
selection should be made to minimize changes in coupling sensitivity during
an examination. Consideration should be given to testing time and the
surface temperature of the pipe.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A1.1.5 Preamplifier - The preamplifier should be mounted in the vicinity of the


sensor, or may be in the sensor housing. If the preamp is of differential design,
a minimum of 40 dB of common-mode noise rejection shall be provided. The
preamplifier band pass shall be consistent with the frequency range of the
sensor and shall not attenuate the resonant frequency of the sensor.
A1.1.6 Filters - Filters shall be of the band pass or highpass type, and shall
provide a minimum of 24 dB per octave signal attenuation. Filters may be
located in preamplifier or post-preamplifier circuits, or may be integrated into
the component design of the sensor, preamp, or processor to limit frequency
response. Filters or integral design characteristics, or both, shall ensure that
the principal processing frequency from sensors is not less than 100 kHz.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A1.1.7 Power-Signal Cable - The cable providing power to the preamplifier


and conducting the amplified signal to the main processor shall be shielded
against electromagnetic noise. Signal loss shall be less than 1 dB/300 m
[1000 ft] of cable length at 200 kHz. The recommended maximum cable
length is 00 m [1000 ft] to avoid excessive signal attenuation. Digital or radio
transmission of signals is allowed consistent with standard practice in
transmitting those signal forms.
1.1.8 Main Amplifier - The main amplifier, if used, shall have signal response
with variations not exceeding 3 dB over the frequency range from 20 to 300
kHz, and temperature range from 4 to 50C [40 to 120F]. The main amplifier
shall have adjustable gain, or an adjustable threshold for event detection and
counting.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A1.1.9 Main Processor:


A1.1.9.1 General - The main processor(s) shall have a minimum of one active
data processing circuit. If independent channels are used, the processor shall
be capable of processing events and counts on each channel. Connecting
sensors and preamplifiers in this manner may result in sensitivity losses of 6 8dB on these channels. These losses should be measured and compensated
for in the channel settings. (1) Total counts shall be processed from all
channels. Signal values shall also be processed from all channels.
A1.1.9.2 Peak Amplitude Detection - If peak-amplitude detection is practiced,
comparative calibration must be established in accordance with the
requirements of Annex A2. Usable dynamic range shall be a minimum of 60
dB with 2-dB resolution. Not more than 2-dB variation in peak detection
accuracy shall be allowed over the stated temperature range. Amplitude
values may be stated in volts or decibels, but must be referenced to a fixed
gain output of the system (sensor or preamp).

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A1.1.9.3 Signal Outputs and Recording - The processor as a minimum shall


provide outputs for permanent recording of total counts above low-amplitude
threshold, total events above the high-amplitude threshold, and signal value
M for all channels, and events by channel (zone location). A system
schematic is shown in Fig. A1.1.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

FIG. A1.1 Sample Schematic of AE Instrumentation

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2. INSTRUMENT SETTINGS


A2.1 General - The performance and threshold definitions vary for different
types of acoustic emission equipment.Processing of parameters such as
amplitude and energy varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, and from
model to model by the same manufacturer. This annex defines procedures for
determining the low-amplitude threshold, high-amplitude threshold, count
value Nc, and signal value M.
A2.1.1 The procedures defined in this annex are intended for baseline
instrument settings at 15 to 27C [60 to 80F]. It is recommended that
instrumentation users develop instrument setting techniques along the lines
outlined in this annex. For field use, a portable acrylic rod (Practice A7) can
be carried with the equipment and used for periodic checking of sensor,
preamplifier, and channel sensitivity.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.2 Low- mplitude Threshold - (or system threshold). The threshold setting
shall be determined using an acrylic rod, no less than 94 cm [37 in.] long by
3.8 cm [1.5 in.] in diameter, in a variant on Practice E2075. The threshold
setting is defined as the average measured amplitude of ten events
generated by a 0.3 mm [0.012 in.] mechanical pencil (2H) lead break at a
distance of 76 cm [30 in.] from the sensor. All lead breaks shall be mounted
on the end of the rod as described in Practice E2075. This standard differs
from Practice E2075 insofar as the source-sensor distance is greater and the
rod is longer. These are necessary to get sufficient attenuation while avoiding
end effects. The other details of Practice E2075 should be observed.
A2.3 High-Amplitude Threshold - For large amplitude events, the highamplitude threshold shall be determined using a 300 cm by 5 cm by 2-cm [10
ft by 2 in. by 0.75 in.] clean, mild steel bar. The bar shall be supported at each
end on elastomeric, or similar, isolating pads. The high-amplitude threshold is
defined as the average measured amplitude of ten events generated by a 0.3
mm [0.012 in.] mechanical pencil (2H) lead break at a distance of 210 cm [7 ft]
from the sensor. The sensor shall be mounted 30 cm [12 in.] from the end of
the bar on the 5-cm [2 in.] wide surface.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.4 AE Decibel Calibration - All AEDC Instruments used with this practice
shall meet the Terminology E1316, Section B definition of dBAE. This can be
verified using standard AE laboratory or field simulators or calibrators.
A2.5 Signal Value M, Electronic Calibration - Signal value M is an indicator
of adhesive bond failure. It is a continuous measurement resulting from
ongoing averaging of the input signal over a 5 to 10-ms period. The reference
signal value Mo is the instrument output which is obtained from an
electronically generated input of a 10-ms duration, 150-kHz sine wave with a
peak voltage five times the low-amplitude threshold. Input of a 150-kHz sine
burst of 100- s duration at peak voltage 50 times the low-amplitude threshold
should result in a signal value no greater than 0.1 Mo. For instruments which
include a filter in the main processor, the frequency of the sine burst may be
at the center frequency of the filter, provided it is between 100 and 200 kHz.
Different techniques are used by different instrument manufacturers for
measuring the signal value. The units of the signal value will vary depending
upon the techniques and instrument that is used.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.6 Count Value Nc - The count value Nc shall be determined either before
or after the examination using a 0.3 mm [0.012 in.] mechanical pencil (2H)
lead broken on the surface of the pipe. All lead breaks shall be done at an
angle of approximately 30 to the test surface with a 2.5-mm [0.1 in.] lead
extension. Calibration points shall be chosen at the midpoint of the pipe and
on couplings and fittings, so as to be representative of different constructions
and thicknesses, and should be performed with the pipe full of test fluid.
2.6.1 A sensor shall be mounted at each calibration point and two calibrations
shall be carried out at each location. One calibration shall be in the principal
direction of the surface fibers (if applicable), and the second calibration shall
be carried out along a line at 45 to the direction of the first calibration. Lead
breaks shall be at a distance from the calibration point so s to provide an
amplitude decibel value midway between the low-amplitude threshold (see
A2.2) and high-amplitude threshold (see A2.3).

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A2.6.2 The count value Nc at each calibration point is defined as five times
the total counts recorded from 13 lead breaks at each of the two lead break
locations.
A2.6.3 When applying the count evaluation, the count value, which is
representative of the region (construction and thickness) where activity is
observed, should be used.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A3. SENSOR PLACEMENT GUIDELINES

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A3.1 Case I Coupled - Cemented or threaded joint system.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A3.2 Case II Bell and Spigot - Cemented or threaded joint


system.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A3.3 Case III Hand Up - Field fabricated secondary bond


mat joint pipe system.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A3.4 Case IV - Flanged joint pipe system.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. RATIONALE
X1.1 This practice was rewritten from the Recommended Practice for
Acoustic Emission Testing of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe, which
was developed by the Committee on Acoustic Emission from Reinforced
Plastics (CARP) and published by the Reinforced Plastics/Composites
Institute of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI).
X1.2 The CARP Recommended Practice has been used successfully on
numerous applications.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

AET

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Standard Practice For Continuous Monitoring


Of Acoustic Emission From Metal Pressure
Boundaries SE-1139

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic
emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during
operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system
components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries
other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this
document.
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE
sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure
boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system
operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. (inservice
only?) Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the
pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the
significance of detected AE sources.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

1.3 Units - The values stated in either SI units or inchpound units are to be
regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with
the standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary
statements, see Section 6.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During
Controlled Stimulation
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
2.2 Aerospace Industries Association:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel
Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 continuous monitoring - the process of monitoring a pressure boundary
continuously to detect acoustic emission during system operation and also
during system shut-down testing such as hydrostatic testing (special
stimulus ?).
3.2.2 raw data - data values determined directly from measurement
of analog inputs. These could include emission count or emission event count,
or both, relative time of signal arrival at different sensors (delta time), signal
rise time, peak signal amplitude, RMS signal level, pressure system pressure
and temperature, and the like.
3.2.3 processed data - data resulting from analysis of raw data. Included
would be AE source location coordinates, AE versus time from a given source
area, AE signal amplitude versus time, and the like.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes the use of a passive monitoring system to detect,
locate, and characterize AE sources, in order to evaluate their significance to
the integrity of metal pressure boundaries.
4.2 The practice provides guidelines for selection, qualification, verification,
and installation of the AE monitoring system. Qualification of personnel is also
addressed.
4.3 The practice provides guidelines for using the AE information to estimate
the significance of a detected AE source with respect to continued pressure
system operation.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

5. Significance and Use


5.1 Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a
mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions
provide the stimulation.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities


such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of highpressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation
system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically
coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or
pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This
facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the
sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the
mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE
source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information
relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source
characterization and evaluation.
Comment:
Acoustic emission (mechanical) electrical signal (analog) electronically
conditioned (digital signal) processed data (useful informations)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

AE Processor/ System

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

5.2 AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for


continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The
use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of
AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the
significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system
operation.
5.3 Source location accuracy is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave
propagation, by sensor coupling, and by signal processor settings.
5.4 It is possible to measure AE and identify AE source locations of
indications that cannot be detected by other NDT methods, due to factors
related to methodological, material, or structural characteristics.
5.5 In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent
record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters
measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6. Hazards
6.1 Warning - Application of this practice will inherently involve work in an
operating plant. This may involve potential exposure to hazardous materials
and equipment and, in the case of nuclear power plants, exposure to nuclear
radiation. A written safety plan shall be prepared for each monitoring
installation which defines requirements to be observed to protect personnel
safety, safety of the plant system, and to meet administrative and legal
needs.This plan shall be approved by all parties prior to start of work on the
plant.

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Hazards

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Hazards

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Hazards

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7. Basis of Application
7.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the
parties using or referencing this practice.
7.2 Personnel Qualification
7.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing
examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally
or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard
such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document
and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice
or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the
contractual agreement between the using parties.
7.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies
7.3.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be
qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition
of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.4 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies If specified in the


contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as
described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of E543 shall be specified
in the contractual agreement.
7.5 Timing of Examination The timing of examination shall be continuous, in
accordance with 1.1 unless otherwise specified.
7.6 Extent of Examination - The extent of examination shall be that part of the
pressure boundary in the coverage range of the mounted acoustic emission
sensors, unless otherwise specified.
7.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria - Reporting criteria for the
examination results shall be in accordance with Section 14 unless otherwise
specified. Since acceptance criteria (for example, for reference radiographs)
are not specified in this practice, they shall be specified in the contractual
agreement.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items - Reexamination of


repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this practice and if required shall
be specified in the contractual agreement.
7.9 Routine operation of the acoustic emission system for collection and a
cursory review of the data may be performed by a competent plant engineer
not necessarily specialized in acoustic emission. However, acoustic emission
system operation and data interpretation should be verified by a qualified
acoustic emission specialist on approximately six-month intervals or sooner
if the system appears to be malfunctioning or the data appear unusual.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Routine operation of the acoustic emission system for collection and a


cursory review of the data may be performed by a competent plant engineer
not necessarily specialized in acoustic emission.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

However, acoustic emission system operation and data interpretation should


be verified by a qualified acoustic emission specialist on approximately sixmonth intervals or sooner if the system appears to be malfunctioning or the
data appear unusual.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8. Monitoring System Functional Requirements and


Qualification
8.1 Functional Requirements:
8.1.1 The monitoring system must include the functional capabilities shown in
Fig. 1 which also shows a suggested sequence of monitoring system
functions.
8.1.2 Signal Detection - The AE sensor together with the acoustic coupling to
the structure must have sensitivity sufficient to detect AE signals while the
pressure system is operating. In most cases, this determination must be
performed when the pressure system is not operating. AE system response to
normal operational noise, which must be considered here, is discussed in 9.1.
One method of performing the required evaluation is to use a pencil lead
break as a signal source.With the sensor in place and connected to the
system, the response at the amplifier output to fracturing a 0.3-mm [0.012 in.]
pencil lead against the surface being monitored, at a distance of 150 to 300
mm [6 to 12 in.] from the sensor should show a minimum signal-to-noise
(electronic plus process noise) ratio of 4 to 1 in the frequency range suitable
for the planned monitoring environment.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A differential sensor should be considered to minimize interference from


electronic transients.
The sensor must be capable of withstanding the monitoring environment
(temperature, moisture, nuclear radiation, mechanical ibration, and the like)
for an extended period of continuous exposure. The minimum length of this
period will be dictated by accessibility to the location to change sensors, and
by economic considerations.
Note:
Minimum signal-to-noise (electronic plus process noise) ratio

4:1
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FIG. 1 Functional Flow Diagram - Continuous AE Monitoring System

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.3 Signal Amplification - For those AE systems that use gain adjustments,
appropriate signal amplification in the range of 0 to 60 dB is usually required
to achieve an adequate AE signal level for measurement of signal parameters
in digital AE systems. Due to the very small magnitude of energy involved in
an AE source, it is desirable to locate the signal amplification as near as
possible to the output of the sensor. This is beneficial in controlling noise
interference and AE signal transmission loss. These preamplifiers must have
low inherent electronic background noise. Resistance of the amplifier circuits
to the environment (temperature, moisture, nuclear radiation, mechanical
vibration, and the like) must be considered and appropriate steps taken to
protect them.
NOTE 1 - When used herein, peak means zero to peak voltage.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.4 Monitoring Frequency Band - The frequency response of the sensor or


amplifier combination must be selected for the given application. The AE
signal being a transient pulse is detectable over a broad range of frequencies.
Because the acoustic attenuation in engineering materials is frequency
dependent, it is desirable to use a low monitoring frequency (50 to 100
kHz)to maximize the distance from the AE source over which the AE event
can be detected. The low end of the monitoring frequency will usually be
controlled by the background noise present in the monitoring environment. In
some applications such as operating nuclear reactors, the background noise
may require a low frequency cut-off point of 400 to 500 kHz. In cases of
severe continuous background noise, inductive tuning of the sensor at the
preamplifier input may be effective. The high end of the frequency response
band may be limited to 1.0 MHz to help reduce amplifier electronic noise.
Note:
The Low end of the frequency response band may be limited to 1.0 MHz to
help reduce mechanical noise.
The high end of the frequency response band may be limited to 1.0 MHz to
help reduce amplifier electronic noise.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.5 Signal Measurement: 8.1.5.1 The signal measurement section will


receive the fully-amplified analog signal. Generally its operation will be
controlled by a voltage threshold circuit which will limit accepted data to that
exceeding the voltage amplitude threshold. AE parameters measured may
include AE count, AE event count, signal amplitude, time from threshold
crossing to signal peak, signal duration, difference in time of signal arrival at
various sensors making up a source location array, clock time, data, and the
value of any process system parameters (temperature, pressure, strain, and
the like) available to the AE monitoring system.
If the AE monitoring system is to perform detection of pressure system leaks,
it must measure the average signal level or AE rms voltage for each sensing
channel.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.5.2 It is desirable that the signal measurements include a function to


assess the characteristics of an acoustic emission signal to determine if it
matches those originating from crack growth. The function should provide a
flag for those signals which have characteristics similar to those known to
originate from crack growth as determined by an AE specialist.
8.1.5.3 The output from the signal measurement subsystem should be in
digital form to facilitate storage of large quantities of data.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.6 Raw Data Storage - The AE monitoring system must include a raw
digital data storage feature to facilitate retention of the output from the signal
measurement subsystem. This serves as a backup in the event that the data
analysis process malfunctions, for example, incorrect operation of the data
analyzer or loss of power which might destroy data in a computer memory.
The raw data storage device must be compact with a high capacity and be
nonvolatile. The data retention period will be governed by the operating
characteristics of the pressure system and by plant procedures. The storage
device should include provision to play back the recorded information directly
to the data analysis subsystem or to a peripheral computer.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.7 Data Analysis:


8.1.7.1 One of the major functions of the data analysis section is to determine
the source of AE signals. There are two primary methods used to locate
discrete AE signals:
a. Calculate the source point using the difference in time of signal arrival at
the sensors (t) in a given source location array.
b. Utilize the t information to enter a look-up table which will define an
area including the specific t location.
Either approach is acceptable. The look-up table area resolution must be
examined in light of the accuracy requirements of the application. Neither
approach can be expected to yield location accuracies closer than one wall
thickness of the pressure system component being monitored.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.7.2 A third method used largely for processing continuous signals


produced by a pressure system leak to approximate the source of AE is to
compare the amplitude of response from various sensors. This will permit
estimating a signal attenuation pattern which will, in turn, indicate the
approximatesource location.
8.1.7.3 Generally, information in addition to source location will be required.
Another function of data analysis is to provide a display, or plot, or both of
selected AE information (AE rate, AE from a given source area, AE energy,
etc.) versus time, pressure system strain, temperature, etc. for the purpose of
correlation evaluations.
8.1.7.4 If the AE monitoring system is to perform pressure system leak
detection, a function of data analysis is to provide a continuous assessment
of the AE rms signal level. This information can indicate the presence of
pressure boundary leakage.
Note:
AE rms signal level can indicate the presence of pressure boundary leakage.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.1.8 Processed Data Presentation:


8.1.8.1 The monitoring system must provide a means of presenting analyzed
data on demand. This may take the form of a computer printout alone or a
printout in conjunction with a video display. The operator should have the
option of specifying the time period of the displayed information.
8.1.8.2 AE rms signal level information must be presented if the AE
monitoring system is to perform pressure system leak detection. When the AE
rms value exceeds a predetermined level, an operator alert should be
activated which will also indicate the sensor producing the high rms value.
8.1.9 Long Term Storage of Processed Data - Orderly storage of processed
or analyzed data is a key element in the sequence of continuous AE
monitoring to assure pressure system integrity. The volume of information to
be stored will be inherently large. Digital mass storage plus selected printouts
or plots of analyzed information is a suggested approach. The time period for
storage will be influenced by two considerations: (1) legal requirements for
maintaining records, and (2) the need for engineering analysis data base
information.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

8.2 General System Requirements:


8.2.1 Data processing rate of the total monitoring system is a very important
consideration. This will vary with the purpose of the pressure system
surveillance. If the objective is solely to indicate impending failure, data rate
requirements for processing discrete signals may exceed 100/second for
periods of several minutes or more. If the objective is to identify and evaluate
crack growth in the early stages, sustained data rate requirements for
processing discrete signals may be less than 10/second.
8.2.2 Another general consideration of importance is the capability of the
monitoring system to operate continuously over long time periods (one year
or greater). Components need to be well suited to such long sustained
operation without frequent attention.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9. Monitoring System Performance Verification and


Functional Tests
9.1 Various measurements of the acoustic emission monitoring system shall
be performed before and after installation on the pressure system to ensure
adequate performance. These measurements are described in Practices
E750 and E2374. In addition, the following must be evaluated:
9.1.1 System Response to Process Background Noise - It is critical that the
process background noise be characterized in terms of acoustic emission
monitoring system response to the noise excitation. This will be the primary
factor in determining acoustic emission system frequency response
limitations necessary to avoid noise-masking acoustic emission signals. As a
guideline, acoustic emission system response to continuous process
background noise should not exceed 35 dBae.

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9.1.2 Prior to Installation - The operating characteristics of the acoustic


emission monitoring system shall be evaluated prior to installation on the
pressure system. The evaluation shall specifically include:
9.1.2.1 Frequency response characteristics of each data channel including
the sensor and all associated amplifiers to determine if the frequency
response is suitable for the intended use. Gas jet excitation of the sensor as
defined in Guide E976 is suitable for this. See also 9.1.3.1 of this document.
9.1.2.2 Determine if the dynamic range is large enough to accommodate the
planned analysis method. Determine if the system saturates first in the
preamplifier(s) or amplifier and if it recovers rapidly.
9.1.2.3 Determine the rate at which the AE monitoring system can acquire
and record raw data and to acquire and process data from one sensor array
for a continuous input over a 1-h period. The rate should be no less than 10
AE events per second. Also, the data rate capability for short intermittent
periods of 30 seconds should be at least 100 AE events per second.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.1.2.4 Determine the accuracy of AE parameter measurements (rise time,


amplitude, and the like) of the AE monitoring system using a known signal
input.
9.1.3 After Installation - The following measurements should be performed
after the acoustic emission monitoring system is installed on the pressure
boundaries to be monitored. All results should be documented and
incorporated in a report on the functional capability of the installed acoustic
emission Frequency for each data channel should be measured. This can be
accomplished using a helium jet excitation applied from a 210 kPa [30 psi]
gage pressure source through a #18 hypodermic needle and impinged on the
structure surface at a 3-mm [0.12-in.] standoff distance, 40 mm [1.5 in.] from
the mounted sensor. In the case of metal waveguide sensors in particular,
care must be exercised to shield the waveguide from impingement of the gas
on the waveguide either directly or indirectly. Using the helium jet excitation
as described, the peak response at the desired monitoring frequency should
be at least 80 dBae (1.0 mV peak output from the sensor).

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Any data channel showing less than an equivalent of 75 dBae (approximately


0.6 mV peak output) from the sensor should be investigated and the sensor
remounted or replaced as necessary to improve sensitivity.
9.1.3.2 Source location accuracy for each sensor array shall be measured
using simulated acoustic emission signals injected on the structure surface at
known points. At least 10 different points dispersed within each sensor array
shall be examined. The location where signals are being injected shall be
surrounded with a material such as duct putty to damp out energy
propagation by surface wave directly from the signal source. This is
particularly important in structures where the energy must cross one or more
welds to reach the sensors. Lower attenuation of surface waves by the weld
compared to that for longitudinal or shear waves, or both may produce
misleading results. Location accuracy should be within a maximum of two
wall thicknesses of the structure or 5 % of the sensor spacing distance from
the actual point of signal injection, whichever is greater. A suggested method
of simulating acoustic emission signals is by use of pencil lead breaks as
described in Guide E976.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

9.1.3.3 A source of simulated acoustic emission signals should be provided to


test the response of the AE monitoring system during pressure system
operation. In those cases where access to the sensor locations is impossible
during pressure system operation, a remotely controlled source(s) of
simulated acoustic emission signals capable of exciting all sensors should be
installed on the structure as a permanent part of the installation. This will
provide a means of periodically checking the acoustic emission sensors for
relative change in sensitivity during the monitoring period. Response of the
acoustic emission system to this signal source should be documented as part
of the acoustic emission monitoring information. One versatile signal source
which can be utilized is an ultrasonic transducer capable of withstanding the
pressure system temperature. This has the advantage of being effective over
a wide frequency range. Another possible source is a mechanical impactor.
However, this device has limited effectiveness at frequencies above
approximately 250 kHz. Refer to Guide E2374 for more information on AE
system verification.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

10. Monitoring System Installation


10.1 Special requirements for installation of acoustic emission monitoring
system components imposed by pressure system requirements must be
considered and an examination plan prepared and approved in advance of
the installation. Some of the major considerations are:
10.1.1 Sensor mounting - Guide E650 provides general guidance in this area.
The use of drilled and tapped holes in the pressure boundary surface is
generally not acceptable. Use of any bonding or acoustic coupling agent, or
both shall be supported by chemical analysis of the material to assure that it
does not contain elements harmful to the pressure boundary material.
Pressure coupling the sensors to the structure surface through the use of
magnetic mounts or fixtures secured in place by steel bands are generally
acceptable methods. The sensor should be electrically isolated from the
structure to minimize electrical interference.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

10.1.2 Penetration of protective barriers with signal leads must be


approached with care to avoid compromising the protection barrier and to
avoid incurring noise or loss of AE signal, or both.
10.1.3 Signal lead routing inside of protective barriers in the case of nuclear
plants, signal leads will generally need to be routed through metal conduit.
10.1.4 Seismic qualification - in nuclear plants, all components will have to be
evaluated for safety from a seismic stand-point.
10.2 This is not intended to be an all inclusive list of considerations. It is the
responsibility of those applying this practice to independently evaluate each
installation.

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Fukushima Nuclear Leak

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Fukushima Nuclear Leak

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Fukushima Nuclear Leak

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Wenchuan Earthquake

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11. Procedure
11.1 Procedural guidelines for continuous monitoring are limited because it is
a passive function which will not control operation of the pressure system. It is,
thus, very important that a written procedure be prepared for each installation
to recognize unique requirements. Items to be addressed in the procedure
are discussed in this section.
11.1.1 Pressure System Startup Pressure system startup may be the most
critical period of an operating cycle for flaw growth due to a combination of
pressure stresses and thermal stresses. During this period, acoustic emission
count and source location information shall be closely observed for any
indication of flaw growth. The rms signal level shall also be observed for
indications of leaks in the pressure system.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.1.2 Normal Pressure System Operation:


11.1.2.1 Analysis and summary of acoustic emission data on a weekly basis
is suggested during normal plant operation. Acoustic emission count and
source location should be examined for trends or build up or both of data at a
given location.
11.1.2.2 Response of the acoustic emission system to the installed acoustic
signal source (see 9.1.3.3) shall be evaluated on a monthly basis. Indication
of deterioration of sensitivity of any sensor must be noted and the sensor(s)
shall be replaced at the earliest opportunity.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12. Interpretation of Monitoring Results


12.1 Criteria for interpretation of acoustic emission information from
continuous monitoring of a pressure boundary during pressure system
operation are both qualitative and quantitative.
12.1.1 The first indication of a significant condition will be a consistent
clustering of data source locations within an area approximately 3 times the
wall thickness or 10 % of the sensor spacing distance in surface dimensions,
whichever is greater. When this condition occurs, thorough analysis must be
initiated. The condition should first be evaluated in light of other available
plant operating information to determine if the source can be definitely
associated with an innocuous cause . If this is not the case, the
condition must be considered as a growing flaw.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.1.2 Given an indication of a growing flaw, the data should be filtered to


obtain a measure of acoustic emission events versus time for the localized
area of the data source location cluster. If this is a linear curve, it indicates
that the flaw is growing in a stable manner and is not yet a serious condition
but requires careful surveillance. If the acoustic emission events versus time
becomes an exponentially increasing curve, it indicates that the flaw growth
rate is rapidly increasing and represents a serious condition. Also, the data
should be analyzed relative to plant operating parameters such as
temperature, pressure, and the like. This may provide information on the
driving force which will aide in assessing significance.
12.1.3 For those acoustic emission monitoring systems which have the
analytical capability to assess if a detected signal originates from crack
growth, changes in crack growth rate can be estimated with useful accuracy
from acoustic emission event rate. An assessment of change in crack growth
rate with time by this technique can provide an indication of crack significance.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12.1.4 In cases where it is feasible during pressure system operation or in all


cases during pressure system shutdown, acoustic emission indications
should be examined with other nondestructive examination methods to
provide added definition of AE source significance.
12.1.5 Interpretation of acoustic emission data obtained during hydrostatic
testing of the pressure system should be in accordance with Practice E569.
12.1.6 A sudden, sustained increase in the AE rms signal level from the
sensors in one or more sensor arrays is indicative of a leak in the pressure
system. In this case, the AE rms signal level from all sensors should be
examined to determine the relative level of response to the leak. This will
provide an indication of the location of the leak.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

13. Data Record Requirements


13.1 The safety and examination plan documents shall be retained as
permanent records.
13.2 Installed acoustic emission system characterization and calibration
results shall be retained on record until such time that the acoustic emission
system is recalibrated.
13.3 Raw data records shall be retained until acoustic emission indications
can be independently verified as a minimum.
13.4 Retention period for processed data records shall be determined by the
pressure system owner or operator.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

14. Administrative Record Requirements


14.1 A summary of acoustic emission monitoring results shall be prepared at
the end of each pressure system operating cycle. This should be a brief,
concise report suitable for management review.
14.2 Reporting requirements in the event of unusual acoustic emission
indications shall be defined by the pressure system owner or operator.

15. Keywords
15.1 acoustic emission; acoustic emission source location; continuous
monitoring; leak detection; metal piping; Metal pressure vessels; pressure
systems

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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